STANDARD KARYOTYPE AND NOMENCLATURE SYSTEM FOR THE DESCRIPTION
OF CHROMOSOME BANDS IN CHINESE SPRING WHEAT.
Reference: Gill BS, Friebe B, and Endo TR. 1991.
Standard karyotype and nomenclature system for
description of chromosome bands and structural
aberrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum).
GENOME 34:830-839.
Items of note:
Arm: In accordance with the resolution of the 7th IWGS, the
short arm is designated by the letter S and the long
arm by the letter L. In the case where both arms are
of similar length, the designation of S and L is
based on homoeologous relationships. Thus, for nearly
metacentric chromosomes 6A, 7A, 4B, and 7D, arm
designations are based on homoeology rather than length.
Band Number: The designation of chromosome bands is in part
based on the recommendations of the 1971 Paris Conf.
on standardization in human cytogenetics. The bands are
numbered from the centromere outward. Each chromosome
has a distinct centromere, and the heterochromatin
bisected by the centromere is considered as two bands,
each labeled as band 1 of region 1. Diagnostic bands are
observable with many different banding techniques.
Bands not consistently stained are numbered as sub-bands
of the existing diagnostic band. These bands are located
on chromosomes 1AL, 2AS, 2AL, 3AL, 5AL, 7AS, 7AL, 3BS,
5BS, 5BL, 6BL, 7BL, 5DL, 7DS, and 7DL.
Band Intensity: A band is defined as a "part of a chromosome
clearly distinguishable from adjacent parts by virtue of
it lighter or darker staining ability." Each arm consists
of a continuous series of dark bands and light bands;
by definition, there are no 'interbands'. As a rule, the
darker staining bands are odd numbered, i.e. 1.3, 1.5, 2.1,
etc. wheras the lighter staining bands are even numbered,
1.2, 1.4, 2.2, etc. The exceptions to this rule are in the
satellites of chromosomes 1B and 6B where the situation is
reversed. The symbol "|" after the band number indicates
a dark staining band, a ":" refers to an inconsistently
staining band, and no symbol indicates light staining bands.
Arm Ratio = length of long arm / length of short arm.
Length: Somatic metaphase chromosome and band length.
Fraction Length: The fraction length of the diagnostic bands
from the centromere was calculated and is indicated.
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 1A 11.1
S 3.8
S 1.2 0.0-3.7
S 1.3 | 3.7-3.8
L 1.9 7.3
L 1.2 0.0-1.4
L 1.3 | 1.4-1.6 0.20
L 1.41 1.6-3.6
L 1.42 : 3.6-3.7
L 1.43 3.7-7.0
L 1.5 | 7.0-7.3
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 2A 12.5
S 5.4
S 1.2 0.0-0.1
S 1.3 | 0.1-0.2
S 1.41 0.2-1.7
S 1.42 : 1.7-1.8
S 1.43 1.8-4.8
S 1.5 | 4.8-4.9 0.89
S 1.6 4.9-5.4
L 1.3 7.1
L 1.2 0.0-1.7
L 1.3 | 1.7-1.9 0.25
L 1.41 1.9-4.0
L 1.42 : 4.0-4.1
L 1.43 4.1-4.9
L 1.44 : 4.9-5.0
L 1.45 5.0-5.9
L 1.46 : 5.9-6.0
L 1.47 6.0-6.9
L 1.5 | 6.9-7.1
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 3A 11.5
S 5.0
S 1.2 0.0-1.0
S 1.3 | 1.0-1.2 0.22
S 1.4 1.2-5.0
L 1.3 6.5
L 1.21 0.0-3.7
L 1.22 : 3.7-3.8
L 1.23 3.8-5.3
L 1.24 : 5.3-5.4
L 1.25 5.4-6.5
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 4A 11.9
S 4.4
S 0.0-4.4
L 1.7 7.5
L 1.2 0.0-1.1
L 1.3 | 1.1-1.7 0.19
L 1.4 1.7-5.0
L 2.1 | 5.0-5.1
L 2.2 5.1-5.2
L 2.3 | 5.2-6.0 0.74
L 2.4 6.0-6.1
L 2.5 | 6.1-6.2
L 2.6 6.2-7.2
L 2.7 | 7.2-7.5
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 5A 11.5
S 4.1
S 1.2 0.0-2.9
S 1.3 | 2.9-3.0 0.72
S 1.4 3.0-3.6
S 1.5 | 3.6-4.1
L 1.8 7.4
L 1.2 0.0-1.1
L 1.3 | 1.1-1.3 0.16
L 1.41 1.3-3.1
L 1.42 : 3.1-3.2
L 1.43 3.2-4.0
L 1.5 | 4.0-4.1 0.55
L 1.6 4.1-7.4
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 6A 9.8
S 4.7
S 1.2 0.0-4.7
L 1.1 5.1
L 1.2 0-1.4
L 1.3 | 1.4-1.6 0.30
L 1.4 1.6-2.5
L 1.5 | 2.5-2.6 0.49
L 1.6 2.6-4.0
L 1.7 | 4.0-4.3 0.81
L 1.8 4.3-5.0
L 1.9 | 5.0-5.1
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 7A 11.3
S 5.65
S 1.21 0.0-0.2
S 1.22 : 0.2-0.3
S 1.23 0.3-1.4
S 1.24 : 1.4-1.5
S 1.25 1.5-2.2
S 1.26 : 2.2-2.3
S 1.27 2.3-4.4
S 1.3 | 4.4-4.6 0.79
S 1.4 4.6-5.4
S 1.5 | 5.4-5.65
L 1.0 5.65
L 1.2 0.0-0.2
L 1.3 | 0.2-0.4
L 1.4 0.4-3.9
L 1.5 | 3.9-4.1 0.71
L 1.61 4.1-4.8
L 1.62 : 4.8-4.9
L 1.63 4.9-5.3
L 1.7 | 5.2-5.65
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 1B 11.8
SAT 1.3
SAT 2.5 | 0.0-0.2
SAT 3.1 0.2-0.5
SAT 3.2 | 0.5-0.7 0.74
SAT 3.3 0.7-1.0
SAT 3.4 | 1.0-1.3
S 3.1
S 1.2 0.0-0.1
S 1.3 | 0.1-0.5
S 1.4 0.5-0.6
S 1.5 | 0.6-1.0 0.21
S 1.6 1.0-1.6
S 2.1 | 1.6-2.0 0.41
S 2.2 2.0-2.5
S 2.3 | 2.5-3.1
L 1.7 7.4
L 1.2 0.0-0.1
L 1.3 | 0.1-0.7
L 1.4 0.7-0.8
L 1.5 | 0.8-1.2
L 1.6 1.2-1.3
L 1.7 | 1.3-1.7
L 1.8 1.7-1.8
L 2.1 | 1.8-2.3 0.28
L 2.2 2.3-3.5
L 2.3 | 3.5-3.9 0.50
L 2.4 3.9-4.4
L 2.5 | 4.4-4.6 0.60
L 2.6 4.6-6.5
L 2.7 | 6.5-6.8 0.90
L 2.8 6.8-7.0
L 2.9 | 7.0-7.4
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 2B 12.9
5.9
S 1.2 0.0-0.3
S 1.3 | 0.3-0.8
S 1.4 0.8-1.0
S 1.5 | 1.0-1.5 0.26
S 1.6 1.5-3.3
S 2.1 | 3.3-3.4 0.56
S 2.2 3.4-4.2
S 2.3 | 4.2-4.5 0.73
S 2.4 4.5-5.1
S 2.5 | 5.1-5.4 0.88
S 2.6 5.4-5.6
S 2.7 | 5.6-5.9
L 1.2 7.0
L 1.2 0.0-0.4
L 1.3 | 0.4-0.8 0.11
L 1.4 0.8-1.5
L 1.5 | 1.5-1.7 0.26
L 1.6 1.7-3.4
L 2.1 | 3.4-3.7 0.50
L 2.2 3.7-4.3
L 2.3 | 4.3-4.4 0.62
L 2.4 4.4-7.0
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 3B 13.8
S 6.0
S 1.2 0.0-0.3
S 1.3 | 0.3-1.5 0.24
S 1.4 1.5-2.1
S 1.5 | 2.1-2.3 0.36
S 1.6 2.3-3.3
S 2.1 | 3.3-3.5 0.57
S 2.2 3.5-4.7
S 2.3 | 4.7-5.0 0.80
S 2.4 5.0-5.2
S 2.5 | 5.2-5.3
S 2.6 5.3-5.6
S 2.7 | 5.6-6.0
L 1.3 7.8
L 1.2 0.0-0.4
L 1.3 | 0.4-1.0 0.12
L 1.4 1.0-1.5
L 2.1 | 1.5-1.8 0.20
L 2.2 1.8-2.9
L 2.3 | 2.9-3.0 0.38
L 2.41 3.0-5.6
L 2.42 : 5.6-5.7
L 2.43 5.7-6.3
L 2.44 : 6.3-6.4
L 2.45 6.4-7.8
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 4B 11.4
S 5.4
S 1.2 0.0-0.2
S 1.3 | 0.2-0.6
S 1.4 0.6-0.7
S 1.5 | 0.7-1.5
S 1.6 1.5-1.7
S 1.7 | 1.7-2.5 0.47
S 1.8 2.5-2.7
S 2.1 | 2.7-2.8
S 2.2 2.8-5.0
S 2.3 | 5.0-5.4
L 1.1 6.0
L 1.2 0.0-0.1
L 1.3 | 0.1-0.6
L 1.4 0.6-0.7
L 1.5 | 0.7-1.2 0.20
L 1.6 1.2-2.4
L 2.1 | 2.4-2.7 0.42
L 2.2 2.7-3.5
L 2.3 | 3.5-3.8 0.61
L 2.4 3.8-4.7
L 2.5 | 4.7-5.2 0.81
L 2.6 5.2-5.6
L 2.7 | 5.6-6.0
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 5B 12.1
S 4.0
S 1.2 0.0-0.2
S 1.3 | 0.2-1.0 0.39
S 1.4 1.0-1.2
S 2.1 | 1.2-1.6
S 2.21 1.6-2.2
S 2.22 : 2.2-2.3
S 2.23 2.3-2.8
S 2.3 | 2.8-3.0 0.71
S 2.41 3.0-3.2
S 2.42 : 3.2-3.3
S 2.43 3.3-3.6
S 2.5 | 3.6-4.0
L 2.0 8.1
L 1.2 0.0-0.1
L 1.3 | 0.1-0.4
L 1.41 0.4-1.0
L 1.42 : 1.0-1.1
L 1.43 1.1-3.5
L 1.44 : 3.5-3.6
L 1.45 3.6-3.8
L 2.1 | 3.8-4.2 0.49
L 2.2 4.2-4.7
L 2.3 | 4.7-4.8
L 2.4 4.8-5.2
L 2.5 | 5.2-5.5 0.65
L 2.61 5.5-5.8
L 2.62 : 5.8-5.9
L 2.63 5.9-7.2
L 2.64 : 7.2-7.3
L 2.65 7.3-7.6
L 2.66 : 7.6-7.7
L 2.67 7.7-8.0
L 2.68 : 8.0-8.1
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 6B 12.7
SAT 1.7
SAT 2.7 | 0.0-0.2
SAT 3.1 0.2-0.4
SAT 3.2 | 0.4-0.5
SAT 3.3 0.5-0.9
SAT 3.4 | 0.9-1.0
SAT 3.5 1.0-1.5
SAT 3.6 | 1.5-1.7
S 4.0
S 1.2 0.0-0.2
S 1.3 | 0.2-0.9 0.11
S 1.4 0.9-1.1
S 2.1 | 1.1-1.3 0.22
S 2.2 1.3-3.5
S 2.3 | 3.5-3.6
S 2.4 3.6-3.7
S 2.5 | 3.7-4.0
L 1.2 6.9
L 1.2 0.0-0.1
L 1.3 | 0.1-1.0
L 1.4 1.0-1.1
L 1.5 | 1.1-1.8
L 1.6 1.8-1.9
L 2.1 | 1.9-2.5 0.36
L 2.2 2.5-3.8
L 2.3 | 3.8-3.9 0.55
L 2.4 3.9-5.7
L 2.5 | 5.7-5.8 0.83
L 2.61 5.8-6.2
L 2.62 : 6.2-6.3
L 2.63 6.3-6.7
L 2.7 | 6.7-6.9
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 7B 12.5
S 5.0
S 1.2 0.0-0.3
S 1.3 | 0.3-0.8
S 1.4 0.8-1.0
S 1.5 | 1.0-1.4 0.28
S 1.6 1.4-2.2
S 2.1 | 2.2-2.5 0.45
S 2.2 2.5-3.1
S 2.3 | 3.1-3.2 0.63
S 2.4 3.2-4.0
S 2.5 | 4.0-4.1 0.79
S 2.6 4.1-5.0
L 1.5 7.5
L 1.2 0.0-0.2
L 1.3 | 0.2-1.0
L 1.4 1.0-1.2
L 1.5 | 1.2-1.9
L 1.6 1.9-2.1
L 2.1 | 2.1-2.8 0.37
L 2.2 2.8-3.8
L 2.3 | 3.8-4.0
L 2.4 4.0-4.4
L 2.5 | 4.4-4.7 0.61
L 2.61 4.7-6.4
L 2.62 : 6.4-6.5
L 2.63 6.5-7.5
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 1D 8.4
S 3.1
S 1.2 0.0-2.0
S 1.3 | 2.0-2.3 0.68
S 1.4 2.3-3.1
L 1.7 5.3
L 1.2 0.0-1.7
L 1.3 | 1.7-1.9 0.34
L 1.4 1.9-3.6
L 1.5 3.6-3.7 0.68
L 1.6 3.7-5.3
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 2D 10.1
S 4.4
S 1.2 0.0-0.9
S 1.3 | 0.9-1.1 0.22
S 1.4 1.1-3.3
S 1.5 | 3.3-3.4 0.74
S 1.6 3.4-4.1
S 1.7 | 4.1-4.4
L 1.3 5.7
L 1.2 0.0-0.1
L 1.3 | 0.1-0.3
L 1.41 0.3-0.6
L 1.42 : 0.6-0.7
L 1.43 0.7-2.2
L 1.5 | 2.2-2.3 0.39
L 1.6 2.3-3.6
L 1.7 | 3.6-3.8 0.65
L 1.8 3.8-5.7
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 3D 10.7
S 4.5
S 1.2 0.0-1.4
S 1.3 | 1.4-1.5 0.32
S 1.4 1.5-2.9
S 1.5 | 2.9-3.0 0.65
S 1.6 3.0-3.4
S 1.7 | 3.4-3.9
S 1.8 3.9-4.1
S 1.9 | 4.1-4.5
L 1.4 6.2
L 1.2 0.0-3.7
L 1.3 | 3.7-3.8 0.60
L 1.4 3.8-5.3
L 1.5 | 5.3-5.4 0.85
L 1.6 5.4-6.1
L 1.7 | 6.1-6.2
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 4D 9.0
S 3.2
S 1.2 0.0-0.4
S 1.3 | 0.4-0.5
S 1.4 0.5-1.4
S 1.5 | 1.4-1.5 0.44
S 1.6 1.5-2.9
S 1.7 | 2.9-3.2
L 1.8 5.8
L 1.2 0.0-1.1
L 1.3 | 1.1-1.2 0.18
L 1.41 1.2-2.0
L 1.42 : 2.0-2.1
L 1.43 2.1-3.1
L 1.5 | 3.1-3.4 0.56
L 1.6 3.4-3.6
L 1.7 | 3.6-4.1 0.72
L 1.8 4.1-5.8
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 5D 10.4
S 3.6
S 1.2 0.0-0.9
S 1.3 | 0.9-1.3 0.29
S 1.4 1.3-2.0
S 1.5 | 2.0-2.1
S 1.6 2.1-3.3
S 1.7 | 3.3-3.6
L 1.9 6.8
L 1.2 0.0-1.0
L 1.3 | 1.0-1.1
L 1.4 1.1-3.7
L 1.5 | 3.7-3.9 0.56
L 1.61 3.9-6.1
L 1.62 : 6.1-6.2
L 1.63 6.2-6.8
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 6D 8.8
S 4.0
S 1.2 0.0-0.6
S 1.3 | 0.6-0.7
S 1.4 0.7-2.1
S 1.5 | 2.1-2.3 0.56
S 1.6 2.3-3.1
S 1.7 | 3.1-3.4 0.77
S 1.8 3.4-3.8
S 1.9 | 3.8-4.0
L 1.2 4.8
L 1.2 0.0-1.2
L 1.3 | 1.2-1.5 0.28
L 1.41 1.5-2.5
L 1.42 : 2.5-2.6
L 1.43 2.6-4.1
L 1.5 | 4.1-4.2 0.83
L 1.6 4.2-4.7
L 1.7 | 4.7-4.8
=================================================================
NOTE ON CHROMOSOME 7D.
In contrast to the published karyotype for chromosome 7B in
Chinese Spring, the cytologically longer arm is in the position of the
short arm. This change is because the genetically identified 7DS arm,
that is homoeologous to the 7AS and 7BS arms. is cytologically the
onger arm (7DL) of chromosome 7D and vice versa as mentioned in Gill
et al. In spite of the size discrepancy, the generally accepted
genetic nomenclature to describe the group 7 arms is reflected in the
measurements below.
For further discussion on this finding see Werner JE, Endo TR,
and Gill BS. 1992. Toward a cytogenetically based physical map of the
wheat genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 11307-11311.
=================================================================
Arm Band Arm Length Length of Fraction
Number Ratio (uM) Band (uM) Length
=================================================================
CHROMOSOME 7D 10.1
S 1.1 5.3
S 1.2 0.0-1.4
S 1.3 | 1.4-1.5
S 1.4 1.5-3.5
S 1.5 | 3.5-3.7 0.67
S 1.6 3.7-4.7
S 1.7 | 4.7-4.8
S 1.8 4.8-5.0
S 1.9 | 5.0-5.3
L 4.8
L 1.2 0.0-1.1
L 1.3 | 1.1-1.3 0.67
L 1.4 1.3-2.6
L 1.5 | 3.5-3.7 0.57
L 1.6 2.8-3.8
L 1.7 | 3.8-3.9
L 1.8 3.9-4.5
L 1.9 | 4.5-4.8
=================================================================