NATIONAL SMALL GRAINS COLLECTION WHEAT GERMPLASM EVALUATIONS.
USDA-ARS National Small
Grains Germplasm Research Facility, Agricultural Research Service-USDA,
University of Idaho Cooperating, P.O. Box 307, Aberdeen, ID USA.
National Small Grains Collection wheat germplasm evaluations.
H.E. Bockelman, D.M. Wesenberg, C.A. Erickson, B.J.
Goates, and S. Nieto.
The USDA-ARS National Small Grains Collection
(NSGC) is one of the several components of the National Plant
Germplasm System. The NSGC is a working collection in contrast
to the base collection at the National Seed Storage Laboratory
(NSSL) at Fort Collins, Colorado. The numbers of accessions in
the NSGC are summarized In Table 1.
Table 1. USDA-ARS Nation Small Grains Collection.
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Taxonomy NSGC Accessions*
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Triticum 45,962
Hordeum 27,285
Avena 21,242
Oryza 17,514
Aegilops 2,076
Secale 1,914
X Triticosecale 1,381
All Species 117,411
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* March, 1997
The systematic evaluation of wheat accessions in
the NSGC and other elite germplasm continued to be coordinated
or conducted by National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility
(NSGGRF) staff at Aberdeen during 1996. Cooperative NSGC wheat
evaluations continued for reaction to RWA; Hessian fly; BYDV;
stripe, leaf, and stem rust; powdery mildew; and dwarf bunt as
well as ploidy analysis of Triticum species. The evaluations
identified resistance to dwarf and common bunt of wheat and resistance
to RWA in wheat and barley. The Aberdeen staff has been directly
involved in the entry of NSGC evaluation data into the GRIN system
and the evaluation of growth habit of NSGC wheat accessions.
Under the direction of H.E. Bockelman, the NSGC staff
distributed over 21,000 accessions in 1996 and more than 2,000
to date in 1997. Maintenance and evaluation of NSGC small grains
germplasm, including quarantine entries, also continued at Maricopa,
AZ, in 1995-96
under the supervision of S. Nieto. A 3-year experiment designed
to determine the relationship of inoculum levels on seed or in
soil on dwarf bunt incidence was completed in 1996. The experiment
was coordinated by B.J. Goates and conducted at three field locations
in Montana and Utah. Fumigation of soil with methyl bromide at
the three field locations effectively killed teliospores of T.
controversa.
Specific Cooperative Agreements or within ARS Fund
Transfers involving such cooperative evaluations and related research
for all small grains involve several University and ARS projects
in at least 15 states. Fund transfers concerned with wheat germplasm
evaluations involve Pullman, WA (Line), West Lafayette, IN (Ratcliffe),
Manhattan, KS (Hatchett and Eversmeyer), Davis, CA (Qualset),
and Stillwater, OK (Webster).
A new Specific Cooperative Agreement entitled `Evaluation
of Wheat Germplasm for Resistance to Karnal Bunt Disease'
was initiated in 1996 with CIMMYT. Dr. Jesse Dubin, Head Crop
Protection, is the Principle CIMMYT Investigator with the cooperation
of Dr. G. Fuentes Davila and Dr. S. Rajaram. The new project
is designed to evaluate the reaction of established spring and
winter wheat cultivars, elite spring and winter wheat germplasm,
and selected NSGC accessions to Karnal bunt disease. Initial
evaluations involve spring and facultative wheat. A 200-entry
1996-97
Karnal Bunt Evaluation Trial, composed of 199 spring and facultative
wheat varieties and selections and Betzes barley was planted in
Mexico for evaluation of resistance to Karnal bunt disease. Research
is being performed at CIMMYT facilities at Ciudad Obregon, Sonora,
Mexico. The wheats include proprietary varieties developed by
AgriPro, Arizona Plant Breeders, Northrup King, Pioneer HiBred
International, Inc., Resources Seeds, Inc., Western Plant Breeders,
and World Wide Wheat (Seeds West) and varieties and selections
developed in the public sector in California, Florida, Georgia,
Idaho, Louisiana, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina,
South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, California/Australia, CIMMYT/California,
Pioneer/North Dakota Research Foundation, USDA-ARS/Idaho,
USDA-ARS/Minnesota, Washington/Idaho/USDA-ARS, and Washington/Oregon.
Market classes include durum, hard red spring, soft white spring,
hard white spring, soft red winter, and hard white winter. The
project is expected to end in February, 2002, subject to annual
renewal.
Descriptors appropriate for wheat have been established
in collaboration with the Wheat Crop Germplasm Committee. Field
evaluation data are recorded on such descriptors as growth habit,
number of days from planting to anthesis (heading), plant height,
spike or panicle density, lodging, straw breakage, shattering,
and awn and glume characteristics, including color. Data on field
descriptors have been obtained on approximately 36,000 wheat accessions
during the 1983-96
period. Special nurseries are grown for that purpose at Aberdeen,
Idaho and Maricopa, Arizona, with grain being harvested from each
field evaluation nursery to replenish NSGC seed stocks.
Data obtained from evaluations of NSGC germplasm
are entered in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
system by the NSGGRF staff in cooperation with the ARS National
Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MD. GRIN is a database
containing the characteristics and availability of all genetic
resources included in the National Plant Germplasm System. The
Database Manager is J.D. Mowder, Beltsville, MD. The NSGGRF staff
interacts with the GRIN system in recording NSGC orders (seed
requests), entering a variety of data, and conducting information
searches. No evaluations have been conducted to date for descriptors
such as drought tolerance, salt tolerance, winter hardiness, Cephalosporium
stripe, flag smut, leaf blight, loose smut, snow mold, take all,
tan spot, WSMV, green bug, cereal leaf beetle, and protein.
Triticum descriptors with data currently on the GRIN system
are summarized below:
(updated March, 1997)
Table 2. National Small Grains Collection disease evaluation on GRIN-wheat.
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Number of
Character Years Location accessions
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Barley yellow dwarf virus 1985-92 Davis, CA 2,287
Barley yellow dwarf virus 1988-94 Urbana, IL 17,517
Soilborne mosaic virus 1985-89 Urbana, IL 6,587
Leaf rust 1983-89, 1991-95 Manhattan, KS 38,754
Stripe rust-adult 1984-95 Mt. Vernon, WA 30,525
Stripe rust-adult 1984-95 Pullman, WA 21,803
Stripe rust-Cdl 17 1984-95 Pullman, WA 15,456
Stripe rust-Cdl 20 1984-95 Pullman, WA 12,508
Stripe rust-Cdl 25 1984-95 Pullman, WA 1,682
Stripe rust-Cdl 27 1984-95 Pullman, WA 14,511
Stripe rust-Cdl 29 1984-95 Pullman, WA 14,259
Stripe rust-Cdl 37 1984-95 Pullman, WA 1,851
Stripe rust-Cdl 43 1984-95 Pullman, WA 1,805
Stripe rust-Cdl 45 1984-95 Pullman, WA 1,880
Stem rust-adult 1987-94 Rosemount, MN 8,078
Stem rust-adult 1987-94 St. Paul, MN 19,141
Stem rust-HJCS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,342
Stem rust-QFBS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 8,639
Stem rust-QSHS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,455
Stem rust-RHRS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,312
Stem rust-RTQQ 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 8,973
Stem rust-TNMH 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,402
Stem rust-TNMK 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 8,938
Stem rust-HNLQ 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,705
Stem rust-RKQS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,682
Stem rust-genes 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 1,671
Common bunt-R36 1981-92 Aberdeen, ID 1 74
Common bunt-R39 1981-92 Aberdeen, ID 1 1,422
Common bunt-R43 1981-92 Aberdeen, ID 1 318
Common bunt-T-1 1981-92 Aberdeen, ID 1 6,301
Common bunt-multiple 1981-95 Aberdeen, ID 1 11,093
Dwarf bunt 1978-96 Aberdeen, ID 2 9,924
Septoria nodorum 1970-78 Bozeman, MT 8,095
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1 1985-86 Pendleton, OR.
2 Field tests are
conducted at Logan, UT, by Aberdeen ARS staff.
Table 3. National Small Grains Collection insect evaluation on GRIN-wheat.
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Number of
Character Years Location accessions
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Hessian fly-B 1983-94 West Lafayette, IN 449
Hessian fly-C 1983-94 West Lafayette, IN 24,165
Hessian fly-E 1983-94 West Lafayette, IN 24,149
Hessian fly-GP 1983-94 West Lafayette, IN 14,441
Hessian fly-L 1983-94 West Lafayette, IN 5,864
Russian wheat aphid 1988-95 Stillwater, OK 41,109
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Table 4. National Small Grains Collection agronomic,
taxonomic, and quality evaluations on GRIN-wheat.
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Number of
Character Years Location accessions
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Growth habit 1987-94 Aberdeen, ID 36,931
Chromosome number 1988-91 Columbia, MO 519
Market class 975
Lysine content 1966-69 Lincoln, NE 10,367
Awn color 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 20,065
Awn type 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 24,070
Glume color 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 19,992
Glume pubescence 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 21,355
Heading date 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 18,392
Kernel color 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 19,993
Kernels/spike 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 1,156
Kernel weight 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 1,157
Leaf pubescence 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 21,059
Plant height 1983-95 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 21,173
Shattering 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 10,637
Spike density 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 13,850
Spike type 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 13,668
Straw breakage 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 17,003
Straw color 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 19,019
Straw lodging 1983-94 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 23,243
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Similar evaluations are currently underway for other
major NSGC components, including barley, oats, rice, and triticale.
Other important cooperative projects, especially involving wheat,
include the Specific Cooperative Agreement "Evaluation of
Small Grains Germplasm, Including West Asian Triticum,
for BYD and Other Characters" (University of California,
Davis, CA; C.O. Qualset). B.J. Goates annually conducts evaluations
of wheat germplasm for bunt resistance at Aberdeen, ID, and Logan,
UT.
The authors wish to acknowledge the important contributions
of the NSGGRF staff in this effort, with special thanks to Glenda
B. Rutger, Jill E. McNeil, Kathy E. Burrup, Dave E. Burrup, Kay
B. Calzada, Vicki Gamble, Evalyne McLean, Judy Bradley, Carol
S. Truman, Sharon Klassen, and Mark A. Bohning.
Wheat Genetic Stocks Collection.
An Hang.
A major portion of the E.R. Sears Wheat Genetic Stocks
Collection has been transferred to the USDA-ARS
National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility at Aberdeen,
ID. These stocks consist of various aneuploids of Chinese Spring
wheat, including monosomic, trisomic, tetrasomic, nullisomic-tetrasomic,
ditelosomic, double monotelosomic, dimonotelosomic, monotelodisomic,
double ditelosomic, and various addition, substitution, and translocation
lines. A list of these stocks and seed are available upon request
to Dr. An Hang, USDA-ARS,
P.O. Box 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210.
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