Barley Genetics Newsletter (2005) 35:103-143
REPORTS OF THE COORDINATORS
Overall coordinator’s report
Udda Lundqvist
SvalöfWeibull AB
SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden
e-mail: udda@ngb.se
Since the latest overall coordinator’s report in Barley Genetics Newsletter Volume 34, not too many changes of the coordinators have been reported. I do hope that most of you are willing to continue with this work and provide us with new important information and literature search in the future. In the meantime a replacement was found for Chromosome 3H, namely Luke Ramsey, Cell and Molecular Genetics Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom. Please observe some address changes have taken place since the last volume of BGN.
The report of the ’Barley Genetic Linkage Workshop’ from the 9th International Barley Genetics Symposium in Brno, Czech Republic, 2004, is published in this volume. As it became decided that the current system and trait coordination should continue but with a view towards whole genome coordination, Bill Thomas and Dave Marshall from the Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK, are investigating the potential of modernizing the overall system and integrating all types of current and historic data collections into a single, combined database. More details about this subject are found in the Workshop report in this volume.
Revised and new descriptions of barley genes will be published in this current volume. Also revised lists of BGS descriptions by BGS numbers (Table 2) and by locus symbols in alphabetic order (Table 3) will be republished in this issue. Rules for Nomenclature and Gene Symbolization in Barley with the changed and additional amendments will again be published in this volume.
The AceDB database for ’Barley Genes and Barley Genetic Stocks’ is updated continouosly and some more images are added. Also the germplasm part is under revision.
List of Barley Coordinators
Chromoosome 1H (5): Gunter Backes, Department of Agricultural Sciences, The Royal Vetenary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Fredriksberg C, Denmark. e-mail: <guba@kvl.dk>
List of Barley Coordinators (continued)
Chromosome 2H (2): Jerry. D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O.Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA. FAX: +1 701 231 8474; e-mail: <j.franckowiak@ndsu.nodak.edu>
Chromosome 3H (3): Luke Ramsey, Cell and Molecular Genetics Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom. FAX: +44 1382 562426. e-mail: <Luke.Ramsey@scri.sari.ac.uk>
Chromosome 4H (4): Brian P. Forster, Cell and Molecular Genetics Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom. FAX: +44 1382 562426. e-mail: <bforst@scri.sari.ac.uk>
Chromosome 5H (7): George Fedak, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6, FAX: +1 613 759 6559; e-mail: <fedakga@agr.gc.ca>
Chromosome 6H (6): Duane Falk, Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1. FAX: +1 519 763 8933; e-mail: <dfalk@uoguelph.ca>
Chromosome 7H (1): Lynn Dahleen, USDA-ARS, State University Station, P.O. Box 5677, Fargo, ND 58105, USA. FAX: + 1 701 239 1369; e-mail: <DAHLEENL@fargo.ars.usda.gov>
Integration of molecular and morphological marker maps: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <andyk@wsu.edu>
Barley Genetics Stock Center: An Hang, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA. FAX: +1 208 397 4165; e-mail: <anhang@uidaho.edu>
Trisomic and aneuploid stocks: An Hang, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA. FAX: +1 208 397 4165; e-mail: <anhang@uidaho.edu>
Translocations and balanced tertiary trisomics: Andreas Houben, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. FAX: +49 39482 5137; e-mail: <houben@ipk-gatersleben.de>
Desynaptic genes: Andreas Houben, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. FAX: +49 39482 5137; e-mail: <houben@ipk-gatersleben.de>
List of Barley Coordinators (continued)
Autotetraploids: Wolfgang Friedt, Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, DE-35392 Giessen, Germany. FAX: +49 641 9937429; e-mail: <wolfgang.friedt@agrar.uni-giessen.de>
Disease and pest resistance genes: Brian Steffenson, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, 495 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108-6030, USA. FAX: +1 612 625 9728; e-mail: <bsteffen@umn.edu>
Eceriferum genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX:.+46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se>
Chloroplast genes: Mats Hansson, Department of Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden. FAX: +46 46 222 4534 e-mail: <mats.hansson@biokem.lu.se>
Genetic male sterile genes: Mario C. Therrien, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000A, R.R. #3, Brandon, MB, Canada R7A 5Y3, FAX: +1 204 728 3858; e-mail: <MTherrien@agr.gc.ca>
Ear morphology genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se> and
Antonio Michele Stanca: Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Via Protaso 302, Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), IT-29017, Italy. FAX: +39 0523 983750, e-mail: <michele@stanca.it>
Semi-dwarf genes: Jerry D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA. FAX: +1 702 231 8474; e-mail: <j.franckowiak@ndsu.nodak.edu>
Early maturity genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se>
Biochemical mutants - Including lysine, hordein and nitrate reductase: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <andyk@wsu.edu>
Barley-wheat genetic stocks: A.K.M.R. Islam, Department of Plant Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia. FAX: +61 8 8303 7109; e-mail: <rislam@waite.adelaide.edu.au>
Coordinator’s Report: Barley Chromosome 1H (5)
Gunter Backes
The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
Department of Agricultural Sciences
Thorvaldsensvej 40
DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
e-mail: guba@kvl.dk
Grewal et al., (2005) localised a locus for resistance against covered smut caused by Ustilago hordei indirectly to the chromosome arm 1HS. Earlier (Ardiel et al., 2002), this locus was found to be linked with the RAPD-marker OPJ10450 that was converted into a SCAR marker (UhR 450). This SCAR marker was then localized on chromosome 1HS.
Rajasekaran et al., (2004) localised QTLs in a 184 RI line population of a cross between the spring barley varieties ’Tankard’ and ’Livet’. They detected one QTL for ‘kernel splitting’, ‘milling energy’, ‘sieve fraction > 2.5 mm’, grain shape, ‘gape between lemma and palea’ and kernel weight between the loci Bmag504 and HvBDG. This QTL had the highest LOD score within the detected QTLs in for kernel splitting and milling energy.
In a DH population (136 lines) from cross between a winter barley (‘Nure’) and spring barley variety (‘Tremois’) winter hardiness and heading date with and without vernalization were determined (Francia et al., 2004). One QTL for heading date with vernalization was found on chromosome 1H nearby the microsatellite marker Bmac0032.
One QTL for kernel weight on the long arm of chromosome 1H and one for kernel number per area on the short arm of chromosome 1H were detected by Verhoeven et al., (2004) in 140 F2:3-families from the cross of two H. vulgare ssp. spontaeum accessions from contrasting habitats. The aim of the study was to determine QTLs for fitness traits leading to adaptation and population differentiation. The linkage map was purely based on AFLP markers. Based on the same population, Elberse et al., (2004) published a further analysis with growth chamber experiments under high and low nutrient level. On chromosome 1H they detected one QTL for leaf length under high nutrient conditions and a large overlapping area with QTLs for seed mass, leaf length under low nutrient conditions and ‘leaf mass fraction’ and ‘leaf mass area’ both under high and low nutrient conditions.
Chen et al.,(2004) determined the association between SSR marker and kernel weight and kernel colour in wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum) populations in Israel. They found associations between the marker loci BMS90 and HVM43.
Edney and Mather (2004) detected two minor QTL for malt friability on chromosome 1H. One was close to the marker locus ABG452, the other one near the marker locus cMWG706A. They carried out the QTL analysis in the ‘Harrington’ x ‘Morex’ population (140 doubled haploid lines).
In order to reveal the relation between grain protein content and malting quality, Emebiri et al., (2004) investigated QTLs for different malting related traits in a double haploid population (180 lines) from a cross between a line with extremely low kernel protein content (VB9524) and a line with poor a-amylase activity (NB11231*1). On chromosome 1H, nearby the marker locus XMXwg912, they detected a QTL for b-glucanase activity.
A QTL for non-parasitic leaf spots was detected on chromosome 1H together with a QTL for heading date by Behn et al., (2004). They performed the analysis in a population of 86 doubled haploid lines from a cross between the spring barley line IPZ24727 and the spring barley variety ‘Barke’. IPZ24727 derives from an Israeli wild barley line and possesses good resistance against non-parasitic leaf spots.
Pillen et al., (2004) used the advanced backcross-strategy to localize QTLs for several agronomic traits in a BC2F2-population of 164 plants. The wild parent was the H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum-line ISR101-23. The recurrent parent was the spring barley variety ‘Harry’. BC2F2:5-families were used for the phenotyping. The ‘Steptoe’ ´ ‘Morex’ linkage map was used for the marker localization. On chromosome 1H, they detected one QTL for number of spikes per area, heading date, lodging at flowering and grain weight linked to the marker locus HVM20 and one for lodging at flowering and grain weight linked to the marker locus HVM36.
Another advanced backcross-experiment including H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum was carried out by Talemè et al., (2004). They analysed the QTLs in a DH population from a BC1F2. The wild barley parent was the line HOR11508, the recurrent parent was the variety ‘Barke’. They describe two putative QTLs on chromosome 1H: one for heading date, plant height, ear extrusion and grain yield linked to the marker locus Bmac154 and one for growth habit and heading date linked to the marker locus WMCIE8.
By hybridizing DNA probes with DNA from wheat-barley addition lines, Spielmeyer et al., (2004) localized a 2-oxidase (Hv3ox2) from the gibberellin metabolic pathway to the long arm of chromosome 1H. In wheat, the probe hybridised with the chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D. The orthologous rice gene (Os3ox2) is located on chromosome 1S of rice.
References
Ardiel, G. S., T. Grewal, P. Deberdt, B. G. Rossnagel, and G. J. Scoles. 2002. Inheritance of resistance to covered smut in barley and development of a tightly linked SCAR marker. Theor. Appl. Genet. 104(2-3):457-464.
Behn, A., L. Hartl, G. Schweizer, and G. Wenzel. 2004. QTL mapping for resistance against non-parasitic leaf spots in a spring barley doubled haploid population. Theor. Appl. Genet. 108(7):1229-1235.
Chen, G. X., T. Suprunova, T. Krugman, T. Fahima, and E. Nevo. 2004. Ecogeographic and genetic determinants of kernel weight and colour of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) populations in Israel. Seed Sci. Res. 14(2):137-146.
Edney, M. J., and D. E. Mather. 2004. Quantitative trait loci affecting germination traits and malt friability in a two-rowed by six rowed barley cross. J. CerealSci. 39(2):283-290.
Elberse, I. A. M., T. K. Vanhala, J. H. B. Turin, P. Stam, J. M. M. van Damme, and P. H. van Tienderen. 2004. Quantitative trait loci affecting growth-related traits in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) grown under different levels of nutrient supply. Heredity 93(1):22-33.
Emebiri, L. C., D. B. Moody, J. F. Panozzo, and B. J. Read. 2004. Mapping of QTL for malting quality attributes in barley based on a cross of parents with low grain protein concentration. Field Crops Res. 87(2-3):195-205.
Francia, E., F. Rizza, L. Cattivelli, A. M. Stanca, G. Galiba, B. Tóth, P. M. Hayes, J. S. Skinner, and N. Pecchioni. 2004. Two loci on chromosome 5H determine low-temperature tolerance in a 'Nure' (winter) x 'Tremois' (spring) barley map. Theor. Appl. Genet. 108(4):670-680.
Grewal, T., B. G. Rossnagel, and G. J. Scoles. 2005. Mapping of a covered smut resistance gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Can. J. Plant Pathol. 26(2):156-166.
Pillen, K., A. Zacharias, and J. Léon. 2004. Comparative AB-QTL analysis in barley using a single exotic donor of Hordeum vulgare ssp spontaneum. Theor. Appl. Genet. 18(8):1591-1601.
Rajasekaran, P., W. T. B. Thomas, A. Wilson, P. Lawrence, G. Young, and R. P. Ellis. 2004. Genetic control over grain damage in a spring barley mapping population. Plant Breed. 123(1):17-23.
Spielmeyer, W., M. Ellis, M. Robertson, S. Ali, J. R. Lenton, and P. M. Chandler. 2004. Isolation of gibberellin and metabolic pathway genes from barley and comparative mapping in barley, wheat and rice. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109(4):847-855.
Talamè, V., M. C. Sanguineti, E. Chiapparino, H. Bahri, M. Ben Salem, B. P. Forster, R. P. Ellis, S. Rhouma, W. Zoumarou, R. Waugh, and R. Tuberosa. 2004. Identification of Hordeum spontaneum QTL alleles improving field performance of barley grown under rainfed conditions. Ann. Appl. Biol. 144(3):309-319.
Verhoeven, K. J. F., T. K. Vanhala, A. Biere, E. Nevo, and J. M. M. van Damme. 2004. The genetic basis of adaptive population differentiation: A quantitative trait locus analysis of fitness traits in two wild barley populations from contrasting habitats. Evolution 58(2):270-283.
Coordinator’s report: Chromosome 2H (2)
J.D. Franckowiak
Department of Plant Sciences
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
e-mail: j.franckowiak@ndsu.nodak.edu
Turuspekov et al., (2004) described and mapped to genes associated with closed flowering in barley. The cleistogamy 1 (cly1) and cleistogamy 2 (Cly2) genes were mapped to loci in the same region of chromosome 2HL near molecular marker MSU21. Plants classified as closed flowering or cleistogamy did not extrude anthers during or after anthesis.
Reinheimer et al., (2004) identified QTL for resistance to frost induced floret sterility in chromosomes 2HL and 5HL. The 2HL QTL maps in the same region as the cly1 gene (Turuspekov et al., 2004). The 5HL QTL is near the Vrn-H1 or Srh2 (spring growth habit 2) locus. A second QTL in 2H, probably the Ppd-H1 or Eam1 gene, was associated with early heading date and escape from frost damage.
Korff et al., (2004) reported that introgression of the Ppd-H1 or Eam1 segment of chromosome 2HS from H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum into European barley cultivars had more effect on heading date and other agronomic traits than other introgressed segments. Daib et al., (2004) reported then this same region of chromosome 2H was associated with QTL for several physiological measurements of drought stress tolerance. Li et al., (2005) reported similar results using backcross-derived lines. Chromosome 2HS was associated with heading date, plant height, yield, lodging, ear length, grain per spike, 1000-kernel weight, and grain protein.
Karsai et al., (2004) reported on heading date variations of Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum accessions caused by photoperiod differences. Vernalized and non-vernalized plants were grown in grown chambers and exposed to various constant day lengths under a constant temperature condition. Early heading under long photoperiods was attributed primarily to the effects of a factor on chromosome 2H, presumably the PpdH1 or Eam1 locus. However, a large number of other genetic factors contributed to the range of responses observed.
Spielmeyer et al., (2004) reported on the barley genes in the metabolic pathway for gibberellic acid (GA) in barley. Characterization of genes involved in GA biosynthesis and its stimulation of cell elongation in barley, wheat and rice is considered the first in determining whether dwarfing genes in barley involve defective GA metabolism. Eleven genes potentially account for the six enzymes in the core GA biosynthetic pathway. Three (HvKSL1, HvKSL2, and Hv3ox1) of those loci were mapped in chromosome 2H.
He et al., (2004) examined molecular markers closely linked to the vrs1 (six-rowed spike 1) locus in chromosome 2HL and reported on progress in positional cloning of alleles at the vrs1 locus using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and their converted sequence tagged sites (STSs) to screen a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC library.
Tanno and Takeda, 2004 and Casas et al., (2005) studied the evolution of barley using markers near the vrs1 locus. Tanno and Takeda, 2004, analyzed genetic diversity at the MWG699 marker locus in 10 H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum accessions, 42 six-rowed brittle barley accessions, and 14 six-rowed cultivars. Nine sequence types were found among the H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum accessions, three in brittle barleys, and three in the cultivars. Since the same three sequences were found in the brittle and cultivated barleys, Tanno and Takeda, 2004 concluded that H. vulgare ssp. vulgare f. agriocrithon from the Central Asia is not wild barley, but a weedy outcross from cultivated six-rowed barley. Casas et al., 2005 studied 257 cultivated barleys from the western Mediterranean region using the STS marker MWG699/Taq1. Most two-rowed cultivars had the type K allele. The type D allele was wide spread among winter six-rowed landraces from Spain and cultivars from central Europe. The type A allele was found in both spring and winter six-rowed cultivars. These conclusions agree with information reported by Tanno and Takeda, 2005.
References:
Casas, A.M., S. Yahiaoui, F. Ciudad, and E. Igartua. 2005. Distribution of MWG699 polymorphism in Spanish European barleys. Genome 48:41-45.
Diad, A.A., B. Teulat-Merah, D. This, N.Z. Ozturk, D. Benscher, and M.E. Sorrels. 2004. Identification of drought-induced genes and differentially expressed sequence tags in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:1417-1425.
He, C., B.E. Sayed-Tabatabael, and T. Komatsuda. 2004. AFLP targing of the 1-cM region conferring the vrs1 gene for six-rowed spike in barley, Hordeum vulgare L. Genome 47:1122-1129.
Karsai, I., P.M. Hayes. J. Kling, I.A. Matus, K. Mészáros, L. Láng, Z. Bedőand K. Sato. 2004. Genetic variation in component traits of heading date in Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum accessions characterized in controlled environments. Crop Sci. 44:1622-1632.
Korff, M. von, H. Wang, J. Léon, and K. Pillen. 2004. Development of candidate introgression lines using an exotic barley accession (Hordeum vulgare spp. spontaneum) as donor. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:1736-1745.
Li, J.Z., X.Q. Huang, F. Heinrichs, M.W. Ganal, and M.S. Röder. 2005. Analysis of QTLs for yield, yield components, and malting quality in a BC3-DH population of spring barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110:356-363.
Reinheimer, J.L., A.R. Barr, and J.K. Eglinton. 2004. QTL mapping of chromosomal regions conferring reproductive frost tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:1267-1274.
Spielmeyer, W., M. Ellis, M. Robertson, S. Ali, J.R. Lenton, and P.M. Chandler. 2004. Isolation of gibberellin metabolic pathway genes from barley and comparative mapping in barley, wheat and rice. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:847-855.
Tanno, K., and K. Takeda. 2004. On the origin of six-rowed barley with brittle rachis, agriocrithon [Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare f. agriocrithon (Åberg) Bowd.], based on a DNA marker closely linked to the vrs1 (six-row gene) locus. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110:145-150.
Turuspekov, Y., Y. Mano, I. Honda, N. Kawada, Y. Watanabe, and T. Komatsuda. 2004. Identification and mapping of cleistogamy genes in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:48-487.
Coordinator’s Report: Barley Chromosome 3H.
L. Ramsay
Cell and Molecular Genetics Department
Scottish Crop Research Institute
Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
e-mail: Luke.Ramsey@scri.sari.ac.uk
Since the last co-ordinator’s report in BGN 33 there have been a number of publications reporting the mapping of genes and in particular QTL on barley chromosome 3H. Of particular note is the reporting by Chono et al., (2003) of the cloning and functional characterisation of the semi-dwarfing gene uzu on 3HL in Bin6. The authors report that the semi-dwarf phenotype arises from a mutation in a gene encoding a putative brassinosteroid receptor that is possibly homologous to a known rice mutant d61 (Chono et al., 2003).
In contrast synteny with rice did not prove so informative for the detailed molecular mapping of leaf rust resistance gene Rph7 on the distal end of 3HS close to the RFLP marker MWG848 in Bin1 (Brunner et al., 2003). The region genetically delineated as containing the Rph7 locus contained six genes in barley in the cultivar Morex that were not present on the homologous region on rice chromosome 1. Interestingly the characterisation of the same region in the resistance variety Cepada Capa indicated that the colinearity between the barley varieties was restricted to only five genic and two intergenic regions representing less than 35% of the two sequences. The differences were mainly due to the presence of different transposable elements in the intergenic regions but also included the loss of a gene in Cepada Capa (Scherrer et al., 2005).
Two other leaf rust resistance genes Rph5 and Rph6 were also mapped to the distal end of 3HS (Mammadov et al., 2003, Zhong et al., 2003). Detailed mapping work indicated that Rph5 was positioned in the extreme telomeric region of 3HS distal to Rph7 (Mammadov et al., 2003) and that Rph6, maps to a similar location. Indeed segregation analyses indicated that Rph6 is allelic to Rph5 (Zhong et al., 2003). Pellio et al. (2005) report the high-resolution mapping of the Rym4/Rym5 locus conferring resistance to the barley yellow mosaic virus complex (BaMMV, BaYMV, BaYMV-2) on the distal end of the long arm of 3H that has allowed the identification of a candidate gene that has since been confirmed to be involved in the bymovirus resistance (Stein et al., 2005).
Several studies reported QTL for disease resistances on 3H including to scald (Patil et al., 2002, Genger et al., 2003a, 2003b, Bjørnstad et al., 2004, Sayed et al., 2004), net blotch (Cakir et al., 2003a, Raman et al., 2003), leaf stripe (Arru et al., 2003) and powdery mildew (Backes et al., 2003). A new scald resistance gene Rrs4CI11549 was mapped on 3H located 22cM distally on the long arm corresponding to the region Bin 8-9 (Patil et al., 2003) and the crown rust resistance gene Rpc1 was mapped 6cM distal to the SSR marker Bmag0006 to the long arm of 3H in the Bin 6 region (Agrama et al., 2004).
Quantitative Trait Loci that mapped to chromosome 3H were also reported for hull cracked grain (Kai et al., 2003), kernel discolouration (Li et al., 2003), malt friability (Edney and Mather, 2004) grain shape and damage (Rajasekaran, 2004) as well a range of other agronomic and quality traits (Baum et al., 2003, Cakir et al., 2003b, Collins et al., 2003, Read et al., 2003, Talame et al., 2004). Komatsuda et al., (2004) reported high density mapping of the non-brittle rachis 1 (btr1) and 2 (btr2) genes on 3HS in Bin5. The report confirms the tight linkage of the two loci and a phylogenetic tree based on AFLP markers linked to the genes showed clear separation of occidental and oriental barley lines.
The publications referred to above are in no way an exhaustive list of recently mapped 3H loci which is a reflection of the breadth and vitality of the barley genetics community. Two presentations at the IX. International Barley Genetics Symposium on large scale mapping of barley ESTs highlight the difficulty now in reviewing the mapping of barley genes. Sato et al., (2004) presented results of their EST mapping work that included the novel mapping of 163 genes to 3H and Graner et al., (2004) presented the relationship they had found between high density gene maps of barley 3H and rice chromosome 1 extending the work of Smilde et al., (2001). However neither sets of genetic maps are as yet in the public domain unfortunately but the reports are indicative of the scale of mapping now possible and the increasing importance of barley’s syntenic relationship with the sequenced genome of rice.
References:
Agrama, H.A., L. Dahleen, M. Wentz, Y. Jin, and B. Steffenson. 2004. Molecular mapping of the crown rust resistance gene Rpc1 in barley. Phytopathology 94 (8):858-861.
Arru, L., E. Francia, and N. Pecchioni. 2003. Isolate-specific QTLs of resistance to leaf stripe (Pyrenophora graminea) in the 'Steptoe' x 'Morex' spring barley cross. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106 (4):668-675.
Backes, G., L. H. Madsen, H. Jaiser, J. Stougaard, M. Herz, V. Mohler, and A. Jahoor. 2003. Localisation of genes for resistance against Blumeria graminis f.sp hordei and Puccinia graminis in a cross between a barley cultivar and a wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp spontaneum) line. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106 (2):353-362.
Baum, M., S. Grando, G. Backes, A. Jahoor, A. Sabbagh, and S. Ceccarelli. 2003. QTLs for agronomic traits in the Mediterranean environment identified in recombinant inbred lines of the cross ‘Arta’ x H-spontaneum 41-1.Theor. Appl. Genet. 107 (7):1215-1225.
Bjørnstad, A., S. Grønnerød, J. MacKey, A. Tekauz, J. Crossa, and H. Martens. 2004. Resistance to barley scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) in the Ethiopian donor lines 'Steudelli' and 'Jet', analyzed by partial least squares regression and interval mapping. Hereditas 141 (2):166-179.
Brunner, S., B. Keller, and C. Feuillet. 2003. A large rearrangement involving genes and low copy DNA interrupts the microcolinearity between rice and barley at the Rph7 locus. Genetics 164:673-683.
Cakir, M., D. Poulsen, N.W. Galwey, G.A. Ablett, K.J. Chalmers, G.J. Platz, R.F. Park, R.C.M. Lance, J.F. Panozzo, B.J. Read, D.B. Moody, A.R. Barr, P. Johnston, C.D. Li, W.J.R. Boyd, C.R. Grime, R. Appels, M.G.K. Jones, and P. Langridge. 2003a. Mapping and validation of the genes for resistance to Pyrenophora teres f. teres in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Austr. J. Agr. Res. 54 (11-12):1369-1377.
Cakir, M., S. Gupta, G.J. Platz, G.A- Ablett, R. Loughman, L.C. Emebiri, D. Poulsen, C.D. Li, R.C.M. Lance, N.W. Galwey, M.G.K. Jones, and R. Appels. 2003b. Mapping and QTL analysis of the barley population Tallon x Kaputar. Austr. J. Agr. Res. 54 (11-12):1155-1162.
Chono, M., L. Honda, H. Zeniya, K. Yoneyama, D. Saisho, K. Takeda, S. Takatsuto, T. Hoshino, and Y. Watanabe. 2003. A semidwarf phenotype of barley uzu results from a nucleotide substitution in the gene encoding a putative brassinosteroid receptor. Plant Physiology 133:1209-1219.
Collins, H.M., J.F. Panozzo, S.J. Logue, S.P. Jefferies, and A.R. Barr. 2003. Mapping and validation of chromosome regions associated with high malt extract in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Austr. J. Agr. Res. 54 (11-12):1223-1240.
Edney, M.J., and D.E. Mather. 2004. Quantitative trait loci affecting germination traits and malt friability in a two-rowed by six rowed barley cross. J. Cereal Sci. 39 (2):283-290.
Genger, R.K., A.H.D. Brown, W. Knogge, K. Nesbitt, and J.J. Burdon. 2003a. Development of SCAR markers linked to a scald resistance gene derived from wild barley. Euphytica 134 (2):149-159.
Genger, R.K., K.J. Williams, H. Raman, B.J. Read, H. Wallwork, J.J. Burdon, and A.H.D. Brown. 2003b. Leaf scald resistance genes in Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum vulgare ssp spontaneum: parallels between cultivated and wild barley. Austr. J. Agr. Res. 54 (11-12):1335-1342.
Graner, A., R. Kota, D. Perovic, E. Potokina, M. Prasad, U. Scholz, N. Stein, T. Thiel, R.K. Varshney, and H. Zhang. 2004. Molecular mapping: shifting from the structural to the functional level. In: J. Spunar and J. Janikova (eds.), pp 49-57. Barley Genetics IX. Proc. Ninth Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Brno, Czech Republic, June 20-26 2004.(in press).
Kai. H., T. Baba, M. Tsukazaki, Y. Uchimura, and M. Furusho. 2003. The QTL analysis of hull-cracked grain in Japanese malting barley. Breeding Sci 53 (3): 225-230.
Komatsuda, T., P. Maxinm, N. Senthil, and Y. Mano. 2004. High-density AFLP map of nonbrittle rachis 1 (btr1) and 2 (btr2) genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 109: 986-995.
Li, C.D., R.C.M. Lance, H.M.Collins, A. Tarr, S. Roumeliotis, S. Harasymow, M. Cakir, G.P. Fox, C.R. Grime, S. Broughton, K.J. Young, H. Raman, A.R. Barr, D.B. Moody, and B.J. Read. 2003. Quantitative trait loci controlling kernel discoloration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Austr. J. Agr. Res. 54 (11-12):1251-1259.
Mammadov, J.A., J.C. Zwonitzer, R.M. Biyashev, C.A. Griffey, Y. Jin, B.J. Steffenson, and M.A.S. Maroof. 2003. Molecular mapping of leaf rust resistance gene Rph5 in barley. Crop Sci. 43 (1):388-393.
Patil V., A. Bjørnstad, and J. MacKey. 2003. Molecular mapping of a new gene Rrs4(CI11549) for resistance to barley scald (Rhynchosporium secalis). Mol. Breeding 12 (2):169-183.
Patil V., A. Bjørnstad, H. Magnus, and J. MacKey. 2002. Resistance to scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Diallel analysis of near-isogenic lines. Hereditas 137 (3):186-197.
Pellio, B., S. Streng, E. Bauer, N. Stein, D. Perovic, A. Schiemann, W. Friedt, F. Ordon, and A. Graner. 2005. High-resolution mapping of the Rym4/Rym5 locus conferring resistance to the barley yellow mosaic virus complex (BaMMV, BaYMV, BaYMV-2) in barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 110:283-293.
Rajasekaran, P., W.T.B. Thomas, A. Wilson, P. Lawrence, G. Young, and R.P. Ellis. 2004. Genetic control over grain damage in a spring barley mapping population. Plant Breeding 123:17-23.
Raman, H., G.J. Platz, K.J. Chalmers, R. Raman, B.J. Read, A.R. Barr, and D.B. Moody. 2003. Mapping of genomic regions associated with net form of net blotch resistance in barley. Austr. J. Agr. Res. 54 (11-12):1359-1367.
Read, B.J., H. Raman, G. McMichael, K.J. Chalmers, G.A. Ablett, G.J. Platz, R. Raman, R.K. Genger, W.J.R. Boyd, C.D. Li, C.R. Grime, R.F. Park, H. Wallwork, R. Prangnell, and R.C.M. Lance. 2003. Mapping and QTL analysis of the barley population Sloop x Halcyon. Austr. J.Agr. Res. 54 (11-12):1145-1153.
Sato, K., N. Nankaku, Y. Motoi, and K. Takeda. 2004. A large scale mapping of ESTs on barley genome. In: J. Spunar and J, Janikova (eds.), pp. 79-85. Barley Genetics IX. Proc.Ninth Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Brno, Czech Republic, June 20-26 2004. (in press).
Sayed, H., G. Backes, H. Kayyal, A. Yahyaoui, S. Ceccarelli, S. Grando, A. Jahoor, and M. Baum. 2004. New molecular markers linked to qualitative and quantitative powdery mildew and scald resistance genes in barley for dry areas. Euphytica 135 (2):225-228.
Scherrer, B., E. Isidore, P. Klein, J-S. Kim, A. Bellec, B. Chalhoub, B. Keller, and C. Feuillet. 2005. Large intraspecific haplotype variability at the Rph7 locus results from rapid and recent divergence in the barley genome. Plant Cell 17:361-374.
Smilde, W.D., J. Haluskova, T. Sasaki, and A. Graner. 2001. New evidence for the synteny of rice chromosome 1 and barley chromosome 3H from rice expressed sequence tags. Genome 44:361-367.
Stein, N., D. Perovic, B. Pellio, J. Kumlehn, T. Wicker, S. Stracke, F. Ordon, and A. Graner. 2005. The gene elF4E is a common determinant of recessive virus resistance in dicot and monocot plants as revealed by map-based cloning of Rym4 conferring bymovirus resistance in barley. Plant and Animal Genomes XIII, San Diego, CA, USA, January 15-19 2005. http://www.intl-pag.org/abstracts/PAG13_W040.html
Talame, V., M.C. Sanguineti, E. Chiapparino, H. Bahri, M. Ben Salem, B.P. Forster, R.P. Ellis, S. Rhouma, W. Zoumarou, R. Waugh, and R. Tuberosa. 2004. Identification of Hordeum spontaneum QTL alleles improving field performance of barley grown under rainfed conditions. Ann. Appl. Biol. 144 (3):309-319.
Zhong, S. B., R. J. Effertz, Y. Jin, J.D. Franckowiak, and B.J. Steffenson. 2003. Molecular mapping of the leaf rust resistance gene Rph6 in barley and its linkage relationships with Rph5 and Rph7. Phytopathology 93 (5):604-609.
Coordinator’s Report: Barley Chromosome 5H(7)
George Fedak
Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Research Centre
Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada
Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6
e-mail: fedakga@agr.gc.ca
Seed dormancy and it’s release during after-ripening are important traits in barley harvesting and the malting industry. The traits are quantitatively inherited and under environmental influence.
In yet another study, a DH mapping population was made from two cultivars with elite malting quality; Triumph (European two row, prone to dormancy) and Morex (North America 6 row, non dormant) (Prada et al., 2004).
The QTL for GP3 (7) (germination percentage at 3 days of incubation at 7 days post harvest) obtained from Triumph was located near the centromere of chromosome 7(5H) and explained 52% of the phenotypic variance. The QTL for GP7 (7) (germination percentage at 7 days of incubation at 7 days post harvest) obtained from Triumph was located in the centromere region of chromosome 7(5H) and explained 33% of the phenotypic variance; a second GP7 (7) QTL from the variety Morex was located at the long arm telomere of chromosomes 3(3H) and explained 13% of phenotypic variation. It is not yet known if the common position of
GP3 (7) and GP7 (7) is due to linkage or pleiotropy.
In the same population a DR QTL (dormancy release through after-ripening) obtained from Morex, was located on the long arm telomere of chromosome 7(5H) and another on chromosome 2(2H) and explained 19 & 9% of phenotypic variability respectively. It is assumed that a moderate level of dormancy could be maintained by manipulating the balance between the GP and DR loci.
It is interesting to note that in previous studies major dormancy QTL, SD1 and SD2 in a Steptoe/Morex cross were located in the centromeric and long arm telomeric regions respectively of chromosome 7(5H) (Han et al., 1996). In addition a major dormancy QTL in the Harrington/TR306 mapping population (Ullrich et. al., 2002) and one in the Chebec/Harrington population (Karakousis et al. 1996) have been mapped to the long arm telomere of chromosome 7(5H). It is suggested that the QTL located in the Triumph/Morex population could be allelic with those detected in the Steptoe/Morex cross and those detected in the Harrington / TR306 and the Chebec/Harrington populations.
Dormancy was also tested in an F2 population derived from a cross between Triumph and Steptoe, both cultivars with some degree of dormancy. The distribution of the F2 population was continuous but a large number of transgressive segregants were obtained, indicating that although the two parents come from distinct gene pools, there is probably some difference in the genetic control of dormancy. Minor genes could be affecting the expression of dormancy in both cultivars.
Winter hardiness is a complex trait involving aspects of low temperature tolerance, vernalization requirement and photoperiod sensitivity. To map the QTL controlling some of those traits a DH mapping population consisting of 136 lines was developed from a hybrid between the cultivars Nure (winter two rowed feed barley) x Tremois (spring two rowed malting barley), (Francia et al., 2004).
A total of nine QTL for the various cold-hardiness-related traits were mapped on the long arm of chromosome 5H. These included 2 QTL for winter-field survival, 2 QTL for a controlled field test plus two for functionality of photosystem II. In addition, for COR genes (cold regulated genes) QTL were located on chromosome 5H and 6H, heading date QTL were located on chromosomes 5H, 1H, 2H and 6H and a vernalization QTL was also located on chromosome 5H (long arm).
The vernalization QTL coincided with previously described vernalization loci in the Triticeae and other QTL for all measures of cold hardiness coincided with this locus. In summary all of the QTL reported above coincided with the two major loci on the long arm of chromosome 5H.
References:
Francia, E., F. Rezza, L. Cattivelli, A.M. Stanca, G. Galiba,B. Toth, P.M. Hayes, J.S.Skinner, and N. Pecchioni. 2004. Two loci on chromosome 5H determine low-temperature tolerance in a ‘Nure’ (winter) x Tremois (spring) barley maps. Theor. Appl. Genet. 108:670-680.
Han, F., S.E. Ullrich, J.A. Clancy, V. Jitkou, A Kilian, and I. Ramagosa. 1996. Verification of barley seed dormancy loci via linked molecular markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92:87-91.
Ullrich, S. E., F. Han, W. Gao, D, Prada, J.A. Clancy, A. Kleinhofs, I. Ramagosa, and J.L. Molina-Cano. 2002. Summary of QTL analysis of seed dormancy trait in barley. Barley Newsl. 45:39-41.
Karakousis, A, J. Kretschmer, S. Manning, K. Chalmers,and P. Langridge. 1996. The Australian genome mapping project. Available on-line at: http://greengenes. cit. Cornell.edu/Waite QTL.
Prada, D., S.E. Ullrich, J.L. Molina-Cano, L. Cistice, J.A. Clancey, and I. Ramagosa. 2004. Genetic control of dormancy in a Triumph/Morex cross in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet.109:62-70.
Coordinator’s Report: Chromosome 7H.
Lynn S. Dahleen
USDA-Agricultural Research Service
Fargo, ND 58105, USA
e-mail: DAHLEENL@fargo.ars.usda.gov
As usual, progress in gene and QTL mapping covered numerous traits. In addition to the peer-reviewed papers described here, many reports were presented at the International Barley Genetics Symposium in Brno, Czech Republic in June 2004, available in the Proceedings and the book of abstracts published in the Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding.
New microarray technology has been applied to mapping. (Potokina et al., 2004) used a 1,400 EST array to identify genes for malting quality traits. Functional associations in ten genotypes identified two ESTs on chromosome 7H. HY05O13 for sucrose synthase1 was associated with malt extract and b-amylase activity. HY03C01 for catalase (cat1) was associated with extract, b-amylase, Kolbach index and final attenuation. QTL mapping in the Steptoe x Morex population identified QTLs for extract and a-amylase at HY05O13 but no QTLs at HY03C01.
Rajasekaran et al., (2004) mapped QTLs for grain damage traits in a Tankard x Livet population. Nine QTLs were located in chromosome 7H in 3-4 locations. Traits included sieve fraction greater than 2.5 mm (2 QTLs), skinning less than 25% (2 QTLs), grain width by image analysis, ratio of grain width to length, height and grain milling energy (2 QTLs). The major region on chromosome 7H was at the SSR marker Bmag507.
QTLs affecting germination and malt friability were located by Edney and Mather, (2004), using the Harrington x Morex mapping population. A QTL for germination of 100 seeds in 4 ml of water was found in chromosome 7H by composite interval mapping. Morex provided the favorable allele.
Han et al., (2004) developed 39 isolines from a Steptoe x Morex cross differing for marker genotype in a 28 cM malting quality QTL region in chromosome 7H. QTL analysis after micromalting identified one QTL for malt extract, and two QTLs each for a-amylase activity, diastatic power and malt b-glucan. Resolutions of 2.0 cM or less were achieved, providing good markers for breeding.
Validation of the many QTL regions identified for Fusarium head blight resistance, kernel discoloration and deoxynivalenol concentration has begun with two populations derived from Chevron (Canci et al., 2004). Of the fifteen QTLs identified in the original mapping population, only five were validated in the new populations. None of the QTLs on chromosome 7H were detected in either new population.
Nonbrittle rachis has been a key locus in domestication of barley. Komatsuda et al., (2004) compared nonbrittle rachis loci in occidental and oriental barley lines. In addition to the major gene btr2, the oriental barley contained two QTLs, one of which was located in chromosome 7H.
Diab et al. (2004) mapped 68 QTLs involved in drought tolerance traits using the cross Tadmor x Er/Apm. Ten were located in chromosome 7H, including three for relative water content in stressed and irrigated plots and seven for water soluble carbohydrate concentration traits. Two genes were located in these QTLs, acyl carrier protein III (Acl3) and sucrose synthase (bSS1B), and an EST for a copper binding protein (BM816463).
The new tetra-primer ARMS-PCR technique was used to validate previously identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five of nine RFLP clones (Chiapparino et al., 2004). Two of these five were located in chromosome 7H, MWG2062 and ABC465. They then screened 132 varieties and determined the frequency of each nucleotide at the polymorphic site. This technique has potential in low to medium throughput laboratories.
Varshney et al., 2004 tested transferability of 165 barley EST-SSR markers to wheat, rye and rice, to expand our knowledge of cereal synteny. Four of the barley chromosome 7H EST-SSR markers tested were homologous to group 7 chromosome wheat ESTs. The barley electronic comparisons to rice showed synteny between eleven of the 21 barley 7H EST-SSRs examined and rice chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 12. The two chromosome 7H barley EST-SSRs mapped in rye were located on rye chromosome 4RL.
Comparisons of sequence-based polymorphisms in barley EST-derived markers were examined by Russell et al., 2004. The one sequence evaluated in chromosome 7H was Best 1239, with homology to sucrose synthase. Two polymorphic sites were located in landraces, producing two haplotypes. Spring barley cultivars and H. spontaneum both showed no diversity, producing a single haplotype. Markers for other ESTs had as many as nine different haplotypes. In general, cultivated barley showed less diversity than the landraces and H. spontaneum.
Wenzl et al., (2004) developed and tested diversity arrays technology (DarT) using polymorphism-enriched microarray hybridization. They then applied DarT to the Steptoe x Morex mapping population and mapped 42 markers to chromosome 7H. With this technique, it is possible to create a medium density linkage map in a few days.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization with RFLP clones was used for comparing physical and genetic maps by Stephens et al., 2004. One landmark plasmid, p18S5Shor, was used to identify and orient all seven chromosome pairs. Six of the fourteen cDNA clones used mapped to chromosome 7H, Amy2, Brz, Chi, Glx, His3, and Ubi. Physical mapping showed that barley genetic maps do not cover large areas of the genome.
References:
Canci P.C., L.M. Nduulu, G.J. Muehlbauer, R. Dill-Macky, D.C. Rasmusson, and K.P. Smith. 2004. Validation of quantitative trait loci for Fusarium head blight and kernel discoloration in barley. Molec. Breed. 14:91-104.
Chiapparino E., D. Lee. and P. Donini. 2004. Genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms in barley by tetra-primer ARMS-PCR. Genome 47:414-420.
Diab A.A., B. Teulat-Merah, D. This, N.Z. Ozturk, D. Benscher, and M.E. Sorrells. 2004. Identification of drought-inducible genes and differentially expressed sequence tags in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:1417-1425.
Edney M.J., and D.E Mather. 2004. Quantitative trait loci affecting germination traits and malt friability in a two-rowed by six-rowed barley cross. J. Cereal Sci. 39:283-290.
Han, F., J.A. Clancy, B.L. Jones, D.M. Wesenberg, A. Kleinhofs, and S.E. Ullrich. 2004. Dissection of a malting quality QTL region on chromosome 1 (7H) of barley. Molec. Breed. 14:339-347.
Komatsuda, T., P. Maxim, N. Senthil, and Y. Mano. 2004. High-density AFLP map of nonbrittle rachis 1 (btr1) and 2 (btr2) genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:986-995.
Potokina, E., M. Caspers, M. Prasad, R. Kota, H. Zhang, N. Sreenivasulu, M. Wang, and A. Graner. 2004. Functional association between malting quality trait components and cDNA array based expression patterns in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Molec. Breed. 14:153:170.
Rajasekaran, P., W.T.B. Thomas, A. Wilson, P. Lawrence, G. Young, and R.P. Ellis. 2004. Genetic control over grain damage in a spring barley mapping population. Plant Breed. 123:17-23.
Russell, J., A. Booth, J. Fuller, B. Harrower, P. Hedley, G. Machray, and W. Powell. 2004. A comparison of sequence-based polymorphism and haplotype content in transcribed and anonymous regions of the barley genome. Genome 47:389-398.
Stephens, J.L., S.E. Brown, N.L.V. Lapitan, and D.L. Knudson. 2004. Physical mapping of barley genes using an ultrasensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization technique. Genome 47:179-189.
Varshney, R.K., R. Sigmund, A. Börner, V. Korzun, N. Stein, M.E. Sorrells, P. Langridge, and A. Graner. 2004. Interspecific transferability and comparative mapping of barley EST-SSR markers in wheat, rye and rice. Plant Sci. 168:195-202.
Wenzl, P., J. Carling, D. Kudrna, D. Jaccoud, E. Huttner, A. Kleinhofs, and A. Kilian. 2004. Diversity arrays technology (DArT) for whole-genome profiling of barley. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:9915-9920.
Integrating Molecular and Morphological/Physiological Marker Maps
A. Kleinhofs
Dept. Crop and Soil Sciences and
School of Molecular Biosciences
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA
e-mail: andyk@wsu.edu
Barley gene mapping and cloning is progressing, albeit slowly. The Uzu and Nec1 genes were identified by homology to Arabidopsis and rice genes (Chono et al., Plant Phys. 133:1209, ’03; Rostoks et al., in press). The Uzu gene encodes a brassinosteroid receptor and maps to chromosome 3H Bin6. The Nec1 gene encodes a cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 4 protein and maps to chromosome 5(1H) Bin9. There should be ample opportunities for the identification of other barley genes by homology to the model dicot and monocot plants, Arabidopsis and rice. For example the rym4,5,6 gene (resistance to yellow mosaic virus) was identified as translation initiation factor eIF4E by recognition of a similar virus resistance pathway in dicotyledonous species (Kanyuka et al., in press). The location of rym4 on chromosome 3H Bin016 was previously known (Graner et al., TAG 86:689 ´93). The locus is now marked by the CAPS marker BGK105 derived from the eIF4E sequence identified as the Rym4 gene. The Vrs1 gene was mapped at high resolution and shown to co-segregate with markers e40m36-1110 and e34m13-260 (He et al., Genome 47:1122, ’04). The previously closest marker MWG699 is located 0.1 cM proximal from Vrs1.
Please advise me if you have additions or corrections to this information.
Bin Assignments for Morphological Map Markers and closest molecular marker
Chr.1(7H)
BIN1 *Rpg1 RSB228 Brueggeman et al., PNAS 99:9328, ‘02
Run1
Rdg2a MWG851A Bulgarelli et al., TAG 108:1401, ‘04
Rrs2 MWG555A Schweizer et al., TAG 90:920, ‘95
mlt
brh1 MWG2074BLi et al., 8th IBGS 3:72, ‘00
BIN2 Est5 iEst5 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
fch12 BCD130 Schmierer et al., BGN 31:12, ‘01
*wax Wax Kleinhofs BGN 32:152, ‘02
gsh3 His3A Kleinhofs BGN 32:152, ‘02
BIN3 fch5 ABC167A Kleinhofs BGN 32:152, ‘02
Rcs5 KAJ185 Johnson & Kleinhofs, unpublished
yvs2
cer-ze ABG380 Kleinhofs BGN 27:105, ‘96
BIN4 wnd
Lga BE193581 Johnson & Kleinhofs, unpublished
abo7
BIN5 ant1
nar3 MWG836 Kleinhofs BGN 32:152, ‘02
ert-m
ert-a
BIN6 ert-d
fch8
fst3
cer-f
dsp1
msg14
BIN7 msg10
rsm1 ABC455 Edwards & Steffenson, Phytopath. 86:184,’96 sex6
seg5
seg2
pmr ABC308 Kleinhofs BGN 27:105, ‘96
mo6b Hsp17 Soule et al., J Her. 91:483, ‘00
nud CDO673 Heun et al., Genome 34:437, ‘91
fch4 MWG003 Kleinhofs BGN 27:105, ‘96
BIN8 *Amy2 Amy2 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
lks2 WG380B Costa et al., TAG 103:415, ‘01
Rpt4 Psr117D Williams et al., TAG 99:323, ‘99
ubs4
blx2
BIN9 lbi3
xnt4
lpa2 ? Larson et al., TAG 97:141, ‘98
msg50
Rym2
seg4
BIN10 Xnt1 BF626025 Hansson et al., PNAS 96:1744, ‘99
xnt-h BF626025 Hansson et al., PNAS 96:1744, ‘99
BIN11 Rph3 Tha2 Toojinda et al., TAG 101:580, ‘00
BIN12 Mlf
xnt9
seg1
msg23
BIN13 Rph19 Rlch4(Nc) Park & Karakousis Plt. Breed. 121:232. ‘02
BIN14 none
Chr.2(2H)
BIN1 sbk
BIN2 none
BIN3 gsh6 MWG878A Kleinhofs BGN 32:152, ‘02
gsh1
gsh8
BIN4 Eam1
Ppd-H1 MWG858 Laurie et al., Heredity 72:619, ‘94
sld2
rtt
flo-c
sld4
BIN5 fch15
brc1
com2
BIN6 msg9
abo2
Rph15 P13M40 Weerasena et al., TAG 108:712 ‘04
rph16 MWG874 Drescher et al., 8thIBGS II:95, ‘00
BIN7 yst4 CDO537 Kleinhofs BGN 32:152, ‘02
Az94 CDO537 Kleinhofs BGN 32:152, ‘02
gai MWG2058 Börner et al., TAG 99:670, ‘99
msg33
msg3
fch1
BIN8 Eam6 ABC167b Tohno-oka et al., 8thIBGS III:239, ‘00
gsh5
msg2
eog ABC451 Kleinhofs BGN 27:105, ‘96
abr
cer-n
BIN9 Gth
hcm1
wst4
vrs1 MWG699 Komatsuda et al., Genome 42:248, ‘00
BIN10 cer-g
Lks1
mtt4
Pre2
msg27
ant2
BIN11 Rha2 AWBMA21 Kretschmer et al., TAG 94:1060, ‘97
*Rar1 AW983293BFreialdenhoven et al., Plt. Cell 6:983, ’94
fol-a
gal MWG581A Börner et al., TAG 99:670, ‘99
fch14
Pau
BIN12 Pvc
BIN13 lig BCD266 Pratchett & Laurie Hereditas 120:35, ‘94
nar4 Gln2 Kleinhofs BGN 27:105, ‘96
Zeo1 cnx1 Costa et al., TAG 103:415, ‘01
lpa1 ABC157 Larson et al., TAG 97:141, ‘98
BIN14 none
BIN15 gpa CDO036 Kleinhofs BGN 27:105, ‘96
wst7 MWG949A Costa et al., TAG 103:415, ‘01
MlLa Ris16 Giese et al., TAG 85:897, ‘93
trp
Chr. 3(3H)
BIN1 BE216031; BF264341; BF623053
Rph5
Rph6 BCD907 Zhong et al., Phytopath. 93:604, ‘03
Rph7 MWG848 Brunner et al., TAG 101:783, ‘00
BIN2 BI958652; BF631357; BG369659
ant17
sld5
mo7a ABC171A Soule et al., J. Hered. 91:483, ‘00
brh8
BIN3 ARD1769.1 Druka et al., PNAS 99:850, ‘02
xnt6
BIN4 btr1
btr2
lzd
BIN5 alm ABG471 Kleinhofs BGN 27:105, ‘96
abo9
sca
yst2
dsp10
BIN6 BI956389; BE456118B
Rrs1 Graner et al., TAG 93: 421 ´96
BG418711
Rh/Pt ABG396 Smilde et al., 8th IBGS 2:178, ‘00
BE455901
Rrs.B87 BCD828 Williams et al., Plant Breed. 120:301, ‘01
AtpbB
abo6
xnt3
msg5
ari-a
yst1
zeb1
ert-c
ert-ii
cer-zd
Ryd2 WG889B Collins et al., TAG 92:858, ‘96
*uzu AB088206 Saisho et al., Breeding Sci. 54:409, ‘04
BIN7 cer-r
BIN8 wst6
cer-zn
sld1
BIN9 wst1
BIN10 vrs4
Int1
gsh2
BIN11 als
sdw1 PSR170 Laurie et al., Plant Breed. 111:198, ‘93
BIN12 sdw2
BIN13 Pub ABG389 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
BIN14 cur2
BIN15 Rph10
fch2
BIN16 eam10
Est1/2/3
*rym4 eIF4E Kanyuka et al., in press ‘05
*rym5 eIF4E Kanyuka et al., in press ’05
Stein et al., Plt.J. 42:912, ‘05
Est4
ant28
Chr.4(4H)
BIN1 none
BIN2 fch9
sln
BIN3 int-c MWG2033 Komatsuda, TAG 105:85, ‘02
Zeo3
Dwf2 Ole1 Ivandic et al., TAG 98:728, ‘99
Ynd
glo-a
rym1 MWG2134 Okada et al., Breeding Sci. 54:319, ‘04
BIN4 *Kap X83518 Muller et al., Nature 374:727, ‘95
lbi2
zeb2
lgn3
BIN5 lgn4
lks5
eam9
msg24
BIN6 glf1
rym11 MWG2134 Bauer et al., TAG 95:1263, ‘97
Mlg MWG032 Kurth et al., TAG 102:53, ‘01
cer-zg
brh2
BIN7 glf3
frp
min1
blx4
sid
blx3
BIN8 blx1
BIN9 ert1
BIN10 *mlo P93766 Bueschges et al., Cell 88:695, ‘97
BIN11 none
BIN12 Hsh HVM067 Costa et al., TAG 103:415, ‘01
Hln
sgh1
yhd1
BIN13 *Bmy1 pcbC51 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
rym8 MWG2307 Bauer et al., TAG 95:1263, ‘97
rym9 MWG517 Bauer et al., TAG 95:1263, ‘97
Wsp3
Chr. 5(1H)
BIN1 Rph4
Mlra
Cer-yy
Sex76 Hor2 Netsvetaev BGN 27:51, ‘97
Hor5 Hor5 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
BIN2 *Hor2 Hor2 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
Rrs14 Hor2 Garvin et al., Plant Breed. 119:193-196, ‘00
*Mla6 AJ302292 Halterman et al., Plt J. 25:335, ‘01
BIN3 *Hor1 Hor1 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
Rps4
Mlk
BIN4 Lys4
BIN5, 6, 7. Mlnn; msg31; sls; msg4; fch3;
BIN6 amo1
BIN7 clh
vrs3
Ror1 ABG452 Collins et al., Plt. Phys. 125:1236, ‘01
BIN8 fst2
cer-zi
cer-e
ert-b
MlGa
msg1
xnt7
BIN9 *nec1 BF630384 Rostoks et al., BGNL 35:?, ‘05
BIN10 abo1
Glb1
BIN11 wst5
cud2
BIN12 rlv
lel1
BIN13 Blp ABC261 Costa et al., TAG 103:415, ‘01
BIN14 fch7
trd
eam8
Chr. 6(6H)
BIN1 *Nar1 X57845 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
abo15
BIN2 nar8 ABG378B Kleinhofs BGN 27:105, ‘96
nec3
Rrs13
BIN3 none
BIN4 msg36
BIN5 nec2
ant21
msg6
eam7
BIN6 rob HVM031 Costa et al., TAG 103:415, ‘01 sex1
gsh4
ant13
cul2 Crg4(KFP128) Babb & Muehlbauer BGN 31:28, ‘01
fch11
mtt5
abo14
BIN7 none
BIN8 none
BIN9 *Amy1 JR115 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
*Nar7 X60173 Warner et al., Genome 38:743, ‘95
*Nir pCIB808 Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
mul2
cur3
BIN10 lax-b
raw5
cur1
BIN11 none
BIN12 xnt5
Aat2
BIN13 Rph11 Acp3 Feuerstein et al., Plant breed. 104:318, ‘90
lax-c
BIN14 dsp9
Chr. 7(5H)
BIN1 abo12
msg16
ddt
BIN2 dex1
msg19
nld
fch6
glo-b
BIN3 cud1 ABG705A
lys3
fst1
blf1
vrs2
BIN4 cer-zj
cer-zp
msg18
wst2
Rph2 ITS1 Borovkova et al., Genome 40:236, ‘97
lax-a PSR118 Laurie et al., TAG 93:81, ‘96
com1
ari-e
ert-g
ert-n
BIN5 rym3 MWG028 Saeki et al., TAG 99:727, ‘99
BIN6 none
BIN7 none
BIN8 none
BIN9 srh ksuA1B Kleinhofs et al., TAG 86:705, ‘93
cer-i
mtt2
lys1
cer-t
dsk
var1
cer-w
Eam5
BIN10 raw1
msg7
BIN11 Rph9/12ABG712 Borokova et al., Phytopath. 88:76, ‘98
Sgh2
*Ror2 AY246906 Collins et al., Nature 425:973, ‘03
lbi1
Rha4
raw2
BIN12 none
BIN13 rpg4 ARD5303 Druka et al., unpublished
RpgQ ARD5304 Druka et al., unpublished
BIN14 var3
* - indicates the gene has been cloned
References:
Babb, S.L., and G.J. Muehlbauer. 2001. Map location of the Barley Tillering Mutant uniculm2 (cul2) on Chromosome 6H. BGN31:28.
Bauer, E., J. Weyen, A. Schiemann, A. Graner, and F. Ordon. 1997. Molecular mapping of novel resistance genes against Barley Mild Mosaic Virus (BaMMV). Theor. Appl. Genet. 95:1263-1269.
Borovkova, I.G., Y. Jin, B.J. Steffenson, A. Kilian, T.K. Blake, and A. Kleinhofs. 1997. Identification and mapping of a leaf rust resistance gene in barley line Q21861. Genome 40:236-241.
Borokova, I.G., Y. Jin, and B.J. Steffenson. 1998. Chromosomal Location and Genetic Relationship of Leaf Rust Resistance Genes Rph9 and Rph12 in Barley. Phytopathology 88:76-80.
Börner, A., V. Korzun, S. Malyshev, V. Ivandic, and A. Graner. 1999. Molecular mapping of two dwarfing genes differing in their GA response on chromosome 2H of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:670-675.
Brueggeman, R., N. Rostoks, D. Kudrna, A. Kilian, F. Han, J. Chen, A. Druka, B. Steffenson, and A. Kleinhofs. 2002. The barley stem-rust resistance gene Rpg1 is a novel disease-resistance gene with homology to receptor kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:9328-9333.
Brunner, S., B. Keller, and C. Feuillet. 2000. Molecular mapping of the Rph7.g leaf rust resistance gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 101:763-788.
Büschges, R., K. Hollricher, R. Panstruga, G. Simons, M. Wolter, A. Frijters, R. van Daelen, T. van der Lee, P. Diergaarde, J. Groenendijk, S. Töpsch, P. Vos, F. Salamini, and P. Schulze-Lefert. 1997. The barley mlo gene: A novel control element of plant pathogen resistance. Cell 88:695-705.
Bulgarelli, D., N.C. Collins, G. Tacconi, E. Dellaglio, R. Brueggeman, A. Kleinhofs, A.M. Stanca, and G. Vale. 2004. High resolution genetic mapping of the leaf stripe resistance gene Rdg2a in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 108:1401-1408.
Chono, M., L. Honda, H. Zeniya, K. Yoneyama, D. Saisho, K. Takeda, S. Takatsuto, T. Hoshino, and Y. Watanabe. 2003. A semidwarf phenotype of barley uzu results from a nucleotide substitution in the gene encoding a putative brassinosteroid receptor. Plant Physiology 133:1209-1219.
Collins, N.C., N.G. Paltridge, C.M. Ford, and R.H. Symons. 1996. The Yd2 gene for barley yellow dwarf virus resistance maps close to the centromere on the long arm of barley chromosome 3. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92:858-864.
Collins, N.C., T. Lahaye, C. Peterhänsel, A. Freialdenhoven, M. Corbitt, and P. Schulze-Lefert. 2001. Sequence haplotypes revealed by sequence-tagged site fine mapping of the Ror1 gene in the centromeric region of barley chromosome 1H. Plant Physiology 125:1236-1247.
Collins, N.C., H. Thordal-Christensen, V. Lipka, S. Bau, E. Kombrink, J-L. Qiu, R. Hückelhoven, M. Stein, A. Freialdenhoven, S.C. Somerville, and P. Schulze-Lefert. 2003. Snare-protein-mediated disease resistance at the plant cell wall. Nature 425:973-976.
Costa, J.M., A. Corey, M. Hayes, C. Jobet, A. Kleinhofs, A. Kopisch-Obusch, S.F. Kramer, D. Kudrna, M. Li, O. Piera-Lizaragu, K. Sato, P. Szues, T. Toojinda, M.I. Vales, and R.I. Wolfe. 2001. Molecular mapping of the Oregon Wolfe Barleys: a phenotypically polymorphic doubled-haploid population. Theor. Appl. Genet. 103:415-424.
Drescher, A., V. Ivandic, U. Walther, and A. Graner. 2000. High-resolution mapping of the Rph16 locus in barley. p. 95-97. In: S. Logue (ed.) Barley Genetics VIII. Volume II. Proc. Eigth Int. Barley Genet. Symp. Adelaide. Dept. Plant Science, Waite Campus, Adelaide University, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
Druka, A., D. Kudrna, C. Gamini Kannangara, D. von Wettstein, and A. Kleinhofs. 2002. Physical and genetic mapping of barley (Hordeum vulgare) germin-like cDNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99:850-855.
Edwards, M.C., and B.J. Steffenson. 1996. Genetics and mapping of barley stripe mosaic virus resistance in barley. Phytopath. 86;184-187.
Feuerstein, U., A.H.D. Brown, and J.J. Burdon. 1990. Linkage of rust resistance genes from wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) with isoenzyme markers. Plant. Breed. 104:318-324.
Freialdenhoven, A., B. Scherag, K. Hollrichter, D.B. Collinge, H. Thordal-Christensen, and P. Schulze-Lefert. 1994. Nar-1 and Nar-2, two loci required for Mla12-specified race-specific resistance to powdery mildew in barley. Plant Cell 6:983-994.
Garvin, D.F., A.H.D. Brown, H. Raman, and B.J. Read. 2000. Genetic mapping of the barley Rrs14 scald resistance gene with RLFP, isozyme and seed storage protein marker. Plant Breeding 119:193-196.
Giese, H., A.G. Holm-Jensen, H.P. Jensen, and J.Jensen. 1993. Localisation of the Laevigatum powdery mildew resistance gene to barley chromosome 2 by the use of RLFP markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:897-900.
Graner, A., and E. Bauer. 1993. RLFP mapping of the ym4 virus resistance gene in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:689-693.
Graner, A., and A. Tekauz. 1996. RFLP mapping in barley of a dominant gene conferring to scald (Rynchosporium secalis). Theor. Appl. Genet. 93:421-425.
Haltermann, D., F. Zhou, F. Wei, R.P. Wise, and P. Schulze-Lefert. 2001. The MLA6 coiled coil, NBS-LRR protein confers AvrMla6-dependent resistance specificity to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in barley and wheat. Plt. J. 25:335-348.
Hansson, A., C.G. Kannangara, D. von Wettstein, and M. Hansson. 1999. Molecular basis for semidomiance of missense mutations in the XANTHA-H (42-kDa) subunit of magnesium chelatase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1744-1749.
He, C., B.E. Sayed-Tabatabael, and T. Komatsuda. 2004. AFLP targing of the 1-cM region conferring the vrs1 gene for six-rowed spike in barley, Hordeum vulgare L. Genome 47:1122-1129.
Heun, M., A.E. Kennedy, J.A. Anderson, N.L.V. Lapitan, M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1991. Construction of a restriction fragment length polymorphism map for barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 34:437-447.
Ivandic, V., S. Malyshev, V. Korzun, A. Graner, and A. Börner. 1999. Comparative mapping of a gibberellic acid-insensitive dwarfing gene (Dwf2) on chromosome 4HS in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:728-731.
Johnson and Kleinhofs. 2005. unpublished.
Kanyuka, K., A. Druka, D..G. Caldwell, A. Tymon, N. McCallum, R. Waugh, and M. J. Adams. 2005. Evidence that the recessive bymovirus resistance locus rym4 in barley corresponds to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E gene. Molecular Plant pathology (in press).
Kleinhofs, A., A. Kilian, M.A. Saghai Marrof, R.M. Biyashev, P. Hayes, F.Q. Chen, N. Lapitan, A. Fenwick, T.K. Blake, V. Kanazin, E. Ananiev, L. Dahleen, D. Kudrna, J. Bollinger, S.J. Knapp, B. Liu, M. Sorells, M. Heun, J.D. Franckowiak, D. Hoffman, R. Skadsen, and B.J. Steffenson. 1993. A molecular, isozyme and morphologicsl map of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:705-712.
Kleinhofs, A. 1996. Integrating Barley RFLP and Classical Marker Maps. Coordinator’s report. BGN27:105-112.
Kleinhofs,.A. 2002. Integrating Molecular and Morphological/Physiological Marker Maps. Coordinator’s Report. BGN32:152-159.
Komatsuda, T., W. Li, F. Takaiwa, and S. Oka. 1999. High resolution map around the vrs1 locus controlling two- and six-rowed spike in barley. (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 42:248-253.
Komatsuda, T., and Y. Mano. 2002. Molecular mapping of the intermedium spike-c (int-c) and non-brittle rachis 1 (btr1) loci in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl Genet. 105:85-90.
Kretschmer, J.M., K.J. Chalmers, S. Manning, A. Karakousis, A.R. Barr, A.K.M.R. Islam, S.J. Logue, Y.W. Choe, S.J. Barker, R.C.M. Lance, and P. Langridge. 1997. RFLP mapping of the Ha2 cereal cyst nematode resistance in barley.Theor. Appl. Genet. 94:1060-1064.
Kurth, J., R. Kolsch, V. Simons, and P. Schulze-Lefert. 2001. A high-resolution genetic map and a diagnostic RFLP marker for the Mlg resistance locus to powdery mildew in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:53-60.
Larson, S.R., K.A. Young, A. Cook, T.K. Blake, and V. Raboy. 1998. Linkage mapping of two mutations that reduce phytic acid content of barley grain. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:141-146.
Laurie, D.A., N. Pratchett, C. Romero, E. Simpson, and J.W. Snape. 1993. Assignment of the denso dwarfing gene to the long arm of chromosome 3 (3H) of barley by use of RFLP markers. Plant. Breed. 111:198-203.
Laurie, D.A., N. Pratchett, J.H. Bezan, and J.W. Snape. 1994. Genetic analysis of a photoperiod response gene on the short arm of chromosome 2 (2H) of Hordeum vulgare (barley). Heredity 72:619-627.
Laurie, D.A., N. Pratchett, R.A. Allen, and S.S. Hantke. 1996. RFLP mapping of the barley homeotic mutant lax-a. Theor. Appl. Genet. 93:81-85.
Li. M., D. Kudrna, and A. Kleinhofs. 2000. Fine mapping of a Semi-dwarf gene Brachytic1 in barley. p. 72-74. In: S. Logue (ed.) Barley Genetics VIII. Volume III. Proc. Eigth Int. Barley Genet. Symp. Adelaide. Dept. Plant Science, Waite Campus, Adelaide University, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
Müller, K.J., N. Romano, O. Gerstner, F. Gracia-Maroto, C. Pozzi, F. Salamini, and W. Rhode. 1995. The barley Hooded mutation caused by a duplication in a homeobox gene intron. Nature 374:727-730.
Netsvetaev, V.P. 1997. High lysine mutant of winter barley - L76. BGN27:51-54.
Okada, Y., R. Kanatani, S. Arai and I.Kazutoshi. 2004. Interaction between barley mosaic disease-resistance genes rym1 and rym5, in the response to BaYMV strains. Breeding Science 54 (4):319-324.
Park, R.F., and A. Karakousis. 2002. Characterization and mapping Rph19 conferring resistance to Puccinia hordei in the cultivar ’Rea1’ and several Australian barley. Plant Breeding 121:232-236.
Pratchett, N., and D.A. Laurie. 1994. Genetic map location of the barley developmental mutant liguleless in relation to RFLP markers. Hereditas 120:35-39.
Rostocks, N. and A. Kleinhofs. 2005. Barley necrotic mutants FN085 andFN338 are deficient in cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4. BGN 35: (in press).
Rostoks, N., D. Schmierer, S. Mudie, T. Drader, R. Brueggeman, D. Caldwell, R. Waugh, and A. Kleinhofs. 2005. Barley Nec1 is a homologue of the Arabidopsis Hlm1 encoding the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 4. (submitted and in press)
Saeki, K., C. Miyazaki, N. Hirota, A. Saito, K. Ito, and T. Konishi. 1999. RFLP mapping of BaYMV resistance gene rym3 in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:727-732.
Saisho, D., K.-I. Tanno, M. Chono, I. Honda, H. Kitano, and K. Takeda. 2004. Spontaneous Brassinolide-insensitive barley mutants ’uzu’ adapted to East Asia. Breeding Science 54(4): 409-416.
Schmierer, D., A. Druka, D. Kudrna, and A. Kleinhofs. 2001. Fine Mapping of the fch12 chlorina seedling mutant. BGN31:12-13.
Schweizer, G.F., M. Baumer, G. Daniel, H. Rugel, and M.S. Röder. 1995. RFLP markers linked to scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) resistance gene Rh2 in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 90:920-922.
Smilde, W.D., A. Tekauz, and A. Graner. 2000. Development of a high resolution map for the Rh and Pt resistance on barley Chromosome 3H. p. 178-180. In: S. Logue (ed.) Barley Genetics VIII. Volume II. Proc. Eigth Int. Barley Genet. Symp. Adelaide. Dept. Plant Science, Waite Campus, Adelaide University, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
Soule, J.D., D.A. Kudrna, and A. Kleinhofs. 2000. Isolation, mapping, and characterization of two barley multiovary mutants. J. Heredity 91:483-487.
Stein, N., D. Perovic, J. Kumlehn, B. Pellio, S. Stracke, S. Streng, F. Ordon, and A. Graner. 2005. The eukaryotic translation initian factor 4E confers multiallelic recessive Bymovirus resistance in Hordeum vulgare (L.). The Plant Journal 42:912-922.
Tohno-oka, T., M. Ishit, R. Kanatani, H. Takahashi, and K. Takeda. 2000. Genetic Analysis of photoperiotic response of barley in different daylength conditions. p.239-241. In: S. Logue (ed.) Barley Genetics VIII. Volume III. Proc. Eigth Int. Barley Genet. Symp. Adelaide. Dept. Plant Science, Waite Campus, Adelaide University, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
Toojinda, T., L.H. Broers, X.M. Chen, P.M. Hayes, A. Kleinhofs, J. Korte, D. Kudrna, H. Leung, R.F. Line, W. Powell, L. Ramsey, H. Vivar, and R. Waugh. 2000. Mapping quantitative and qualitative disease resistance genes in a doubled haploid population of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Theor. Appl. Genet. 101:580-589.
Warner, R.L., D.A. Kudrna, and A. Kleinhofs. 1995. Association of the NAD(P)H-bispecific nitrate reductase structural gene with the Nar7 locus in barley. Genome 38:743-746.
Weerasena, J.S., B.J. Steffenson, and A.B. Falk. 2003. Conversion of an amplified fragment length polymorphism marker into a c-dominant marker in mapping Rph15 gene conferring resistance to barley leaf rust, Puccinia hordei Otth. Theor. Appl. Genet. 108:712-719.
Williams, K.J., A. Lichon, P. Gianquitto, J.M. Kretschmer, A. Karakousis, S. Manning, P. Langridge, and H. Wallwork. 1999. Identification and mapping of a gene conferring resistance to the spot form of net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99: 323-327.
Williams, K., P. Bogacki, L. Scott, A. Karakousis, and H. Wallwork. 2001. Mapping of a gene for leaf scald resistance in barley line ’B87/14’ and validation of microsatellite and RFLP markers for marker-assisted selection. Plant Breed. 120:301-304.
Zhong, S.B., R.J. Effertz, Y. Jin, J.D. Franckowiak, and B.J. Steffenson. 2003. Molecular mapping of the leaf rust resistance gene Rph6 in barley and its linkage relationships with Rph5 and Rph7. Phytopathology 93 (5):604-609.
Coordinator’s report: Barley Genetics Stock Collection.
A. Hang
USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility,
Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, USA
e-mail: anhang@uidaho.edu
In 2004, over 560 barley genetic stocks were planted at Aberdeen for evaluation. In collaboration with Dr. Jerry Franckowiak, 393 barley genetic stocks were planted in the field for seed increase. One hundred genetic stocks were increased in the greenhouse.
Over 450 collections of barley genetic male sterile, 626 collections of barley translocation stocks and 94 Oregon Wolfe Barley stocks were increased in the last three years.
One hundred fifty-nine samples were shipped to researchers in 2004.
A new chlorina seedling mutation derived from six-rowed cultivar “Russell” was again crossed with various chlorina stocks including GSHO 18, GSHO 26, GSHO 33, GSHO 119 and GSHO 174. All of F1 seedlings are green. This indicates that the Russell mutant is not allelic to the above GSHO stocks.
Coordinator’s report: Trisomic and aneuploid stocks
A. Hang
USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility,
Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, USA
e-mail: anhang@uidaho.edu
There is no new information about trisomic and aneuploid stocks. A list on these stocks are available in BGN 25:104. Seed request for these stocks should be sent to the coordinator.
Coordinator’s report: Translocations and balanced tertiary trisomics
Andreas Houben
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research
06466 Gatersleben, Germany
email: houben@ipk-gatersleben.de
One consequence of the structural rearrangement of chromosomes is the change of the gene expression, which can alter the gene expression (position effect). Knowledge of the mechanism underlying the position-dependent activity of genes is of interest for manipulation gene expression by alteration in the gene position. The Bulgarian scientist N. Papazova and K. Gecheff reported on the position-dependent gene activity of ribosomal RNA genes based on data using cytologically reconstructed barley karyotypes (Papazova and Gecheff, 2003).
The data provide evidence that the intraspecific nucleolar dominance results from interchromosomal interactions, probably of cis-acting regulatory factors. In addition, the degree of repression varies in every translocation line and depends on the distance of the translocated NOR from the centromere.
One barley translocation line has been sent to Prof. Sevdalin Georgiev (Sofia University, Bulgaria). There were no requests for samples of balanced tertiary trisomics stock collection.
The collection is being maintained in cold storage. To the best knowledge of the coordinator, there are no new publications dealing with balanced tertiary trisomics in barley. Limited seed samples are available any time, and requests can be made to the coordinator.
Reference:
Papazova, N. and K. Gecheff. 2003. Position-dependent gene activity in cytologically reconstructed barley karyotypes. Cell Biol. Int. 27.247-248.
Coordinator’s report: Eceriferum Genes
Udda Lundqvist
SvalöfWeibul AB
SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden
e-mail: udda@ngb.se
No research work on gene localization has been reported on the collections of Eceriferum and Glossy genes since the latest reports in Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN). All information and descriptions done in Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN) Volume 26 are valid and still up-to-date. The database of the Swedish collection has been updated during the last months and will soon be searchable within International European databases. All Swedish Eceriferum alleles can be seen in the SESTO database of thr Nordic Gene Bank. As my possibilities in searching literature are very limited, I apologize if I am missing any important papers. Please send me notes of publications and reports to include in next year’s reports. Descriptions, images and graphic chromosome maps displays of the Eceriferum and Glossy genes are available in the AceDB database for Barley Genes and Barley Genetic Stocks, and they get currently updated. Its address is found by: www.untamo.net/bgs
Every research of interest in the field of Eceriferum genes, ‘Glossy sheath’ and ‘Glossy leaf’ genes can be reported to the coordinator as well. Seed requests regarding the Swedish mutants can be forwarded to the coordinator udda@ngb.se or to the Nordic Gene Bank, nordgen@ngb.se, all others to the Small Grain Germplasm Research Facility (USDA-ARS), Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA, anhang@uida.edu or to the coordinator at any time.
Coordinator’s report: Nuclear genes affecting the chloroplast
Mats Hansson
Department of Biochemistry,
Lund University, Box 124,
SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
E-mail: mats.hansson@biokem.lu.se
Eight induced barley xantha-f mutants have been characterized at the DNA level (Olsson et al., 2004). All the xantha-f mutations affect chlorophyll biosynthesis, as they are defective in magnesium chelatase that is the first unique enzyme of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. The barley xantha-f gene encodes the largest of the three magnesium chelatase subunits. The phenotype of the studied mutants can in a satisfactory way be explained by the characterized mutations. The mutant octet showed a rich variation of mutations including deletions and missense mutations, which will be helpful tools in future studies concerning structural, mechanistic and regulatory aspects of the magnesium chelatase.
Three of the xantha-f mutants, xantha-f.26, -f.27 and -f.40, were also used to study the stability of mRNA affected by non-sense mutations (Gadjieva et al., 2004). Mutations xantha-f.27 and -f.40 are non-sense mutations in exon 4 and 3, respectively. Mutant xantha-f.26 has a miss-sense mutation and was included as a control in the experiment. It was found that both xantha-f.27 and xantha-f.40 had a reduced amount of xantha-f mRNA, whereas wild type level of mRNA was found in xantha-f.26. It is well known that non-sense mutations cause instability of mRNA in mammalian cells. The phenomenon is called non-sense mediated mRNA decay´, but the mechanism behind it is not understood. A very few studies have been performed in plants. Our study demonstrates that non-sense mediated mRNA decay exists in monocotyledonous plants like barley. The study explains how mutants with reduced levels of mRNA will be explored for cloning of the mutated gene by a microarray approach.
The stock list and genetic information presented in the Barley Genetics Newsletter 21:102-108 is valid and up-to-date. Requests for stocks available for distribution are to be either sent to:
Dr. Mats Hansson
Department of Biochemistry
Lund University
Box 124
SE-221 00 Lund, SWEDEN
Phone: +46-46-222 0105
Fax: +46-46-222 4534
E-mail: Mats.Hansson@biokem.lu.se
or to
Nordic Gene Bank
Box 41
SE-230 53 Alnarp
Sweden
Phone: +46-40-536640
FAX: +46-40-536650
e-mail: nordgen@ngb.se
New references:
Gadjieva, R., E. Axelsson, U. Olsson, J. Vallon-Christersson, and M. Hansson. 2004. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in barley mutants allows the cloning of mutated genes by a microarray approach. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42:681-685.
Olsson, U., N. Sirijovski, and M. Hansson. 2004. Characterization of eight barley xantha-f mutants deficient in magnesium chelatase. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42:557-564.
Coordinator’s report: The Genetic Male
Sterile Barley Collection
M.C. Therrien
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Brandon Research Centre
Box 1000A, RR#3, Brandon, MB
Canada R7A 5Y3
E-mail: MTherrien@agr.gc.ca
The GMSBC has been at Brandon since 1992. If there are any new sources of male-sterile genes that you are aware of, please advice me, as this would be a good time to add any new source to the collection. For a list of the entries in the collection, simply E-mail me at the above adress. I can send the file (14Mb) in Excel format. We continue to store the collection at -20oC and will have small (5 g) samples available for the asking. Since I have not received any reports or requests the last years, there is absolutely no summary in my report.
Coordinator’s report: Ear morphology genes
Udda Lundqvist
SvalöfWeibull AB
SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden
e-mail: udda@ngb.se
No new research on gene localization or descriptions on different morphological genes have been reported since the latest reports in Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN). All descriptions made in the volumes 26, 28, 29 and 32 are still up-to-date and valid. The databases of the Swedish Ear morphology genes have been updated during the last months and will soon be searchable within International European databases. All different types and characters with its many alleles of the Swedish ear morphology genes are found in the SESTO database of the Nordic Gene Bank. As my possibilities in searching literature are very limited, I apologize if I am missing any important papers. Please send me notes of publications or reports to include in next year’s reports. Descriptions, images and graphic chromosome maps displays of the Ear morphology genes are also available in the AceDB database for Barley Genes and Barley Genetic Stocks, and they get currently updated. Its address is found by : www.untamo.net/bgs
Every research of interest in the field of Ear morphology genes can be reported to the coordinator as well. Seed requests regarding the Swedish mutants can be forwarded to the coordinator udda@ngb.se or to theNordic Gene Bank,nordgen@ngb.se, all others to the Small Grain Germplasm Research Facility (USDA-ARS), Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA, anhang@uida.eduor to the coordinator at any time.
Coordinator’s report: Wheat-barley genetic stocks
A.K.M.R. Islam
Faculty of Agriculture & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus,
Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia
e-mail: rislam@waite.adelaide.edu.au
Following last year’s report on the selection of six monosomic additions of Hordeum marinum chromosomes to common wheat, presumptive disomic addition lines of H. marinum chromosomes 1Hm, 2Hm, 4Hm, 5Hm and 7Hm have been produced. Four ditelosomic addition lines obtained as well are yet to be characterised. Apart from H. marinum,it has also been possible to produce an amphiploid of H. intercedens with common wheat (Islam and Colmer, unpublished).
Coordinator’s report: Semidwarf genes
J.D. Franckowiak
Department of Plant Sciences
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
e-mail: j.franckowiak@ndsu.nodak.edu
Spielmeyer et al., (2004) reported on the barley genes in the metabolic pathway for gibberellic acid (GA) in barley. The characterization of genes involved in GA biosynthesis and its stimulation of cell elongation in barley, wheat, and rice is considered the first step in determining whether specific dwarfing genes in barley involve defective GA metabolism. Eleven genes potentially account for the six enzymes in the core GA biosynthetic pathway. The HvKAO1 (ent-Kaurenoic acid oxidase 1) gene was associated with mutants at the grd5 (GA responsive dwarf 5) locus in Himalaya barley (Helliwell et al., 2001). The HvKO1 (ent-Kaurene oxidase 1) gene was associated with mutants at the grd3 locus (Spielmeyer et al., 2004). Both loci were mapped to chromosome 7H. Other pathway genes were mapped, but not associated with specific mutant phenotypes.
MlČochová et al., (2004) conducted a molecular marker study of the semidwarf mutant Diamant and its parental cultivar Valticky. Using14 European cultivars, MlČochová et al., (2004) analyzed AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) bands and SRRs (simple sequence repeats). For the 1591AFLP bands, 42.1% were polymorphic among cultivars and 11.4% were polymorphic between Valticky and Diamant. Of the 122 SSRs, 72.7% were polymorphic among cultivar and 42.8% between Valticky and Diamant. Thus, it is unlikely that Diamant was derived directly as a Valticky mutant.
MlČochová et al., (2004) summarized information showing that the denso or sdw1.d gene from Diamant is one of the most successful induced mutants in barley. Over 120 European spring barley cultivars have Diamant in their parentage and probably have the denso dwarf. In contrast, the Jotun mutant, sdw1.a, has been used to a very limited extent in North America. This difference in utilization can be partially explained by the lower vigor of cultivars with the Jotun gene, which is expressed in ‘Bowman’ backcross-derived near-isogenic lines for the two mutants. (Franckowiak, unpublished). Both mutants are associated with delayed heading, especially in short-day environments. Since heading date is more critical in continental environments, the delayed heading associated with sdw1 mutants may influence their utilization in North America.
References:
Helliwell, C.A., P.M. Chandler, A. Poole, E.S. Dennis, and W.J. Peacock. 2001. The CYP88A cytochrome P450, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, catalzes three steps of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:2065-2070.
MlČochová, L., O. Chloupek, R. Uptmoor, F. Ordon, and W. Friedt. 2004. Molecular analysis of the barley cv. ‘Valticky’ and its X-ray-derived semidwarf-mutant ‘Diamant’. Plant Breed. 123:421-427.
Spielmeyer, W., M. Ellis, M. Robertson, S. Ali, J.R. Lenton, and P.M. Chandler. 2004. Isolation of gibberellin metabolic pathway genes from barley and comparative mapping in barley, wheat and rice. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:847-855.
Coordinator’s report: Early maturity genes
Udda Lundqvist
SvalöfWeibull AB
SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden
e-mail: udda@ngb.se
Franckowiak et al. (2004) reported at the International Barley Genetics Symposium in Brno, Czech Republic, regarding identifying genes that controlls heading date and reviewed some principles of the existing genes. Photoperiod sensitive genes are commonly called early maturity (eam) or praematurum (mat) genes. The Eam1 gene is frequently present in wild barley, winter and spring cultivars. It is expressed only under long day conditions. The Eam5 and eam9 genes confer earliness under short-day conditions. The Eam6 gene confers early heading under both long- and short-day conditions. It exhibits additive interactions with Eam1, Eam5 and eam9. The eam8 gene acts as day-length neutral. The Eam11 gene, a long-day gene, is present in most two-row breeding cultivars. The eam10, mat-f and mat-i genes are early under most conditions. The long-day genes Eam1, Eam6 and Eam11 genes are located in chromosome 2H near QTLs for resistance Fusarium head blight. The last two ones are near the six-row typed 1 (vrs1) locus.
All detailed descriptiions made in the different volumes of Barley Genetics Newsletter (26, 28, 29 and 32) are still up-to-date and valid. They are also available in the AceDB database for Barley Genes and Barley Genetic Stocks and found under address: www.untamo.net/bgs.
Every research of interest in the field of Early maturity genes can be reported to the coordinator as well. Seed requests regarding the Swedish mutants can be forwarded to the coordinator or directly to the Nordic Gene Bank, nordgen@ngb.se, all others to the Small Grain Germplasm Research Facikity USDA-ARS), Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA.
Reference:
Franckowiak, J.D., N.N. Krasheninnik, and G.T. Yu. 2004. Identifying Genes Controlling Heading Date in Spring Barley. In: J. Spunar and. J. Janikova (eds,), Barley Genetics IX. Book of Abstracts, Proc. Ninth Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Brno, Czech Republic, June 20-26, 2004. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40:44.