ITEMS FROM TURKEY

INTERNATIONAL WINTER WHEAT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM

P.K. 39 Emek, 06511 Ankara, Turkey.

H.-J. Braun¹, A.I. Morgounov¹, H. Ketata², S.P.S. Beniwal², L. Cetin³, H. Ekiz³, V. Eser³, M. Keser³, M. Kanbertay³, and N. Zencirci³.

¹ CIMMYT, ² ICARDA, and ³ Cereals Improvement Program, Turkey.

Current activities.

The International Winter Wheat Improvement Program (IWWIP) was established in Turkey in 1985 to enhance winter and facultative wheat germplasm for West Asia and North Africa (WANA), and other regions of the developing world where this crop is important. The program is a joint venture between the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Republic of Turkey), CIMMYT, and ICARDA. The IWWIP annually distributes the Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery (FAWWON) to cooperators worldwide. The nursery includes elite germplasm from the IWWIP, CIMMYT-Mexico; Oregon State University (USA); and other national breeding programs for international testing.

Breeding work in 1996 was structured in the following manner. The bulk of crosses was made in Izmir (Turkey), supplemented by crosses at ICARDA-Syria and CIMMYT-Mexico. Segregating populations (F₂-F₄) were planted in Eskisehir and Cumra. Yield tests were conducted in Cumra (irrigated and rainfed), Eskisehir (rainfed), and ICARDA-Syria (rainfed and irrigated). Efficient screening for yellow rust resistance was done at ICARDA-Syria, and in Ankara, by pathologists of the Central Field Crop Research Institute. Natural epithytotics of Septoria in Adana, Turkey, and powdery mildew in Fundulea, Romania, proved useful to screen the advanced germplasm for these pathogens.

A line derived from CIMMYT-Mexico and distributed from Turkey in the IWWSN was released in Argentina under the name Buck Oportuno.

The following crosses with high yields under diverse environments were identified in 1996:

PTZ NISKA / UT1556-170

PJ / HN4 // GLL /3/ SERI

SN64 // SKE / 2*ANE /3/ SX /4/ BEZ /5/ SERI

LOV26 // LFN / SDY(ES84-24) /3/ SERI /4/ SERI

VORONA / HD2402

ATAY / GALVEZ87

338-K1-1 // ANB / BUC

OK82282 // BOW / NKT

MANNING / SDV1 // DOGU88

GRK / CTY // MESA

88ZHONG257 // CNO79 / PRL

BEZ // BEZ / TVR /3/ KREMENA / LOV29 /4/ KATYA1

CA8055 / GRK

FAWWON (Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery) and germplasm distribution.

The results of the 4th FAWWON were analyzed and compiled into a report that was printed and distributed to cooperators in March, 1996. The highlights of the results are the following: germplasm from the joint Turkey/CIMMYT/ICARDA program continues to perform well in a facultative type of environment, i.e., in the immediate target area in west Asia and north Africa. However, it lacks winter hardiness, and powdery mildew and Septoria resistance, thus limiting its usage in true winter and/or high rainfall areas. The inclusion of introduced germplasm into the FAWWON is useful because it provides access to broader genetic variation. A number of superior lines were identified (i.e., 1D13.1/MLT, KNR/TRAKIA, AGRI/NAC, and KS822114/GALVEZ87), which combine broad adaptability with resistance to diseases.

The 5th FAWWON was distributed for planting in the 1995-96 cycle and consisted of 210 entries. The seeds were sent to 170 cooperators worldwide. Preliminary observations and results indicate that a number of selections have been made by cooperators in the region.

The 6th FAWWON was distributed in July 1996 for the 1996-97 crop season and consisted of 200 entries. Excellent collaboration with Oregon State University, USA, which multiplies the candidates of the FAWWON and distributes the sets to cooperators in the North and South America, allows efficient dispatch of FAWWON in the western hemisphere.

Facultative and Winter Wheat Elite Yield Trial (F & W EYT).

The F & W EYT is a regional trial designed to serve two purposes: i) to give cooperators access to superior germplasm and ii) to identify lines with broad adaptability. Two sets of the 1st EYT (one targeted for irrigated and another for rainfed conditions) were prepared and distributed to 20 cooperators in the WANA region, Central Asia, Russia, and the Ukraine for the 1995-96 crop season. The yield data collected from 16 locations demonstrated that the region has very heterogeneous environment with very high `G x E' interaction. Several lines were identified combining high yield across locations with other useful traits. The results of the EYTs are compiled in a report, which is available from the program on request. Now the two yield trials are regularly distributed regional nurseries.

The importance of `spring x winter' crosses for winter wheat improvement.

The program utilizes different types of crosses for winter/facultative wheat enhancement. The performance of two major groups of crosses, namely `spring x winter' and `winter x winter'= was compared based on grain yield in preliminary yield trials conducted during 3 years (1994-96). Each year the number of lines in each group was comparable' varying from 200 to 400. Lines originating from `spring x winter' crosses were higher yielding compared to those of `winter x winter' crosses in 1994. The frequency of lines advanced to the text stage of testing was almost three times higher among the first group. In 1995 and 1996, both groups demonstrated almost similar grain yields and equal frequencies of the selected lines. The yield evaluation was done in a typical facultative environment of the Central Anatolian Plateau of Turkey, which is characterized by mild winters. The data suggest that `spring x winter' crosses are at least as useful for winter wheat improvement as `winter x winter' crosses. Prescreening of spring parents in a winter environment prior to making crosses appears to be very useful. The importance of `spring x winter' crosses for the environments similar to winter wheat areas of Turkey is further justified by the fact that the majority of varieties released in the region have spring wheat as an immediate parent.

Personnel.

In September, 1996 Dr. Hasan Ekiz, head of international program at Bahri Dagdas International Cereals Improvement Center, Konya, was appointed as the director of the Center.

Publications.

Morgounov A, Alboran M, and Rajaram S. 1996. The possibility of selecting winter/facultative genotypes from spring x spring crosses using segregation for vrn genes. In: Book of Abstracts, 5th Inter Wheat Conf, Ankara, Turkey, 10-14 June.

Sigh G, Rajaram S, Morgounov A, and Fuentes Davila G. 1996. Genetic basis of Karnal bunt resistance in wheat. In: Book of Abstracts, 5th International Wheat Conference, Ankara, Turkey, 10-14 June. pp.151-152.

Ketata H, Morgounov A, Braun H, and Larrah M. 1996. Effect of yellow rust and drought and heat stress on the performance of facultative and winter bread wheat germplasm. In: Book of Abstracts, 5th Inter Wheat Conf, Ankara, Turkey, 10-14 June. pp. 189-190.

Pena R, Braun H, Morgounov A, Ketata H, and Payne TS. 1996. The frequencies of Glu-1 alleles in germplasm from the International Winter Wheat Improvement program (Turkey-CIMMYT-ICARDA). In: Book of Abstracts, 5th Inter Wheat Conf, Ankara, Turkey, 10-14 June. pp. 385-386.

Braun H, Morgounov EH, Kesr M, Zencirci N, Eser V, Ketata H, and Marcucci G. 1996. Breeding priorities of winter wheat programs. In: Book of Abstracts, 5th International Wheat Conference, Ankara, Turkey, 10-14 June. pp. 457.

Rajaram S and Morgounov A. 1996. Wheat germplasm improvement at CIMMYT Mexico. In: Wheat Breeding Objectives, Methodology and Progress: Proc of the Ukraine-CIMMYT Workshop. Wheat Special Report No. 37. Mexico D.F.:CIMMYT.

Braun HJ, Morgounov A, Ketata H, Ekiz H, Kambertay M, Keser M, and Zencirci N. 1996. The International Wheat Improvement Program: objectives and achievements. In: Wheat Breeding Objectives, Methodology and Progress: Proc of the Ukraine-CIMMYT Workshop. Wheat Special report No. 37. Mexico D.F.:CIMMYT.

Braun HJ, Rajaram S, and van Ginkel M. 1996. CIMMYT's approach to breeding for wide adaptation. Euphytica 92:147-153.

Cakmak I, Yilmaz A, Kalayci M, Ekiz H, Torun B, Erenoglu B, and Braun HJ. 1996. Zinc deficiency as a critical problem in wheat production in Central Anatolia. Plant and Soil 180:165-172.

Cakmak I, Sari N, Marschner H, Ekiz H, Kalayci M, Yilmaz A, and Braun HJ. 1996. Phytosiderophore release in bread and durum wheat genotypes differing in zinc efficiency. Plant and Soil 180:183-189.

Rajaram S, Braun HJ, and van Ginkel M. 1996. CIMMYT's approach to breed for drought tolerance. Euphytica 92:175-183.

Schlegel R, Cakmak I, Torun B, Eker S, Tolay I, Ekiz H, Kalayci M, and Braun HJ. 1996. Screening for zinc efficiency among wheat relatives and their utilisation for an alien gene transfer. In: Book of Abstracts, 5th Inter Wheat Conf, Ankara, Turkey, 10-14 June.

ITEMS FROM THE UKRAINE

KHARKOV STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Svobody sq., 4, Kharkov, 310077, Ukraine.

Monitoring the mode of gene interaction of the photoperiodic response in winter wheat.

Vasily V. Zhmurko.

In previous experiments with more than 30 varieties of winter wheat, heading occurred at different times. One group headed quickly under 24- and 16-hour day lengths. Time-to-heading under 8-hour day length increased in the second group. The third group remained unchanged in their development under different light conditions. Thus, among the winter wheats, there are the cultivars with long, short, and neutral photoperiods. Short-day cultivars normally are more winter hardy compared to long-day and day-neutral plants (Cybulko, Zhmurko, Gridin 1986). Therefore, photoperiodic response in winter wheat is correlated with winter hardiness.

Developing cultivars with good winter hardiness and high productivity is one of the most important objectives of breeders in the Ukraine. A study of the genetic control of the photoperiodic response may help to solve problems associated with the development of highly winter hardy cultivars.

We used the long-day Bezostaya 1, the short-day Mironovskaya 808, and the day-neutral Obriy cultivars in our experiments. The following crosses were made: 'Mironovskaya 808 x Bezostaya 1', 'Mironovskaya 808 x Obriy', and 'Bezostaya 1 x Obriy'. The parental lines and hybrids were grown in the autumn in continuous light and natural and short-day lengths. One group of plants was placed in a phytotron at the end of vegetative growth and grown under 16-hour day length. A second group remained in the field during the winter and was grown under continuous light or natural or short-day lengths in the spring. The degree of dominance in the F₁ was determined according to Griffing (1956), and the mode of gene interaction and differences between the parental lines for the number of genes producing the photoperiodic response in the F₂ according to A.F. Merezhko (1984). A `germination-to-heading' period (days) served as the measure of photoperiodic response under different day lengths. At least 100 seeds per plant were analyzed for response to light.

The results from the F₁ hybrids indicate that in all photoperiodic conditions, a short photoperiodic response is dominant in crosses between short- and long-day cultivars. The neutral photoperiodic response is dominant in crosses between short-day and day-neutral plants. A long photoperiodic response dominates in crosses between long-day and day-neutral cultivars. Thus, the nature of photoperiodic dominance in the F₁ does not depend on day length (Table 1).

Table 1. Photoperiodic response in parental lines and F₁ hybrids from crosses between short-day, long-day, and day-neutral cultivars.

^* natural day length.

Analysis of F₂ hybrids indicated that the mode of gene interaction monitoring photoperiodic responses in the parental lines was dependent on day length. The mode of cumulative polymery was evident in all the cross combinations under continuous light and short days, whereas recessive epistasis occurred in natural day length. The results also showed that the short-day cultivar Mironovskaya 808 differs from the day-neutral Obriy and the long-day Bezostaya 1 by dominant, nonallelic genes monitoring a photoperiodic response (Table 2).

Table 2. Mode of gene interaction monitoring a photoperiodic response in winter wheat hybrids under different day lengths.

Thus, photoperiodic domination is determined by the genotype of the parental lines, but not the day length when F₁ hybrids are grown. At the same time, the mode of gene interaction monitoring a day length response is modified by photoperiodic conditions. Obviously, the highest mode of gene interaction could be investigated in contrast to photoperiodic conditions. Because winter wheat photoperiodic response is correlated with its winter hardiness, the most complete expression of genes monitoring winter hardiness could reveal photoperiodic conditions.

References.

Merezhko AF. 1984. The system of the genetic studies of original material for plant selection. VIR, Leningrad.

Cybulko V, Zmurko V, Gridin N. 1987. Response of to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to temperature - light conditions. Selection and genetic seeds culture, Vol. 3. Praha. pp. 203-209.

Griffing B. 1956. Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Austr J Biol Sci 9:463

V.Ya. YUR'EV INSTITUTE FOR PLANT PRODUCTION

National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, Moskovsky prospekt, 142, 310060 Kharkov, Ukraine.

Pedigree analysis of T. durum cultivars grown in the Ukraine and the Russian Federation in 1996 and their relationships in cultivars.

S.V. Rabinovich and N.K. Il'chenko.

The pedigrees of 32 T. durum cultivars grown in 1996, four grown previously, and four unreleased germplasms are the basis of publications by Rabinovich 1972; Dorofeev et al. 1976; Catalogue 1983, 1992; Martynov et al. 1990; Register 1995, 1996; Golik 1996; State register 1996; and some others. The titles of the majority of these works (except Golik 1996) are listed in the publications of Rabinovich, Panchenko, Parchomenko, and Usova on p. 249.

A pedigree analysis of 32 contemporary of T. durum cultivars indicates that the most are derivatives of wide spread wheats (Table 1). Among these cultivars are some Russian cultivars Melanopus (MEL) 69 (released in 1929, selected from the landrace Sivouska) and MEL 26 (1956) that have been grown for 45 and 30 years, respectively. The Ukrainian cultivars Narodnaya (NAR, 1947; a selection from a landrace) has been grown for more than 30 years, and Khar'kovskaya 46 (KHR, 1957; a trispecific Triticum hybrid) is still widely cultivated after 40 years. P.V. Kuchumov and E.E. Vatulya are breeders of KHR 46. The largest areas of cultivation for these lines ranged from 2.7 million ha for MEL 69 in 1940, to 4.9 million ha for KHR 46 in 1969. Russian cultivars Hordeiforme (HRD) 10 (a selection from a mixture of the T. aestivum cultivar Noe from a farmer's field) from western Siberia, HRD 432 (a selection from the landrace Beloturka) from the Volga region, and the Azerbaidzhanian intermediate wheat Shark (in the pedigree of the Palestinian cultivar Horanka) were grown widely for many years (HRD 10 from 1930-60, HRD 432 from 1930-70, and Shark from 1940-90). Unreleased cultivars also occur in pedigrees of wheats KHR 51, KHR 5, Saratovskaya (SAR) 47, HRD 5866 (also a selection from the landrace Beloturka), and others.

A `T. turgidum/T. dicoccum' cross was in a majority of pedigrees of the cultivars grown (30 of 32), either directly or through the pedigrees of the wheats KHR 46 and KHR 51 or the old Khar'kov line 34-5129 (a selection made in 1934). The contribution of the Khar'kov line in pedigrees fluctuated between 25-50 % in most cultivars to only 6-12 % in some Russian wheats (Novodonskaya (NVD), Ljudmila (LDM), Bezenchukskiy yantar' (BZN YNT)), and Damsinskaya (DMS) 90 from Kazakhstan. The Khar'kov line 34-5129 is absent in pedigrees of only two Russian wheats from the Volga region, the older Krasnokutka (KRK) 6 and the newer SAR 59. The index of the Ukrainian wheat NAR in the pedigrees of 12 modern cultivars is 3-25 %, that of KHR 46 in 25 cultivars is 12-100 %, that of KHR 51 in six cultivars is 6-50 %, and that of KHR 5 in four cultivars is 25-50 %.

The contribution of five old Russian wheats from the Volga Region HRD 432, HRD 5866 (Saratov), MEL 69, MEL 1932, and MEL 26 (Krasnyj Kut) in the pedigrees of seven Russian and one Kazakhstanian wheats grown in this study were between 6 and 25 %. The index of HRD 5866 in SAR 57, SAR Zolotistaya (SAR ZOL), and Ludmila was between 12-25 %; that of HRD 432 and MEL 1932 in VRN 7 and SID 88 was 12-25 %; that of MEL 1932 in KRK 6 was 12 %; and that of MEL 69, MEL 1932, and their derivative MEL 26 in SAR 59 and SAR ZOL was 6-25 %. Table 1 lists a summary of the participation quotas for the five above-mentioned cultivars from the Volga Region.

Russian cultivars occur rarely in the pedigrees of Ukrainian wheats. We noted only Raketa improved in KHR 37 and KHR 23 and SAR 29 in KHR 15. At the same time, Ukrainian cultivars were used in a majority of Russian wheats, and their contributions may be higher than those of Russian wheats. Ukrainian wheats KHR 46, KHR 3, KHR 17, KHR 21, and KHR 23 also were grown in 1996 in five regions of the Russian Federation from the central region of Black-Earth to the Ural Region.

Foreign cultivars also are found in the pedigrees of the wheats in this study. The Italian cultivar Russelo is in BEZ 182, BEZ YNT, Orenburgskaya (ORB) 2, and ORB 10. The old Palestinian wheat K 12950 is in KHR 37, KHR 17, and KHR 23; SID 88 is in KHR 1 (from KHR 5), KHR 21 (from 61-29), and KHR 29 (from KHR 5 and Kharkovchanka 1); and Horanka (from Shark) is in SAR 59 and SAR ZOL. MEL from Pakistan is in LDM. The Canadian cultivar Hercules and Leeds from the U.S.A. are found in NVD. Another wheat from the U.S., WS MP 13, is in the pedigree of SAR 59. The CIMMYT releases Oviachik 65 and Pabellon 67 are found in Persianovskaya 115 and Kollektivnaya 2, respectively. Triticum dicoccum has been used often as a parent of modern cultivars; 34-5129, KHR 46, KHR 51, KHR 5, Raketa, Raketa improved, and Almaz are all derivatives of T. dicoccum.

Ukrainian and Russian cultivars are tested constantly in our experiments, including the 1996 survey. Most cultivars are highly adaptable to different growing conditions, tall, and not resistant to lodging, with the exception of Persianovskaya 115. In tests from 1992-95, cultivars with long stems (115-130 cm) KHR 23, SAR 59, LDM, BZN 182, BZN YNT, and DMS 90 met or exceeded the national standard of the Ukraine (KHR 37 at 450 g/m²). BZN 182 is noted for its high number of kernels/spike (30-40 kernels), and KHR 37, KHR 23, SAR 59, LDM, Zarnitsa Altaya, and DMS 90 for large kernel size (1,000-kernel weight = 45-55 g). The cultivars SAR ZOL and BSN YNT had indices of 38 and 42 kernels/spike and a 1,000-kernel weight of 45 and 49 g, respectively.

The cultivar KHR 46 grows slowly as a seedling. The slow development of a stem may promote plant vigor during the spring cold spells and early frosts that occur in Siberia and north Kazakhstan. However, KHR 37 grows quickly in the spring. We have not found any wheat that heads earlier than KHR 37. KHR 21, KHR 23, and KRK 10 headed simultaneously with KHR 37, BZN 182, or BZN YNT; and DMS 90 was 5-7 days later.

The high yields of spring wheats in many regions of the Ukraine and the Russian Federation result from resistance to fruit fly injury. Cultivars KHR 37, KHR 23, Novodonskaya, KRK 10, BZN 182, and DMS 90 have the best resistance to this pest (Dolgova et al. 1996). All of these cultivars have resistance from descendants of KHR 46 (with line 34-5129 in the pedigree).

The wheats LDM, KRK 10, and BZN YNT had high levels of resistance to the loose smut fungus when artificially inoculated. Intermediate levels of resistance (rating 1.3-4.5 %) were found in KHR 21, SAR 59, SAR ZOL, and BZN 182. Seventy percent of the cultivars were susceptible.

In 1970, the Department of Grain Quality (Melnikov et al. 1972; Kuchu-mova at al. 1972; Golik at al. 1980) selected several lines (59-131, 59-158, 59-204, 51-29, 61-29, 62-36, and others) that had been selected in our Institute in the 1950s and early 1960s. The grain of these lines has a dual purpose, combining both high pasta-cooking and breadmaking qualities. Khar'kov's line 34-5129 and Melanopus falcatum (K 12950) from Palestine were both used in pedigrees of these cultivars. Line HRD 13-236, bred from the landrace Khar'kov in 1913, also is present in pedigrees of lines 59-158 and 59-204. These lines and some cultivars bred in Khar'kov were used in the pedigrees of dual-purpose cultivars (see Table 1). These lines are KHR 5, KHR 17, and the new cultivar KHR 29 (Pedigree: 34-5129/NAR//KHR 46 (62-36)/3/KHR 5/4/Sas 449).

Bushuk (1997), Damidaux and Feillet (1978), and Zillman (1978) have shown that the presence of g-gliadin 45 (instead of g-gliadin 42) is closely linked with good cooking quality of pasta. A statistical analysis of a large sample of durum wheats from many countries confirmed the close linkage of g-gliadin 45 and strong gluten (good cooking quality), and of g-gliadin 42 and poor cooking quality. Gliadin spectra data from the Department of Quality at our Institute (Golik et al. 1992; Golik 1996) indicate that in KHR 46, KHR 3, KHR 37, KHR 21, and ORB 10 only g-gliadin 42 is present; KHR 5 has g-gliadin 42 and traces of g-gliadin 45; whereas the older cultivars NAR, KHR 51, contemporary KHR 15 (in the pedigree of SAR 29), KHR 17, and the new cultivar KHR 29 have g-gliadin 45 and a trace of g-gliadin 42. These data confirm that the cultivars KHR 5, KHR 15, KHR 17, and KHR 29 belong to the group of wheats with dual uses for pasta and bread.

Table 1. Pedigrees and contributions of parents and their ancestors in modern cultivars of Triticum durum.

¹ Considered participation quotas (%) from parents and ancestors in pedigree of wheat cultivar: 1. 34-5129; 2. Narodnaya; 3. Khar'kovaya 46; 4. Khar'kovskaya 51 or Khar'kovskaya 5; 5. Cultivars from the Volga Region: Hordeiforme 432, Hordeiforme 5866 (Saratov), Melanopus 69, Melanopus 1932, and Melanopus 26 (Krasnyj Kut); and 6. Raketa or Raketa improved.

² Cultivars grown in the past.

³ Widespread cultivars in different years.

References.

Bushuk W. 1997. Wheat breeding for end-product use. Proc 5th Inter Wheat Conf. In press.

Dolgova EM, Il'chenko NK, and Markova TU. 1996. Spring durum wheat resistance to common bunt and fruit fly injury in the northeastern Forrest-Steppe region of the Ukraine. Ann Wheat Newslet 42:212.

Golik VS. 1996. Triticum durum Desf. breeding. Khar'kov. 387 pp (in Russian).

Golik VS and Kuchumova LP. 1980. Breeding of wheats with dual functionality. Scientific-technical bulletin of Siberian department of VASKHNIL. N.5-6:72-74 (in Russian).

Golik VS, Panshenko IA, Parchomenko RG, Alad'in VS, Skljarevskiy KM, and Kuz'mina NV. 1992. The utilization of electrophoretic gliadin spektra and phenol test as the factors of estimation of cooking and breadmaking qualities of durum and bread wheat. Breed Seed Prod 73:27-36 (in Ukrainian).

Il'chenko NK. 1996. Initial material for breeding of spring durum wheat for productivity. In: Breeding, seed growing and technologies of field cultures growing. Materials of International Scientific-Practical Conference. "Bucovina". Chernivtsi pp. 42-43 (in Russian).

Kuchumova LP, Melnikov NI, and Golik VS. 1972. Biochemical peculiarities of durum wheat of dual functionality. Theses of reports of All-Union seminar. Edition of Kazan' University. Kazan' (in Russian).

Melnikov NI, Golik VS, and Kuchumova LP. 1972. Triticum durum bred lines with good macaroni and excellent baking qualities. Report of VASKHNIL. N.9:9-11 (in Russian).

Zillman RR. 1978. Wheat cultivar identification by gliadin electrophoregramms. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (cited in Bushuk 1997).

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