REPORTS OF THE COORDINATORS

Overall coordinator’s report

Udda Lundqvist

Svalöf Weibull AB

SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden

Since the latest overall coordinator’s report in Barley Genetics Newsletter Volume 29, no important changes of the coordinators have been reported. I do hope that most of you are willing to continue with this work and provide us with all new information you can find in the literature and get from other researchers about the chromosomes, linkage groups and collections over the year. In this connection I want to stress again as I did earlier that all information is of great importance for the barley community. Many younger researchers are dealing with molecular genetics, different mapping programs are going on world-wide and many new techniques are available and used. Especially the coordinator for ”Integrating Barley Molecular and Morphological/Physiological Maps” has a very important and heavy task and responsiblity following all the information in the literature and updating the maps. He is also doing important research in his own laboratory and has provided us with useful maps in the last issues of Barley Genetics Newsletter. Unhappily, very little research is going on with many of the morphological and chromosomal collection groups, therefore the reports are very short and mostly a reminder that they still exist.

Also in this issue the reports of the seven barley chromosomes are arranged according to the resolution made at the Seventh International Barley Genetics Symposium in Saskatoon, Canada, in 1996. This year no revised and new descriptions of different morphological and physiological traits have been compiled. Therefore, no new current lists of BGS descriptions by BGS number and by locus symbol in alphabetic order are published in this issue. Those published in the last volumes of BGN are still valid and up-to-date.

All information regarding morphological marker stock is available electronically at the following addresses:

1. http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/PacWest/Aberdeen

2. http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/bgn

In about half a year the VIIIth International Barley Genetics Symposium will be organized in Adelaide, South Australia. I hope that many of you will be able to participate in the meetings. I would like to encourage the coordinators and their colleagues already today to provide me with ideas, aspects, items or topics which should be brought up during the conference. One important item has to be discussed if the coordination system should continue as it exists today or if it should be organized in some other form.

List of Barley Coordinators

Chromosome 1H (5): Jens Jensen, Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 301, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. FAX: +45 46 77 4122; e-mail: <jens.jensen@risoe.dk>

Chromosome 2H (2): Jerry. D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O.Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA. FAX: +1 701 231 8474; e-mail: <jfrancko@badlands.nodak.edu>

Chromosome 3H (3): Takeo Konishi, 294 Okada, Mabi-cho, Kibi-gun, Okayama 710-1311, Japan. FAX: +81 866 98 4334; e-mail: <konishit@okym.enjoy.ne.jp>.

Chromosome 4H (4): Brian P. Forster, Cell and Molecular Genetics Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom. FAX: +44 1382 562426. e-mail: <bforst@scri.sari.ac.uk>

Chromosome 5H (7): George Fedak, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6, FAX: +1 613 759 6559; e-mail: <fedakga@em.agr.ca>

Chromosome 6H (6): Duane Falk, Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1. FAX: +1 519 763 8933; e-mail: <dfalk@crop.uoguelph.ca>

Chromosome 7H (1): Lynn Dahleen, USDA-ARS, State University Station, P.O. Box 5677, Fargo, ND 58105, USA. FAX: + 1 701 239 1369; e-mail: <DAHLEENL@fargo.ars.usda.gov>

Integration of molecular and morphological marker maps: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <andyk@wsu.edu>

Barley Genetics Stock Center: An Hang and Darell M. Wesenberg, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, P.O.Box 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA. FAX: +1 208 397 4165; e-mail: <anhang@uidaho.edu>

Trisomic and aneuploid stocks: An Hang, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, P.O.Box 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA. FAX: +1 208 397 4165; e-mail: <anhang@uidaho.edu>

Translocations and balanced tertiary trisomics: Gottfried Künzel, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. FAX: +49 39482 5137; e-mail: <kuenzel@ipk-gatersleben.de>

Desynaptic genes: Gottfried Künzel, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. FAX: +49 39482 5137; e-mail: <kuenzel@ipk-gatersleben.de>

List of Barley Coordinators (continued)

Autotetraploids: Wolfgang Friedt, Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Justus-Liebig-University, Ludwigstrasse 23, DE-35390 Giessen, Germany. FAX: +49 641 9937429; e-mail: <wolfgang.friedt@agrar.uni-giessen.de>

Disease and pest resistance genes: Brian Steffenson, Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5012, Fargo, ND 58105-5012, USA. FAX: +1 701 231 7851; e-mail: <bsteffen@badlands.nodak.edu>

Eceriferum genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX:.+46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se>

Chloroplast genes: Diter von Wettstein, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Genetics and Cell Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <diter@wsu.edu>

Genetic male sterile genes: Mario C. Therrien, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, P.O. Box 1000A, R.R. #3, Brandon, MB, Canada R7A 5Y3, FAX: +1 204 728 3858; e-mail: <mtherrien@em.agr.ca>

Inversions: Bengt-Olle Bengtsson, Institute of Genetics, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 29, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. FAX: +46 46 147874;

e-mail: <bengt-olle.bengtsson@gen.lu.se>

Anthocyanin genes: Barbro Jende-Strid, Department of Physiology, Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Copenhagen-Valby, Denmark. FAX: +45 33 274764; e-mail: <bjs@crc.dk>

Ear morphology genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se> and

Arne Hagberg, Department of Plant Breeding Research, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-268 31 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667081; e-mail: -.

Semi-dwarf genes: Jerry D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA. FAX: +1 702 231 8474; e-mail: <jfrancko@badlands.nodak.edu>

Early maturity genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se>

Chromosome duplications: Arne Hagberg, Department of Plant Breeding Research, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-268 31 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667081; e-mail: -.

List of Barley Coordinators (continued)

Monoclonal antibodies: Steven E. Ullrich, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <ullrich@wsu.edu>

Biochemical mutants - Including lysine, hordein and nitrate reductase: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <andyk@wsu.edu>

Barley-wheat genetic stocks: A.K.M.R. Islam, Department of Plant Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia. FAX: +61 8 8303 7109; e-mail: <rislam@waite.adelaide.edu.au>

Coordinator's Report: Barley Chromosome 5 (1H)

Jens Jensen

Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, PBK-301,

Risø National Laboratory

DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmar

A high-resolution map at the Mla locus using AFLP markers was developed to isolate YAC clones harbouring the Mla locus (Schwarz et al., 1999).

A fine resolution map of molecular markers between the loci Hor1 and Hor2 was used to detect three families of resistance-gene homologues of the nucleotide-binding site /leucine-rich repeat type at the Mla locus region (Wei et al., 1999).

The most telomeric region of the barley chromosome 5 (1H) had the markers XBA1 and ABA305, designated Tel5L and Tel5S, respectively, indicating the long and short arm of the chromosome. Furthermore, the marker ABR337 was found to be located at the centromere (Kilian et al., 1998).

No revision of the chromosome 5 (1H) linkage map was necessary, therefore the unchanged map is shown in figure 1 as it was published in the last issue of BGN 29.

References

Kilian, A., D. Kudrna and A. Kleinhofs. 1999. Genetic and molecular characterization of barley telomeres. Genome 42:412-419.

Schwarz, G., W. Michalek, V. Mohler, G. Wenzel and A. Jahoor. 1999. Chromosome landing at the Mla locus in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by means of high-resolution mapping with AFLP markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:521-530.

Wei, F., K. Gobelman-Werner, SM. Morroll, J. Kurth, L. Mao, R. Wing, D. Leister, P. Schulze-Lefert and RP. Wise. 1999. The Mla (powdery mildew) resistance cluster is associated with the three NBS-LRR gene families and suppressed recombination within a 240-kb DNA interval on chromosome 5S (1HS) of barley. Genetics 153:1929-1948.

Fig.1. (following page) The barley chromosome 5 linkage map is calculated based on the linkage information reported in the former issues of BGN and no changes have been made since last years report. The map positions are given in centimorgans (cM). The distances between neighbouring loci are given to the left, the loci names and positions are placed to the right.

Click here for enlarged image

Coordinator's report: Chromosome 2H (2)

J.D. Franckowiak

Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University

Fargo, ND 58105, U.S.A.

Larson et al., 1998 mapped a low phytic acid (lpa1) mutant to chromosome 2HL of barley and reported that the lpa1 locus was not related to any of the seven orthologous myo-inositol 1‑phosphate synthase (MIPS) candidate genes in maize. But, they suggested based on RFLP mapping data that the Ipa1 region of barley is homoeologous to the Ipa1 region of maize chromosome 1S. The lpa1.1 gene does not alter total phosphorus (P) content of barley kernels, but it causes a 50% reduction in phytic acid P and a corresponding increase in inorganic P (Raboy and Cook 1999). The P in phytic acid is unavailable to humans and non‑ruminants and produces waste P that can runoff as water pollution. Unlike the lpa2 mutants, plants with the lpa1.1 gene appear to have normal growth and productivity (Raboy and Cook, 1999).

Börner et al., 1999 mapped the position of two recessive dwarfing mutants in chromosome 2H. The gibberellic acid (GA) insensitive dwarf, gai (Hv287), which co-segregated with RFLP markers MWG2058 and MWG2287, is close to the centromere in chromosome 2HS. The GA sensitive dwarf, gal (Hv288), which co-segregated with RFLP markers MWG581 and MWG882A, is in chromosome 2HL, about 22 cM distal from the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus and about 55 cM distal from the gai locus. Komatsuda et al., 1999 published a high resolution map for the region around the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus in chromosome 2HL.

Pickering et al., 2000 located in chromosome 2HL of line 38P18 a DNA segment from Hordeum bulbosum that contains a gene for resistance to Puccinia hordei. Line 38P18, derived from a cross between Emir and H. bulbosum, produces a fleck reaction to all leaf rust isolates tested. Previously Pickering et al., 1998 reported that line 81882 has in chromosome 2HS a DNA segment from H. bulbosum that confers leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance. Line 81882, derived from a Vada cross, produces a low infection type when inoculated with leaf rust isolates. Both lines show reduced plant vigor under field conditions. The locus name Rph17 and allele symbol Rph17.af are suggested for the leaf rust resistance gene in line 81882. The locus name Rph18 and allele symbol Rph18.ag are suggested for the leaf rust resistance gene in line 38P18.

Wheat-barley addition lines were used in two studies to associate barley genes with chromosome 2H. Hansson et al., 1998 determined the chromosome arm locations of six enzymes for chlorophyll and haem synthesis including placement of the magnesium chelatase subunit Xantha-F in chromosome 2HS. Nomura et al., 1999 found that the presence of Hordatines A and B, strong antifungal components, in barley seedlings is associated with chromosome 2HS.

Borem et al. 1999 studied starch granules in the barley endosperm and found that a region of chromosome 2 contains QTLs affecting the overall mean granule volume, the proportion of type A (large) granules, the mean volume of type A granules, the mean maximum diameter of type A granules, and the mean F-shape of type B (small) granules.

Data on photoperiod responses in barley were published in two papers. Karsai et al., 1997 studied heading date in the Dicktoo/Morex mapping population and reported that QTLs for earliness are associated with the early maturity 1 (Eam1 or Ppd-H1) locus in chromosome 2HS and with the spring growth habit 2 (Sgh2 or Sh2) locus in chromosome 5HL. Alleles at the Eam1 (Ppd-H1) locus were found to vary in their response to photoperiod duration. Stracke and Börner, 1998 presented segregation data for photoperiod responses under short-day conditions of F₂ and F₃ plants from a Atsel/Betzes cross. Atsel and Betzes have contrasting alleles at the Eam1 locus in chromosome 2HS and at the eam7 locus in chromosome 6HS. Their results indicated that the recessive eam7.g allele from Atsel causes photoperiod insensitivity when the dominant allele at the Eam1 locus, also from Atsel, is present.

Zhu et al., 1999 collected Fusarium head blight (FHB) response data from several environments for doubled-haploid lines from a Gobernadora/CMB643 cross. Data were gather also for several morphological traits. They found that the Vrs1.t (deficiens) allele in chromosome 2HL was associated QTLs for resistance to FHB and more seeds per spike. The Int-c.a allele at the intermedium-c locus in chromosome 4HS was associated with susceptibility to FHB, large lateral spikelets, and shorter plants. Both the Vrs1.t and the Int-c.a alleles were derived from the cultivar Shyri via CMB643. The parental lines for this cross were developed by the CIMMYT/ICARDA barley breeding program in Mexico.

Kleinhofs, 1997 using bulk segregate analyses associated several morphological markers of barley with specific molecular markers. Later, Kleinhofs et al., 1998 presented the BIN method for subdividing the barley molecular marker maps into segments, BINs of about 10 cM each. Information on the assignment of markers to BINs is based on the Steptoe/Morex molecular marker map and is available at http://barleygenomics.wsu.edu/ as an EXCEL spreadsheet download. File data and the results of Kleinhofs, 1997 were used to add several new markers to the morphological marker map for chromosome 2H (Figure 1). Figure 1 also summarizes a few comparisons between BIN assignments for several loci and their relative positions on the morphological marker map. Although direct comparisons of the two maps are not possible because the morphological marker map is based data accumulated from many studies, the estimated position of two only two morphological markers does not fit a linear gene order. The elongated outer glume (eog) locus is near the centromere, but it is associated with BIN 2‑004. The morphological marker map places the triple awned lemma (trp) locus far beyond the last BIN of chromosome 2HL.

References

Borem, A., D.E. Mather, D.C. Rasmusson, R.G. Fulcher and P.M. Hayes. 1999. Mapping quantitative trait loci for starch granule traits in barley. J. Cereal Sci. 29 (2):153-160.

Börner, A., V. Korzun, S. Malyshev and V. Ivandic. 1999. Molecular mapping of two dwarfing genes differing in their GA response on chromosome 2H of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:670-675.

Hansson, M., S.P. Gough, C.G. Kannangara and D. von Wettstein. 1998. Chromosomal locations of six barley genes encoding enzymes of chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis and the sequence of ferrochelatase gene identify two regulatory genes. Plant Phys. Biochem. Paris 36(8):545-554.

Karsai, I., K. Mezaros, P.M. Hayes and Z. Bedo. 1997. Effects of loci on chromosomes 2 (2H) and 7 (5H) on development patterns in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different photoperiod regimes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94:612-618.

Kleinhofs, A. 1997. Integrating barley RFLP and classical maps. BGN 27:105-112.

Kleinhofs, A., D. Kudrna and D. Matthews. 1998. Integrating barley molecular and morphological /physiological marker maps. BGN 28:89-91.

Komatsuda, T., W. Li, F. Takaiwa and S. Oka. 1999. High resolution map around the vrs1 locus controlling two- and six-rowed spike in barley, Hordeum vulgare. Genome 42:248-253.

Larson, S.R., K.A. Young, A. Cook, T.K. Blake and V. Raboy. 1998. Linkage mapping of two mutations that reduce phytic acid content of barley grain. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:141‑146.

Larson, S.R. and V. Raboy. 1999. Linkage mapping of maize and barley myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase DNA sequences corresponding with a low phytic acid mutation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:27-36.

Nomura, T., M. Sue, R. Horikoshi, S. Tebayashi, A. Ishihara, T.R. Endo and H. Iwamura. 1999. Occurrence of hordatines, the barley antifungal compounds, in a wheat-barley chromosome addition line. Genes Genet. Systems 74:99-103.

Pickering, R.A., S. Malyshev, G. Künzel, P.A. Johnston, V. Korzun, M. Menke and I. Schubert. 2000. Locating introgressions of Hordeum bulbosum chromatin within the H. vulgare genome. Theor. Appl. Genet. 100:27-31.

Pickering, R.A., B.J. Steffenson, A.M. Hill and I. Borovkova. 1998. Association of leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance in a recombinant derived from a Hordeum vulgare x H. bulbosum hybrid. Plant Breed. 117:83-84.

Raboy, V. and A. Cook. 1999. An update on ARS barley low phytic acid research. BGN 30: http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/bgn/29/a29‑08.html

Stracke, S. and A. Börner. 1998. Molecular mapping of the photoperiod gene ea7 in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:797-800.

Zhu, H., L. Gilchrist, P. Hayes, A. Kleinhofs, D. Kudrna, Z. Liu, L. Prom, B. Steffenson, T. Toojinda and H. Vivar. 1999. Does function follow form? Principal QTLs for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance are coincident with QTLs for inflorescence traits and plant height in a double haploid population of barley. Theor. Appl.. Genet. 99:1221-1232.

Figure 1. Estimated positions for morphological marker loci and corresponding BIN numbers in chromosome 2H of barley.

Coordinator's Report: Chromosome 3H (3)

T. Konishi

294 Okada, Mabi-cho, Kibi-gun, Okayama 710-1311, Japan

Kilian et al., 1999 mapped 33 different loci generated from telomere-associated sequences using RFLP and PCR techniques, and identified the most telomeric regions of 10 of the 14 barley chromosome arms. Tel3S (ABA307B) was located as a marker to the map’s most terminal region of chromosome 3HS, whereas three markers, generated by PCR using a single primer based on the sequence of the barley telomere repeats, were mapped internally in chromosome 3HL. Cloning and sequencing of PCR products from the 3HL interstitial location revealed homology to the HvRT family of tandem repeats isolated from barley.

Dávila et al., 1999 localized 35 random amplified microsatellite polymorphism (RAMP) markers onto the Steptoe/Morex RFLP map. RAMP markers were distributed over all the seven barley chromosomes, and several RAMPs were mapped in large gaps of the RFLP linkage map, improving the coverage of certain chromosome regions. Seven of RAMPs covered chromosomes3 (3H) as well as chromosomes 5 (1H) and 6 (6H) as a large number, and some of the markers in these chromosomes were observed in small clusters around the centromere.

Kleinhofs, 1999 made a great progress in the integration of the barley molecular maps with the morphological and physiological markers using the Oregon World Barley Dominant x Recessive doubled haploid (DH) population, and mapped more than 60 markers in the seven barley chromosomes with reasonable linkage estimates. Nine of the markers, mo7a, alm, msg5, uzu, wst6, wst1, als, sdw1 and Pub, were located in the molecular map of chromosome 3H, ranging from the short arm to the long arm of the chromosome. However, the arrangement of the markers was somewhat different from the order in chromosome 3H illustrated by Franckowiak, 1996, especially the wst1 locus was tightly linked with the uzu locus (Takahashi and Moriya, 1969; Tsuchiya and Jensen, 1973).

Graner et al., 1999 conducted the molecular mapping of the rym5 locus encoding resistance to barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and two strains of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV-1 and BaYMV-2), using 391 DH lines derived from eight crosses between a series of rym5 W122 lines and susceptible cultivars. The marker analysis revealed that rym5 could be placed into an interval flanked by markers MWG838 and MWG10 near the distal end of chromosome 3HL, and mapped 0.8% distal from MWG838 and 1.3% proximal from MWG10. This map position is thought to be almost the same or extremely close to the rym4 locus controlling resistance to BaMMV, since rym4 is located 1.2 cM distal from MWG838 and 1.2 cM proximal from MWG10 (Graner and Bauer, 1993). In fact, all the BaMMV-resistant DH lines were resistant to BaYMV, while the BaMMV-susceptible lines also exhibited susceptibility to BaYMV. No recombination between BaMMV- and BaYMV-resistant DH lines suggests that rym4 and rym5 are tightly linked or allelic. The latter possibility might be supported by the fact that F₁ plants between ‘Franka’ (rym4) and W122/37.1 (rym5) were resistant to BaMMV in Germany. However, it might be worthwhile commenting that ‘Franka’ was resistant to the Natajima strain of BaMMV in Japan, whereas ‘Misato Golden’ (rym5) was susceptible (Konishi and Kaiser, 1999). ‘Misato Golden’ and W122 lines contain the rym5 gene derived from the same parent, Mokusekko 3.

Raman and Read, 1999 developed the efficient marker assisted selection for resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). The resistance gene Ryd2 in chromosome 3HL is closely linked with the probe BCD828. As RFLP analysis is expensive, laborious and involves radioisotopes, PCR based assays were practiced using leaf tissue and sap as templates. The results were in good quality as isolated ‘purified’ DNA, indicating that direct leaf tissue/leaf sap could be used successfully as templates for marker assisted selection for the resistance.

Boron toxicity is an important problem limiting production in the low-rainfall regions of southern Australia, West Asia and North Africa. Genetic variation for boron toxicity tolerance in barley has been recognized, but the mode of inheritance and the location of genes controlling tolerance were not known previously. Jefferies et al., 1999 conducted interval regression-mapping of QTL’s for boron tolerance, using 150 DH lines from a cross between a boron toxicity tolerant Algerian landrace, Sahara 3771, and the intolerant Australian cultivar, Clipper. The analysis which revealed four regions in chromosomes 2H, 3H, 4H and 6H were associated with boron tolerance. The region in the short arm of chromosome 3H was strongly associated with root-length response to high boron concentration, together with the region on the long arm of chromosome 4H. RFLP markers in the regions of chromosomes 3HS and 4HL were xAWBMA15 and xWG114, respectively.

Dehydrins comprising an immunologically distinct protein family are associated with tolerance to drought and low temperature. Choi et al., 1999 identified 11 unique Dhn genes in the cv Dicktoo, and mapped the Dhn genes in the chromosomes 3H, 4H, 5H and 6H by PCR with wheat-barley addition lines. The Dhn10 and Dhn11 genes were located in chromosome 3H, both of them were newly detected in barley and their counterparts are unknown in other plants.

References

Choi, D.W., B. Zhu and T.J. Close. 1999. The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) dehydrin multigene family: sequences, allele types, chromosome assignments, and expression characteristics of 11 Dhn genes of cv Dicktoo. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:1234-1247.

Davila, J.A., Y. Loarce and E. Ferrer. 1999. Molecular characterization and genetic mapping of random amplified microsatellite polymorphism in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:265-273.

Franckowiak, J.D. 1996. Revised linkage maps for morphological markers in barley, Hordeum vulgare. BGN 26:9-21.

Graner, A. and E. Bauer. 1993. RFLP mapping of the ym4 virus resistance gene in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:689-693.

Graner, A., S. Streng, A. Kellermann, A. Schiemann, E. Bauer, R. Waugh, B. Pellio and F. Ordon. 1999. Molecular mapping and genetic fine-structure of the rym5 locus encoding resistance to different strains of the Barley yellow Mosaic Virus Complex. Theo. Appl. Genet. 98:285-290.

Jefferies, S.P., A.R. Barr, A. Karakousis, J.M. Kretschmer, S. Manning, K.J. Chalmers, J.C. Nelson, A.K.M.R. Islam and P. Langridge. 1999. Mapping of chromosome regions conferring boron toxicity tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:1293-1303.

Konishi, T. and R. Kaiser. 1999. Reaction of barley accessions to BaMMV and BaYMV in Japan, compared with data in Germany. BGN 30 (this volume).

Kilian A., D. Kudrna and A. Kleinhofs. 1999. Genetic and molecular characterization of barley chromosome telomeres. Genome 42:412-419.

Kleinhofs, A. 1999. Coordinator’s report: Integrating barley molecular and morphological/physiological marker maps. BGN 29:

Raman, H. and B.J. Read. 1999. Efficient marker assisted selection for resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus using leaf tissue and sap as templates in barley. BGN 29:

Takahashi, R. and I. Moriya. 1969. Inheritance and linkage studies in barley. IV. Linkages of four variegated mutants. Ber. Ohara Inst. landw. Biol., Okayama Univ. 15:35-46.

Tsuchiya, T. and D.A. Jensen. 1973. Further results on the allelic relationship between wst and wst3. BGN 3:69-70.

Coordinator's report: Chromosome 4H

B.P. Forster

Division of Genetics, Scottish Crop Research Institute

Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK

The past ten years have seen genetic mapping in barley shift from largely morphological marker maps to molecular marker maps. Molecular marker maps, especially those based on PCR, continue to be published. Mapped markers however are being used increasingly to locate genes of interest including quantitative traits. Different classes of molecular markers are often combined in targeting and locating genes of interest. Future mapping exercises are expected to focus on functional genes and their associated flanking markers.

The development of molecular markers has contributed to increased activity in genetic studies of barley in the last year. Published papers involve new marker, gene and QTL maps based on recombination, physical mapping and comparative mapping. A brief summary of work I am aware of on chromosome 4H is given below.

MARKER MAPPING

Marker maps of barley include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, S-SAPs and BARE-1. Established marker maps include those developed in Australia, England and North America (based on RFLPs), The Netherlands (based on AFLPs), Denmark and Germany (RAPDs) and in the USA and Scotland (SSRs). Regularly up-dated web-sites have been set up for some of these. New marker maps include PCR derivatives of established markers. In Japan, a sequence-tagged site (STS) map of barley has been further developed by Mano et al., 1999, the published map shows 10 linked STSs on 4H covering about 57 cM. The PCR-based STSs were developed from terminal sequences of cloned RFLPs. A barley genetic map composed of random amplified microsatellite polymorphisms (RAMPs) has been developed in Spain by Dávila et al., 1999. Telomere-associated sequences have been used to map 10 out of 14 telomeres, including both ends of 4H (Kilian et al., 1999). The map distance between the two 4H telomeres, Tel4S and Tel4L, was relatively short at 150 cM. On this evidence 4H may be the shortest barley chromosome in terms of its recombination map

TRAIT MAPPING

The development of high-density molecular marker maps has been used to identify, locate and quantify QTLs determining a number of traits including economically important traits such as yield, quality and disease resistance.

Biotic stress

A primary QTL for net blotch resistance was detected in a spring barley cross in the region of mlo on the long arm of 4H (Thomas, 1999). Two QTLs for partial resistance to leaf rust mapped to 4H (Qi et al., 1999). Resistance genes have been mapped in rice and barley by Leister et al., 1999, with Hv-b32 mapping to 4H (Ym-11, resistance to yellow mosaic virus, is also indicated on 4H in Leister et al., 1999).

Abiotic stress

Four chromosomal regions have been identified for boron tolerance. One on 4H was associated with boron uptake, root length response, dry matter production and symptom expression (Jefferies et al., 1999). Dehydrin genes, which are related to low temperature and dehydration responses, have been located using wheat/barley chromosome addition lines. One of eleven dehydrin genes, Dhn6, was located to 4H (Choi et al., 1999).

Other work on wheat/barley chromosome addition lines indicated that 4HL carries a factor concerned with seedling salt tolerance (expressed as dry weight and ð¹³C, Ellis et al., 2000).

Physiological traits

A gibberellic acid-insensitive dwarfing gene (Dwf2) has been located on 4H using RFLPs and SSRs in an F₂ population (Ivandic et al., 1999). QTLs analysis in conjunction with AFLPs has been used to locate QTLs determining yield. Of the nine traits studied two, i.e. specific leaf area at flowering and yield had QTLs on 4H (Yin et al., 1999). Favourable QTL alleles for grain yield have been identified on all seven barley chromosomes in the spring barley cross, Steptoe x Morex (Zhu et al., 1999).

Sequence analysis

Michalek et al., 1999 compared partial sequences of mapped cDNA and genomic clones with data base sequences of proteins and nucleic acids. Putative identifications were made based on sequence similarity. For chromosome 4H these included: two sulphate transporters, a light-inducible protein (ELIP) and NADH dehydrogenase. The sequence data can be exploited in converting RFLPs into STS (PCR-based) markers.

Others

Larson and Raboy, 1999 using wheat/barley chromosome addition lines mapped a myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) gene to 4H. A hairy leaf sheath gene, Hs_bderived from Hordeum bulbosum was mapped on 4HL using RFLPs (Korzun et al., 1999). A root fluorescence mutant, frp ( fluorescent pink reaction) produced by gamma-ray treated was located close to glf3 (glossy leaf 3) on 4H (Takeda and Chang, 1998).

COMPARATIVE MAPPING

Some genetic markers, notably RFLPs but not SSRs, can be used in comparative studies of homologous and homoeologous chromosomes. Comparisons of 4H maps include: gene maps, RFLP maps with QTLs (agronomic, stress, developmental traits), AFLP maps and a wheat group 4 map (Forster et al., 2000). Barley/wheat comparisons have been made among 4HS v 4BS v 4DS with reference to Dwf2 v Rht-B1 v Rht-D1 and RFLP markers (Ivandic et al., 1999). Work on MIPS has involved comparisons of maize 1S and group 4 homoeologues of the Triticeae (Larson and Raboy, 1999). Recombination break points between 4H of H. vulgare and H. bulbosum and comparisons with 5R of rye have been made using RFLPs linked to hairy leaf sheath (Korzun et al., 1999).

PHYSICAL MAPPING

The physical locations of rDNA sequences were examined by in situ hybridisation by Taketa et al., 1999. A minor site for 18-25S rDNA was located on the short arm of 4H.

ORDERLY ARRANGEMENT OF BARLEY CHROMOSOMES

Linde-Laursen and Bothmer, 1999 studied the order of elimination of barley chromosomes in hybrids with Hordeum lechleri. In one cross 4H was the last to be eliminated, but varietal differences were found.

References

Choi D.-W., B. Zhu and T.J. Close. 1999. The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) dehydrin multigene family: sequences, allele types, chromosome assignments, and expression characteristics of 11 Dhn genes of cv Dicktoo. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 1234-1247.

Dávila J.A., Y.Loarce and E. Ferrer. 1999. Molecular characterization and genetic mapping of random amplified microsatellite polymorphism in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 265-273.

Ellis R.P., B.P. Forster, D. Robinson, L.L. Handley, D.C. Gordon, J.R. Russell and W. Powell. 2000. Wild barley: a source of genes for crop improvement in the 21st century? Journal of Experimental Botany 51 (in press).

Forster B.P., R.P. Ellis, W.T.B. Thomas, A.C. Newton, R. Tuberosa, D. This, R.A. El-Enein, M.H. Bahri and M. Ben Salem. 2000. The development and application of molecular markers for abiotic stress tolerance in barley. Journal of Experimental Botany 51 (in press).

Ivandic V., R.A. Malyshev, V. Korzum, A. Graner and A. Borner. 1999. Comparative mapping of gibberellic acid-insensitive dwarfing gene (Dwf2) on chromosome 4HS in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 728-731.

Jefferies S.P., A.R. Barr, A. Karakousis, J.M. Kretschmer, S. Manning, K.J. Chalmers, J.C. Nelson, A.K.M.R. Islam and P. Langridge P. 1999. Mapping of chromosome regions conferring boron toxicity tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 1293-1303.

Kilian A. and A. Kleinhofs. 1992. Cloning and mapping of telomere-associated sequences from Hordeum vulgare L. Molecular and General Genetics 235: 153-156.

Kilian A., D. Kudrna and A. Kleinhofs. 1999. Genetic and molecular characterization of barley chromosome telomeres. Genome 42: 412-419.

Korzun V., R.A. Malyshev, R.A. Pickering and A. Börner. 1999. RFLP mapping of a gene for hairy leaf sheath using a recombinant line from Hordeum vulgare L. x Hordeum bulbosum L. cross. Genome 42: 960-963.

Larson S.R. and V. Raboy. 1999. Linkage mapping of maize and barley myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase DNA sequences: correspondence with a low phytic acid mutation. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99: 27-36.

Leister D., J. Kurth, D.A. Laurie, M. Yano, T. Sasaki, A. Graner and P. Schulze-Lefert. 1999. RFLP- and physical mapping of resistance gene homologues in rice (O. sativa) and barley (H. vulgare). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 509-520.

Linde-Laursen I. and R. von Bothmer. 1999. Orderly arrangement of the chromosomes within barley genomes of chromosome-eliminating Hordeum lechleri x barley hybrids. Genome 42: 225-236.

Mano Y., B.E. Sayed-Tabatabaei, A. Graner, T. Blake, F. Takaiwa, S. Oka and T. Komatsuda. 1999. Map construction of sequence-tagged sites (STSs) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 937-946.

Michalek W., G. Künzel and A. Graner. 1999. Sequence analysis and gene identification in a set of mapped RFLP markers in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 42: 849-853.

Qi X., G. Jiang, W. Chen, R.E. Niks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1999. Isolate-specific QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99: 877-884.

Takeda K. and C.L. Chang. 1998. Studies on root fluorescent mutants in barley. Bulletin of the Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama, Japan 5: 193-202.

Taketa S., G.E. Harrison and J.S. Heslop-Harrison. 1999. Comparative physical mapping of the 5S and 18-25S rDNA in nine wild Hordeum species and cytotypes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 1-9.

Thomas W.T.B. 1999. QTL mapping of Net Blotch resistance in a spring barley cross. Proceedings of a Workshop on “Disease resistance and cereal leaf pathogens beyond the year 2000”. COST Action 817 “Population studies of airborne pathogens in cereals”. Martina Franca, Italy, p.54-55.

Yin Z., P. Stam, C. Johan Dourleijn and M.J. Kropff. 1999. AFLP mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield-determining physiological characters in spring barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99: 244-253.

Zhu H., G. Briceño, R. Dovel, P.M. Hayes, B.H. Liu, C.T. Liu and S.E. Ullrich. 1999. Molecular breeding for grain yield in barley: an evaluation of QTL effects in a spring barley cross. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 772-779.

Coordinators report: Chromosome 5H (7)

George Fedak

Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre

Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada

Ottawa, Ontario

Canada K1A 0C6

De la Pena et al., 1999 were the first group to publish on the assignment of molecular markers to QTL for components of Fusarium head blight resistance in barley. Ninety-four previously mapped RFLP markers were screened across a mapping population of 101 F4:7 lines obtained from crossing Chevron and M69. A total of 10 QTL were detected for FHB symptoms, 11 for DON accumulation and 4 for kernel discoloration. Chromosome 7 (5H) contained one QTL for each of the above traits plus a plant height QTL. A heading data QTL on chromosome 7 coincided with one for kernel discoloration.

A high density AFLP map obtained from 103RILs from a 94 x Vada (resistant) hybrid was used to identify QTL for partial resistance to leaf rust (Qi et al., 1998; 1999). The population was phenotyped at both the seedling and adult plant stages with isolate 1.2.1. A total of 6 QTLs for partial resistance to leaf rust were identified in the population. Three of the six QTL were effective at the seedling stage and six were effective at the adult plant stage indicating that two of them were effective at both stages. The QTL designated as Rpq4 was located at a distal location on the short arm of chromosome 7 (5H), was effective at the adult plant stage and combined with Rphq3 on chromosome 6 accounted for most of the phenotypic variance at the adult plant stage. They point out that the map position on chromosome 7S (5HS) of Rpq4 does not coincide with, nor is it close to the location of previously mapped race-specific genes on that chromosome. For example Rph9 and Rph12 (which have been shown to be allelic) have been mapped to the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 7 (Borovkova et al., 1997). An additional

race specific gene, RphQ (a presumed allele at the Rph2 locus) has been mapped near the centromere of 7S and quite distant from Rpq4 at the distal end of that chromosome.

The same L94 x Vada RIL population was subsequently inoculated with a different isolate, isolate 24 (Qi et al., 1999). An additional QTL for seedling resistance (Rphq7) was detected and mapped to a distal location on the long arm of chromosome 7.

In summary, of the total of 8 QTL for partial resistance to leaf rust at the adult stage identified in the two studies, three were effective against both isolates and five were effective against only one of the two isolates. Only one QTL had a substantive effect at both seedling and adult plant stages.

Dehydrins are LEA proteins that are induced in response to low temperature, drought and salinity. Cumulative studies (Choi et al., 1999) indicate that the barley genome contains 13 Dhn genes, based on screening of existing genomic libraries. They are located on chromosomes 3H, 4H, 5H and 6H. Chromosome 5H contains the loci Dhn1, Dhn2 and Dhn9.

The three dehydrin (Dhn) genes on chromosome 5H span a 20 cM region. Included in this interval is Sgh2 the gene determining the winter/spring growth habit (Choi et al., 1999).

A new cereal cyst nematode (Heterodosa avenae) resistance gene, designated as Rha4, from the Australian barley cultivar Galleon was mapped to chromosome 5H (Barr et al., 1998). It is flanked by the RFLP markers XYL (6.2 cM) and BCD298 (12.5 cM).

Three QTL for partial resistance to bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. hordei) were found in the Steptoe x Morex DH population (El Attari et al., 1998). Two were mapped on chromosome 3H and one on 5H near the marker ABC155. The three QTL accounted for 30% of the phenotypic variation in the population.

Severity of five diseases under conditions of natural infection at various test sites was evaluated in the Harrington/TR306 DH population (Spaner et al., 1998). QTL for resistance to three of these diseases involved chromosome 5H. QTL determining resistance to powdery mildew were located on chromosome 4H and 5H; for resistance to leaf rust on chromosomes 2H, 5H and 6H and QTL for resistance to net blotch were identified on chromosomes 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H.

Druka et al., 1999 have done some fine-scale mapping around the rpg4 locus located in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 5HL. The distal RFLP markers around this locus are ABG391 and R273 at 1.6 and 0.8 cM, respectively. The proximal RFLP marker is Aga5 at about 1.8 cM. In preparation for map-based cloning, new RFLP markers have been found that bracket that locus and spaced about 0.5 cM apart. A barley BAC contig across the rpg4 region has been established.

An adult plant resistance QTL for stripe rust resistance in the cultivars Cali-sile and CMB643 has been mapped onto chromosome 5H (Hayes et al., 1999).

Seah et al., 1998 amplified a number of resistance gene analogs (RGA) from wheat and barley using specific primers derived from conserved sequences of the Cre3 cereal cyst nematode resistance locus. Amplifications were made from barley cultivars Chebec and Harrington and mapping of RGA was done on the Steptoe x Morex and Chebec x Harrington DH populations. Two of the most divergent barley RGAs (from the 17 isolated) were mapped. By virtue of the multiple banding patterns it was concluded that the RGAs belonged to multigene families. The clones mapped mainly to long arms of chromosomes 2H(2), 5H(7) and 7H(1). The RGAs mapped to at least seven non homologous loci and in many cases were linked to known disease

resistance loci. On chromosome 5H two and possibly three independent RGA loci were identified.

References

Barr, A.R., K.J. Chalmers, A. Karakousis, J.M. Kretschmer, S. Manning, R.C.M. Lance, J. Lewis, S.P. Jeffries and P. Langridge. 1998. RFLP mapping of a new cereal cyst nematode resistance locus in barley. Plant Breed. 117: 185-187.

Borovkova, I.G., Y. Jin, B.J. Steffenson, A. Kilian, T.K. Blake and A. Kleinhofs. 1997. Identification and mapping of a leaf rust resistance gene in barley line Q21861. Genome 40:236-241.

Choi, D.W., B. Zhu and T.J. Close. 1999. The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) dehydrin gene family; sequences, allele types chromosome assignments, and expression characteristics of 11 Dhn genes of cv. Dicktoo. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98: 1234-1247.

Choi, D.-W., Koag, M.C. and T.J. Close. 1999. Allelic variation and genetic mapping of barley dehydrin (Dhn) genes. Plant and Animal Genome VII abstract p. 182.

De la Pena, R.C., K.P. Smith, F. Capettini, G.L. Muehlbauer, M. Gallo-Meagher, R. Dill-Macky, D.A. Somers and D.C. Rasmussen. 1999. Quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Fusarium head blight and kernel discoloration in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99: 561-569.

Druka, A., D. Kudrna, F. Han, A. Kilian, B. Steffenson, Y. Yo, D. Frisch, J. Tomkins, R. Wing and A. Kleinhofs. 1999. Map based cloning of barley rpg4 gene. Plant and Animal Genome VII, abstract p. 178.

El Attari, H., A. Rebai, P.M. Hayes, G. Barrault, G. Dechamp-Guillaume and A. Sarrafi. 1998. Potential of double haploid lines and localization of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for partial resistance to bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv hordei) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96: 95-100.

Hayes, P.M., X. Chen, A. Corey, M. Johnston, A. Kleinhofs, J. Korte, D. Kudrna, T. Toojinda and H. Vivar. 1999. A summary of barley stripe rust mapping efforts. Plant and Animal Genome VII p. 179.

Qi, X., R.E. Niks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1998. Identification of QTL for partial resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96: 1205-1215.

Qi, X., G. Jiang, W. Chen, R.E. Niks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1999. Isolate specific QTL for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99: 877-884.

Seah, S., K. Sivasithamparam, A. Karakousis and E.S. Lagudah. 1998. Cloning and characterization of a family of disease resistance gene analogs from wheat and barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97: 937-945.

Spaner, D., L.P. Shugar, T.M. Choo, I. Falak, K.G. Briggs, W.G. Legge, D.E. Falk, S.E. Ullrich, N.A. Tinker, B.J. Steffenson and D.E. Mather. 1998. Mapping of disease resistance loci in barley on the basis of visual assessment of naturally occurring symptoms. Crop Sci. 38: 843-850.

Coordinator's Report: Chromosome 7H

Lynn Dahleen

USDA-Agricultural Research Service,

Fargo, ND 58105, USA

Mapping projects continued at full speed in 1999, adding many new markers, genes and QTLs to all chromosomes of barley, including chromosome 7H (1). This report briefly describes the additions to chromosome 7H (1), covering all the literature I was able to find and obtain through North Dakota State University’s library. If you have additional papers with markers or genes on chromosome 7H (1), please mail a reprint to me for inclusion in next years report.

Kilian et al.,.1999 continued their work on barley telomere markers, increasing the number of marked chromosome ends to ten. They identified additional markers that cosegregate with the most distal marker on 7HS (1S), Tel1S. These new markers are PCR-based using a single primer encoding HvRT-like sequences. These markers should be usable in any lab as they were reproducible when different temperature profiles and Taq polymerases were used. Unfortunately, they were unable to locate a telomeric marker for four of the chromosome arms, including the long arm of chromosome 7H (1).

New types of PCR markers were developed by Dávila et al., 1999, based on microsatellite primed-PCR (MP-PCR), which uses a dinucleotide repeat primer with an arbitrary 10-mer primer, and random amplified microsatellite polymorphisms (RAMP), which uses a single dinucleotide repeat primer to amplify DNA. Both of these methods amplify multiple bands. Thirty-three of these bands were mapped on the Steptoe/Morex map, six of them on chromosome 7H (1). These included two markers that mapped to the end of the short arm, one in the middle of the short arm, two on the short arm near the centromere, and one on the long arm near the centromere. Several of these markers mapped to regions with poor RFLP coverage.

Leister et al., 1999 examined consensus resistance gene nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) homolog sequence diversity and conservation, and compared linkage of these sequences with mapped resistance genes in rice and barley. Out of the nine barley NBS-LRR homologs evaluated, one mapped to the short arm of chromosome 7H (1). The mapping populations tested did not segregate for Rpg1, but comparative placement based on flanking markers indicated that the NBS-LRR homolog mapped to the same region as Rpg1.

Shan et al., 1999 identified 174 chromosome-specific AFLP markers in wheat-barley addition lines, including 40 located on barley chromosome 7H (1). They then tried to convert 10 barley-specific and 16 wheat-specific AFLP fragments to sequence-specific PCR markers. Only six of the 26 primer sets amplified DNA only from the expected chromosome, indicating that there often are problems in converting AFLP polymorphisms into sequence-specific PCR markers.

Mano et al., 1999 developed 43 new STS primer pairs from sequences of RFLP clones, including 19 that amplified polymorphic products between Azumamugi (A) and Kanto Nakate Gold (KNG). Four of the STS products located on chromosome 7H (1) by wheat-barley addition lines were monomorphic on A x KNG, preventing precise map location. Of the other three primer sets, MWG832 showed polymorphism after amplification, and cMWG704 and MWG2062 detected polymorphism after restriction enzyme digestion. The chromosome locations of these STS markers matched the locations of the RFLP clones that were used to determine the primer sequences.

Ramsay et al., 1999 examined 290 clones [four from chromosome 7H (1)], containing dinucleotide repeats from SSR-enriched libraries. A high percentage of the sequences were associated with retrotransposon-like and other repetitive elements. One of the chromosome 7H (1) clones, Bmag0004, was directly associated with the retrotransposon BARE-1. The other three clones, Bmag0110, Bmag0217 and Bmag0228 showed significant homology to the dispersed repetitive element R173. The specific relationship of the SSR sequences to the retrotransposon sequences was determined and characteristic patterns of SSR sequence insertion were observed for each retrotransposon. The authors discuss some of the implications of these associations.

Partial sequences of 43 cDNA and 259 genomic DNA clones were determined by Michalek et al., 1999 and compared to sequences on the major protein and nucleic acid databases. For the cDNA clones, 53% showed significant similarity to protein sequences and 35% to nucleic acid sequences. Only 9% of the genomic clones showed similarities to nucleic acid sequences. From chromosome 7H (1), six of the cDNA clones and three of the genomic clones sequenced showed similarity to known genes in the databases. Types of genes showing similarity to the chromosome 7H (1) clones included an AT-hook protein, a transketolase, and a peroxidase. The nine genes showing similarity came from a variety of different plant and bacterial species.

Ma et al., 1999 have been examining genes involved in phytosiderophore biosynthesis. These mugineic acids are involved in Fe acquisition, helping barley survive in soils with low available iron. Two genes involved in hydroxylations that convert 2'-deoxymugineic acid to 3-epihydroxymugineic acid (epiHMA) work in concert, one on chromosome 4H that hydroxylates the C-2' position, and one on the long arm of chromosome 7H (1), which hydroxylates the C-3 position. Both genes are required to produce epiHMA.

A major gene conferring resistance to the spot form of net blotch (SFNB) was identified and mapped from the cultivar Galleon by Williams et al., 1999. This gene, named Rpt4, explained 80% of the variation in the Galleon x Haruna Nijo mapping population, and was located on the long arm of chromosome 7H (1). When the nearest linked RFLP marker (PSR117-D) was used to select resistant lines from another Galleon-derived population, the SFNB phenotype was correctly predicted in 22 out of 24 progeny, verifying the effectiveness of the linked marker for marker-assisted selection of Rpt4.

Qi et al., 1999 located isolate-specific QTLs involved in partial resistance to barley leaf rust at both the seedling and adult plant stages. Three of these QTL were located on chromosome 7H (1). Rphq1, which had been found previously to have a small effect against isolate 1.2.1, had no effect on isolate 24. The other two QTLs from chromosome 7H (1), Rphq8 and Rphq9, were only effective against isolate 24, only at the adult plant stage. The map position for Rphq8 coincided with a minor QTL for days to heading.

Stripe rust reaction was evaluated by Pecchioni et al., 1999 in 97 doubled haploid lines from Proctor x Nudinka, and they placed seven pathogen response (PR) genes on the linkage map. Two of the PR genes cosegregated near the end of the long arm of chromosome 7H (1), Chi1 coding for barley chitinase and Tha, coding for a barley thaumatin-like protein. A major QTL (r²=58.5%) was located near the centromere on chromosome 7H (1). A second, minor QTL (r²=3.0%) was located in the middle of the long arm of chromosome 7H (1). None of the QTLs identified were located near the PR genes tested.

Therrien, 1999 reevaluated a data set from a population segregating for loose smut resistance and a number of morphological markers. What was first thought to be a two-gene system for resistance, was in fact a quantitative system. Four of the morphological markers showed significant linkage including Chlorina seedling 8 (fch8) on chromosome 7H (1), which was linked (44 cM) to resistance.

Yin et al., 1999 used an AFLP map to locate QTL for yield-determining physiological traits in a Prisma x Apex recombinant inbred population. A threshold LOD value of 3.0 was used to select QTL. Regions with an LOD between 2.5 and 3.0 were considered “suggestive” for QTLs. Of the eight QTL located on chromosome 7H (1), six were suggestive for QTLs for height, pre- and post-flowering duration and fraction of shoot biomass partitioned to ears. Two QTL from chromosome 7H (1) had an LOD>3.0, one associated with the fraction of shoot biomass partitioned to leaves, and the other associated with yield. All eight of these QTL were detected in only one of the two years of field tests.

Kleinhofs, 1999 provided an update on the current state of the integrated molecular/morphological map. Morphological/physiological markers placed on the chromosome 7H (1) molecular map include brh1, wax, fch12, cer-ze, fch5, Lga, nar3, pmr, nud, mo6b, lks2, msg10, and Xnt1.

In another map integration paper, Korzun and Künzel, 1999 report on the completion of their project to integrate the physical and molecular maps of barley by integrating 32 translocation breakpoints of chromosome 7H (1) into the corresponding Igri/Franka-derived RFLP map. Seven of the translocation breakpoints mapped between cosegregating markers, providing a physical split in marker clusters. This project provides barley researchers with valuable materials for gene mapping and isolation.

References

Dávila, J. A., Y. Loarce and E. Ferrer. 1999. Molecular characterization and genetic mapping of random amplified microsatellite polymorphism in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:265-273.

Kilian, A., D. Kudrna and A. Kleinhofs. 1999. Genetic and molecular characterization of barley chromosome telomeres. Genome 42:412-419.

Kleinhofs, A. 1999. Coordinator’s report: integrating barley molecular and morphological/ physiological marker maps. BGN 29:

Korzun, L. and G. Künzel. 1999. Integration of 32 translocation breakpoints of chromosome 7H (1) into the corresponding Igri/Franka-derived RFLP map. BGN 29:

Leister, D., J. Kurth, D.A. Laurie, M. Yano, T. Sasaki, A. Graner and P. Schulze-Lefert.1999. RFLP- and physical mapping of resistance gene homologues in rice (O. sativa) and barley (H. vulgare). Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:509-520.

Ma, J.F., S. Taketa, Y.-C. Chang, T. Iwashita, H. Matsumoto, K. Takeda and K. Nomoto. 1999. Genes controlling hydroxylations of phytosiderophores are located on different chromosomes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Planta 207:590-596.

Mano, Y., B.E. Sayed-Tabatabaei, A. Graner, T. Blake, F. Takaiwa, S. Oka and T. Komatsuda. 1999. Map construction of sequence-tagged sites (STSs) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:937-946.

Michalek, W., G. Künzel and A. Graner. 1999. Sequence analysis and gene identification in a set of mapped RFLP markers in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 42:849-853.

Pecchioni, N., G. Vale, H. Toubia-Rahme, P. Faccioli, V. Terzi and G. Delogu. 1999. Barley-Pyrenophora graminea interaction: QTL analysis and gene mapping. Plant Breeding 118:29-35.

Qi, X., G. Jiang, W. Chen, R.E. Nicks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1999. Isolate-specific QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:877-884.

Ramsay, L., M. Macaulay, L. Cardle, M. Morgante, S. degli Ivanissevich, E. Maestri, W. Powell and R. Waugh. 1999. Intimate association of microsatellite repeats with retrotransposons and other dispersed repetitive elements in barley. Plant J. 17:415-425.

Shan, X., T.K. Blake and L.E. Talbert. 1999. Conversion of AFLP markers to sequence-specific PCR markers in barley and wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:1072-1078.

Therrien, M.C. 1999. The possibility of quantitative inheritance of loose smut in barley. BGN 29:

Williams, K.J., A. Lichon, P. Gianquitto, J.M. Kretschmer, A. Karakousis, S. Manning, P. Langridge and H. Wallwork. 1999. Identification and mapping of a gene conferring resistance to the spot form of net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f maculata) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:323-327.

Yin, X., P. Stam, C. Johan Dourleijn and M.J. Kropff. 1999. AFLP mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield-determining physiological characters in spring barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:244-253.

Integrating Molecular and Morphological/Physiological Marker Maps

A. Kleinhofs

Dept. Crop and Soil Sciences

Washington State University

Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA

Considerable progress in refining barley genetic maps has taken place during the past year. I have posted the BIN maps at “http://barleygenomics.wsu.edu”. These maps are based on the Steptoe x Morex (SM) map and markers mapped in other crosses are located only to BINs unless they can be approximated precisely to the SM map based on nearby common markers. These maps are frequently updated as new information is incorporated. However, they are not very user friendly and it is often hard to find the information one is looking for, therefore, we are in the process of developing a searchable database that is connected to the maps. A test version is available at “http://www.wsu.edu/~druka/webdata/search.htm”. Comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome. Barley morphological modeling can be found at

“http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/bucksorlin/”

and Künzel’s physical maps at “http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/Barley_physical/”.

The Vrs1 locus was mapped to chromosome 2 (2H) with 929 chromosomes 0.1 cM distal from cMWG669 and 0.9cM proximal from MWG865 (Komatsuda et al., 1999). The MWG865 marker is mapped in SM allowing accurate positioning of the Vrs1 locus in the chr2 BIN map. Since the Vrs1 locus has been used to map other morphological markers (Franckowiak, 1997; Sogaard and von Wettstein-Knowles, 1987) it allows reasonable positioning of these markers as well.

Three dwarfing genes were mapped with reference to molecular markers (Borner et al., 1999; Ivandic et al., 1999). The Dwarf2 (Dwf2) gene was mapped to chromosome 4S (4HS) 5.7 cM proximal to hvOle (PCR derived from the Ole1 locus which is mapped in SM). The GA-sensitive (GA-less; gal) mutant was mapped to chromosome 2 (2H) 3.6 cM distal from the cosegregating markers MWG581, MWG882, and MWG2212 and 9.5 cM proximal to ksuG5. On the SM map the closest flanking markers are MWG503, 6.7 cM proximal and ksuD22, 12.5 cM distal. The GA-insensitive (GA-ins; gai) mutant cosegregated with MWG2058 and MWG2287 on chromosome 2 (2H) (not on the SM map) and was 1.8 cM proximal to MWG557 (cosegregates with B15C in the SM map). These markers allow the placement of all 3 dwarfing loci on the combined BIN maps. A high resolution map of the brh1 (brachytic1) mutant FN53 induced in cv. Steptoe placed it less than 1 cM distal to BCD129 on chromosome 1 (7H) (Li Ming et al, AK lab, unpublished). These data are in good agreement with those previously reported (Jin et al., 1993) and allow us to position fch12 (fc) and fch5 (f5).

Two low phytic acid (lpa1-1 and lpa2-1) mutants were mapped to barley chromosomes 2 (2H) and 1 (7H), respectively (Larson et al., 1998). The lpa1-1 locus cosegregated with ABC157 and was placed on the map. The lpa2-1 locus resides in a poorly defined region distal from ABC151B and proximal to ABC310B and was not placed on the map. The barley myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase gene was cloned and mapped to a single locus on chromosome 4 (4H), thus, neither lpa1 nor lpa2 seem to represent the structural gene for this enzyme (Larson and Raboy, 1999).

The Brittle rachis 2 (Btr2) trait was mapped to chromosome 3 (3H) between the markers ABC171 and ABG396 using the Bowman backcrossed line GSHO1937 obtained from J. Franckowiak (Kandemir et al., 2000). The ABC171-ABG396 segment is approximately 38 cM and approximates the H. spontaneum region introgressed into cv. Bowman. This locus was not placed on the map.

Magnesium chelatase subunits are encoded by the Xantha-f (xan-f), Xantha-g (xan-g), and Xantha-h (xan-h) genes (Jensen et al., 1996). The genes were mapped to chromosome arm location using barley-wheat telosomic addition lines. xan-f mapped to 2S while xan-h mapped to 1 (7H)L (Hansson et al., 1998). xan-g was recently cloned, but has not been mapped (Petersen et al., 1999). The gene designations used do not correspond to those in BGN vol. 26.

The updated morphological marker maps are shown in Fig.1 (following page).

References

Borner, A., V. Korzun, S. Malyshev, V. Ivandic, V. and A. Graner. 1999. Molecular mapping of two dwarfing genes differing in their GA response on chromosome 2H in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99: 670-675.

Franckowiak, J. 1997. Revised linkage maps for morphological markers in barley, Hordeum vulgare. Barley Genetics Newsletter, 26: 9-21.

Hansson, M., S.P. Gough, C.G. Kannangara and D. von Wettstein. 1998. Chromosomal locations of six barley genes encoding enzymes of chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis and the sequence of the ferrochelatase gene identify two regulatory genes. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 36: 545-554.

Ivandic, V., S. Malyshev, V. Korzun, A. Graner and A. Borner. 1999. Comparative mapping of a gibberellic acid-insensitive dwarfing gene (Dwf2) on chromosome 4HS in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98: 728-731.

Jensen, P. E., R.D. Willows, B.L. Petersen, U.C. Vothknetcht, B.M. Stumman, C.G. Kannangara, D. von Wettstein and K.W. Henningsen. 1996. Structural genes for Mg-chelatase subunits in barley: Xantha-f, -g and -h. Mol. Gen. Genet. 250: 383-394.

Jin, Y., B.J. Steffenson and J.D. Franckowiak. 1993. Linkage between the Rpg1 gene for stem rust resistance and the f5 locus on barley chromosome 1. Crop Sci. 33: 642-643.

Kandemir, N., D.A. Kudrna, S.E. Ullrich and A. Kleinhofs. 2000. Molecular marker assisted genetic analysis of head shattering in six-rowed barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press).

Komatsuda, T., W. Li, F. Takaiwa and S. Oka. (1999). High resolution map around the vrs1 locus controlling two- and six-rowed spike in barley, Hordeum vulgare. Genome 42: 248-253.

Larson, S. R. and V. Raboy. 1999. Linkage mapping of maize and barley myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase DNA sequences: correspondence with low phytic acid mutation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99: 27-36.

Larson, S. R., K.A. Young, A. Cook, T.K. Blake and V. Raboy. 1998. Linkage mapping of two mutations that reduce phytic acid content of barley grain. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97: 141-146.

Petersen, B. L., M.G. Moller, P.E. Jensen and K.W. Henningsen. 1999. Identification of the Xan-g gene and expression of the Mg-chelatase encoding genes Xan-f, -g, and -h in mutant and wild type barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Hereditas 131: 165-170.

Søgaard, B. and P. von Wettstein-Knowles. 1987. Barley: genes and chromosomes. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 52: 123-196.

Click here for enlarged image

Coordinator's Report: Barley Genetics Stock Collection

A.Hang

USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility,

Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, USA

More than 400 barley genetic stocks derived from Bowman backcrosses were planted in the field at Aberdeen, Idaho, for evaluation and for seed increase.

A set of 94 doubled haploid (DH) multiple markers genetic stocks, designated Oregon Wolfe Barley (OWB) and developed by Dr. Patrick Hayes at Oregon State University, were planted in Aberdeen, Idaho for seed increase. Seeds are maintained at the National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility at Aberdeen for distribution.

Seeds of the following multiple marker stocks for the seven barley chromosomes were also increased:

Markers for chromosome 1H: Third outer glume, Chlorina seedling 3 (trd, fch3)

Markers for chromosome 2H: White streak 4, Glossy sheath 5 (wst4, gsh5)

Markers for chromosome 3H: Curly 2, Chlorina seedling 2 (cur2, fch2); Curly 2, Yellow streak 2, Uzu or Semi-brachytic (cur2, yst2, uzu)

Markers for chromosome 4H: Chlorina seedling 9, Hooded lemma, Short awn 5 (fch9, Kap, lks5)

Markers for chromosome 5H: Variegated 1, Mottled leaf 2 (var1, mtt2)

Markers for chromosome 6H: Uniculm 2, Orange lemma (cul2, rob)

Markers for chromosome 7H: Chlorina seedling 8, Short awn 2, Naked caryopsis (fch8, lks2, nud) Glossy sheath 3, Chlorina seedling 12 (gsh3, fch12).

The world collection of translocation stocks in barley collected by Dr. R.T. Ramage will be planted in the field at Aberdeen in the spring of 2000 for seed increase.

Evaluation of Semidwarf Barleys from the Barley Genetic Stock Collection

An Hang, J.D. Franckowiak and K. Satterfield; USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID., North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, and University of Idaho, Aberdeen, ID, USA

The seven lines used in this study, were among 565 barley genetic stocks obtained from Dr. J.D. Franckowiak, North Dakota State University (Franckowiak and Pecio, 1991). These specific lines were derived from crosses between Bowman, a two-rowed, drought tolerant cultivar and various mutant stocks. The genetic stocks, many of which were semidwarf types, were planted in 1996 at Aberdeen, ID for seed increase. Thirty-four semidwarf lines were selected and planted under irrigation at Aberdeen in 1997 to compare their agronomic performance with the normal height parent Bowman. After screening these semidwarf lines, seven were selected to evaluate in the field for the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons at two Idaho locations, under irrigation at Aberdeen and on dryland at Tetonia. These selected lines were planted along with the cultivar Bowman in four-row, 2.4 meter long plots with four replications in a randomized complete block design. Only the two center rows were harvested. Heading date, plant height, seed weight, and seed yield were recorded.

At both locations, the average heading dates of the semidwarf derived lines were similar to Bowman, with the exception of a line derived from a ‘Triumph’ and Bowman cross. This line tended to head 5-6 days later at both locations. The average plant height of the semidwarf lines was 3.8 cm to 20.9 cm shorter than Bowman on dryland, with the exception of the line Bowman*5/DWS 1249 HJA 80089, which nearly equaled Bowman under dryland conditions. Under irrigation at Aberdeen, the average plant height of the semidwarf lines was 4.5 cm to 22.9 cm shorter than Bowman. Seed weight and seed yield of derived lines were very comparable to Bowman under irrigation at Aberdeen, although one line, Triump/4* Bowman, yielded higher than Bowman (Table 1). On dryland at Tetonia, none of the semidwarf derived lines equaled Bowman in seed weight and seed yield (Table 2). Our study indicated that under irrigated conditions, semidwarf derived lines performed as well as the normal height parent and bettered the parent in one case. However, on dryland these lines cannot compete with the normal height parent. As mentioned above, Bowman is a drought tolerant cultivar and well adapted in many non-irrigated areas. The semidwarf derived lines used in our study were from different sources including Jotun mutant, Triumph, erectoides genes, and others. Semidwarf lines derived from Jotun and ‘Diamond’ have been frequently selected in barley breeding programs (Pecio and Franckowiak, 1989). Previous studies showed that semidwarf genes in barley are often associated with many undesirable characteristics such as late maturity, lower yield, lower test weight, lower kernel plumpness, and disease susceptibility (Ali et al., 1978; Foster and Thompson, 1987; Thomas et al., 1991; Nedel et al., 1993; Hellewell and Rasmusson, 1995). Our results indicate that environment is an important limiting factor for the deployment of the semidwarf genes. The average annual rainfall at Tetonia is approximately 44 cm. Under such condition, breeding for dwarf or semidwarf barley lines seems to be unnecessary because the crop naturally tends to be short on dryland. Development of semidwarf barleys for irrigated environments in Idaho and the Western United States is more practical and can be achieved.

Table 1: Means of Three Years Agronomic Data for Lines Derived from Bowman Crossed with Semidwarf Barleys under Irrigation at Aberdeen, ID.

Line	Heading Day	Height (cm)	100-Seed Weight (gm)	Seed Yield
Bowman	196	97.4	4.9	1100
Bowman*7/DWS1234 Jotun Derv.	197	74.5	4.8	1177
Bowman*5/DWS1249 HJA 80089	196	90.8	5.1	1066
Bowman*4DWS1072SA6102 2-2-4-8sdw	196	92.9	5.2	1048
DWS 1048OUM168/6*Bowman	197	77.1	4.0	1065
DWS 1121/ert-zc.149/3*Bowman	197	78.1	4.6	1073
Mat-f.23/2*Bowman	196	88.1	4.9	1094
Triumph/4*Bowman	201	80.3	4.8	1302

Table 2: Means of Three Years Agronomic Data for Lines Derived from Bowman Crossed with Semidwarf Barleys on Dryland at Tetonia, ID.

Line	Heading Day	Height (cm)	100-Seed Weight (gm)	Seed Yield
Bowman	196	73.7	4.6	1006
Bowman*7/DWS1234 Jotun Derv	197	53.4	4.0	826
Bowman*5/DWS1249 HJA 80089	196	74.1	4.5	945
Bowman*4DWS1072SA6102 2-2-4-8sdw	196	69.6	4.4	795
DWS 1048OUM168/6*Bowman	197	60.0	3.7	820
DWS 1121/ert-zc.149/3*Bowman	197	60.0	4.3	865
Mat-f.23/2*Bowman	196	65.8	4.2	873
Triumph/4*Bowman	201	58.4	4.1	882

References

Ali, M.A.M., S.O. Okiror and D.C. Rasmusson. 1978. Performance of semidwarf barley. Crop Sci. 18:418-422.

Foster, A.E. and A.P. Thompson. 1987. Effect of a semidwarf gene from Jotun on agronomic and quality traits of barley. pp. 979-982. In S. Yasuda and T. Konishi (eds) Barley Genentics V. Proc. Fifth Intl. Barley Genet. Symp., Okayama 1986. Sanyo Press Co., Okayama.

Franckowiak, J.D. and A. Pecio. 1991. Coordinator’s report: Semidwarf genes: A listing of genetic stocks. Barley Genetics Newsletter 21:116-125.

Hellewell, K.B. and D.C. Rasmusson. 1995. Yield enhancement of semidwarf barley. Agron. Abstr. p. 83.

Nedel, J.L., S.E. Ullrich, J.A. Clancy and W.L. Pan. 1993. Barley semidwarf and standard isotype yield and malting quality response to nitrogen. Crop Sci. 33:258-263.

Pecio, A. and J.D. Franckowiak. 1989. Agronomic effects of semidwarf gene in barley. Barley Newsletter 33:101.

Thomas, W.T.B., W. Powell and J.S. Swanston. 1991. The effects of major genes on quantitatively varying characters in barley. 4. The G pert and denso loci and quality characters. Heredity 66:381-389.

Coordinator's report: Trisomic and aneuploid stocks

A. Hang

USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility,

Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, USA

Seven primary trisomics of cultivar SE16 were planted in the greenhouse for seed increase.

A compensating diploid with 2n=12 + 2 acros 6HS^L + 2 acros 6HL^S derived from a cross between a primary trisomic for chromosome 6H and chlorina seedling 13 (fch13) was used to cross to three barley cultivars: Betzes, Bowman, and Klages. Seeds derived from backcross F₄ plants will be planted at two locations in Idaho for evaluating agronomic characteristics.

Reference

Hang, A., C.S. Burton and K. Satterfield. 1998. Nearly compensating diploids involving chromosome 6(6H) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J. Genet. and Breed. 52:161-165.

Aneuploid analysis of yst3 mutant

A. Hang and K. Satterfield, USDA-ARS and University of Idaho, Aberdeen, ID

Yellow streak 3 (yst3) mutant has been described by Tsuchiya, 1984 and Franckowiak, 1997. Primary and telotrisomic analyses have been used unsuccessfully to map the gene (Wang and Tsuchiya, 1990). Wang, 1992 and Tsuchiya and Alanko, 1976 associated yst3 to chromosome 2H, even though data analyses from telotrisomic 2HL and telotrisomic 2HS (Wang, 1992) did not support the conclusion. Wang, 1992 assumed that the telotrisomic for the chromosome 2HS he used might have had an abnormality in the chromosomal structure. We crossed yst3 to primary trisomic 5H, telotrisomic 2HL and telotrisomic 2HS. F₂ segregation data are presented in Table 1. The results showed that high numbers of yst3 mutants were found in the trisomic portion of the F₂ population from crosses between telotrisomic 2HL and 2HS and yst3, indicating that this gene is not associated with 2HL or 2HS. This finding corresponds with Wang’s data, 1992. In a F₂ population of 230 crosses between triplo 5H and yst3, we found no recessive mutant in the trisomic portion. This indicates that yst3 might be associated with chromosome 5H.

Table 1. Segregation ratios in F₂ of crosses between trisomic types and yellow streak 3 (yst3).

	2x			2x + 1		Total
		+	yst3	+	yst3		+	yst3	Total

Triplo 2HL/yst3		48	23	30	9		78	32	110
Triplo 2HS/yst3		68	20	47	13		115	33	148
Triplo 5H/yst3		135	25	70	0		205	25	230

Based on linkage drag from Bowman backcross data, Franckowiak, 1995 mapped this gene on chromosome 3HS. But trisomic analysis in the F₂ population with chromosome 3H showed that among 30 plants from the trisomic portion, 7 recessive mutants (yst3) were observed (Tsuchiya and Alanko, 1976). This means yst3 is not located on chromosome 3. Because of the controversial location of this gene and because the expression of this gene is affected by environment, especially by temperature (Franckowiak, 1997), the yst3 is not a good marker to use.

References:

Franckowiak, J.D. 1995. Note on linkage drag in Bowman backcross derived lines of spring barley. Barley Genetics Newsletter 24:63-70.

Franckowiak, J.D. 1997. BGS 462, Yellow streak 3 (yst3). Barley Genetics Newsletter 26:409.

Tsuchiya, T. and J.V. Alanko. 1976. Genetic studies of two mutations by means of primary trisomic analysis. Barley Genetics Newsletter 6:84-85.

Tsuchiya, T. 1984. BGS 462, yellow streak 3 (yst3). Barley Genetics Newsletter 14:99.

Wang, S. and T. Tsuchiya. 1990. Primary trisomic and telotrisomic analyses of yst3 in barley. Barley Genetics Newsletter 19:62-63.

Wang, S. 1992. Primary trisomic analysis of the yellow stripe 3 (yst3) gene in barley. Barley Genetics Newsletter 21:73-74.

Coordinator's report: Translocations and balanced tertiary trisomics

Gottfried Künzel

Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,

DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany

On the basis of 240 translocation breakpoints (TBs) of 120 T lines, cytogenetically integrated physical RFLP maps of high resolution were constructed for the seven barley chromosomes. Simultaneously, the karyologically definable TB positions could be remarkably refined by the use of a software program specifically designed for that purpose (Künzel et al., 2000). At present, these 120 T lines, most precisely defined as to their TB positions, might represent a special kind of 'Core Collection'. Images of the physically integrated maps together with tables indicating the map positions of the 240 TBs and idiograms of the 120 T-lines are available from GrainGenes at ”http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/Barley_physical/”

and ”http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/Barley_physical/Idiograms/”, respectively.

There is no new information on balanced tertiary trisomics since the latest report in BGN 23. For seed requests please ask the coordinator.

Reference

Künzel, G., Larissa Korzun and A. Meister. 2000. Cytologically integrated physical RFLP maps for the barley genome based on translocation breakpoints. Genetics: 154 (in press).

Coordinator's report: Autotetraploids

Wolfgang Friedt

Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding I

Justus Liebig-University

Ludwigstrasse 23, DE-35390 Giessen, Germany

E-mail: wolfgang.friedt@agrar.uni-giessen.de

Fax: +49 641 99 37429

There is no new information about Autotreploids. A complete list of available barley autotetraploids is descriebed in former issues of Barley Genetics Newsletter (cf. BGN22:103-109 and BGN 23:164-172). These stock lists are still valid and up-to-date. The stocks are maintained at the Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding I in Giessen, Germany, and seed requests can be made to the Coordinator for Autotetraploids at any time. Only small samples can be delivered.

Coordinator's report: Disease and pest resistance genes

Brian J. Steffenson

Department of Plant Pathology

North Dakota State University

Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA

The genetics of powdery mildew resistance was studied in the doubled haploid population Harrington/TR306 to several isolates of Blumeria (=Erysiphe) graminis f. sp. hordei (Falak et al., 1999). Based on observed seedling infection types, the population was classified into four groups. The number of progeny in these groups fit a phenotypic ratio for a two-gene model. One of the two resistance loci mapped to the same location as Mlg (contributed by Harrington), which was previously mapped to chromosome 4 (4H) in the Harrington/TR306 population by Steffenson and Kleinhofs, 1995. The other resistance gene mapped to chromosome 7 (5H) and was tentatively designated Ml(TR) because it was contributed by parent TR306. Evaluation of the progeny in the field revealed, in addition to Mlg and Ml(TR), two QTL contributing to resistance on chromosomes 6 (6H) and 7 (5H).

Qi et al., 1999 investigated QTL for partial resistance (as measured by latent period) to Puccinia hordei (the leaf rust pathogen; isolates 1.2.1 and 24) in a recombinant inbred line population of the cross Vada/L94 at both the seedling and adult plant growth stages. Three and five QTL were identified at the seedling and adult plant stages, respectively, to isolate 1.2.1 in a previous study (Qi et al., 1998). In a later study (Qi et al., 1999), one additional seedling resistance QTL and three additional adult plant resistance QTL were identified in Vada to isolate 24. These were designated Rphq7, Rphq8, Rphq9, and Rphq10 and mapped to chromosomes 7 (5H), 1 (7H), 1 (7H), and 4 (4H), respectively. As in the 1998 study, Qi et al., 1999 identified resistance QTL that were growth stage dependent: Rphq7 was only effective at the seedling stage, whereas Rphq8, Rphq9, and Rphq10 were only effective at the adult plant stage. Overall, ten QTL were identified for partial resistance in Vada to the two isolates of the pathogen, 1.2.1 and 24 (Qi et al., 1998, 1999). Significantly, several resistance QTL were isolate specific. Rphq7, Rphq8, Rphq9, and Rphq10 were only effective against isolate 24, whereas Rphq5 and Rphq6 were only effective against isolate 1.2.1. Only two QTL (Rphq2 and Rphq3) were effective at both growth stages and appeared to be isolate non-specific.

The rym3 gene controlling reaction to Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BaYMV) was first described in Ea 52, a barley mutant induced from the BaYMV susceptible cultivar Chikurin Ibaraki 1 by gamma ray irradiation (Ukai and Yamashita 1980). To determine the chromosomal position of this gene, Saeki et al., 1999 constructed a partial molecular marker map of the cross Ishuku Shirazu (carrying rym3)/Ko A (BaYMV susceptible) and evaluated the progeny for reaction to BaYMV. The rym3 gene was mapped to chromosome 7 (5H) and is flanked by the RFLP markers ABG705A (11.7 cM distal) and MWG28 (7.2 cM proximal).

Konishi (2000; see this volume) proposed a new nomenclature system for genes conferring resistance to BaYMV and Barley Mild Mosaic Virus (BaMMV). Konishi recommends that genes controlling reaction to BaYMV be designated rym (reaction to barley yellow mosaic virus) and those controlling reaction to BaMMV be designated rmm (reaction to barley mild mosaic virus). Although the two viruses are similar in a number of respects and are both members of the bymovirus group, they differ in several important properties (e.g. serology and RNA sequences), most notably their reaction on barley genotypes. Konishi recommends this gene symbol change to avoid confusion concerning the specific virus resistance conferred by these genes.

Simón 1997 studied partial resistance to leaf rust in 116-5, a line originally derived from the cross L94/Cebada Capa. The number of loci contributing to partial resistance as measured by latent period was estimated at 7 to 8. An association was found between the vrs1 (v) locus (controlling the six-rowed spike character on chromosome 2 (2H)) and partial resistance to leaf rust, suggesting that genes contributing to latent period reside on chromosome 2 (2H).

Williams et al., 1999 studied resistance to Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (the spot form of net blotch pathogen) in the doubled haploid population Galleon/Haruna Nijo. Seedlings were evaluated to a mixture of five isolates of P. t. f. maculata, and when a reaction score of 4 (based on a 1 to 9 scale) was used as a threshold for classifying resistant and susceptible plants, a 1:1 segregation was found for the 95 DH lines in the population. This indicates that a single gene (proposed locus symbol of Rpt4; resistance to Pyrenophora teres) confers resistance to P. t. f. maculata in cultivar Galleon. Rpt4 confers dominant resistance and is apparently effective at the adult plant stage. QTL analysis was performed to identify the chromosomal position of the resistance locus. A QTL of major effect (explaining 80% of the reaction variation) was positioned on chromosome 1 (7H) flanked by the RFLP markers CDO673 and PSR117. A review of the nomenclature for this and other genes controlling reaction to P. teres is forthcoming.

Resistance gene cloning and mapping of resistance gene homologues and pathogen related genes.

Using tightly linked genetic markers, Wei et al., 1999 developed a physical contig of YAC and BAC clones that spanned the powdery mildew resistance gene cluster at the locus Mla. The Mla resistance cluster was associated with nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) gene families within a 240 kb interval on chromosome 5 (1H).

Leister et al., 1999 mapped resistance gene analogs (of the NBS-LRR type) in barley and found linkage with the Mla locus for powdery mildew resistance and the Rpg1 locus for stem rust resistance. In a study to elucidate the interaction of barley with the stripe fungus Pyrenophora graminea, Pecchioni et al., 1999 mapped pathogen related (PR) genes. Tha (thaumatin-like locus) and Chi1 (chitinase 1) were mapped to chromosome 1 (7H), Prx7 (peroxidase 7) was mapped to chromosome 2 (2H), Glb32 (b-(1-3)-glucanase isoform 32) to chromosome 3 (3H), Ftt (a fourteen three three (14-3-3) protein analog produced in response to powdery mildew infection) to chromosome 4 (4H), Chs3 (chalcone synthase) to chromosome 5 (1H), and Rip1 (ribosome inactivating protein 1) to chromosome 7 (5H).

Assigning new locus and allele symbols for disease and pest resistance genes.

To assign a new locus and allele symbol for disease and pest resistance genes in barley, it is incumbent upon the investigator(s) to provide evidence that 1) the resistance is conferred by a single gene, 2) the gene confers a unique infection response or reaction pattern compared to other ”known” genes, and 3) allelism tests with potential alleles are negative and/or the gene maps to a unique location. These criteria are based on those recommended by Franckowiak et al., 1997 for leaf rust resistance genes, but are applicable for other resistance genes. In assigning locus symbols, it is recommended that the simple and sensible rules proposed by Moseman 1972 be used. To validate a new locus and allele, please send the appropriate information to me prior to publication, and I will post it on the Graingenes news group for all interested researchers to review. The proposed locus and allele will become validated if other researchers make no objections.

It is desirable to deposit both the original source of the resistance gene (i.e. a pure seed increase from a single plant selection) and the isolate of the pathogen used to identify the gene in an international germplasm and culture repository, respectively. This would ensure that these valuable materials are preserved indefinitely. The accession number and repository location could then be included in the publication validating the new locus and allele.

References

Falak, I., D.E. Falk, N.A. Tinker and D.E. Mather. 1999. Resistance to powdery mildew in a doubled haploid population and its association with marker loci. Euphytica 107:185-192.

Franckowiak, J.D., Y. Jin and B.J. Steffenson. 1997. Recommended allele symbols for leaf rust resistance genes in barley. Barley Genetics Newsletter 27:36-44.

Konishi, T. 2000. Proposed gene symbols for resistance to Barley Mild Mosaic Virus (BaMMV) in barley. Barley Genetics Newsletter 30: (this volume).

Leister, D., J. Kurth, D.A. Laurie, M. Yano, T. Sasaki, A. Graner and P. Schulze-Lefert. 1999. RFLP- and physical mapping of resistance gene homologues in rice (O. sativa) and barley (H. vulgare). Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:509-520.

Moseman, J.G. 1972. Report on genes for resistance to pests. Barley Genetics Newsletter 2:145-46.

Pecchioni, N., G. Valè, H. Toubia-Rahme, P. Faccioli, V. Terzi and G. Delogu. 1999. Barley-Pyrenophora graminea interaction: QTL analysis and gene mapping. Plant Breed. 118:29-35.

Qi, X., G. Jiang, W. Chen, R.E. Niks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1999. Isolate-specific QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:877-884.

Qi, X., R.E. Niks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1998. Isolate-specific QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:1205-1215.

Saeki, K, C. Miyazaki, N. Hirota, A. Saito, K. Ito and T. Konishi. 1999. RFLP mapping of BaYMV resistance gene rym3 in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:727-732.

Simón, M.R. 1997. Asociaciones entre marcadores morfológicos y bioquímicos con la resistancia a roya de la hoja de cebada (Puccinia hordei Otth). Agriscientia 14:3-9.

Steffenson, B.J. and A. Kleinhofs. 1995. Genetics and mapping of powdery mildew resistance in the Harrington/TR306 and Harrington/Morex doubled haploid populations. Barley Newsletter 39:89-91.

Ukai, Y. and A. Yamashita. 1980. Induced mutation for resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus. Jpn. J. Breed. 30:125-130.

Wei, F., K. Gobelman-Werner, S.M. Morroll, J. Kurth, L. Mao, R. Wing, D. Leister, P. Schulze-Lefert and R.P. Wise. 1999. The Mla (powdery mildew) resistance cluster is associated with three NBS-LRR gene families and suppressed recombination within a 240-kb DNA interval on chromosome 5S (1HS) of barley. Genetics 153:1929-1948.

Williams, K.J., A. Lichon, P. Gianquitto, J.M. Kretschmer, A. Karakousis, S. Manning, P. Langridge and H. Wallwork. 1999. Identification and mapping of a gene conferring resistance to the spot form of net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:323-327.

Coordinator's report: Eceriferum Genes

Udda Lundqvist

Svalöf Weibull AB

SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden

e-mail:udda@ngb.se

No new research work on eceriferum genes has been reported since the latest reports in Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN). All descriptions made in the special volume of Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN 26) are still up-to-date and valid. The publication of these descriptions is available under the address:

http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/bgn/

Notice that the address is changed since the latest issue of Barley Genetics Newsletter, BGN 28:

Current lists of new and revised BGS descriptions will be presented in each volume of BGN.

The incorporation and conversion of the descriptions of the eceriferum loci into the International Triticeae Genome Database ”GrainGenes” according to the ACEDB format is still in progress and will hopefully be fulfilled before the next International Barley Genetics Symposium in October 2000. Some major problems have to be solved in order to make the Database successfull. Also the feeding of the images of the different eceriferum genes is still in progress. More pictures have been taken during the summer season of 1999 in Aberdeen, ID, USA.

Many of the stocks of these genes are available at the Genetics Stock Center in Aberdeen, ID, USA. The Swedish eceriferum loci with all the valuable alleles are available at the Nordic Gene Bank, Box P.O. 41, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.

FAX: +46 40 536650, e-mail: nordgen@ngb.se

Researchers in the field of eceriferum genes, ”Glossy sheath” and ”Glossy leaf” are urgently requested to report matters of interest and research to the coordinator as well. Seed requests can be forwarded to the Nordic Gene Bank regarding the Swedish mutants, all the others to the Genetics Stock Center or to the coordinator at any time.

Coordinator's report: Nuclear genes affecting the chloroplast

Diter von Wettstein

Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,

Washington State University

Pullman WA 99164-6420, USA

E-mail: diter@wsu.edu

The stock list and genetic information presented in the Barley Genetics Newsletter 21: 102-108 is valid and up-to-date. The stocks have been transferred to the Nordic Gene Bank. Requests for stocks available for distribution are to be sent to:

Dr. Mats Hansson

Department of Biochemistry

Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Lund University

P.O.Box 124

SE-221 00 Lund SWEDEN

Phone: +46-46-222 0105

Fax: +46-46-222 4534

E-mail: Mats.Hansson@biokem.lu.se

Recent references

Hansson A., C.G. Kannangara, D. von Wettstein and M. Hansson M. 1999. Molecular basis for semidominance of missense mutations in the XANTHA-H (42-kDa) subunit of magnesium chelatase. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 96: 1744-1749.

Wettstein D., von. 2000. Chlorophyll Biosynthesis I: From analysis of mutants to genetic engineering of the pathway. Chapter in Discoveries in Plant Biology. S.D. Kung & S.F.Yang (eds.) Vol.3 p. 1-19 (in press).

Wettstein D., von. 2000. Chlorophyll Biosynthesis II: Adventures with native and recombinant enzymes. Chapter in Discoveries in Plant Biology. S.D. Kung & S.F. Yang (eds.) Vol. 3 p. 1-48 (in press).

Coordinator's report: The Genetic Male

Sterile Barley Collection

M.C. Therrien

Agriculture and Agrifood Canada

Brandon Research Centre

Box 1000A, RR#3, Brandon

Manitoba, Canada R7A 5Y3

E-mail: Mtherrien@em.agr.ca

The GMSBC has been at Brandon since 1992. If there are any new sources of male-sterile genes that you are aware of, please advise me, as this would be a good time to add any new source to the collection. For a list of the entries in the collection, simply E-mail me at the above address. I can send the file (14 Mb) in Excel format. We continue to store the collection at -20°C and will have small (5 g) samples available for the asking. Since I have not received any reports or requests in 1999, there is no summary in my report.

Coordinator's Report: Inversions

B.O.Bengtsson

Department of Genetics, University of Lund

Sölvegatan 29, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden

E-mail: bengt-olle.bengtsson@gen.lu.se

There is no new information on stocks of barley inversions. Every contribution and other research reports in this field are welcome to be sent to the coordinator.

Coordinator's report: Ear Morphology Genes

Udda Lundqvist

Svalöf Weibull AB

SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden

Not much new research work on the different ear morphology genes has been reported since the latest reports in Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN). All descriptions made in the special volume of Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN 26) and later issues are still up-to-date and valid. The publications of these descriptions are available under the address:

http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/bgn/

Notice that the address is changed since the latest issue of Barley Genetics Newsletter, BGN 28.

Current lists of new and revised BGS descriptions will be presented in each volume of BGN.

The incorporation and conversion of the descriptions of the Ear Morphology Genes into the International Triticeae Genome Database ”GrainGenes” according to the ACEDB format is still in progress and will hopefully be fulfilled before the next International Barley Genetics Symposium in October 2000. Some major problems have to be solved in order to make the Database successful. Also the feeding of the images of the different Ear Morphology Genes is still in progress. Another 1000 pictures have been taken during the summer season of 1999 in Aberdeen, ID, USA.

Many of the stocks of these genes are available at the Genetics Stock Center in Aberdeen, ID, USA. The Swedish ”Ear Morphology” loci with all their many valuable alleles are available at the Nordic Gene Bank, Box P.O.41, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.

FAX: +46 40 536650, e-mail: nordgen@ngb.se

Researchers in the field of ear morphology genes are urgently encouraged to submit matters of interest and research to the coordinator as well. Seed requests can be forwarded to the Nordic Gene Bank regarding the Swedish material, all the others to the Genetics Stock Center or to the coordinator at any time.

Coordinator's report: Semidwarf genes

J.D. Franckowiak

Department of Plant SciencesNorth Dakota State University

Fargo, ND 58105, U.S.A.

Börner et al., 1999 mapped the position of two recessive dwarfing mutants in chromosome 2H. The gibberellic acid (GA) insensitive dwarf gai (Hv287), which co-segregated with RFLP markers MWG2058 and MWG2287, is in chromosome 2HS close to the centromere. The GA sensitive mutant gal (Hv288), which co-segregated with RFLP markers MWG581 and MWG882A, is in chromosome 2HL about 22 cM distal from the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus and 55 cM from the gai locus. Ivandic et al., 1999 mapped a dominant GA insensitive dwarf mutant (Dwf2, 93/B694) in chromosome 4HS. They suggested that the Dwf2 mutant, which shows an extremely prostrate growth habit, may be homoeologous with GA insensitive mutants Rht3 and Rht10 of wheat.

Identification of new semidwarf mutants that can be used to improve barley has been rather unsuccessful because most induced mutants are associated with reduced plant vigor and lower yields. Only mutants at the semidwarf 1 (sdw1) locus in chromosome 3HL are widely used to reduce plant height in barley cultivars. Bregitzer et al., 1998 and Molina-Cano et al., 1999 reported recently that mutants induced in semidwarf cultivars are inferior to their parents. Bregitzer et al., 1998 found that somaclonal variants isolated from the cultivar Golden Promise were shorter and lower yielding than their parent. Molina-Cano et al., 1999 found that an ABA-insensitive mutant (TL43) for reduced dormancy in the cultivar Triumph also reduced plant height and grain yield when tested in Spain. Both Golden Promise and Triumph have genes for reduced plant height, ari-e.GP at the breviaristatum-e locus and sdw1.d at the semidwarf 1 locus, respectively. Yin et al., 1999 examined recombinant inbred lines from a Prisma by Apex cross and found that most traits controlling plant height, yield, and yield-determining physiological traits were associated with the sdw1.d or denso allele from Prisma. These reports suggest that plant height mutants in barley often increase the sensitivity of barley to environmental stresses.

Semidwarf genes in Midwestern USA barley cultivars. Control of plant height can reduce lodging and increase yield and yield stability in barley; however, major genes that control culm length have not been identified in six-rowed barley cultivars adapted to the Upper Midwest of the USA. Mutants at the sdw1 locus provide acceptable height control in some barley production areas, but sdw1 mutants have not been successfully incorporated into material adapted to the Upper Midwest, a semi-arid environment where heat and drought stress frequently occur. Most cultivars grown in this area have a six-rowed spike type and are derived from crosses to introductions from Northeastern China.

Peduncle length is positively associated with yield. If semidwarf mutants tend to reduce productivity in barley, other genes that stabilize performance must also exist. Two recent reports indicate that peduncle length is positively associated with yields and yield stability in six-rowed cultivars. Fufa and Gebre, 1998 examined 17 cultivars in Ethiopia under residual moisture conditions and Yahyauoui et al., 1998 studied a collection of 296 landraces in Tunisia. Among spring barley cultivars bred for the USA, the long peduncle trait is frequently observed in six-rowed cultivars. Long peduncles are also a characteristic of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) accessions. These observations indicate that peduncle length may provide a visual assessment of drought and heat stress tolerance in barley.

Development of the cultivar Bowman from two- by six-rowed crosses. Many researchers have crossed two- and six-rowed cultivars to improve barley and have reported that F₁ plants are much taller than either parent (Smith, 1951). Tedin and Tedin, 1926 reported that six-rowed segregates were shorter than two-rowed or intermediate segregates. The gene symbol h (now hcm for short culm) was assigned. Neatby, 1929 demonstrated this locus is linked to the v (now vrs1 for six-rowed spike 1) locus in chromosome 2HL. Subsequent studies found that plant height has a fairly high broad sense heritability and can be associated with photoperiod responses (see Hockett and Nilan, 1985). A complex series of crosses between two- and six-rowed cultivars were used to develop the cultivar Bowman for western North Dakota (Franckowiak et al., 1985). Bowman has height and maturity characteristics similar to those in its six-rowed parents. Other two-rowed lines with a similar growth pattern have been recovered only when Bowman is used as a parent.

Plant height control in Bowman and Bowman backcross-derived lines. Because Bowman does not produce extremely tall F₁ plants when crossed to Midwestern six-rowed cultivars as Morex, it is believed to carry a Vrs1.b - hcm1.a recombinant. Crosses between Bowman and two-rowed cultivars also do not produce extremely tall plants; thus, Bowman likely has some height control genes from its two-rowed parents also. Bowman has been used as the recurrent parent in the development of backcross-derived lines for many morphological markers. However, none of the derived lines seems suitable for study of the linkage distance between the vrs1 and hcm loci. Hence, expression of hcm1.a gene may not be as strong in Bowman as in Midwestern six-rowed cultivars.

Short-stature in two-rowed barley cultivars from Mexico. Two-rowed selections with short stature and normal vigor were found last year in progeny from crosses to the cultivars Shyri and Aleli, developed by the ICARDA/CIMMYT barley breeding program in Mexico. Complex crosses between two- and six-rowed lines are made frequently in the barley improvement program directed by Dr. Hugo E. Vivar. Most short segregates had the Vrs1.b gene from Bowman derived parents instead of the Vrs1.t (deficiens) allele from Shyri and Aleli. The short-stature segregates also exhibited the dominant allele (Int-c.a) at the intermedium spike-c locus. Although its expression is suppressed in Shyri and Aleli, the Int-c.a gene originated from these cultivars. The short-stature segregates appeared shorter than Bowman and had semicompact spikes. This information suggests that Shyri and Aleli have a gene for short height linked closely to the int-c locus in chromosome 4HS and that the short-stature gene interacts with the hcm1.a gene from the Bowman derivatives.

Hordeum intermedium and Bowman backcross-derived lines. If the Int-c.a allele is linked to a gene for short stature, its effects should have been reported in previous studies of crosses between two- and six-rowed cultivars. Cultivars with spikes similar to those of the short-stature segregates were classified previously as H. intermedium (Harlan, 1918). Similar segregates were also recovered by Woodward, 1947 from crosses between two-rowed cultivars and H. deficiens accessions. Shakudo and Kawase in 1951 (see Nilan, 1964) reported that two inhibitors, factors for fertility of lateral florets, reduced culm length in barley. One inhibitor in six-rowed barley is likely the hcm1.a allele in chromosome 2HL and the other is likely associated with the Int-c.a allele. Since backcrossing of two mutants at the int-c locus, int‑c.5 in Bonus and vrs5.n in Gamma 4, into Bowman did not produce short plants or dense spikes (Lundqvist and Franckowiak, 1997), mutants at the int-c locus probably do not have a pleiotropic effect on plant height or spike density. Thus, many six-rowed cultivars probably have a plant height gene closely linked to Int-c.a allele.

Unfortunately, no other morphological markers in barley have been mapped close to the int-c locus. Among the unmapped markers, those that exhibit linkage drag with the Int-c.a allele in Bowman backcross-derived lines might be associated with the plant height gene in question. Four unmapped mutants (brh.m, brachytic; sld.e, slender dwarf; sld.f; and Zeo.h, zeocriton) were associated with the large lateral trait (Franckowiak, 1995). But only the Zeo.h backcross-derived line is similar in plant height and spike density to the short-stature lines selected from the Shyri and Aleli crosses. The donor parent for the Zeo.h line was the Mo1 mutant, isolated by S.E. Ullrich, Washington State University, from the six-rowed cultivar Morex. Spikes of Zeo.h plants are semicompact, but they do not have the large lateral spikelets associated with the Int‑c.a allele. Thus, the Zeo.h line may have the short-stature gene present in Midwest six-rowed barley cultivars. Although allelism tests have not been conducted to verify this conclusion, the locus symbol Zeo3 and the allele symbol Zeo3.h are suggested as identifying symbols to facilitate consideration of linkage relationships.

Linkage between Int-c.a and glossy node loci. Glossy node, little or no surface waxes on nodes of the culm, is a semidominant trait that is present in most Midwestern six-rowed cultivars. This trait is found in neither in spring two-rowed cultivars nor in two-rowed lines derived from crosses to six-rowed cultivars. The Harrington/Morex mapping population of the NABGMP segregated for the glossy node trait, but correct classification of individual lines proved difficult. Preliminary data analysis places the gene for glossy node near a gene for reduced awn length in chromosome 4HS (Kleinhofs and Franckowiak, unpublished).

Development of a Bowman backcross-derived line for glossy node gene has been difficult because the derived lines do not resemble Bowman. They are more robust and have wide leaves, large lateral spikelets, and semicompact spikes. The glossy node stock used as a donor parent was provided by T.M. Blake from the R.F. Eslick’s collection of barley mutants at Montana State University. Since that stock was held under the name yellow node (Yn), the recommended locus using a three letter code symbol would be Ynd. These notes suggest that the glossy node trait (Ynd1.a) is linked in coupling with the Int-c.a and Zeo3.h alleles in six-rowed cultivars.

Development of two-rowed lines with the Zeo3.h gene. As outlined above, at least two interactive plant height control systems that may be present in Midwestern six-rowed barley cultivars. Plant height genes are closely linked to the two loci, int-c and vrs1, primary responsible for spike type in barley. The likely locus orders are Gth hcm vrs1 in chromosome 2HL and Zeo3 Ynd Int‑c in chromosome 4HS. Recovery of short-stature two-rowed lines from a two- by six-rowed cross requires recombination in both regions and should be possible if other undesirable genes are not linked to these complexes. Midwestern six-rowed cultivars have the dominant allele (Gth1.a) at the toothed lemma locus while many European two-rowed cultivars have the recessive allele (gth1.b). Often two-rowed segregates with the gth1.b allele have higher malt extract values than those with the Gth1.a allele. Many two-rowed cultivars have a recessive gene for late maturity about 13 cM proximal from the Gth locus and near the glossy sheath 5 (gsh5) locus in chromosome 2HS.

The phenotypic effects of alleles at the Zeo3 locus will be difficult to quantify because they interact with hcm alleles and probably other plant height genes. However, data on a population in which segregation for plant height occurred only at the Zeo3 may have been published by Zhu et al., 1999. One parent of their DH population, CMB643, was derived a Shyri cross and has the genotype Vrs1.t Int-c.a Zeo3.h, and the other parent, Gobernadora, has a normal two-rowed genotype Vrs1.b int-c.b zeo3. Both parents probably have the dominant allele at the hcm locus. Zhu et al., 1999 found that both the vrs1 and int-c loci are associated with QTLs for Fusarium head blight (FHB) reaction and toxin accumulation. Susceptibility to FHB and larger lateral spikelets were associated with both the Int-c.a allele from CMB643 and with the Vrs1.b allele from Gobernadora. They also reported a strong association between the Int-c.a allele and reduced plant height.

Much more information about plant height control schemes in barley and their interactions with photoperiod and environmental factors is needed. For example, six-rowed barley cultivars may contain also a recessive plant height gene(s) for the long peduncle trait. Yet, what is known about height control genes in six-rowed barley may be adequate to evaluate their potential for increasing the yield and yield stability of barley in semiarid environments.

References

Börner, A., V. Korzun, S. Malyshev and V. Ivandic. 1999. Molecular mapping of two dwarfing genes differing in their GA response on chromosome 2H of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:670-675.

Bregitzer, P., S.E. Halbert and P.G. Lemaux. 1998. Somaclonal variation in progeny of transgenic barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96: 421-425.

Franckowiak, J.D., A.E. Foster, V.D. Pederson and R.E. Pyler. 1985. Registration of ‘Bowman’ barley. Crop. Sci. 25:883.

Franckowiak, J.D. 1995. Notes on linkage drag in Bowman backcross derived lines of spring barley. BGN 24:63-70.

Fufa, F. and H. Gebre. 1998. Agronomic traits in barley grown under residual moisture in Ethiopia. Rachis 17:1-2, 58-60.

Harlan, H.V. 1918. The identification of varieties of barley. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. No. 622.

Hockett, E.A. and R.A. Nilan. 1985. Genetics. p. 187-230. In D.C. Rasmusson (ed.) Barley. Agronomy Monograph No. 26. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

Ivandic, V., S. Malyshev, V. Korzun, A. Graner and A. Börner. 1999. Comparative mapping of a gibberellic acid-insensitive dwarfing gene (Dwf2) on chromosome 4HS in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:728-731.

Lundqvist, U. and J.D. Franckowiak. 1997. BGS 176, intermedium spike-c, int-c. BGN 26:200‑201.

Molina-Cano, J.L., A. Sopena, J.S. Swanston. A.M. Casas, M.A. Moralejo, A. Ubieto, I. Lara, A.M. Perez-Vendrell, and I. Romagosa. 1999. A mutant induced in the malting barley cv Triumph with reduced dormancy and ABA response. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:347-355.

Nilan, R.A. 1964. The cytology and genetics of barley, 1951-1962. Monogr. Suppl. 3, Res. Stud. Vol. 32, No. 1. Washington State Univ. Press, Pullman.

Woodward, R.W. 1947. The I^h, I, i allels in Hordeum deficiens genotypes of barley. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 39:474-482.

Yahyauoui, A.H., S. Rezgui and A.A. Jaradat. 1998. Barley landrace cultivars: source of stress tolerance. p. 321-324. In Triticeae III. Proc. Third Internal. Triticeae Symp., Aleppo, Syria, 4-8 May, 1997. Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield, USA.

Yin, X., P. Stam, C.J. Dourleijn and M.J. Kropff. 1999. AFLP mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield determining physiological characters in spring barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:244‑253.

Zhu, H., L. Gilchrist, P. Hayes A. Kleinhofs, D. Kudrna, Z. Liu, L. Prom, B. Steffenson, T. Toojinda and H. Vivar. 1999. Does function follow form? Principal QTLs for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance are coincident with QTLs for inflorescence traits and plant height in a double haploid population of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:1221-1232.

Coordinator's report: Anthocyanin Genes

Barbro Jende-Strid

Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby Copenhagen, Denmark

There is no further information on flavonoid genes or ant mutants since the last report published in Barley Genetics Newsletter, BGN 28:103. Stock lists have been published in BGN 18:74-79, BGN 20:87-88, BGN 22:136-137 and BGN 24:162-165. Barley Genetic Stock descriptions of the ant genes are published in BGN 29:80-99. Seed requests of the ant stocks can be sent to the coordinator or to The Nordic Gene Bank, Box P.O.41, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden

PHONE: +46 40 536640, FAX: +46 40 536650, e-mail: nordgen@ngb.se

Every contribution and other research reports in this field are welcome to be sent to the coordinator.

Coordinator's report: Early Maturity Genes

Udda Lundqvist

Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden

No new research work on Early Maturity Genes has been reported since the latest reports in Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN). All descriptions made in the special volume of Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN 26) are still up-to-date and valid. The publication of these descriptions is available under the address: http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/bgn/

Notice that the address is changed since the latest issue of Barley Genetics Newsletter, BGN 28:

Current lists of new and revised BGS descriptions will be presented in each volume of BGN.

The incorporation and conversion of the descriptions of the Early Maturity Genes into the International Triticeae Genome Database ”GrainGenes” according to the ACEDB format is still in progress and will hopefully be fulfilled before the next International Barley Genetics Symposium in October 2000. Some major problems have to be solved in order to make the Database successful. Also the feeding of the images of the different Early Maturity Genes is still in progress. More pictures have been taken during the summer season of 1999 in Aberdeen, ID, USA.

Many of the stocks of these genes are available at the Genetics Stock Center in Aberdeen, ID, USA. The Swedish Early Maturity Genes with all the different alleles are available at the Nordic Gene Bank, Box P.O.41, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden, FAX: +46 40 536650, e-mail: nordgen@ngb.se

Researchers in the field of Early Maturity Genes are urgently requested to report matters of interest and research to the coordinator as well. Seed requests can be forwarded to the Nordic Gene Bank regarding the Swedish mutants, all the others to the Genetics Stock Center or the coordinator at any time.

Coordinator's report: Duplication of Chromosome Segments.

Arne Hagberg

Department of Plant Breeding Research

The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

SE-268 31 Svalöv, Sweden

There is no information on new barley duplications of chromosome segments since the last publications in Barley Genetics Newsletter, BGN 25:114. All the chromosome duplication stocks as reported in Barley Genetics Newsletter BGN 21:130-136 are incorporated into the Nordic Gene Bank Their descriptions and cytological analysis are compiled in a database kept there. The material is available to every research worker, and seed requests of the chromosome duplication stocks can be sent to the coordinator or to:

The Nordic Gene Bank

Box P.O.41

SE-230 53 Alnarp Sweden

PHONE: +46 40 536640

FAX: +46 40 536650

e-mail: nordgen@ngb.se

Every contribution and research report in this field are appreciated to be sent to the coordinator. This is the concluding coordinator’s report on barley duplications of chromosomal segments.

Coordinator's report:Wheat-barley genetic stocks

A.K.M.R. Islam

Department of Plant Science, Waite Campus,

The University of Adelaide,

Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia

There is little new information to report for wheat-barley genetic stocks since the last report. Islam reported in 1994 that two doses of barley chromosome 6H can overcome the genetic male-sterility induced by barley chromosome arm 1HL and it is possible to maintain chromosome 1H as a self-fertile monosomic addition line in a disomic 6H background. Since then Islam was able to isolate a disomic-monotelodisomic addition line carrying a pair of barley chromosome 6H and a heteromorphic 1H/1HS pair. This new line is quite stable (94% of the progeny possess either an entire 1H or at least the 1HS arm).

Reference:

Islam, A.K.M. Rafiqul and Kenneth W. Shepherd. 1999. Isolation of a fertile wheat barley addition line carrying the entire barley chromosome 1H. Euphytica 111(2):145-149.