1994 MISSOURI WINTER WHEAT PERFORMANCE TESTS
K. D. Kephart, A. L. McKendry, D. N. Tague and J. E. Berg
Introduction
Genetic improvement of wheat varieties has contributed about 40 to 50
percent of the total improvement in wheat yields attained over the
past 50 years. Both public and private wheat breeding programs are
constantly striving towards greater yield potential, improved quality
and better host plant resistance to disease and insect pests in the
new varieties released for commercial production. Over 100 new soft
red winter wheat varieties alone have been released to U.S. farmers in
the last 10 years. Wheat growers are reluctant to adopt new varieties
without adequate information concerning adaptation and performance.
The objective of the Missouri Winter Wheat Performance Tests is to
provide wheat growers in Missouri with a reliable, unbiased, up-to-
date source of information that will permit valid comparisons among
improved wheat varieties. This information should help Missouri wheat
growers select varieties best suited to their particular area and
growing conditions. This report summarizes soft and hard red winter
wheat variety trials conducted throughout Missouri during the 1993-94
cropping season.
Variety Testing Procedures
Locations
---------
The soft red winter wheats were planted at seven locations throughout
the state (Fig. 1) including Portageville and Charleston in the
southeast, Mt. Vernon and Lamar in the southwest and Columbia, Novelty
and in Grundy County near Trenton in the northern region of the state.
The hard red winter wheats were planted at three sites including
Columbia, Mt. Vernon, and in Grundy County near Trenton.
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+--------------------+
\ Trenton Novelty
> * * \
\ \
\ \
| Columbia V\
| * |
| <
| \
| \
| * Lamar \
| * Mt. Vernon *< Charleston
| >
+----------------------, /
/ */ Portageville
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Figure 1. Missouri winter wheat test locations in 1993.
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Entries and Seed Sources
------------------------
In 1994, 63 soft red and 5 hard red winter wheats were tested in
Missouri. The soft red winter wheats were comprised of 13 public
varieties, 8 public experimental entries and 42 proprietary varieties.
The hard red winter wheats were comprised of 3 public varieties and 2
proprietary entries. Public varieties adapted to Missouri growing
conditions or recommended by the state of origin were entered into the
appropriate variety test. Numbered entries preceded by a state
designation (e.g. MO12258, KY83C-16-2) are experimental lines provided
by the foundation seed organization or wheat breeder of the
originating state. Named public varieties were acquired from the
foundation seed organization of the originating state or from the
University of Missouri Foundation Seed Program. Names of commercially
available entries evaluated in 1994 and their seed sources are listed
in Table 1. Proprietary entries are submitted for testing on a fee
basis by their owners or sponsors. Condition of the seed lot used in
these tests for each entry is the responsibility of the company or
organization sponsoring that entry.
Experimental Design and Seeding Methods
---------------------------------------
Each soft red winter wheat experiment was planted using a 8x8 lattice
design with four replications. Hard red winter wheats were arranged
in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Test plots
consisted of a 15 foot, 6-row plot with 7-inch row spacing. All
entries were seeded at approximately 1.5 million seeds per acre,
roughly equivalent to seeding 1.5 to 2 bushels per acre. Actual
seeding rates were calculated from the thousand kernel weights
determined for each entry (Table 2) and varied from 60 to 151 pounds
per acre. Seeding rates were not adjusted for germination. Except
for the Trenton location, all entries were seeded 1.25 to 1.5 inches
deep into conventional seedbeds using a plot drill equipped with
conventional double-disk openers. At the Trenton site, all entries
were no-till seeded directly into soybean stubble using a plot drill
equipped with AcraplantTm no-till openers.
Agronomic Practices
-------------------
Basic agronomic practices are given in Table 3 by location. Planting
dates were based on Hessian fly-free dates recommended for each
location. Nitrogen was applied in split fall/spring applications.
Spring nitrogen applications were generally made after initial green
up. Preplant phosphorous and potassium applications were based on
soil test recommendations provided by the University of Missouri Soil
Testing Laboratory located at Columbia.
Description of Data Collected
Yield
-----
All rows of each test plot were trimmed 26 inches and harvested using
an experimental plot combine. Recorded grain yields were adjusted to
13% grain moisture content, and are reported in bushels per acre based
on a 60 pound per bushel test weight. In addition to yields obtained
in 1994, two (1993-94) and three (1992-94) year averages are provided
for both soft red and hard red winter wheat entries tested during
previous cropping seasons.
Test Weight and Grain Moisture Content
--------------------------------------
Test weight (pounds per bushel) and percent grain moisture content
were obtained for each plot using a Dickey-john GAC II grain analyzer.
Plant Height
------------
Plant height was measured in inches from the soil surface to the top
of the head, excluding the awns if present. Reported values have been
rounded to the nearest inch.
Lodging
-------
Lodging severity was rated at locations where lodging was significant.
Plots were rated on a severity scale of 0 to 9 where 0 = no lodging
and 9 = plants completely flat.
Winter Survival
---------------
Percent winter survival was estimated for each plot after initial
spring green-up at locations where significant winter injury occurred.
In 1994, differences in winter survival among varieties were noted at
all locations.
Heading Date
------------
Heading was noted when 50% of the heads in a plot had extended above
the flag leaf collar. Heading dates were recorded in Julian days
(number of days from January 1) for statistical purposes.
Corresponding calendar dates also are presented.
Disease Ratings
---------------
In 1994, all soft red winter wheat entries were tested for seedling
reactions to Septoria leaf blotch under greenhouse conditions. Four
replications of ten plants per entry were inoculated with S. tritici
spores at the 3-leaf stage of development. After four weeks, a
necrosis rating (0=no injury, 9=total death) was determined for each
entry (Table 5). Resistance ratings are not given, but higher necrosis
ratings are indicative of greater susceptibility to Septoria leaf
blotch during the seedling stages of development. Some results may be
inconsistent with known field reactions to Septoria leaf blotch. In
some cases, these results may have been biased by use of triadimenol
(Baytan) fungicide as a seed treatment on the seed submitted for
testing.
The occurence of foliar diseases was light to modest at most test
locations during the 1993-94 growing season. Powdery mildew was not
observed. Field disease notes for barley yellow dwarf and Septoria
leaf blotch (Septoria tritici), were taken at locations where the
incidence was severe enough to warrant. Barley yellow dwarf ratings
were obtained by estimating the percent total necrotic flag leaves at
the Columbia site (Table 6). Septoria leaf blotch was evaluated at
the Columbia and Portageville locations (Table 6 and 10).
Statistical Analyses and Interpretation
The data collected at each soft red winter wheat location were
analyzed as a four-replication, lattice design. Data collected from
the hard red winter wheat locations were analyzed as a four-
replication, randomized complete block design. If an observation was
missing in one replication, the average of those observations in the
remaining replications was used to approximate the missing
observation. Fisher's least significant difference at the 0.05
probability level [LSD (p=0.05)] and coefficients of variation
percentages (CV%) were calculated from analyses of variance by each
location and across all locations. The LSD is used to compare the
performance of two specific varieties at a time. If the mean of a
variety exceeds that of another variety by more than the LSD, then the
difference observed will be a true difference in 19 out of 20
instances under conditions similar to those of the test.
Data collected on all traits measured during 1994 are presented in
Tables 5 through 14 for the soft red wheats and in Tables 15 through
19 for the hard red wheats. Variety selection should be based on
yield stability in a production environment over years and locations.
Selection also should consider other characteristics such as test
weight, plant height, heading date and disease resistance. Where
these additional characteristics were not measured in a particular
production environment, they can be evaluated from locations in which
they were rated. Where a variety has been in the test for two or three
years, combined analyses of the yield data over years are presented.
Tables 14 and 19 rank all soft red winter and hard red winter wheats
tested, respectively, according to their state-wide average. Overall
rank can be very misleading. Differences in yield between any two
varieties are considered significant or real only if that difference
exceeds the LSD value given at the bottom of each column. Growers
should be careful to make pair-wise comparisons of both the
appropriate location(s) and state-wide averages before selecting one
wheat variety over another for production in Missouri.
1994 Test Conditions
Delayed emergence and poor fall tiller development from late planting
dates and early cold weather were the primary concerns for winter
wheat in Missouri during the 1993-94 cropping season, especially at
the southeastern and southwestern locations. Adequate stands
eventually did develop for most entries at all sites. The seed lots
used to establish 'Coker 9543' and 'Coker 9803' expressed poor
germination and produced poor stands at most test locations. Winter-
kill and heaving problems did not develop to the degree observed in
previous years. Winter survival averaged greater than 85 percent
across all locations. Cool and drier than normal weather during late
April and throughout May permitted spring tiller development. Dry
weather and cool night-time temperatures occurred during the first 10
to 14 days after flowering. Conditions during this period were
excellent for kernel development and grain fill. Conditions changed
unusually hot and dry during the first two weeks of June, hastening
maturity of the wheat particularly at the Columbia, Novelty and
Trenton locations. Foliar diseases were not a major problem except at
Portageville, which experienced substantial Septoria leaf blotch and
some bacterial stripe.
Overall yield of the 63 soft red winter wheats tested in 1994 was 65.5
bushels per acre, 21.4 bushels per acre more than the previous year
and the highest average yield achieved in the last ten years of
testing. Yields at the seven soft red winter wheat test locations
varied from 51.4 bushels per acre at Mt. Vernon to 71.8 bushels per
acre at Charleston (Table 14). 'Pioneer 2552' averaged 76.3 bushels
per acre across all locations. Only 'FFR 525W' equaled the yield of
Pioneer 2552 during the 1993-94 cropping season. The highest yielding
public variety was 'Ernie', a recent release from the University of
Missouri, averaging 72.5 bushels per acre. FFR 525W (63.2 bu/acre)
and 'Pioneer 2548' (65.1 bu/acre)have been the highest yielding
varieties tested for the past 2 and 3 years (Table 5), respectively.
Although only two entries rank in the top yield group based on the
1994 state-wide average, the next five entries (Ernie, 'Wakefield',
MO12258, 'BTX 105' and 'Madison') have yields statistically equal to
those of FFR 525W, the second highest yielding variety (Table 14).
Five additional entries ('AGRIPRO Hickory', 'Merschman Katie VII',
'Verne', 'AGRIPRO Clemens' and 'AGRIPRO Boone') of the 63 soft red
winter wheat entries produced above average yields compared to the
remaining 50 entries. Hard red winter wheat yields varied from 46.0
bushels per acre at Mt. Vernon to 77.4 bushels per acre at the Trenton
site (Table 2). 'Karl 92' was highest yielding hard red winter wheat
entry, averaging 65.3 bu/acre across three locations.
Test weights among the soft red winter wheats were nearly 3 pounds per
bushel heavier in 1994 as compared to test weights achieved in 1993
(see SR453, Winter Wheat - 1993 Missouri Crop Performance) and the
heaviest test weights achieved since 1988. Location means varied from
55.8 pounds per bushel at Novelty (Table 7) to 60.4 pounds per bushel
at Portageville (Table 10). Reductions in test weight at the
Columbia, Novelty and Trenton sites are attributed to the hot and dry
conditions that prevailed during the last two weeks of the grain fill
period for these locations. Most entries had matured beyond the point
of being substantially affected by these conditions at the Charleston,
Portageville, Lamar and Mount Vernon locations. 'Coker 9474' produced
the heaviest test weight at 60.8 pounds per bushel (Table 5).
Eighteen other soft red winter wheat entries averaged test weights
exceeding 58 pounds per bushel. Among the hard red winter wheats
tested during 1994, 'Karl' averaged 61.1 pounds per bushels. Only
Karl and Karl 92 produced test weights above the 60 pounds per bushel
level needed for U.S. No. 1 hard red winter wheat.
New Variety Descriptions
Several entries previously tested as experimental lines have been or
will be released as varieties for commercial production. Brief
descriptions derived from variety release statements or other publicly
available information are provided for informational purposes only.
These descriptions do not imply endorsement or exclusion of any
commercially available wheat varieties by the Missouri Agricultural
Experiment Station.
AGRIPRO Clemens Soft Red Winter Wheat
-------------------------------------
AGRIPRO Clemens soft red winter wheat (PI583281, ABI 89-4580) is an
awnless, mid-to-late season variety from AgriPro Seeds, Inc., with
broad adaptation from the southern cornbelt to the northern mid-south
regions of the United States. It was developed from the cross 'Pike /
Coker 833' and was previously tested as 'ABI 89-4580' in regional
trials. Plant Height of AGRIPRO Clemens is equal to that of
'Cardinal' wheat. Clemens is considered resistant to leaf rust, stem
rust, Septoria leaf and glume blotches and powdery mildew. It is
moderately resistant to soilborne mosaic virus, wheat spindle streak
mosaic virus and Rhizoctonia root rot. Milling and baking quality is
considered equal to or superior to that of 'Caldwell'. It also
possesses the H3 gene, conferring resistance to biotypes GP, A and C
of the Hessian fly. In Missouri during 1994, AGRIPRO Clemens produced
above average yields combined with average test weights. Application
for Plant Variety Protection has been made for AGRIPRO Clemens (PVP
Cert. No. 9400167), with commercial sale of seed only as a class of
certified seed. More detailed information on AGRIPRO Clemens is
available from the company upon request.
AGRIPRO Hickory Soft Red Winter Wheat
-------------------------------------
AGRIPRO Hickory soft red winter wheat (PI573036, ABI 88-1903) was
developed from the cross 'Hunter / Caldwell' by AgriPro Seeds, Inc.
Hickory is an awnletted, early-to-mid season variety that is broadly
adapted from southern Illinois to Maryland and from northern Louisiana
to South Carolina. Winter survival has been excellent in its' area of
adaptation, but Hickory may suffer injury in northern Missouri where
more severe winter conditions frequently occur. Plant height is
comparable to that of 'Wakefield'. AGRIPRO Hickory is considered
moderately resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, powdery mildew, Septoria
glume blotch, bacterial stripe and the soil virus complex caused by
the soilborne mosaic and wheat spindle streak mosaic viruses. Milling
and baking quality is good. In Missouri during 1994, AGRIPRO Hickory
produced above average yields combined with average test weights. It
is most likely best adapted to the Delta region of southeastern
Missouri and on the more productive soil types west of the Ozarks in
southwestern Missouri. Application for Plant Variety Protection has
been made for AGRIPRO Hickory (PVP Cert. No. 9300291), with commercial
sale of seed only as a class of certified seed. More detailed
information on AGRIPRO Hickory is available from the company upon
request.
Ernie Soft Red Winter Wheat
---------------------------
Ernie (MO12256) soft red winter wheat is a new variety developed by
the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, from the cross 'Pike /3/
(MO9965, Stoddard / Blueboy // Stoddard / D1707)'. The variety is
named after the late Dr. Ernest R. Sears, former USDA-ARS scientist at
the University of Missouri-Columbia and world renown wheat
cytogeneticist. Ernie is a short stature, awnletted, white-chaffed
variety with excellent threshability and good shatter resistance.
Maturity of Ernie is early, equal to that of Clark soft red winter
wheat. Plant height of Ernie is approximately 1 and 6 inches shorter
than Pioneer 2548 and Cardinal wheats, respectively. Ernie is
moderately resistant to Septoria leaf blotch and powdery mildew. It
has good tolerance to the barley yellow dwarf virus and appears to
possess some field tolerance to scab. Ernie is susceptible to leaf
rust, stem rust and the Hessian fly. Yield potential of Ernie is very
good. Ernie was either the highest yielding or among the highest
yielding entries at 4 of the 7 Missouri test locations in 1994 (Table
14). It ranked third highest in yield across all locations, only
exceeded by Pioneer 2552 and FFR 525W wheats. Test weights were more
than one pound per bushel heavier than the average of all entries
(Table 5). Application for Plant Variety Protection of Ernie will be
made under the Title V option by the Missouri Agricultural Experiment
Station, with Ernie seed only available as Foundation or Certified
classes of certified seed. Foundation seed should be available to
certified seed growers in the fall of 1995.
Grant Soft Red Winter Wheat
---------------------------
Grant (PI572548, Pd811670A9-10-6-7-63) soft red winter wheat was
developed by the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station
from the cross 'Caldwell // Beau /Kavkaz'. It possesses the 1B/1R
wheat/rye chromosome translocation obtained from the Kavkaz parent.
Grant is an awnletted, white-chaffed variety, with overall plant type
similar to that of Caldwell. Grant is approximately 2 inches shorter
and heads 2 days later than Caldwell. Grant is considered resistant
to powdery mildew, take-all, Septoria leaf and glume blotches,
soilborne mosaic virus and wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Grant
possesses the Sr31 and Lr26 genes providing moderate stem and leaf
rust resistance and the H5 gene, conferring resistance to biotypes GP,
A, B, C, D and E of the Hessian fly. Grant was among the highest
yielding wheats at Charleston (Table 9), but produced average to below
average yields and below average test weights at the remaining test
locations in Missouri during 1994 (Table 5 and 14). Grant is protect
under the Title V option of the Federal Plant Variety Protect Act of
1970 (PVP Cert. No. 9300266), with seed of Grant only available as a
class of certified seed.
Hazen Soft Red Winter Wheat
---------------------------
Hazen (AR26413A) Is an awned, white-chaffed, soft red winter wheat
developed by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station from the
cross 'Doublecrop / Beau'. It is approximately 5 inches shorter in
plant height and 2 days earlier in maturity than Cardinal soft red
winter wheat. Hazen has excellent straw strength. Hazen is
moderately resistant to leaf rust, soilborne mosaic virus and/or wheat
spindle streak mosaic virus, and bacterial streak. Milling and baking
quality for Hazen are acceptable. Hazen was among the highest yielding
wheats at Charleston (Table 9). Hazen produced average yields
combined with above average test weights across the remaining test
locations in Missouri during 1994 (Table 5 and 14). The Arkansas
Agricultural Experiment Station has not announced the availability of
Hazen seed for commercial production in the fall of 1994.
HybriTech Spencer Soft Red Winter Wheat
---------------------------------------
HybriTech Spencer (PI547250, LB63) is a new proprietary soft red
winter wheat developed by HybriTech Seed International, Inc., from the
cross 'Arthur / Perdix // 2*Pd68243A3-9-1-80'. Spencer is an awned,
white-chaffed variety possessing intermediate plant height, excellent
straw strength and good winterhardiness. Heading date and maturity
are approximately equal to that of Cardinal soft red winter wheat.
Spencer is considered to have good tolerance to Septoria leaf blotch,
Septoria glume blotch and tan spot. It is moderately resistant to
soilborne mosaic virus and wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Spencer
is susceptible to the Hessian fly. Yields of Spencer were average
across the seven test locations in Missouri during 1994. Test weights
were excellent, over 3 pounds per bushel heavier than the average of
all soft red winter wheats tested (Table 5). Spencer is protected
under Title V of the Federal Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970,
with seed only available as a class of certified seed. More detailed
information on HybriTech Spencer is available from the company upon
request.
Ike Hard Red Winter Wheat
-------------------------
Ike (PI574488, KS89H48-1) hard red winter wheat was developed at the
Ft. Hays Branch Station of the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.
It is an awned, white-chaffed selection from the cross 'Dular / Eagle
// 2*Larned /Cheney /3/ Colt'. Ike is a tall semidwarf variety,
averaging 3 to 4 more inches in plant height than Karl or Karl 92 hard
red winter wheats and 1 to 2 inches shorter than Cardinal soft red
winter wheat. Ike possesses excellent resistance to soilborne mosaic
virus and wheat spindle streak mosaic virus, and is resistant to the
Hessian fly. It is moderately resistant to stem rust and powdery
mildew. Ike is moderately susceptible to leaf rust, Septoria leaf
blotch and tan spot, and susceptible to the wheat streak mosaic virus.
Milling and baking quality of Ike are very good. Yields of Ike in
Missouri have been average to below average during 1994. Developed
for production in western Kansas, Ike does not appear to be as well
adapted as Karl or Karl 92 hard red winter wheats to the more humid
conditions that exist in Missouri. Ike is protected by the Federal
Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970 (PVP Cert. No. 9400149).
Karl 92 Hard Red Winter Wheat
-----------------------------
Karl 92 (PI564245, KS831374-142) is an awned, white-chaffed, mid-
season, semidwarf hard red winter wheat developed by the Kansas
Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA Agricultural Research
Service and released in 1992. Karl 92 is a single head-row selection
from Karl hard red winter wheat. Karl 92 was selected for better leaf
rust resistance and better green leaf duration. Karl 92 also heads
about 1 day earlier than Karl. Karl 92 is considered moderately
resistant to leaf rust, powdery mildew, tan spot, Septoria leaf
blotch, Septoria glume blotch, bacterial leaf blight, soilborne mosaic
virus and wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. It is susceptible to
stem rust, wheat streak mosaic virus, greenbug and Hessian fly.
Milling and baking quality are excellent. In 1994, Karl 92 was the
highest yielding entry among five hard red winter wheats tested in
Missouri (Tables 15 and 19). Karl 92 is protected under the Federal
Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970 (PVP Cert. No. 9300124).
Pioneer 2552 Soft Red Winter Wheat
----------------------------------
Pioneer 2552 (PI566924, WBC797E1) is a new proprietary soft red winter
wheat developed by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Pioneer 2552
is an awned, medium-to-late maturing variety, with short plant height
and excellent straw strength. It has shown good adaptation across the
southern cornbelt and the mid-south regions, including Missouri.
Pioneer 2552 is moderately resistant to the predominant races of leaf
rust in the northern soft wheat growing region, but has been more
susceptible to races in the southeastern United States. It is
considered resistance to powdery mildew, soil borne mosaic virus,
wheat spindle streak mosaic virus, and possesses excellent tolerance
to the common organisms that cause leaf blights in the soft wheat
region. Pioneer does not recommend Pioneer 2552 in areas where wheat
is prone to frequent winterkill. Pioneer 2552 has no known resistance
to the Hessian fly. Pioneer 2552 averaged the highest yield across
seven test locations in Missouri during 1994 (Tables 5 and 14). Test
weights of Pioneer 2552 were 1.5 pounds per bushel heavier than the
average of all soft red winter wheats tested. Pioneer 2552 is
protected by the Federal Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970 (PVP
Cert. No. 9300172). More detailed information on Pioneer 2552 is
available from the company upon request.
1994 Missouri Winter Wheat Crop
Projected Crop Statistics
-------------------------
Missouri's 1994 wheat crop was harvested from an estimated 1.1 million
acres, down 21 percent from the wheat acreage harvested in 1993 (Table
5). Substantial wheat acreage was not planted in the fall of 1993 due
to very wet soil conditions and the delayed harvest of spring crops in
many areas. The statewide average yield projected by the Missouri
Agricultural Statistical Service is 44 bu/acre, up from 34 bu/acre and
40 bu/acre reported for 1991 and 1993, respectively. Projected
district average yields ranged from a high of 48 bu/acre for the
South-East district to a low of 38 bu/acre in the North-West district.
Total projected production of the 1994 Missouri wheat crop is 48.4
million bushels, nearly 8 million bushels lower than 1993 production
levels, representing a 14 percent decline.
Electronic Accessibility of Data
Results of the 1994 Missouri Winter Wheat Performance Tests are now
available in two electronic forms. The winter wheat variety test data
can be accessed on the Missouri Agricultural Bulletin Board (AgEBB)
supported by the University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Food
and Natural Resources. The telephone number for the AgEBB is (314)
882-8289. Baud rates up to 2,400 bps are presently supported. Select
the "CROP PERFORMANCE TESTING" option from the main AgEBB menu. Call
(314) 882-4827 to contact the AgEBB staff concerning questions or
problems.
For Internet users, the 1994 Missouri winter wheat test data can be
obtained in the form of Excel 4.0 spreadsheets from the GrainGenes
Gopher database located at Cornell University. The Internet host
address for this Gopher database is 'greengenes.cit.cornell.edu port
70'. Select the "Grain files to download" menu option from the main
GrainGenes menu and then select "Wheat Variety Tests". Missouri
winter wheat variety test data from previous reports and reports from
other states also are available.
Acknowledgments
Special Report No. 466 is a contribution of the Department of
Agronomy, University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. The
Missouri Winter Wheat Performance Testing program is partially funded
by Missouri wheat farmers and businessmen through a grant from the
Missouri Seed Improvement Association and by fees from companies
submitting varieties for evaluation. Special recognition goes to the
following individuals who provided their time, land and additional
resources in support of this program:
Mr. Peter Brewer, Farmer Cooperator
Trenton, Missouri
Mr. Smith Deline, Farmer Cooperator
Charleston, Missouri
Mr. Jake Fisher, Superintendent
Delta Research and Extension Center
Portageville, Missouri
Dr. Richard Crawford, Superintendent
Southwest Research and Extension Center
Mt. Vernon, Missouri
Mr. John Poehlmann, Superintendent
Bradford Agricultural Research Center
Columbia, Missouri
Mr. David Sheats, Farmer Cooperator
Lamar, Missouri
Mr. Randall Smoot, Superintendent
Greenley Agricultural Research Center
Novelty, Missouri
The excellent cooperation and support provided by these individuals
has been invaluable to this project. Special thanks is also extended
to Mr. Bob Bellinghouse, Director, Missouri Agricultural Statistics
Service, for supplying Missouri wheat production statistics and for
help in direct mailing this publication out to Missouri wheat farmers.
The authors would like to extend their appreciation to the following
individuals for their contribution towards this report: Derrick
Aulabaugh, John Bennett, Vera Reichlin, Kerry Strope, Sherry Teerlinck
and Liming Wang.
Authors: Kenneth D. Kephart, Assistant Professor and State Extension
Agronomist-Small Grains; Anne L. McKendry, Assistant Professor and
Soft Red Winter Wheat Breeder; David N. Tague, Senior Research
Laboratory Technician; Dep. of Agronomy, University of Missouri,
Columbia, MO; and James E. Berg, former Research Specialist,
University of Missouri, presently Research Associate, Dep. of Plant,
Soil and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman,
MT.