// cwc1.txt: Narrative file for Commercial Wheat Varieties of the
// United States.
// created: 1/30/93
// format: Standard ACSII using blank lines as record breaks.
// NOTE: no line breaks in this particular file
// Not translated with dos2unix.
// author: Kenneth D. Kephart
// Dept. of Agronomy
// University of Missouri
// comment: Number 1 of 9 files sent to greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
Commercial Wheat Cultivars of the United States
Gopher Database Version 1.0
Kenneth D. Kephart, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Agronomy
University of Missouri-Columbia
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"History celebrates the battlefields whereon we meet our death, but
scorns the plowed fields whereby we thrive. It knows the names of the
King's bastard children, but cannot tell us the origin of wheat. That
is the way of human folly..."
Jean Henri Fabre
French Entomologist and Philosopher
1823-1915
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Introduction:
-------------
The production of wheat in the North America dates back to the
arrival of the Europeans who first colonized this continent, bringing
with them the seed of the crops necessary for their survival in the
new world. Until the late 1800's, wheat production in the United
States was based on the landrace cultivars introduced by colonist and
immigrants. With the knowledge of genetics and modern plant breeding
techniques, public and private wheat breeding programs have replaced
the landrace cultivars during the past century with modern cultivars.
This compendium was developed from a database containing reference
information on over 1,500 distinct cultivars that have been commercial
produced in the United States during the past 100 to 150 years. While
every effort has been made to make this compendium as comprehensive as
possible, some information is not available for certain cultivars.
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Cultivar Records:
-----------------
Each cultivar is presented individually as a formatted record.
The first line of each record indentifies the cultivar by it's
recognized true name. Other information listed may include the name
abbreviation, true growth habit, specie scientific epitaph, other
names or synonyms by which it has been known, accession numbers, full
pedigree and production acreage in the United States. Additional
information is presented in reprints of Agronomy Journal and Crop
Science registration statements. The information presented only
pertains to the development and release of the individual cultivars,
with no information concerning continued testing of agronomic
performance or quality presented. Other information also can be
readily obtained for most cultivars from other sources identified in
the reference section of this publication.
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True Growth Habit:
------------------
"Spring" wheats produce grain from spring plantings, and do not
possess a vernalization requirement. "Winter" wheats are planted in
the fall for grain production, develop some level of cold tolerance
and must be vernalized to produce grain. A few cultivars are
identified as "facultative" types, capable of producing grain from
either fall or spring plantings. See 'Market Class' discussion
concerning
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Market Class:
-------------
The cultivars are identified within one of seven groups according
to market class designations defined by the USDA Federal Grain
Inspection Service (FGIS); durum wheat, hard red spring wheat, hard
red winter wheat, hard white wheat, soft red winter wheat, soft white
wheat and unclassed/mixed classes. Fall planted hard red spring
wheats grown and marketed as hard red winter wheats in the
southwestern United States are listed among the hard red spring
wheats. Soft red wheats possessing spring or facultative growth
habits are categorized as soft red winter wheats. Wheats considered
either unclassed or mixed according to FGIS guidelines are grouped
together in a seventh category that includes wheats belonging to
species other than Triticum turgidum var. durum (durum wheats) and T.
aestivum (the common wheats), or common wheats with mixed kernel
characteristics (e.g. Bluebird 2) that cannot be classified according
to the FGIS designations.
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Name Abbreviation:
------------------
The cultivar name abbreviations listed are standard abbreviations
compiled by McCuistion (455) in 1985 and since amended by the
International Center for Maize and Small Grain Development (CIMMYT).
Abbreviations for cultivars listed in this compendium are indexed to
facilitate indentification of cultivars where abbreviations are used
in the cited references or in other publications. Name abbreviations
have facilitated record keeping and database management for wheat
breeding programs, but extensive use often produces cryptic results
difficult to interpret. The use of abbreviations for cultivar names
have been minimized in this publication.
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USDA Accession Number:
----------------------
The presence of a seven or eight digit code in this category
indicates that seed of this cultivar has been submitted to the USDA-
National Small Grains Collection (NSGC), currently maintained at the
National Small Grain Repository in Aberdeen, Idaho. Identity of wheat
cultivars in the NSGC are maintained by use of a cereal investigation
number for wheat ("CItr") or plant introduction number ("PI") assigned
by the collection curator. Prior to 1930, CItr numbers were assigned
to all wheats developed as cultivars, wheats included in USDA uniform
testing nurseries or wheats received as foreign introductions. From
1930 to 1983, foreign introductions were assigned PI numbers, but not
CItr numbers. In 1983, assignment of CItr numbers to cultivars and
testing lines was discontinued by the collection curator. Since this
time, all wheats submitted to the NSGC receive only PI number
assignments.
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CSSA Reg. Number:
-----------------
Over half of the cultivars summarized in this publication have
been registered as a standard or improved cultivar (CV-), or germplasm
line (GP-) with the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA).
Registration of an improved wheat cultivar with the CSSA requires
submission of a peer-reviewed article for publication in the Society's
journal, Crop Science, describing the cultivar's development and
unique characteristics. Registration also requires submission of seed
samples to the National Small Grain Collection in Aberdeen, Idaho and
to the National Seed Storage Laboratory in Fort Collins, Colorado.
Prior to 1960, registrations were managed by the American Society of
Agronomy and published in the Journal of the American Society of
Agronomy and the Agronomy Journal. Registrations are reprinted in the
records for CV-217 through CV-278, and CV-317 through CV-776. Numeric
citations given in the registrations are for the original article and
do not correspond to numeric citations listed in the "Reference"
field.
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PVP Reg. Number:
----------------
Presence of a seven digit number in this category indicates the
cultivar has been submitted for certification by the Plant Cultivar
Protection Office. The Federal Plant Cultivar Protection Act of 1970
(Public Law 91-577) permits exclusive rights of ownership and
distribution for developers of cultivars demonstrating unique
characteristics. The status of a particular application (e.g.
pending, issued and enforced, abandoned or withdrawn) is also
indicated. The presented date represents the effective date of the
most recent change in status of a particular certificate. The number
of PVP wheat cultivars compared to all wheat cultivars released in the
United States during the last 3 decades are shown in figure 2 (sorry,
gopher does not do graphics yet). During the 1980's, approximately 50
percent of all wheat cultivars were registered with the Plant Cultivar
Protection Office. Additional information on the Federal PVP Act of
1970 and the status of protected wheat cultivars can be obtained from
the Plant Cultivar Protection Office, USDA-Agricultural Marketing
Service, Rm 500, NAL Building, 10301 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD
20705.
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Other ID Numbers:
-----------------
Numbers and codes presented in this category include those used
to identify the cultivar during the development and testing period.
Most are identifiers assigned for preliminary and regional testing
programs. Additional CI or PI number designations are given where
they exist. Canadian registration number are given for both Canadian
cultivars grown in this country and U.S. cultivars registered in
Canada.
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Year of Release or Introduction:
--------------------------------
Indicates the year that the cultivar was initially available for
production in the United States. Years prefixed with a "<" indicate
the cultivar was known to have been introduced or grown prior to the
time indicated, but the exact year of release or introduction is not
known. In this instance, the year indicate the initial occurrence of
documented evidence for the cultivar.
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Place of Origin:
----------------
This category indicates the country of origin for each cultivar.
State of origin is also indicated for cultivars developed in the
United States. The origins of wheat cultivars commercial produced in
the United States can be traced to 23 foreign countries and 40 states
(Table 1). The origin of approximately 5% of the cultivars listed is
unknown.
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Table 1. Countries and states of origin by durum (D), hard red spring
(HRS), hard red winter (HRW), hard white (HW), soft red
winter (SRW), soft white (SW) and unknown/mixed (Other)
wheat market classes for commercial U.S. wheat cultivars.
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D HRS HRW HW SRW SW Other Total
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Algeria 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 4
Asia 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Australia 0 0 0 3 0 12 0 15
Belgium 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Canada 10 47 5 3 3 11 0 79
Chile 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
China 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 3
England 0 0 1 0 5 9 2 17
France 0 0 1 0 1 3 1 6
Germany 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 5
India 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2
Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Italy 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 3
Lebanon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mexico 6 37 0 2 1 2 0 48
Netherlands 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2
Poland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rumania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Russia 6 5 8 1 4 1 1 26
South Africa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Spain 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Sweden 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2
USA (all states) 61 207 376 23 399 196 6 1,268
USA-Alaska 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5
USA-Arizona 17 12 0 1 0 0 1 31
USA-Arkansas 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 17
USA-California 4 25 0 7 1 27 0 64
USA-Colorado 2 14 46 1 1 4 0 68
USA-Delaware 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
USA-Florida 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 7
USA-Georgia 0 0 0 1 13 0 0 14
USA-Idaho 1 10 14 0 1 29 0 55
USA-Illinois 0 0 7 0 25 0 0 32
USA-Indiana 0 0 2 0 104 0 0 106
USA-Iowa 0 0 9 0 18 0 0 27
USA-Kansas 0 1 129 5 7 0 0 142
USA-Kentucky 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3
USA-Maryland 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 9
USA-Massachusetts 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
USA-Michigan 0 0 0 0 4 6 0 10
USA-Minnesota 2 36 5 0 1 1 0 45
USA-Missouri 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 22
USA-Montana 2 28 17 1 1 1 0 50
USA-Nebraska 0 1 52 0 1 2 0 56
USA-New Mexico 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
USA-New York 0 0 0 0 20 30 1 51
USA-North Carolina 0 0 0 0 16 1 0 17
USA-North Dakota 29 46 3 0 1 0 0 79
USA-Ohio 0 0 0 0 33 0 2 35
USA-Oklahoma 0 0 27 0 1 0 0 28
USA-Oregon 0 1 6 1 2 30 1 41
USA-Pennsylvania 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 8
USA-South Carolina 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 31
USA-South Dakota 1 10 7 0 1 0 0 19
USA-Tennesee 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4
USA-Texas 0 4 28 0 9 1 0 42
USA-Utah 0 4 11 2 1 4 0 22
USA-Vermont 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 4
USA-Virginia 0 0 1 0 13 1 0 15
USA-Washington 3 4 7 4 7 55 1 81
USA-West Virginia 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
USA-Wisconsin 0 4 3 0 11 0 0 18
USA-Wyoming 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3
Unknown 1 17 13 1 25 8 1 66
Total 89 320 407 34 447 248 18 1,563
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Originator(s):
--------------
Indicates the individuals, public institutions and/or private
corporations involved in the development of a particular cultivar.
Use of abbreviations has been minimized, but are used to indicate the
Agricultural Experiment Stations (AES) of U.S. Land Grant and 1890
universities; the International Center for Maize and Small Grain
Development (CIMMYT); the Mexican National Institute for Agricultural
Research (INIA); the Mexican National Institute of Forestry,
Agriculture and Animal Science Research (INIFAP); the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA); the USDA Bureau of Plant Industries
(USDA-BPI); and the USDA Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS).
Corporate originators are listed according to the corporation name
used at the time of initial release.
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Pedigree:
---------
The pedigree identifies the parents and crossing sequences used
to produce the cultivar. The method used to illustrate pedigrees is a
slightly modified version of the system proposed by Purdy etal in 1969
(589). Use of abbreviations has been minimized. Crosses are
symbolized by combinations of slash marks ("/") with female and male
parents listed to left and right side, respectively. Numbers indicate
the order that crosses were made:
/ = primary cross
/2/ = secondary cross
/3/ = tertiary cross
/X/ = Xth level cross, etc.
Higher numbers indicate more recent crosses in the sequence. The most
recent or final cross used to create a cultivar is indicated by the
highest number within the pedigree. For example, the pedigree of
"Scout" hard red winter wheat is:
------------------------------------------------
"Nebred/2/ Hope/ Turkey Red/3/ Cheyenne/ Ponca"
------------------------------------------------
In narrative terms, an unidentified progeny of a primary cross between
"Hope" hard red spring wheat and "Turkey Red" hard red winter wheat
was selected and crossed to "Nebred" hard red winter wheat. One of
the progeny selected from the "Nebred/2/Hope/Turkey Red" sequence of
crosses was crossed to another unidentified progeny derived by
crossing "Cheyenne" and "Ponca" hard red winter wheats. The cultivar
Scout was selected from progeny resulting from the final or "/3/"
cross. Specific generations and selection techniques involved are not
indicated (at least not in this version), but may be obtained from the
referenced literature.
Single slash marks are also used where the parents are known, but
the exact sequence of a series of crosses is unknown. Backcrossing
sequences are indicated by use of an asterisk ("*") preceded or
followed by a number to indicate the total number of crosses made with
the recurrent parent. Left and right parentheses are used to bracket
both the pedigree and designation of breeding lines contained within a
cultivar's pedigree. Commas are used to separate breeding line
pedigrees from designations within the parentheses.
--------------------------------------
Example: Pitic 62 = Yaktana 54/2/(Sel. 26-1c, Norin 10/Brevor)
^
Indicates Sel. 26-1c as the male parent
of the highest order cross for Pitic 62,
with it's own pedigree of
Norin10/Brevor.
---------------------------------------
Narratives providing more detailed information are used where
necessary for clarification. Pedigrees of cultivars screened from
another cultivar are listed as "pure line selections". Pedigrees of
true hybrids are not presented, but simply identified as "F1 hybrids".
Pedigrees of cultivars phenotypically selected from mixtures or out-
crosses in commercial fields are listed as "farmer selections" with
the original source material identified where-ever possible.
Pedigrees for breeding lines and cultivars used as parents but not
listed in this publication can most likely be found in similar
publications by Brajcich etal (79), Cox and Shroyer (187), Skovmand
and Rajaram (708), Villareal and Rajaram (820), and Zeven and Zeven-
Hissink (869).
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Reference(s):
-------------
Literature describing the development, description and/or release
of wheat cultivars grown in the United States is listed in Appendix
A. All materials cited are crossed referenced by each cultivar and
are readily available from land-grant university libraries or through
inter-library loans. Most references are books, scientific journal
articles, Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension
Service publications, and United States Department of Agriculture
documents. Local and regional sources such as newspapers, magazines,
or regional publications are not referenced unless cited through
national resources such as the National Agricultural Library or the
Germplasm Resource Information Network. Publications describing
cultivar performance or quality are not cited unless specific
information on cultivar development (including the pedigree) and
cultivar description is provided.
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Other Name(s):
--------------
Many cultivars have been marketed or became known under regional
or local names. Where-ever possible, all known alias's or synonym's
of a specific cultivar are listed under this category. In some cases,
an alias may be identical to one of the "Other ID Numbers". This is
often due to extensive use of a particular cultivar as a breeding line
prior to formal release or escape of a line into commercial channels
before official release for commercial production.
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USDA Production Acreage Estimates:
----------------------------------
Production acreage estimates for wheat cultivars were compiled
and published by the USDA at five-year intervals from 1919 to 1984
(82, 155, 161, 162, 170, 627, 628, 630, 631, 655, 707). Estimates are
presented in a tabular form for cultivars reported in the USDA
surveys. No table is presented for cultivars not covered by these
USDA reports. The publishing of these statistics on a national basis
was discontinued by the USDA with the 1984 report.
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Acknowledgements and Disclaimer:
--------------------------------
Development of this catalog has been partially supported by
special grants from the USDA/Agricultural Research Service/Plant
Genome Office and the USDA/Federal Extension Service. The author is
also indebted to past and present members of the National Wheat
Improvement Committee, Dr. Rollie Sears, Chairman, for their help in
reviewing sections of this document, and to Dr. David Matthews,
Cornell University, for his help with installation the Gopher version.
A special thanks to Ms. Patricia Cook, University of Missouri, for her
help with transcribing cultivar registration statements.
Registrations of improved wheat cultivars (cultivars) and commercially
produced germplasm lines are reprinted by permission of the American
Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America, Dr. David
Krall, Executive Secretary.
Use of trade names do not imply endorsement or exclusion of
cultivars in this database by the Missouri Agricultural Experiment
Station and Missouri Cooperative Extension Service. While every
effort has been made to make this database as comprehensive and
accurate as possible, the author realizes that unintentional omissions
and errors likely exist. Corrections, comments or additional
information should be sent to:
Ken Kephart
Dept. of Agronomy
214 Waters Hall
University of Missouri
Columbia, MO 65211
phone: 314-882-2001
fax: 314=884-4317
internet: kephartk@ext.missouri.edu or
kephart@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu
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