Spring wheat breeding program.

K. Kidwell, B. Barrett, R. Allan, J. Anderson, V. DeMacon, and G. Shelton.

Over 650 crosses were made in 1996, and novel genes conferring resistance to the Hessian fly and RWA were incorporated into adapted soft white, hard red, hard white and spring club germplasm. F₁ seed was increased to generate segregating progenies for use in: 1) backcross breeding strategies; 2) protein marker-assisted selection for end-use quality improvement; 3) identifying DNA markers linked to insect resistance and spring growth habit genes as genetic mapping populations; and 4) conventional cultivar development program. Approximately 600 F₂, 688 F₃, and 303 F₄ families were advanced to the next generation, and 15,000 F₅ lines were evaluated in the field for agronomic characteristics. Over 650 F₆ lines were evaluated in multiple field trials, and grain samples from 272 lines with superior agronomic performance were sent to the Western Wheat Quality Laboratory for quality assessment. Seventh generation lines (105) were evaluated in replicated field trials, and more than 100 advanced lines (F₈+) were evaluated at 3 to 11 locations under annual crop, crop/fallow and irrigated conditions. (Kidwell, Shelton, and DeMacon)

Advanced lines with potential for release. WA007831 is a common, semidwarf SWSW with mid-season maturity. Based on 1996 variety performance data, WA7831 was among the highest yielding soft white entries at most locations. Test weights of grain from this line typically were within 0.5 lb/bu of the nursery mean, and grain protein content were typically equivalent to or slightly higher than the nursery average for soft white entries. This is the first year that WA7831 was evaluated in the commercial variety and tri-state nurseries. Further field testing and multiple location baking and milling tests are required before the release potential of this variety can be determined.

WA007802 is a common, semi-dwarf HRSW with mid-season maturity that is typically 2-4 inches taller than Westbred 926. Results from the 1996 variety trials indicated that WA7802 has excellent grain yield potential, and this line was often the highest yielding hard red entry in the nursery. Test weights of grain from WA7802 often were slightly lower than the average for hard red entries. However, grain protein contents were equivalent to the nursery mean at most locations. This is the second year that WA7802 has been evaluated in the commercial variety and tri-state nurseries, and grain from this line was evaluated by Pacific Northwest Wheat Quality Council members in 1995. Despite the low grain protein content of the sample evaluated by council members, end-use quality results were encouraging. WA007802 was approved for prerelease in 1997. If approved for final release, this line will be targeted to the semiarid, HRSW production region in eastern Washington as a replacement for Butte 86. (Kidwell, Shelton, and DeMacon)

Characterizing spring growth-habit genes in adapted varieties. Several spring growth-habit genes have been identified in wheat, and at least three are known to be controlled by single, dominant genes (Vrn1, Vrn2, and Vrn3). Results from other studies indicated that genotypes carrying two, dominant, spring, growth-habit genes mature earlier and have higher grain yield potential than lines with only one spring growth-habit gene. Therefore, it may be possible to improve spring wheat yields by manipulating alleles at Vrn loci. The objective of this study was to determine which Vrn gene(s) is(are) carried by elite, spring wheat germplasm from the Pacific Northwest. Individual plants from 59 spring wheat lines were crossed to near-isogenic testers carrying Vrn1, Vrn2, or Vrn3. Progeny from 1 to 4 F₂ families for each ‘variety by tester’ combination were evaluated for growth habit in the field at Pullman, WA, in 1996. To determine which Vrn gene(s) was(were) present in each line, segregation data were tested for goodness of fit to 15:1 and 63:1 ratios using the Chi-square statistic. The identity of Vrn genes carried by 39 of the 59 lines tested was conclusively determined (p > 0.05). Results indicated that a majority of these lines carry Vrn1 alone (16/39) or in combination with other SGH genes (18/39). Vrn2 and Vrn3 were each detected in 10 of 39 lines; however, these genes were typically found in combination with other SGH genes. An unidentified Vrn gene(s) also was(were) detected in seven adapted lines. Studies are currently underway to confirm the identify of Vrn genes present in the other 20 adapted spring wheat lines. This information will be used to select the appropriate parents to cross to recover offspring carrying superior Vrn gene combinations to improve grain yield potential of spring wheat. (Kidwell and Allan)

Environmental influences on the relationship among SDS microsedimentation volume, HMW glutenins, and protein content of spring wheat grain. Efficient assessment and prediction of end-use quality is a key component for developing wheat varieties that produce highly marketable wheat grain. Protein quantity and quality determines end-use quality, and flour protein contents are correlated with HMW-glutenin bands and SDS sedimentation volumes. A simple, inexpensive technique has been developed to measure microsedimentation (microsed) volumes of early generation lines. The objectives of this study were to i) assess environmental influence on relationships among microsed values and protein contents of spring wheat flour and ii) determine if glutenin banding patterns can be predicted from microsed data. Grain samples from 18 elite spring wheats grown in two locations were evaluated. At each location, correlation between SDS sedimentation volume and flour % protein was significant (p < 0.0001); however regression coefficients at each location were different (p = 0.0009). At both locations, high SDS sedimentation volumes were associated with glutenin bands 1, 17+18, and 5+10; whereas low SDS sedimentation volumes were correlated with null, 7+9, and 2+12 alleles. These data suggest that microsed analysis provides environmentally independent, cost-effective prediction of HMW-glutenin bands and accurate prediction of grain protein content within environments. (Barrett and Kidwell)

Assessing genetic diversity among elite spring wheat accessions using PCR and pedigree-based analyses. Assessment of the relatedness of regionally adapted germplasm's provides information about the breadth of the local germplasm base and can expedite breeders’ efforts to meet a broad spectrum of environmental and market demands. Using elite spring wheat germplasm from the Pacific Northwest, northern Great Plains, and Australia, we compared the ability of PCR, RFLP, and pedigree-based analyses to distinguish among cultivars. PCR-amplification products were generated using STS primers and 5' anchored SSR primers. SSR primers were constructed with three 5' anchoring nucleotides and a (CA)_n repeat at the 3' end. PCR products were digested with RsaI and HinfI restriction enzymes, revealing additional polymorphisms. Coefficient of parentage calculations were used to quantify pedigree diversity. Polymorphism and coefficient of parentage data were used to examine the range of genetic diversity within assessed germplasm pools. (Barrett, Kidwell, and Allan)

R.E. Allan.

Agronomic comparisons were made between NILs for the club (C) and lax (c) alleles. The three populations were ‘Suwon 185/7*Paha’, ‘Early Blackhull/7*Paha’, and ‘Suwon 185/6*Barbee’ with Suwon 185 and Early Blackhull contributing the c allele and Paha and Barbee contributing the C allele. Data were obtained from 4–12 trials conducted at three sites over 2–4 years. Traits measured were grain yield, seed weight, seeds/spike, spike number, test weight, plant height, heading date, and lodging. The ‘club versus lax’ NILs of all three populations differed (P < 0.05) for seed weight, seeds per spike, heading date, and lodging. The club NILs had 20–24 % more seed/spike, although averaging 14–15 % lower seed weight than their lax sibs. The club NILs were later heading than the lax NILs but were less prone to lodging than lax types. The C locus affected yield, test weight, and plant height in some populations but not in others. The C allele occasionally increased yield and reduced plant height, but when differences occurred, it lowered test weight. The effects of the C locus on yield, plant height, test weight, heading date, and lodging varied from season to season, suggesting that both the environment and the genetic background interact with C-locus alleles to alter how they influence these traits.

In summary, the C or club gene consistently had positive effects on seeds per spike and lodging but caused negative effects on seed weight. C also delays heading, but this may or may not be a disadvantage. Depending on the year and/or genetic background, the c allele can favorably affect plant height and yield but can negatively affect test weight.

R.E. Allan.

Club (C) versus lax (c) NILs of three populations were compared for several quality criteria. Samples were obtained from two to three locations in 1994 and 1995. The populations were ‘Early Blackhull/7*Paha’, ‘Suwon 185/7*Paha’, and ‘Suwon 185/6*Barbee’ and consisted of four, 11, and seven pairs of ‘C versus c’ NILs, respectively. Paha and Barbee contributed the C allele, with Early Blackhull and Suwon 185 contributing the c allele. Among the 15 quality criteria evaluated, differences were detected between the club and lax NILs for nine criteria in one or more of the populations. Differences occurred between the club and lax NILs in about 36 % of the comparisons, where 29 % were negative and 7 % were positive effects on quality criteria. The C allele often had a negative effect on flour yield and milling score and to a lesser degree on break flour yield, percent ash, and viscosity. The C allele was associated with higher wheat and flour protein content in the Paha populations, but with lower protein levels in the Barbee population. The effect of the C allele varied between years for some traits. In the ‘Suwon 185/7*Paha’ population, the C allele had negative effects on grain hardness, ash content, viscosity, and wheat and flour protein in 1994, but was neutral in 1995. Genetic background differences occurred for grain hardness, wheat protein and flour protein. The C locus was neutral for several important traits, including absorption, mixing time, cookie diameter, top grain score, cake volume, and sponge cake score.

R.E. Allan.

Additional data were obtained comparing the effects on grain yields of four spring growth habit genes (Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn3, and Vrn4), which have been individually transferred into several Pacific Northwest winter wheat varieties. The varieties were Daws, Stephens, Nugaines, Tres, Tyee, Paha, Omar, and Wanser. Replicated yield tests were sown on 5 April and 2 May at Pullman. Grain yields of NILs having different Vrn genes in the same variety differed in one or both trials for all varieties except Tyee and Omar. The yield potential of NILs varied greatly between the two tests. In the early-sown test, high-yielding NILs were Daws (Vrn3), Stephens (Vrn2, Vrn4), and Nugaines (Vrn1, Vrn3, Vrn4); high yielders in the late-sown test were Wanser (Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn4), Tres (Vrn1), and Daws (Vrn3). ‘Genotype x seeding date’ interactions occurred for the sibs having different Vrn genes of Stephens, Paha, Tres, and Wanser, but not for Daws, Nugaines, Tyee, and Omar. When compared to the spring wheats Alpowa and Spillman, the heading and maturity dates of nearly all of the NILs were significantly later. Heading date differences occurred among the different Vrn sibs of Daws, Stephens, and Tres in the early-sown test and for all varieties in the late-sown test. Generally Vrn1 delayed heading and maturity the least, whereas Vrn2 and Vrn4 caused greater delay. Yield potential in late-sown test was directly related to heading and maturity date. Although seven NILs out-yielded the spring checks in the early-sown test, none had mean yields equal to those of the checks in the late-sown test. Perhaps, Pacific Northwest winter wheats have genes for delayed heading and maturity in addition to their alleles of winter growth habit vernalization.

Roland F. Line and Xianming Chen.

Using predictive models and monitoring data, wheat stripe rust and leaf rust in the western United States were accurately forecasted for the 18th and 14th years, respectively. Stem rust was accurately forecasted, but only 1 month before its occurrence. In the Pacific Northwest, the relatively wet weather during the fall of 1995, warm temperatures during the winter of 1995–96, and cool wet weather in April and May of 1996 were favorable for establishment, survival, and increase of stripe rust and leaf rust. Consequently, severe epidemics of both rusts developed in early winter wheat fields of susceptible cultivars when not controlled. Dry weather in June and July prevented development of severe epidemics of stripe rust, leaf rust, and stem rust in late fields of winter wheat and spring wheat. Wheat yields in the Pacific Northwest generally were above normal because of higher than normal precipitation. However, the yields would have been greater if the rusts were controlled in all fields. When not controlled in the Horse Heaven Hills of Washington state and in central Washington, stripe rust and leaf rust caused losses as great as 40 % in fields of Hatton and Weston hard red winter wheat and of Moro, Paha, Tres, and Tyee club wheat; and leaf rust caused losses as great as 30 % in fields of Luke, Lewjain, Eltan, and a few other susceptible soft white winter wheats. Stripe rust did not cause losses in fields of any of the cultivars with high-temperature, adult-plant resistance or the multiline club wheat Rely.

Wet winter and early spring weather was favorable for rust, but resistant wheat cultivars prevented severe losses in California. However, stripe rust severely damaged the barley crop. The disease was so severe that some fields were not harvested. Barley stripe rust, which was introduced into North America from Europe by way of South America and Mexico in 1991, has spread north and west from Texas. The disease, now indigenous in the western U.S., has significantly impacted barley yields in Colorado, Arizona, Utah, California, Oregon, and Washington. The barley stripe rust and the wheat stripe rust pathogens are closely related but are different forms. The wheat stripe rust pathogen, which attacks primarily wheat and triticale, can attack some barley and rye cultivars, and the barley stripe rust pathogen, which attacks primarily barley, can attack some wheat, triticale, and rye cultivars.

Stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, and other wheat diseases are annually monitored to determine their distribution, prevalence, and severity and to determine the vulnerability of cultivars to the races of the rust pathogens. Fifty-seven wheat stripe rust races and 31 barley stripe rust races have been identified. In 1996, the most prevalent wheat stripe rust races were those that are virulent on Moro, Tyee, Tres, Weston, and Hatton; seedlings of Stephens, Madsen, and Hyak; and cultivars from regions of the United States where stripe rust rarely occurs. In the western U.S., stem rust, powdery mildew, common bunt, flag smut, and dwarf bunt each caused losses that were less than 0.1 %. Karnal bunt, which is now present in some regions of the U.S., has had an impact on marketing wheat, but current evidence indicates it has not reduced wheat yields or affected the quality of flour in the U.S.

As part of an ongoing program, a set new of entries in the National Small Grain Germplasm Collection is evaluated each year for high-temperature, adult-plant resistance in fields at Mt. Vernon and Pullman, WA, and for specific resistance to stripe rust races CDL-17; CDL-20, CDL-25, or CDL-37; CDL-27 or CDL-45; and CDL-29 or CDL-43 in the greenhouse. The selected races include all of the virulences that have been identified in North America. This information is added to the germplasm database.

Each year, we evaluate cultivars and breeding lines developed in the western United States for resistance to stripe rust. All of the major soft white winter wheat cultivars and spring wheat cultivars currently grown in the Pacific Northwest have high-temperature, adult-plant resistance, and their resistance has remained durable to all North American races of stripe rust. New cultivars with superior stripe rust resistance were released, and additional information on stripe rust resistance genes was determined. Molecular markers associated with a gene for high-temperature, adult-plant resistance were located on chromosome 3B.

Seed treatments and foliar fungicides are annually evaluated for control of stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, common bunt, flag smut, dwarf bunt, and other diseases. Treatment of seed with Baytan is part of the integrated rust control program in the Pacific Northwest. Treatment or seed with Dividend is being used to control dwarf bunt, as well as other smuts, and Raxil is now registered for use in the U.S. Foliar applications of Bayleton, Tilt, Folicur, Alto Quadris, and Govern controlled stripe rust and leaf rust when used at various rates and according to various schedules. The effectiveness of the applications at specific schedules depended upon the type of rust, susceptibility of the cultivars to the specific types of rust, the stages of plant growth when they were applied, and the local weather.

An expert system called MoreCrop (Managerial Options for Reasonable Economical Control of Rusts and Other Pathogens) was developed in 1993 for predicting and managing wheat diseases in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. The expert system has been used for teaching, extension, research, and grower decisions. The system is currently being updated and upgraded to include new information on cultivars, disease resistance, seed treatments, foliar sprays, agronomic zones, and cost-benefit relationships; is being modified to utilize new computer technology so that it will be more effective over a wider range of conditions; and is being expanded to other regions of the U.S.

M.K. Walker-Simmons, E. Storlie, L.D. Holappa, and S.D. Verhey.

Progress focused on two traits that affect wheat production and quality: preharvest sprouting resistance and coldhardiness levels. Structural requirements of ABA, a plant hormone that is an effective sprouting inhibitor, were determined. A persistent ABA analog (resistant to metabolism) has been identified that is 10-fold more effective than ABA in inhibiting embryonic germination. A freezing simulation test that measures crown survival has been developed and cold hardiness levels of all commonly grown winter wheat varieties in the Pacific Northwest have been measured. Results show that the most cold hardy varieties can survive freezing temperatures 2° C degrees lower than nonhardy varieties, indicating that there is genetic potential to improve cold hardiness levels in adapted varieties.

A project has been initiated to determine the potential use of manipulating the interval on wheat chromosome 5AL containing vernalization and frost tolerance genes. Using near-isogenic lines we have shown allelic variation in the Fr1-Vr1 interval spring/winter lines varying in cold hardiness levels. Potential use of DNA markers linked to the interval as molecular markers for genetic improvement of cold hardiness levels in winter wheat is now being determined.

J.A. Anderson, J.A. Pritchett, and L.M. Little.

Approximately 110,900 hectares were planted to white club wheat in Washington in the autumn of 1995. Two cultivars developed by this project, Madsen (common) and Rely (club), were grown on more acreage than any other cultivar in their market class in Washington for 1996 harvest. We made 1,250 crosses during the 1996 field season. Parents included elite breeding materials and germplasm for genetic studies. Approximately 11,000 F₂-derived F₃ headrows were evaluated based on agronomic phenotype and disease reaction. One hundred twelve of 1266 F₄ lines were selected based on agronomic phenotype, microsedimentation test, and presence of the Pch1 footrot resistance gene via an isozyme marker. An unreplicated preliminary yield trial harvested from six environments and an advanced yield trial at five environments were used to evaluate 152 and 106 lines, respectively. One SWWW line (WA7794) and two club lines (WA7752 and WA7793) were included in statewide yield trials. WA7752 combines high end-use quality and yield potential with footrot resistance. Several semidwarf genes have been used in an attempt to produce wheats with reduced plant height, without the negative effects on emergence. The Balkan Rht8 semidwarf gene was the most promising. Several lines containing this gene emerged as well as the check cultivar Moro, and exceeded Moro for both grain yield and end-use quality. (Anderson and Allan)

Germplasm from the Oregon club wheat breeding program, based in Pendleton, is now under the direction of the USDA–ARS Wheat Genetics, Disease, Quality, and Physiology Unit in Pullman. More than 9,000 early generation headrows and more than 400 lines for yield testing were accepted into the USDA wheat genetics program. (Anderson)

Dr. James Anderson arrived in July, 1996, to replace Dr. Robert Allan as Research Geneticist with the USDA–ARS in Pullman, WA.

Abrams SR, Rose PA, Cutler AJ, Balsevich JJ, Lei B, and Walker-Simmons MK. 1996. 8'-methylene ABA - An effective and persistent analog of abscisic acid. Plant Physiol (in press).

Abrams SR, Rose PA, and Walker-Simmons MK . 1996. Structural requirements of the ABA molecule for maintenance of dormancy in excised wheat embryos. In: Plant Dormancy, 1996 ed (Lang G ed). CAB International, Oxon, UK. pp. 213-231.

Allan RE. 1996. Registration of 10 pairs of alloplasmic and euplasmic Nugaines wheat germplasms. Crop Sci 36:470-471.

Allan RE. 1996. Registration of alloplasmic and euplasmic Luke wheat germplasms. Crop Sci 36:816-817.

Allan RE, Schillinger WF, Jones SS, and Kidwell KK. 1996. Breeding soft white winter club wheat for low rainfall areas. Agron. Abstr. p. 76.

Barrett BA, Kidwell KK, Somers DJ, and Allan RE. 1996. Assessing genetic diversity among elite spring wheat accessions using PCR and pedigree based analyses. Agron. Abstr p. 165.

Barrett BA and Kidwell KK. 1996. Environmental influence on the relationship among SDS microsedimentation volume, HMW glutenins and protein content of spring wheat grain. Western Soc Crop Sci, Puyallup, WA. p. 3.

Campbell KG, Gualberto DG, Bergman CJ, Anderson JA, Hareland GA, Finney PL, and Sorrells ME. 1996. Genetic analysis of kernel traits in a hard x soft wheat cross. Agron Abst p. 90.

Chen XM, Jones SS, and Line RF. 1996. Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to Puccinia striiformis in seven wheat cultivars having resistance genes at Yr3 and Yr4 loci. Phytopath 86:1228-1233.

Goldmark PJ, Wiens JD, Verhey SD, Walker-Simmons MK. 1997. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone for an oleosin from dormant Bromus secalinus seeds. Plant Physiol (in press).

Holappa LD, Walker-Simmons MK. 1996. The wheat protein kinase gene, TaPK3, of the PKABA1 subfamily is differentially regulated in greening wheat seedlings. Plant Mol Biol (in press).

Kidwell KK, Davis MA, and Shelton GB. 1996. Spring Wheat Breeding and Genetics. In: Field Day Proceedings: Highlights of Research Progress (Donaldson E ed). Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, Dept of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 96-3. p. 22-24.

Kidwell KK, Barrett BA, and Allan RE. 1996. Characterizing vernalization genes in spring wheat varieties adapted to the Pacific Northwest. Agron Abstr p. 79.

Kidwell KK, Miller B, Reisenauer P, Davis MA, and Shelton GB. 1996. 1995 State/Extension Spring Wheat Variety Trial Results. In: Field Day Proceedings: Highlights of Research Progress (Donaldson E ed). Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 96-3. p. 25-33

Kidwell KK, Miller B, Reisenauer P, Davis MA, and Shelton GB. 1996. 1995 spring wheat variety performance summary. In: The Green Sheet, weekly newsletter: Washington Association of Wheat Growers. 2 February, 1996. ISSN No. 1049-653X.

Line RF. 1996. Stripe rust, leaf rust, and stem rust, 1996. Highlights of Research Progress. Washington State University, Dept of Crop and Soil Sciences, TR96-3:85-89.

Line RF. 1996. Barley stripe rust and stem rust in the Pacific Northwest, 1996. Highlights of Research Progress. Washington State University, Dept of Crop and Soil Sciences, TR96-3:90-92.

Line RF. 1996. The smuts and bunts of wheat, 1996. Highlights of Research Progress. Washington State University, Dept of Crop and Soil Sciences, TR96-3:93-96.

Line RF. 1996. Expert system for integrated management of wheat diseases and sustainable wheat production. Highlights of Research Progress. Washington State University, Dept of Crop and Soil Sci, TR96-3:97.

Line RF. 1996. Use of foliar fungicides to assess winter wheat yield losses caused by stripe rust, leaf rust, and powdery mildew, 1995. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 51:206-207.

Line RF. 1996. Control of stripe rust, leaf rust, and powdery mildew of winter wheat, 1995. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 51:208-211.

Line RF. 1996. Control of stripe rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew of spring wheat with foliar fungicides, 1995. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 51:212-214.

Line RF. 1996. Control of common bunt and stripe rust of wheat with seed treatments, 1995. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 51:316.

Line RF. 1996. Control of flag smut of wheat with seed treatments, 1995. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 51:317.

Line RF. 1996. Control stripe rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew of wheat with seed treatments, 1995. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 51:318-322.

Line RF. 1996. Successful control of smuts and bunts of wheat in the Pacific Northwest of the United States with seed treatments. Xth Biennial Workshop on the Smut Fungi. Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta. pp 11-14.

Line RF and Chen XM. 1996. Wheat and barley stripe rust in North America. Proc of the 9th European and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts & Powdery Mildews Conf, Lunteren, The Netherlands, 2–6 Sept. pp. 101-104.

Line RF, Chen XM, Gale MD, and Leung H. 1996. Development of molecular markers associated with quantitative trait loci in wheat for durable resistance to Puccinia striiformis. Proc of the 9th European and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts & Powdery Mildews Conf, Lunteren, The Netherlands, 2–6 Sept. pp. 234.

Line RF, Chen XM, Gale MD, and Leung H. 1996. Development of molecular markers associated with quantitative trait loci in wheat for durable resistance to stripe rust. Highlights of Research Progress. Washington State University, Dept of Crop and Soil Sciences, TR96-3:98.

Line RF, Chen XM, Gale MD, and Leung H. 1996. Development of molecular markers associated with quantitative trait loci in wheat for durable resistance to stripe rust. Phytopathology 11 (supplement):19.

Rose PA, Lei B, Shaw AC, Barton DL, Walker-Simmons MK, and Abrams SR. 1996. Probing the role of the hydroxyl group of ABA: Analogues with a methyl ether at C-1'. Phytochem 41:1251-1258.

Rose PA, Lei B, Shaw AC, Walker-Simmons MK, Napper S, Quail JW, and Abrams SR. 1996. Chiral synthesis of (+)-8'-demethyl abscisic acid. Can J Chem 74:1836-1843.

Verhey SD and Walker-Simmons MK. 1997. Abscisic acid-mediated responses in seeds involving protein kinases and phosphatases. In: Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, Proc 5th Inter Workshop on Seeds, Reading, 1995 (Ellis RE, Black M, Murdoch AJ, Hong TD eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands. (In press).

Walker-Simmons MK and Holappa LD. 1996. An abscisic acid-regulated protein kinase expressed in dormant wheat seed embryos. In: 7th Inter Symp Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals (Noda K and Mares DJ eds). Center for Academic Societies, Osaka, Japan. pp. 117-121.

Walker-Simmons MK and Goldmark PJ. 1996. Characterization of genes expressed when dormant seeds of cereals and wild grasses are hydrated and remain growth-arrested. In: Plant Dormancy (Lang G ed). CAB International, Oxon, UK. pp. 283-291.

Pullman, WA, USA.

C.F. Morris, H.C. Jeffers, M.J. Giroux, A.D. Bettge, D.A. Engle, M.L. Baldridge, B.S. Patterson, G.E. King, R.L. Ader, B.C. Davis, W. Kelly, L. Seibol, and S. Bosley.

Morris CF and Rose SP. 1996. Chapter 1. Quality requirements of cereal users. Wheat. In: Cereal Grain Quality (Henry RJ and Kettlewell PS eds). Chapman Hall, London.

Wrigley C and Morris CF. 1996. Chapter 11. Breeding cereals for quality improvement. In: Cereal Grain Quality (Henry RJ and Kettlewell PS eds). Chapman Hall, London.

Morris CF, Shackley BJ, King GE, and Kidwell KK. 1997. Genotypic and environmental variation for flour swelling volume in wheat. Cereal Chem 74:16-21.

Zeng M, Morris CF, Batey IL, and Wrigley CW. 1997. Sources of variation for starch gelatinization, pasting and gelation properties in wheat. Cereal Chem 74:63-71.

Morris CF, King GE, and Rubenthaler GL. 1997. The role of wheat flour fractions in variation for peak hot paste viscosity. Cereal Chem 74(2):in press.

Ammar K, Kronstad WE, and Morris CF. 1996. Bread-making quality of durum wheat and its relationship to gluten protein composition. Cereal Foods World 41:560 (abstract).

Giroux MJ, Bettge AD, and Morris CF. 1996. Relationship of the LMW Triton proteins of wheat with grain hardness. Plant Physiol 111(s):159.

Morris CF. 1996. Laboratory Evaluation of Steamed Breads. Cereal Foods World 41:561 (abstract).

Bettge AD and Morris CF. 1997. Pentosan and protein content of hard and soft wheat amyloplast membranes. Cereal Foods World (abstract).

Giroux MJ and Morris CF. 1997. Structure and presence of the amyloplast membrane proteins, puroindolines, are associated with wheat grain hardness. Plant Physiol (supplement, abstract).

Morris CF, Jeffers HC, Zeng M, King GE, Bettge AD, Giroux MJ, and Engle DA. 1997. Biochemical–Genetic determinants of noodle quality. Cereal Foods World (abstract).

Zeng M. 1996. Sources of variation for starch gelatinization, pasting and gelation properties in wheat. M.S. thesis, Washington State University, Pullman.

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