GEORGIA / FLORIDA
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
Department of Agronomy, Griffin, GA 30212, USA.
J.W. Johnson, R.D. Barnett, G.D. Buntin, and Z. Chen.
The 2004 Georgia winter wheat crop was grown on about 330,000
planted acres, a decrease of 13% from the previous year. Oat
acreage was 80,000 acres, a 20 % decrease from last year. Planted
acres planted to rye, 230,000, were 18% less than last year.
The condition of the small grain crops after the dry conditions
were much better than anticipated. Yields of wheat grown by top
producers were around 6000 kg/ha. The growing season was characterized
by mild weather and dry conditions during the winter and spring.
Lack of vernalization was a problem for late maturing cultivars.
Very dry conditions during the late spring contributed to the
low levels of diseases.
Wheat. Vigoro McIntosh is a new cultivar developed by the University of Georgia and the University of Florida. Derived from a backcross 'Gore*2/T83267', the pedigree of Gore is 'Stacy/Coker 797' and the pedigree of T83267 is 'Coker 916/Florida 302'. McIntosh is a medium-late maturing, white chaffed, medium-tall height line. McIntosh matures on average 2 days later than AGS 2000 in Georgia. McIntosh is resistant to currently biotypes of Hessian fly and moderately resistant to races of powdery mildew, and susceptible to leaf rust in Georgia. The cultivar is resistant to WSBMV and stripe rust.
Oat. Horizon 321 is a new winter oat cultivar that has considerable potential for both grain and forage production in the Southeast. This line originated from a cross made in 1997 between a Coker breeding line (Ck92Ab719) and Horizon 314 at the North Florida Research and Education Center at Quincy, Florida, and has the following pedigree: Coker 75-26/CI8341/4/Coker 76-19/Coker 75-27*2/3/Coker 75-26//Coker 76-23/CI8322/5/Horizon 314. Horizon 321 was tested experimentally as FL9708-P37. Horizon 321 is a mid-season winter oat with excellent grain and forage production potential, good test weight and excellent disease resistance. The cultivar most closely resembles its Horizon 314 parent but is about 3 days earlier in heading and has better disease resistance particularly to stem rust. Horizon 321 has white seed similar to Horizon 314 and is medium in height similar to Horizon 474 and about 6 inches shorter than Harrison. The cultivar has very good crown and stem rust resistance to the current races.
Triticale. Monarch (tested experimentally as FL94128-Y1-A8)
resulted from a cross made in the spring 1994 at the North Florida
Research and Education Center at Quincy, FL, with the following
pedigree: M93-188/FL87TH4004-3-N3-R1-S1-T1. M93-188 is a line
obtained from Dr. Robert Metzger, USDA, located at Oregon State
University. M93-188 had the following pedigree: CT583.81//A876/M76-6269.
FL87TH4004-3-N3-R1-S1-T1 is a Florida advanced line with the
pedigree 'Florico/NF117'. NF117 was a winter breeding line from
the Noble Foundation at Ardmore, OK. Across the three locations
Monarch averaged 4,567 lbs of grain/acre compared to several checks
in the trial (AGS 2000 wheat 4,558 lbs/acre, Florico 4,263 lbs/acre,
Arcia 3,393 lbs/acre, and Sunland 3,296 lbs/acre) . Monarch was
ranked 6th in yield among the 42 entries across locations. At
Quincy, Monarch headed 3 days later than Sunland but was 4 days
later in heading at Marianna.
Rye. AGS 104 is a rye for early season forage productions
that will work well in blends with ryegrass for long season forage
production with excellent rust resistance. In appearance, AGS
104 mostly closely resembles Wrens 96 and is slightly later than
Wrens 96 in maturity, but similar in height and seed appearance.
AGS 104 has been released exclusively to AGSouth Genetics.
The effect of introgression of rye chromosome arm from the absence of a corresponding wheat chromosome arm has not been fully studied. The agronomic and milling and baking quality effects of the individual wheat and rye chromosome 1 arms in translocations, substitutions, and nontranslocation lines were determined. Chromosome 1RS significantly increased grain yield depending upon the source of rye chromatin. All translocations and substitutions involved with 1RL had a negative effect on agronomic performance and had significantly higher protein content. The 1RS translocations increased alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC). The baking quality was not dependent on 1RS source in wheat-rye translocations but was dependent upon the wheat chromatin that was replaced by the rye chromatin. The 1RS translocations can be used to improve grain yield when the source is carefully selected from different wheat genetic background. The translocation T1RS·1BL gave the optimum for agronomic performance, whereas T1RS·1AL was the best for milling and baking quality.
Effect of the T1DL·1RS translocation. The influence of the T1DL·1RS genotype on agronomic performance and end-use quality was determined in two crosses. Grain yield and test weight of the 'Kanto/Gabo' (T1DL·1RS) were significantly lower than nonsiblings, but no significant differences were observed in the cross 'Jaypee/Gabo'. The effects of the translocation for quality traits were undesirable for cookie quality. The effects of the translocation on agronomic performance were modified by wheat genetic background, while milling and baking qualities were less affected.
The particles sizes of soft and hard wheat flours at isothermal temperatures exhibited trimodal size distributions. Isolated starch and gluten indicated that the first and second modes were mainly associated with starch granules, while the third mode was related to gluten and particle clusters. Soft wheat flours showed higher volume fractions in the first and second modes indicating more dissociated starch granules. Hard wheat flours had a higher volume fraction of particles ranging above 120 µm at elevated temperatures. Thus, the difference in size of single particles and starch protein aggregates, when comparing soft and hard wheat flour is due to the strength of starch protein interactions.