Reaction of barley accessions to BaYMV and
BaMMV in Japan,
compared with data in Germany
Takeo Konishi1
and Renate Kaiser-Alexnat2
1 Faculty of Agriculture,
Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 82-8581, Japan (present address: 294
Okada, Mabi-cho, Kibi-gun, Okayama 710-1311, Japan)
2 Stadtring 71, D-64720
Michelstadt, Germany
Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) causes a
serious damage to barley production, sometimes by mixed infection with barley
mild mosaic virus (BaMMV). Both viruses
are transmitted by a soil-inhabiting fungus, Polymyxa graminis Led.
Recently, some of the BaYMV-resistant cultivars changed to susceptible
due to the appearance of new strains of the virus: the resistant “rym4 cultivars” were infected with the
strain BaYMV-2 in Europe (Huth 1989) and the “rym5 cultivars” were damaged by the strain BaYMV-III in Japan
(Kashiwazaki et al. 1989). To find new
resistance genes to BaYMV and BaMMV, extensive surveys have been conducted in
Europe and East Asia including Japan, Korea and China. However, reactions of barley varieties
obtained from different districts are too complex to compare directly, since
the viruses are differentiated into several strains exhibiting different
reactions to barley genotypes.
When the junior author was supported by the
postdoctoral fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
(JSPS) to study at Kyushu University in 1990, the present investigation was
carried out in Japan. Using the same
barley accessions that were examined in reactions to German BaYMV and BaMMV
strains, we observed their reactions in the fields infested with BaYMV-I in
Fukuoka and with BaMMV-Na in Yamaguchi, respectively. The results to BaYMV-I and BaMMV-Na in Japan (JPN) were compared
with those to BaYMV-1 and BaYMV-2, and BaMMV obtained in Germany (DEU) (Friedt
et al. 1985, Huth 1991, Ordon et al. 1993, Götz and Friedt 1993, and Ordon
1999).
As shown in Table 1, all the accessions were
resistant to Japanese BaYMV-I except Turkey 235 which was susceptible to three
strains of BaYMV. The remaining
accessions were classified into three groups based on their resistance spectrum
to the strains of BaYMV: (1) Most of the accessions were resistant to the three
strains of BaYMV. (2) Some of the
accessions were resistant to Japanese BaYMV-I, but susceptible to German
BaYMV-1 and BaYMV-2. To this group
belong Anson Barley, Bulgarian 347, Corona, Gerbel, Krasnodar 1920 and
Maksimirski 452. (3) The accessions
resistant to BaYMV-1 but susceptible to BaYMV-2 in Germany were resistant to
Japanese BaYMV-I. Most of them carry
the resistance gene rym4, such as
Asorbia, Banjo, Diana, Franka, Ogra and Sonate. These results indicate that resistant accessions to Japanese
BaYMV-I were not always resistant to German strains of BaYMV, and that the German
BaYMV strains were more virulent than Japanese BaYMV-I.
Reactions of barley accessions to Japanese
BaMMV-Na were almost similar to those to German BaMMV. However, some deviating reactions were
found. Some accessions were resistant
to the German strain but susceptible to the Japanese one, such as Asahi 9,
Hayakiso, Misato Golden and others. The
reverse reaction was detected in two accessions, Corona and Gerbel. The difference in the pathogenic spectrum of
the virus indicates that BaMMV is clearly differentiated in Japan and
Germany.
The comparison of reactions to BaYMV and BaMMV
as virus groups showed that Turkey 235 was susceptible to all strains of BaYMV,
but resistant to the Japanese and German BaMMV strains. On the contrary, Japanese accessions, Ea 52
and Ishuku Shirazu carrying the resistance gene rym3 to BaYMV, were susceptible to the both strains of BaMMV in
Japan and Germany. Furthermore, Misato
Golden possessing the resistance gene rym5
was susceptible to BaMMV-Na in Japan, although it was resistant to German
BaMMV, BaYMV-1 and BaYMV-2 as well as to Japanese BaYMV-I. Recently, the same reaction was found in
Asaka Gold, a further rym5 resistant
cultivar, which was susceptible to Japanese BaMMV-Na (unpublished). These
results strongly indicate the resistance genes to BaYMV (rym3 and rym5) are not
pleiotropically effective in resistance to either or both BaMMV strains.
From the comparison between the Japanese and
German strains of BaYMV and BaMMV, the following conclusions are proposed: (1)
Resistance genes to BaMMV are different from those to BaYMV, so the different
gene symbols should be used as rym to
BaYMV and rmm to BaMMV. (2) Resistance genes are not always
effective to all strains of either BaMMV or BaYMV, thus the designation of resistance
genes should be expressed with its resistance spectrum to strain(s) of the
virus. (3) Comparative investigations
should be conducted in different countries and at various locations using the
barley core collection. (4) Finally,
information about resistance to the viruses and virus strains should be
published in a suitable journal or internet as quick as possible.
Acknowledgements
We thank Prof. Dr. W. Friedt (Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding I, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany) for providing seed samples of the barley accessions examined. Thanks are also due to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for financial support.
References
Friedt,
W., W. Huth, H. Mielke and S. Züchner. 1985. Resistenzträger gegen Barley
Yellow Mosaic Virus. Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd. 37:129-135.
Götz,
R. and W. Friedt. 1993. Resistance to the barley yellow mosaic virus complex – Differential genotypic reactions and
genetics of BaYMV-resistance of barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.). Plant Breeding 111:125-131.
Huth,
W. 1989. Ein weiterer Stamm des Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BaYMV) gefunden.
Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd. 41:6-7.
Huth,
W. 1991. Verbreitung der Gelbmosaikviren BaYMV, BaMMV und BaYMV-2 und Screening
von Gerstensorten auf Resistenz gegenüber BaYMV-2. Nachrichtenbl. Deut.
Pflanzenschutzd. 43:233-237.
Kashiwazaki,
S., K. Ogawa, T. Usugi, T. Omura and T. Tsuchizaki. 1989. Characterization of
several strains of barley yellow mosaic virus. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan
55:16-25.
Ordon,
F. 1999. Markergestützte Selektion in der Resistenzzüchtung beim Getreide –
unter besonderer Berücksichtung des Pathosystems Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) –Bymoviren (BaMMV, BaYMV, BaYMV-2). Shaker
Verlag, Aachen, Berichte aus der Agrarwissenschaft, Pp. 131.
Ordon,
F., R. Götz and W. Friedt. 1993. Genetic stocks resistant to barley yellow
mosaic
viruses (BaMMV, BaYMV,
BaYMV-2) in Germany. BGN 22:46-49.
Table 1.
Reaction of barley accessions to Japanese (JPN) and German (DEU) strains
of BaYMV and BaMMV.
|
Accession |
Okayama Univ. No. |
BaYMV-I (JPN) |
BaYMV-1 (DEU) |
BaYMV-2 (DEU) |
BaMMV (JPN) |
BaMMV (DEU) |
|
# 9048 |
OUU343 |
R |
R |
|
R |
R |
|
# 10247 |
OUU022 |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
43-Gamma 18 |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Andrea |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Anson Barley |
|
R |
Suscept |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Asorbia (rym4) |
|
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Asahi 9 |
|
R |
|
|
Suscept |
R |
|
Athene (rym4) |
|
R |
|
|
R |
|
|
Banjo (rym4) |
|
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Barbo |
|
R |
|
|
R |
|
|
Birgit |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
BR421c12 |
|
R |
|
|
R |
|
|
Breunstedts
Schladener |
|
R |
|
|
R |
|
|
Brunhild |
|
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Bulgarian 347 |
OUU615 |
R |
Suscept |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Changchou 2 |
OUC345 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Chikurin
Ibaraki 1 |
|
MR |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Corona |
|
R |
Suscept |
Suscept |
R |
Suscept |
|
Dea |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Diana (rym4) |
OUU774 |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Dura |
|
R |
|
|
R |
|
|
Ea 52 (rym3) |
OUJ555 |
R |
R |
R |
Suscept |
Suscept |
|
Esfahan 3 |
OUI633 |
MR |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
France 7 |
OUU626 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Frances |
|
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Franka (rym4) |
OUU474 |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Gaulois |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Gerbel |
|
R |
Suscept |
Suscept |
R |
Suscept |
|
Gloria |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Hakei I-41 |
|
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Hayakiso |
|
R |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
|
HB 79064 |
|
R |
|
|
Suscept |
|
|
HB 81035 |
|
R |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
|
Hiproly |
|
R |
|
|
Suscept |
|
|
Hsingwuke 2 |
OUC630 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Ishuku Shirazu
(rym3) |
OUJ546 |
R |
R |
R |
Suscept |
Suscept |
|
Iwate Mensury
2 |
OUJ308 |
R |
R |
R |
MR |
R |
|
Iwate Omugi 1 |
OUJ608 |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Japan S-1001 |
|
R |
R |
R |
MR |
R |
|
Kagoshima
Kobai 1 |
OUJ692 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Kairyo Hadaka
2 |
OUJ687 |
R |
|
|
Suscept |
R |
|
Kanto Nijo 19 |
|
R |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
|
Kobinkatagi |
OUJ671 |
R |
R |
R |
MR |
R |
|
Krasnodar 1920 |
OUU320 |
R |
Suscept |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Maksimirski
452 |
OUU321 |
R |
Suscept |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Mangyeong
Naked 3 |
OUK625 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Table 1
(continued) |
||||||
|
Accession |
Okayama Univ. No. |
BaYMV-I (JPN) |
BaYMV-1 (DEU) |
BaYMV-2 (DEU) |
BaMMV (JPN) |
BaMMV (DEU) |
|
Mihori Hadaka
3 (Ym2) |
OUJ373 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Misato Golden
(rym5) |
OUJ848 |
R |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
|
Miyako A |
OUJ610 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Mokusekko 3 (rym1+rym5) |
OUC627 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Muju Covered 2 |
OUK629 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
N. 14 |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Namji Milyandg
Native |
OUK647 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Nirakei 31 |
|
R |
|
|
Suscept |
R |
|
Nirakei 55 |
|
R |
R |
Suscept |
MR |
R |
|
Nittakei 1 |
|
R |
|
|
Suscept |
R |
|
Nixe |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Ogra (rym4) |
|
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Ou 1 |
OUJ613 |
R |
R |
R |
MR |
R |
|
Paisha Tayeh 1 |
OUC630 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Palomino |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Pohang Covered
3 |
OUK660 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Rokkaku 1 |
OUJ624 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Ragusa (rym4) |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Romanze |
|
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Russia 32 |
OUU671 |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Russia 57 |
OUU679 |
R |
R |
R |
MR |
R |
|
Senbon Hadaka |
OUJ246 |
R |
|
|
Suscept |
R |
|
Shahr-kord 1 |
OUI634 |
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Sonate (rym4) |
OUU175 |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Taihoku A |
OUJ697 |
MR |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Turkey 235 |
OUT079 |
Suscept |
Suscept |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Turkey 713 |
OUT837 |
R |
R |
R |
MR |
R |
|
Turkey Naked 2 |
|
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Yane Hadaka 44 |
OUJ645 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
Yukishirazu C |
OUJ611 |
R |
R |
Suscept |
R |
R |
|
Venus |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Wigo |
|
R |
|
|
R |
R |
|
Zairai Rokkaku
|
OUJ619 |
R |
R |
R |
R |
R |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Okayama Univ. No.:
Okayama University Barley Accession Number.
OUJ: Japan. OUK: Korea.
OUC: China. OUI: India and
Southwest Asia.
OUT: Turkey. OUU: Europe.
Data from Germany (DEU)
are referred to Friedt et al. (1985), Huth (1991), Ordon et al. (1993), Götz
and Friedt (1993) and Ordon (1999).
R: Resistant. MR: Moderately resistant.
( ): Resistance gene to BaYMV or BaMMV.