UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AND THE USDA-ARS
Department of Agronomy, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
P.S. Baenziger, C.J. Peterson (USDA-ARS), R.A. Graybosch (USDA-ARS), D.R. Shelton, L.A. Nelson,
D.D. Baltensperger, D.J. Lyons, G.L. Hein, R.C. French
(USDA-ARS),
T. Weeks (USDA-ARS),
and J.E. Watkins.
The 1996 Nebraska wheat crop was estimated at 1,990,000
MT, which represented a 2.29 MT/ha state average yield on 870,000
harvested hectares. This crop was less than the 1995 crop of
2,340,000 MT (2.76 MT/ha), but considerably better than early
spring expectations. The 1996 crop was planted in generally dry
soil and had only average establishment. Continued dryness coupled
with blowing injured fields throughout Nebraska, including the
southeast and southcentral where blowing is generally not a problem.
Winterkilling due to cold winter temperatures also was generally
a problem throughout Nebraska on winter-tender lines. The spring
was initially dry, but then had good rains. Those fields that
survived the winter and early drought finished very well. In
general, diseases were low in western Nebraska with soilborne
mosaic virus continuing to be a major problem in southeastern
Nebraska and stem rust being a major problem in southeast and
southcentral Nebraska. Late spring and summer had below normal
temperatures, and the crop was later than normal. Arapahoe continued
to be the most popular cultivar (planted on 32.9 % of our hectarage).
Windstar has been released
by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station; the South Dakota
Agricultural Experiment Station; and the Northern Plains Area,
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Windstar (formerly NE90625) is an increase of a hard red winter
wheat F3-derived line from the cross `TX79A2729//Caldwell/
Brule field sel # 6/3/Siouxland'.
Windstar is an awned, white-glumed cultivar and in the field
is most similar to Rawhide and Siouxland. The canopy is moderately
open and upright. The flag leaf is erect and twisted at boot
stage. The foliage is blue-green, with a waxy bloom at anthesis.
The leaves are pubescent. The spike is tapering in shape, moderately
long to long, and medium-dense. Under some environmental conditions,
the spike may have a clavate shape the same as that of Rawhide
and Centura. The glume is short to midlong and narrow to midwide,
and the glume shoulder is sloping to square. The beak is moderately
short to medium with an acuminate tip. The spike is held erect
to inclined at maturity, and the glumes and straw have a golden
color. Variants to be expected include: a) taller plants (7-15
cm) at a frequency of less than 1 in 1,000 that occasionally have
oblique shoulders and moderately short beaks and b) red chaffed
spikes at a frequency of less than 1 in 20,000. Kernels are red-colored,
hard-textured, and ovate. The kernel has no collar, rounded cheeks,
midsize germ, midsize brush of medium length, and a narrow and
shallow crease. Windstar is a taller, semidwarf wheat with medium
to late maturity. The cultivar is 1-day later than Arapahoe,
3-days later than Alliance, and 3-days later than Pronghorn.
Windstar has a short coleoptile, similar to that of Alliance
and shorter than that of Arapahoe and Pronghorn. Windstar is
1 inch shorter than Arapahoe, 2 inches shorter than Pronghorn,
similar in height to Niobrara and Rawhide, and 4 inches taller
than Vista. Windstar has moderately strong straw strength, better
than that of Scout 66, Pronghorn, Alliance, Niobrara, and Arapahoe
and similar to that of Rawhide. Windstar has exhibited moderate
resistance to stem rust (contains Sr6 and Sr24)
and moderate susceptibility to leaf rust (Lr24) and WSMV.
It is susceptible to the RWA and the Great Plains biotype of
Hessian fly and to soilborne mosaic virus. The winter hardiness
of Windstar is comparable to that of other winter wheat cultivars
adapted and commonly grown in Nebraska and South Dakota. Windstar
tends to have a slightly lower test weight, similar to that of
Alliance, Niobrara, and Vista, but less than that of Pronghorn.
The recommended growing area for Windstar, based on current information,
is the dryland wheat production areas of the panhandle of Nebraska
and western South Dakota. The main advantage for Windstar when
compared to other available wheat varieties is its consistent
high yield performance in dryland production. On the basis of
its pedigree, Windstar would be a complementary wheat to every
variety currently grown in Nebraska and South Dakota, with the
exception of Siouxland.
Windstar was tested by the Nebraska Wheat Quality
Laboratory for large-scale milling and baking properties
from 1990 to 1995. The average wheat protein content of Windstar
was less than that of Arapahoe and similar to that of Scout 66.
The average flour extraction on the Buhler Laboratory Mill for
the experimental line was less than that of the check varieties.
The flour ash content was greater than that of Scout 66 and similar
to that of Arapahoe. The average flour protein content for the
experimental line was less than that of the check varieties.
Dough mixing properties for Windstar are stronger than those of
the check cultivars. Average baking absorption was similar for
the experimental line and check varieties. The average loaf volume
of Windstar was greater the check cultivars. The scores for the
internal crumb grain and texture and external appearance were
good or very good, which were superior to those of Arapahoe and
Scout 66. The overall end-use quality characteristics for
Windstar should be acceptable to the milling and baking industries.
Though Windstar will have breeder, foundation, registered, and
certified seed classes, the registered seed class will not be
salable.
Increase of new experimental lines.
One experimental line is in large-scale increase
for possible release in 1997. In addition, two lines that were
under small increase for 1996 were given to Kansas for further
testing and possible release on the basis that their performance
in Nebraska were considered too variable under our conditions,
but may be useful in other parts of the Great Plains.
The experimental line under large scale increase
is NE92662. NE92662 was derived from the cross `Redland/NE82419'.
The pedigree of NE82419 is `Trapper//CMN/OT/3/CIMMYT
/Scout/4/ Buckskin sib/Homestead'.
NE92662 is a white-chaffed, awned, medium-early, taller semidwarf
wheat (slightly taller than Redland and similar in height to Arapahoe)
with good straw strength (similar to that of Redland and superior
to that of Arapahoe, Alliance, Niobrara, and Pronghorn). In the
first year of testing in the state variety trial (1996), its dryland
grain yield was less than that of Alliance and 2137, but was superior
to yields of Arapahoe, Windstar, Niobrara, Pronghorn, and Redland.
NE92662 has medium to large kernels, with average test weight
and protein content. NE92662 is moderately resistant to stem
rust (contains genes Sr5, Sr6, Sr17, and
Sr24), moderately susceptible to leaf rust (similar to
Redland) and to the Great Plains biotype of Hessian fly (may be
heterogeneous for the Marquillo-Kawvale resistance; it is
more susceptible than Redland), and susceptible to WSMV. This
line may have some field tolerance to wheat soilborne mosaic virus.
In 4 years of testing, NE92622 had an average wheat protein content
similar to that of Arapahoe and greater than that of Scout 66.
The dough-mixing properties are stronger than those of Arapahoe
and Scout 66. Average loaf volumes for this line are greater
than those of the check varieties. Based on current information,
NE92622 should be acceptable to the milling and baking industry.
Additional testing is needed to determine if NE92662 is worthy
of release.
The two other lines are NE90476 (`Bennett/Brule
83'
composite) and NE92458 (`OK83201/Redland').
Both are semidwarf wheats that performed well in the advanced
trials and in the Southern Regional Performance Nursery. NE90476
is moderately resistant to stem rust (contains genes Sr5,
Sr6, Sr17, and Sr24), moderately susceptible
to leaf rust, WSMV, and to the Great Plains biotype of Hessian
fly (may be heterogeneous for the Marquillo-Kawvale resistance;
it is more susceptible than Redland), and susceptible to WSMV.
NE92458 is moderately resistant to stem rust (contains genes
Sr5, Sr6, Sr17, and Sr24) and to the
Great Plains biotype of Hessian fly, moderately susceptible to
leaf rust, and susceptible to WSMV. These lines are currently
being tested in Kansas to determine if they may have utility there.
Wheat transformation and tissue culture studies.
A. Mitra, J. van Etten, R. French, P. Staswick, J.
Morris, T. Elthon, P. Blum, and S. Baenziger.
After successful grant writing efforts, a team of
scientists at the University of Nebraska has developed an effort
on wheat and soybean transformation. The key goals for transformation
in wheat will be disease and stress (mainly heat) resistance.
As part of this effort, Ms. Shirley Sato was hired to work on
wheat transformation protocols. We also have looked at optimizing
the culture conditions for the transformation of Bobwhite, the
main wheat used in transformation and surveyed our winter wheat
germplasm to see if there are lines that may be equally useful
in wheat transformation as Bobwhite. Preliminary indications
are that there may be one wheat, and we have putatively transformed
triticale. (work done by Dr. Jan Rybczynski, a Fulbright visiting
professor, and Mr. Kim Kyung-Moon)
Chromosome substitution lines.
M. Maroof Shah, Yang Yen, P.S. Baenziger, B. Moreno-Sevilla,
and N. Budak; and R. Bruns and J. Reeder, AgriPro Seeds, Inc.,
Berthoud, CO.
Field evaluations were completed of the recombinant
Cheyenne (CNN)-Wichita
(WI) chromosome 3A lines (a WI chromosome shown to increase yield
by 15 % in the CNN background). Fifty WI-CNN
recombinant chromosome 3A lines in CNN background [CNN(R3A)] were
evaluated in a multilocation field trials in the 1993-94,
1994-95,
and 1995-96
seasons. Our preliminary results indicate significant differences
among the recombinant chromosome lines for grain yield, 1,000-kernel
weight, plant height, and anthesis date. Nonsignificant differences
were identified for kernel/spike and tiller/m2. Significant
genotype by environment interactions were detected for kernel/spike
and tiller/m2 which explains why the lines were not
significant for these traits. Distinctive classes (e.g., bimodality)
were found for anthesis date, which indicates that a single gene
controls anthesis date, but none of the other agronomic traits
could be similarly classified. All of the early lines generally
were similar to WI for plant height, and most of the later lines
were similar to CNN in plant height. However, two later lines
were shorter, which may indicate a crossover between linked genes
for anthesis date and plant height. The other traits seem to
be predominantly independent of anthesis date. This result is
important because one hypothesis for the multiple traits affected
by chromosome 3A was that the gene(s) for earliness had pleiotropic
effects on grain yield and seed weight (Berke et al. 1992a).
Our data indicated that this does not appear to be the case.
The evaluation of the F1 hybrids between
substitution lines and the recurrent parent was completed.. The
purpose of this study was to determine if the QTLs on 3A and 6A
exhibited additive or dominant gene action, which could result
in heterosis, because these kinds of gene action cannot be studied
with chromosome substitution or recombinant lines due to their
homozygosity. The hybrids of `CNN
(WI3A) x CNN',
`CNN
(WI6A) x CNN',
`WI
(CNN3A) x WI',
and `WI
(CNN6A) x WI'
were made in cooperation with Agripro Seeds, Inc. Six hybrids,
four parental substitution lines, and seed of CNN and WI produced
in Lincoln and Colorado (to monitor any effects of seed source
differences) were grown in a randomized complete block design
with two replications at two locations for 2 years. Our results
showed that the previously reported deleterious effects of WI
(CNN3A) and WI (CNN6A) relative to WI, and the beneficial effects
of CNN (WI3A) and CNN (WI6A) lines relative to CNN were generally
repeated in these environments. Three of the four hybrids were
not significantly different from the midparent value for all of
the measured traits indicating additive gene action. Some hybrids
also were not significantly different from one parent, indicating
the possibility of dominant gene action. Midparent heterosis
was found for grain yield in one hybrid exhibiting dominant gene
action for one trait.
A future goal of this research is to screen for polymorphic
molecular markers on the 3A and 6A chromosomes. The screening
has been initiated in cooperation
with Dr. Kulvinder Gill, a recently hired molecular cytogeneticist
at the University of Nebraska, and Dr. Yang Yen, a biochemical
cytogeneticist at South Dakota State University.
Effect of T1AL-1RS on agronomic performance.
E. Espitia-Rangel, P.S. Baenziger, R.A. Graybosch,
C.J. Peterson, and D.R. Shelton.
Previously, Dr. Benjamin Moreno-Sevilla, now
with North Dakota State University, had shown that lines containing
T1BL-1RS
from the cross `Siouxland
x Ram'
were 9 % higher yielding than lines with 1B or lines heterogeneous
for T1BL-1RS,
but that T1BL-1RS
and 1B lines derived from the heterogeneous cultivar Rawhide (a
variety containing 1B and T1BL-1RS
plants) were similar for grain yield. The T1AL-1RS
translocation also is reported to enhance grain yield. A replicated
study conducted by graduate student Mr. Eduardo Espitia-Rangel
using Nekota a seed increase of Niobrara (varieties heterogeneous
for 1A and T1AL-1RS)
for future replicated studies have been initiated to determine
if T1AL-1RS
has beneficial effects for yield. To date, T1AL-1RS
in the Nekota background has no yield benefit.
Wheat leaf rust virulence in Nebraska.
John E. Watkins and Susan S. Rutledge, Department
of Plant Pathology; and P. Stephen Baenziger, Department of Agronomy.
In 1995 and 1996, 120 and 156 single uredinium isolates
of P. recondita f.sp. tritici were characterized
for virulence to 16 near-isogenic wheat differentials in
a Thatcher genetic background. Field samples were collected from
four wheat-growing regions in Nebraska in 1995 and three
in 1996. Twenty-four virulence phenotypes were identified
in 1995 and 25 were identified in 1996. Virulence phenotypes
MBR-10,18 (Lr1, Lr3, Lr3ka, Lr11,
Lr30, Lr10, Lr18) and MDR-10,18 (Lr1,
Lr3, Lr24, Lr3ka, Lr11, Lr30,
Lr10, Lr18) were the most prevalent, with each comprising
15.8 % of the isolates characterized in 1995. Twenty-seven
percent of the 1995 isolates were virulent on 10 or more host
genes. No virulence was detected to Lr16 and Lr17,
whereas all isolates were virulent to Lr1, Lr3,
Lr10, Lr18, and Lr30. Virulence phenotype
MBR-10,18 was most prevalent in 1996 and comprised 18.6 %
of the isolates characterized. Thirty-eight percent of the
1996 isolates were virulent on 10 or more host genes with all
isolates being virulent on Lr1, Lr3, and Lr10.
No virulence was found to Lr9 and Lr19. New virulence
phenotypes were detected in 1996 that were not detected in 1995.
In 1996, virulence was higher on Lr2a, Lr16,
Lr17, and Lr21 and lower on Lr3ka, Lr18,
Lr24, Lr26, and Lr30. About 40 % of the wheat
acreage in Nebraska is planted to cultivars with Lr16.
The table summarizes the virulence frequency of leaf
rust isolates collected in Nebraska since 1992. The number of
isolates virulent on Lr3ka, Lr11, and Lr17
has increased, whereas the number of isolates virulent on Lr24
and Lr26 decreased from 82 % and 53 %, respectively, in
1992 to 34 % and 1 %, respectively, in 1996. This probably reflects
changes in the distribution of cultivars away from those having
Lr24 and Lr26.
Table 1. Virulence of the 1992, 1993, 1995, and 1996
Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici populations in Nebraska to 16
near-isogenic wheat differentials
___________________________________________________
Virulence frequency1 of leaf rust isolates by year
________________________________________
Lr gene 1992 1993 1995 1996
___________________________________________________
Lr1 100 100 100 100
Lr2a 85 77 27 55
Lr2c 85 80 40 55
Lr3 100 100 100 100
Lr3ka 0 15 93 85
Lr9 0 1 9 0
Lr10 100 100 100 100
Lr11 73 74 96 97
Lr16 0 0 0 4
Lr17 9 10 0 30
Lr18 100 92 100 94
Lr19 0 0 --2 0
Lr21 57 29 15 27
Lr24 82 60 58 34
Lr26 53 40 14 1
Lr30 53 63 100 96
___________________________________________________
1 Represents the percentage of isolates collected that year.
2 Lr19 was not included in the 1995 data, because of a seed
impurity problem.
Wheat Quality Laboratory web page.
D.R. Shelton, W.J. Park, and M. Shipman.
The Nebraska Wheat Quality Lab's home page on the
World Wide Web continues to receive favorable comments. The goals
and functions of the lab, and information on the Nebraska Wheat
Board and the Nebraska Wheat Growers Association are presented.
Over 4,000 hits have been recorded for this page during the past
year. Queries about wheat quality were received from the United
States and worldwide. The internet address is: <http://www.ianr.unl.edu/ianr/agronomy/wheatlab/index.htm>.
Personnel.
Dr. Jan J. Rybczynski, a Fulbright Visiting Scholar,
joined the project to work on triticale and wheat tissue culture
and transformation. Ms. Shirley Sato joined the wheat transformation
project. Mr. Soleman Al-Otayak, a former M.S. student, returned
to begin his Ph.D. program. Mr. Bekele Geleta Abeyo began his
Ph.D. program. Dr. Stefan Sahlstrom joined the Nebraska Wheat
Quality Lab in August, 1996, for one year. Dr. Sahlstrom is a
cereal chemist from MATFORSK, As, Norway. Dr. Woojoon Park has
accepted the position of Technical Marketing Specialist at U.
S. Wheat Associates/Seoul starting on 1 April, 1997. Dr. Park
was instrumental in developing protocols for the evaluation of
wheat lines for Asian rolled noodle quality. Dr. Kulvinder Gill
joined the faculty of the University of Nebraska in 1996 as a
molecular cytogeneticist, specializing in wheat cytogenetics.
Dr. Gill replaces Dr. Shawn Kaeppler, who resigned to take a
position with the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Troy Weeks joined
the USDA-ARS
Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Unit at Lincoln in the autumn of 1995.
Dr. Weeks'
work includes research on transformation systems for both sorghum
and wheat. Dr. Weeks was previously with the ARS program at Albany,
CA, conducting research on wheat transformation. Dr. Drake Stenger
has recently accepted a position as research virologist with the
USDA-ARS
Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Unit at Lincoln, NE. Dr. Stenger's
research will focus on molecular biology and control of WSMV infections
in wheat.
Publications.
Baenziger PS, Moreno-Sevilla B, Peterson CJ,
Schmidt JW, Shelton DR, Baltensperger DD, Nelson LA, McVey DV,
Watkins JE, Hatchett JH, and Graybosch RA. 1996. Registration
of 'Niobrara' Wheat. Crop Sci 36:803.
Baenziger PS and Gill KS. 1996. How biotechnology
is changing plant breeding. In: National Plant Breeding
Study Workshop: Background Papers (Frey KJ ed). 1-3
October, 1996, St. Louis, MO. pp. 1-9.
Baenziger PS. 1996. Reflections on doubled haploids
in plant breeding. In: In vitro haploid production
in higher plants. Vol. 1: Fundamental aspects and methods (Jain
SM, Sopory SK, and Veileux RE eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Norwell, MA, U.S.A. pp.35-48.
Bruns R and Peterson CJ. 1997. Yield and stability
factors associated with hybrid wheat. Proc 5th Inter Wheat Conf,
10-14
June, 1996, Ankara, Turkey. Turkish National Wheat Program and
CIMMYT. In Press.
Graybosch RA, Peterson CJ, and Mattern PJ. 1997.
Registration of hard red winter wheats possessing Glu-1A
null alleles. Crop Sci (In press).
Haley SD, Moreno-Sevilla B, Baenziger PS, Peterson
CJ, Schmidt JW, Shelton DR, Baltensperger DD, Nelson LA, McVey
DL, Watkins JE, Hatchett JH, and Graybosch RS. 1996. Registration
of 'Nekota' Wheat. Crop Sci 36:803-804.
Lookhart GL, Bean SR, Graybosch RA, Chung OK, Moreno-Sevilla
B, and Baenziger PS. 1996. Identification by high-performance
capillary electrophoresis of wheat lines containing the 1AL-1RS
and the 1LB-1RS
translocation. Cereal Chem 73:547-550.
McNeil JE, French R, Hein GL, Baenziger PS, and Eskridge
KM. 1996. Characterization of genetic variability among natural
populations of wheat streak mosaic virus. Phytopathology 86:1222-1227.
Park WJ, Shelton DR, Peterson CJ, Martin TJ, Kachman
SD, and RL Wehling. 1997. Variation in polyphenol oxidase activity
and quality characteristics among hard wheat and hard red winter
wheat samples. Cereal Chem January/February 1997.
Park WJ and Shelton DR. 1996. Effects of wheat
variety and growing location on asian raw noodle color. Cereal
Foods World 41:601.
Park WJ and Shelton DR. 1996. Relationship of wheat
and flour ash contents with Asian rolled noodle color over storage
time. Cereal Foods World 41:572.
Peterson CJ, Graybosch RA, Shelton DR, and Baenziger
PS. 1997. Baking quality of hard winter wheat: response of cultivars
to environments in the Great Plains. Proc 5th Inter Wheat Conf,
10-14
June, 1996, Ankara, Turkey. Turkish National Wheat Program and
CIMMYT. In Press.
Peterson CJ, Moffatt JM, and Erickson JR. 1997 Yield
stability of hybrid vs pureline hard winter wheats in regional
performance trials. Crop Sci 37:116-120.
Yang Y, Baenziger PS, Bruns R, Reeder J, Moreno-Sevilla
B, and Budak N. 1997. Agronomic performance of hybrids between
cultivars and chromosome substitution lines. Crop Sci (in press).
NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
Plant Sciences Department, Loftsgard Hall, North Dakota State
University, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA.
J.A. Anderson, B. Moreno-Sevilla, R.W. Stack, and R.C. Frohberg.
Personnel changes.
Dr. James Anderson resigned his position as Assistant
Professor of Plant Sciences in July to accept a position as Research
Geneticist with the USDA-ARS
in Pullman, Washington.
Hard red winter wheat breeding project.
The HRWW breeding program was discontinued with the
exception that evaluation of lines currently in yield trials will
continue in statewide trials. Early generation materials were
distributed to hard red winter breeding programs at Montana State
University, the University of Nebraska, and South Dakota State
University. (Anderson)
Mapping Fusarium head blight-resistance genes.
RFLP analysis of a recombinant inbred (RI) population
consisting of 112 lines from the cross `Sumai
3/Stoa'
is in progress to identify DNA markers associated with resistance
to FHB. A total of 520 low-copy DNA clones were screened
between the two parents using four restriction endonucleases.
A total of 243 clones were mapped, yielding 312 polymorphic loci.
Seventeen markers significantly associated with FHB resistance
formed eight linkage groups, with the resistance loci derived
from Sumai 3 for four of these groups. A multiple regression
model formed by seven significant markers explained 41 % of the
variation for FHB resistance in this population. (Moreno-Sevilla,
Anderson, Stack, and Frohberg)
Publications.
Faris JD, Anderson JA, Francl LJ, and Jordahl JG.
1996. Chromosomal location of a gene conditioning insensitivity
in wheat to a necrosis-inducing culture filtrate from Pyrenophora
tritici-repentis. Phytopath 86:459-463.
Riede CR, Francl LJ, Anderson JA, Jordahl JG, and
Meinhardt SW. 1996. Additional sources of resistance to tan
spot of wheat. Crop Sci 36:771-777.
Riede CR and Anderson JA. 1996. Linkage of RFLP
markers to an aluminum tolerance gene in wheat. Crop Sci 36:905-909.
Faris JD, Anderson JA, Francl LJ, and Jordahl JG.
1996. Molecular mapping of resistance to tan spot of wheat caused
by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. In: Plant
Genome IV Abstracts, San Diego, CA. p. 58.
Campbell KG, Gualberto DG, Bergman CJ, Anderson JA,
Hareland GA, Finney PL, and Sorrells ME. 1996. Genetic analysis
of kernel traits in a hard x soft wheat cross. Agron Abst p.
90.
Moreno-Sevilla B, Anderson JA, Stack RW, and
Frohberg RC. 1996. Molecular mapping of Fusarium head
blight resistance genes in wheat. Agron Abstr p. 160.
Mesfin A, Frohberg RC, and Anderson JA. 1996. RFLP mapping of QTL associated with grain prwith grain protrain protein content in wheat. Agron Abstr p. 161. go to next document