Reports on the Carlsberg collection of flavonoid mutants have been published in BGN Vol. 14, 18, 20 and 22. A complete stock list of mutants was published in Vol. 18 (Jende-Strid, 1988) and later additions to the list in Vol. 20 (Jende-Strid, 1991) and Vol. 22 (Jende-Strid, 1993). This report summarizes the state of the mutant collection in January 1995.
The total number of flavonoid mutants kept at Carlsberg is 766. The majority of them are deficient in proanthocyanidin synthesis in the testa layer of the grains. The collection comprises 658 such mutants. 28 earlier confirmed proanthocyanidin-free mutants have died out or have become outcrossed over the years. In 1994 14 proanthocyanidin-free mutants were isolated in the varieties Caruso and Vintage. Most of the proanthocyanidin-free mutants were isolated between 1978 and 1987. 541 of the mutants are anthocyanin-free, whereas 117 mutants synthesize anthocyanin in different parts of the plant. 516 of the proanthocyanidin-free mutants have been localized to one of 11 genes which affect the pathway of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the barley grain. Almost all the proanthocyanidin-free mutants have been induced by sodium azide treatment of barley grains (Jende-Strid, 1978a).
The collection also contains 108 mutants with altered synthesis of anthocyanin in the plants. 80 mutants are anthocyanin-free or anthocyanin deficient, whereas 28 mutants produce an increased amount of anthocyanin. Most of these mutants originate from Svaløf Weibull AB and are also kept in the Nordic Gene Bank. 70 of the mutants have been localized to one of 18 genes affecting the synthesis of anthocyanin in the plants. All mutants produce a wildtype amount of proanthocyanidin in the grains. These mutants were induced by different chemical mutagens (Jende-Strid, 1978b).
Flavonoid mutants have been induced in 95 spring barley and 14 winter barley lines. The mutants and their mother varieties are kept in a freezer and most of the mutants are only available in small amounts (50 - 200 g).
In all mutants localized to a gene so far the inheritance is recessive.
A new Ant gene locus, Ant 29 was discovered in 1994 and a few
proanthocyanidin-free mutants have been localized to an Ant gene since
the last report in BGN Vol. 22.
A review paper on the genetic control of flavonoid synthesis in barley was published in Hereditas in 1993 (Jende-Strid, 1993).
Summary of the 29 known Ant gene loci:
Locus Number of Antho- Proantho- Located on Special remarks
number mutant cyanin cyanidin chromo-
alleles synthesis synthesis some
Ant 1 4 - + 1 Synonym rub-a
Ant 2 32 - + 2 Synonym pr
Ant 3 3 (+) + Short plants
Ant 4 11 (+) +
Ant 5 4 - + Synonym rs2
Ant 6 2 (+) +
Ant 7 1 (+) +
Ant 8 1 (+) +
Ant 9 1 (+) +
Ant 10 1 (+) +
Ant 11 1 (+) +
Ant 12 1 (+) +
Ant 13 147 - - 6 Coding for a
transcription factor
and might be
homologous to C1 in
maize
Ant 14 1 (+) +
Ant 15 1 (+) +
Ant 16 1 (+) +
Ant 17 177 - - 3 Might code for one
subunit of
the flavanone 3-
hydroxylase
Ant 18 142 - - 1 C o d i n g for
dihydroflavonol
reductase
Ant 19 1 + Probably coding for
leucoantho-
c y a n i d i n
reductase
Ant 20 3 ++ + Bright red awns
Ant 21 8 - - 6 (Falk, 1994)
Ant 22 6 - - 1 Might code for the
other subunit of
flavanone 3-
hydroxylase
Ant 23 1 (+) +
Ant 24 1 (+) +
Ant 25 10 (+) -
Ant 26 8 + - Might code for the
flavanol condensing
enzyme
Ant 27 5 + -
Ant 28 9 + -
Ant 29 3 + (+)
(+) = Trace or small amounts, + = wildtype amounts, ++ = increased amounts
New alleles:
Locus Ant 13: ant 13-406 (in Odin), -437 (in NZ 1836-3), -5017 (in Bollo)
Locus Ant 17: ant 17-280 (Hege 550/75), -2084 (in Hege 694/82), -5019 (in Sonja), -5028 (in Trigger), -5034 (in Kaskade)
Locus Ant 18: ant 18-5018, -5022, -5023 (in Sonja) , -5027 (in Video), -5030, -5041 (in Sonja), -5043 (in Ackermann 27/4/98), -5046, -5048 (in Lucia)
Locus Ant 20: ant 20-1114 (in Gunhild)
Locus Ant 26: ant 26-2008, -2009 (in Grit)
Locus Ant 29: New locus. The mutant plants synthesize a wildtype amount of anthocyanin and the grains can produce a varying but small amount of proanthocyanidin under stress conditions. Mutant alleles: ant 29-2014, -2016 (in Natasha), -2110 (in Ca 708912)
References
Falk, D.E. (1994) Co-ordinator's Report: Chromosome 6. BGN 23:154.
Jende-Strid, B. (1978a) Mutation frequencies obtained after sodium azide treatment in different barley varieties. BGN 8:55-57.
Jende-Strid, B. (1978b) Mutations affecting flavonoid synthesis in barley. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 43:265-273.
Jende-Strid, B. (1988) Co-ordinator's Report: Anthocyanin genes. Stock list of ant mutants kept at the Carlsberg Laboratory. BGN 18:74-79.
Jende-Strid, B. (1991) Co-ordinator's Report: Anthocyanin genes. BGN 20:87-88.
Jende-Strid, B. (1993) Co-ordinator's Report: Anthocyanin genes. BGN 22:136-137.
Jende-Strid, B. (1993) Genetic control of flavonoid biosynthesis in barley Hereditas 119:187-204.