ITEMS FROM THE UKRAINE

KHARKOV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Svoboda sq. 4, Kharkov, 61007, Ukraine.

 

Manifestation of Vrn gene effects in isogenic winter wheat lines. [p. 176-178]

V.V. Zhmurko, O.A. Avksentyeva, O.U. Gerashchenko, and A.F. Stelmakh.

Vrn genes control the type of development in wheat. In the dominant condition, these genes determine a spring type of the development. In the recessive condition, a winter type is formed. Research into the physiology and biochemical process of these lines may help us determine the nature of the regulation in wheat. Our research studies the possible effects of the Vrn genes on carbohydrate metabolism and oxidizing activity at the different Vrn loci in isogeneic lines. We used two cultivars of the soft wheat, Priboy and Mironovskaya 808, with one and two dominant Vrn genes for spring-type development. These lines were created by A.F. Stelmakh (1998).

Results of our research on development rate show that young spikes formed in lines with the dominant locus 22. In the Priboy lines, dominate locus 11 caused quickest transition to spike formation. The line with the dominant locus 33 formed spikes earlier than the line with locus 22, but later than with locus 11. In the Mironovskaya 808 line with locus 11 and 33, no difference in speed of transition to spike formation is found (Table 1).

Spike formation in the Priboy lines with two dominant loci 2233 was later than in plants with the loci combinations 1122 or 1133. Plants of Mironovskaya 808 with the two dominant loci 1133 or 2233 formed spikes later than those with the dominant locus combination 1122 (Table 1). Locus 22 is shown to be more effective.

Research on oxidizing activity showed that catalase-activity is lower and peroxidase-activity is higher in Priboy and Mironovskaya 808 lines with one dominant locus 22 than at lines with dominant locus 11 or 33 (Table 2).

Catalase activity is higher in the Priboy line with two loci 1133, than in lines with loci combinations 1122 and 2233. The catalase activity in Mironovskaya 808 lines is higher with loci 1122, than in those with 1133 or 2233 (Table 2). Peroxidase activity in Priboy and Mironovskaya 808 with all two-loci genotypes were the same (Table 2).

We found an essential difference in oxidase activity in lines with one dominant locus. The greatest effect on vernalization from the dominant locus 22. This locus has a large effect on growth rate in our study and probably plays a part in grows rate regulation by determining metabolic processes, in particular oxidoreductase activity. Oxidase activity in lines with two dominant loci has the same effect as grows rate. Different Vrn loci determine growth rate through genetic control of oxidoreductive activity.

The dynamics of carbohydrates show that carbohydrate content in one and two-loci lines increases in leaves during the day (Table 3). Lines with one locus are different in carbohydrates accumulation; lines with locus 22 of both cultivars have a higher accumulation during the day than at lines with 11 and 33. This difference is not only because of the ability locus 22 to cause a greater accumulation, but also because lines 11 and 33 may have a more intensive flow of carbohydrates from leaves during the day. The same carbohydrate accumulation during the day was found in Mironovskaya 808 lines with two loci; more intensive in lines with 1133 than in lines with 1122 and 2233. In lines of Priboy with two Vrn loci, the higher accumulation was in lines with 2233. Lines 1122 and 2233 were identical.

Our results show that lines with different Vrn gene and, therefore, growth rates, also differ in carbohydrate accumulation, establishing the connection between carbohydrate metabolism and grows rate. Our previous results show that unvernalized winter wheat with slow growth rates differ from vernalized winter wheat with quick growth rate by having a smaller accumulation and flow of carbohydrates (Tsybulko et al. 2000). We suggest that one mechanism that determines spring-type development of wheat is a change in the intensity of carbohydrates metabolism caused by Vrn genes.

References.

• Stelmakh AF. 1998. Genetic systems regulation flowering response in wheat: prospect for global improvement. Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands. Pp. 491-501.
• Tsybulko VS, Zhmurko VV, and Gridin N.N. 2000. The metabolic theory of the requirement of plant vernalization. Kharkov. 134 p. (In Russian).

 

PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS INSTITUTE
Ovidiopolskaya dor., 3, 65036, Odessa, Ukraine.

 

Inheritance of alien characteristics in hybrids between T. aestivum and wheat introgression lines. [p. 178-180]

I.I. Motsnyy.

Introduction. Wild species of wheat and its relatives are known to be accessible sources of genes for use in wheat improvement, especially with respect to disease resistance, adaptation to harsh environmental factors, and seed quality. A number of wheat-alien introgression lines with high resistance to powdery mildew, leaf and stem rust, frost and heat tolerance, high protein content, and some morphological characters were developed from the wide cross 'triticale (8x) AD 825/T. turdigum subsp. durum cultivar Chernomor after spontaneous hybridization with collection strain H74/90-245 (Motsnyy et al. 2000a, b; 2002a, b). This study investigates plant viability, meiotic chromosome behavior, and inheritance of alien and wheat characteristics in hybrids obtained by crossing several introgression lines with a commercial bread wheat cultivar. The investigation was carried out within a program for the development of a genetic collection of bread wheat lines with qualitative characters.

Material and methods. The material included hybrids between the cultivar Odesskaya 267 and several introgression lines, between two introgression lines, and between Odesskaya 267 and the supposed parental (for mentioned lines) sib-strain H74/90-245. H74/90-245 was derived in Bulgaria from the cross 'synthetic ((T. timopheevii /Ae. tauschii)/Tom Pouce Blanc/Avrora/Rusalka)' and was received from Dr. Ivan Panayotov. In 2000, F2 seed from the same families (offspring of the same F1 plants not isolated) were separately sown in two different plots; Phito, a plant pathology plot with natural and artificial (leaf and stem rusts) infection pressure, and Field, a plot with natural infection only. There were different environmental conditions in the plots in 2000. The winter (frost) was harder in Field and autumn and spring droughts were present in Phito. In 2002 and 2003, the F2 seed (from isolated F1 plants) were sown only in Phito. In 2003, 60 kernels also were sown in Field. Too much water was received during the winter of 2002 and a hard frost in the winter and a strong spring drought were experienced in 2003.

Results and discussion. Some sterility was noted in the F1 hybrids of 'Odesskaya 267/H74/90-245' cross. Seed set was 0­66 (average 38.0) seed/spike and 0-564 (average 147.1) seed/plant. F2 seed germination was low (53.5-86.0 %), except in the cross 'Erythrospermum 217/97-B/Hostianum 242/97-2-B' (91.4 %). A lethality factor is present in this material.

Meiotic observations revealed the presence of 19 ring bivalents (the maximum) plus univalents or rod bivalents in the F1 of 'Odesskaya 267/H74/90-245' hybrids. For the introgression lines, two univalents or a rod bivalent were observed in 66.4 or 33.3 % of the PMCs in the F1 hybrids of 'Odesskaya 267/Erythrospermum 200/97-2-B'and 'Hostianum 242/97-1/Odesskaya 267', respectively. In 'Erythrospermum 217/97-B/Hostianum 242/97-2-B' (some plants), 21 ring bivalents were observed in two (of 801 studied) PMCs. The normal constitution of 13II + 9I was usually observed in meiosis of the F1 hybrids between the lines Erythrospermum 200/97-2-B, Hostianum 242/97-1', and Hostianum 242/97-2-B and T. turgidum subsp. durum. Therefore, a translocation or substituted alien chromosome is present in the A or B genome of the introgression lines. In Erythrospermum 217/97-B, the translocation (or substitution) is heterozygosis. Comparatively regular meiosis in some F1 plants and good F2-seed germination were observed in the 'Erythrospermum 217/97-B/Hostianum 242/97-2-B' cross.

The data in the Tables 1 and 2 show different segregation in the various conditions. Only the hairy glume character was inherited as expected (one gene). For the alien characters, Hl (hairy leaf) is assumed to be one gene with different expression (concerning the lower part of the leaf blade) or two closely linked genes (Hlup and Hllow). A somewhat hairy upper part of leaf blade of young leaves (III­IV) was observed in Odesskaya 267, which may sometimes distort segregation (especially in BC1 populations). This character (as well as the others) was influenced by positive and/or negative natural selection and its penetrance is unknown.

Table 2. Backcross hybrid viability and segregation for crosses between wheat and alien introgression lines under various conditions. Phito was a plant pathology plot with high (natural + artificial) infection pressure from leaf and stem rusts and a strong drought in 2000. Field was a plot with natural infection and a strong frost in 2000. Characteristics include Hl, hairy leaf; Rs, rough stem, Hg, hairy glume; Lr, leaf rust resistance; Sr, stem rust resistance; and Pm, powdery mildew resistance.

Plot	Seed	Germination (%)	Wintered (%)	Saved (%)	Characteristic	Dominant:Recessive		X2	% of dominants
						Observed	Expected
2002 (soft winter, too much water in winter). BC1 Hostianum 242/97-1/Odesskaya 267
Phito	62	47	24	19	Hl	12:7	1:1	1.32	63.2
		(75.8)	(51.1)	(40.4)	Hg	8:11	1:1	0.47	42.1
				(79.2)	Lr	14:5	3:1	0.02	73.7
					Sr	17:2	3:1	2.12	89.5
2003 (hard frost in winter, spring and summer drought). BC1 Odesskaya 267/Erythrospermum 200/97-2-B//Odesskaya 267
Phito	57	52	35	28	Hl	15:12	1:1	0.33	55.6
		(91.2)	(67.3)	(53.8)	Sr	19:9	3:1	0.76	67.9
				(80.0)
BC2 Hostianum 242/97-1/Odesskaya 267
Phito	61	57	49	43	Hl	13:8	1:1	1.19	61.9
		(93.4)	(86.0)	(75.4)	Sr	37:6	3:1	2.80	86.0
				(87.8)
F2BC3 (Odesskaya 267/H74/90-245) self//Odesskaya 267
Phito	92	85	67	64	Hl	14:19	1:1	6.25	65.6
		(92.4)	(78.8)	(75.3)	Sr	48:15	3:1	0.05	76.2
				(95.5)

In 2000, in families were selection was not an influence ( 100 % of saved F2 plants), segregation was as follows: 24:11 (X3:1 = 0.77 with regard to Hl), 30:5 (X13:3 = 0.46 with regard to Rs), 25:10 (X3:1 = 0.24 in regard to Lr), 32:3 (X15:1 = 0.32 in regard to Sr), and 28:7 (X3:1 = 0.47 in regard to Pm). Odesskaya 267 is known to contain ineffective genes Lr3a, Sr5, Sr8a, and Sr36, but does not contain any Pm genes (L.T. Babayants 2002, personal communication). However, in 2000-03, Odesskaya 267 was very susceptible to the studied diseases at the adult plant stage for the race population.

In 2002, no hard frost or drought were recorded in the autumn-spring period. Many F2 seedlings died from too much water in winter and, probably, there was not any selection for or against alien characters. Explaining the disparity between the F2 and BC1 segregations and the low frequency of F2 dominant plants resistant to leaf and stem rusts is difficult. Some heterozygous F2 plants may have been incorrectly classified as susceptible, because the plants were under the disease pressure from a race population and not a monoisolate.

A hard frost occurred in the winter of 2003. The low frequency of Hl and Sr in the F2 plants may have been due to the selection against these characters. The low frequency of resistant F2 plants also may be due to the presence only one Sr gene from the line H74/90-245 or any other Sr genes in the introgression lines.

References.

• Motsnyy II, Koval TN, and Lyfenko SF. 2000b. Inheritance of frost resistance and winter hardiness by distant hybrids of wheat and amphiploids. Cytol and Genet (Kiev, Ukraine) 34(6):9-20 (In Russian with English summary).
• Motsnyy II, Kulbida MP, and Koval TN. 2002a. Development of adaptable introgressive wheat lines as a result of wide hybridization. In: Adaptive breeding of plants, Theory and practices. Abstr Internat Conf, 11-14 November, 2002, Kharkov (Ukraine). P. 59.
• Motsnyy II, Kulbida MP, and Koval TN. 2002b. Development of introgressive wheat lines with a group resistance to diseases as a result of wide hybridization. In: Proc 5th Ann Nat Wheat Ind Res Forum, 17 January, 2002, Orlando, Florida.
• Motsnyy II, Liphenko SF, and Koval TN. 2000a. Inheritance of resistance to fungal diseases by wide hybrids between wheat and amphiploids. Cytol and Genet (Kiev, Ukraine) 34(2):46-56 (In Russian with English summary).

 

 

INSTITUTE OF PLANT PRODUCTION N.A. V.YA. YURJEV

National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, Moskovs'kiy pr., 142, Kharkiv, 61060, Ukraine.

Wheats derived from crosses between triticale and bread wheat. [p. 181-182]

K.Yu. Souvorova

The development of new, original wheats by genetic enrichment with rye genes will expedite the formation of hereditary variation that is the basis for effective breeding of the cultivars that meet modern demands. At the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yurjev (Ukraine), genetic selection on wheat is aimed at combining wheat and rye traits by means of creating and improving wheat-rye amphidiploids. Thus, making wide crosses between hexaploid forms of triticale and bread wheat becomes possible. Hybridizing triticale with wheat results in variation by means meiotic crossing over in A and B genomes of triticale and wheat. If we take into account the three species of triticale (by systematics of A.F. Shoulyndin), then such crosses result in greater possibilities for widening the gene pool of bread wheat. The original material for producing hybrids are wheat-rye forms or triticale and wheat genotypes having 1-2 pairs of rye chromosomes. Bread wheat with a reduced number of rye chromosomes as compared to hexaploid triticale, the maternal parent, are referred to as wheat revertants. Here we present generalized data on studies of divergent lines of winter bread wheat in subsequent generations.

A large, diverse number triticale forms and cultivars originating at our Institute and at a number of foreign research institutions (Russia, Poland, Germany, and Canada) and new cultivars of winter bread wheat were involved in our crosses. Winter, hexaploid triticales with different genomic structures were used as the maternal parents. Hybrid plants with a bread wheat type were identified in the crosses, with substituted triticale forms at 47 %, amphidiploid triticale with the entire rye genome at 44 %, triticales with rye introgressions at 7 %, and Secale-Triticums at 2 %.

When studying the generations of hybrids from F3 to F10, we observed a gradual increase in the number of morphologically homogeneous lines. By the F10, 95 % of wheat revertant lines were phenotypically homogeneous. The ploidy stabilization (42-chromosomal level) in wheat revertant genotypes was elucidated in the F5-F6. The higher productive lines were obtained from crosses of triticale, A60, A73, A60/A206, Tarasivs'kyi, Grado, and the crosses Dons'ka polukarlik/Sarativs'ka 4//A206 and Skorospelka 4/Kharkivs'ka 55//A206/3/Dons'ka polukarlik with winter bread wheats Olvia, Albatros odess'kyi, Dons'ka polukarlik, Myronivs'ka ostista, Erythrospermum 8-88, Lutescence 1019-87, Byelotserkivs'ka jubileina, Samars'ka, and Ukriraceg.

Most of the wheat revertant lines obtained possessed a common morphotype inherent in T. aestivum species. But 6 % of the investigated lines differed somewhat in plant color and spike morphology. The blades and the spikes of those plants were dark green; the stalk with an anthocyanin color. The spike was long (up to 12 cm), fusiform, loose with rigid glumes, and fertile (39-51 kernels/spike) but poorly threshable. The grain was large, vitreous, elongated-oval, and frequently with a deep furrow. Disease resistance in these lines is combined with high winter hardiness. A cluster analysis of morphologically stable lines for five productivity traits (1996-2000) showed that these lines are close to the standard T. aestivum with T1B·1R substitution. Electrophoresis of storage proteins in these lines proved the presence of the T1B·1R translocation (Souvorova et al. 2000). The interesting fact is that such plants were developed from crosses with substituted and introgressive triticales.

Winter hardiness in the wheat revertant lines varied from 8-9 in years favorable to overwintering. During the severe winter of 2002-03 when 80 % of the winter bread wheat sown were killed, 50 % of our lines survived. Freezing in artificial climate-controlled chambers has confirmed their high winter hardiness. One remarkable property of the wheat revertants is their intensive growth at the start of spring. The duration of the vegetation period for most revertant lines is similar to that of Albatros odesskiy, and 39 % are early, booting 3-6 days earlier than the standard. The developed lines are short- (64-77 cm) to medium-stemmed (96-105 cm) with stiff nonlodging straw.

One disadvantage of the wheat revertants is an increase in the number of sterile spikelets. Among the great morphological diversity, we still managed to select the lines having well-filled spikes (42-51 grains/main spike versus 37 grains in the standard) (Table 1).

In the grain quality laboratory at our institute, we studied the winter bread wheat collection from the NCPGRU, where a considerable number of the revertants have been included. According to 3-year data (Louchnoi VV 2000) along with the cultivars in question that were developed by traditional methods, we noted that RVS 461 has a high test weight, 820 g/l. Lines RVS 457 and RVS 458 combine high vitreousness (66 % and 73 %, respectively) with high protein content (15.3 % and 15.6 %, respectively) and the highest gluten content among the cultivars studied (33.9 % and 34.5 %, respectively).

Conclusion. Our analysis of wheat revertant lines showed that it is possible to create a valuable original material by distant hybridization of triticale with bread wheat for selection on yield capacity and grain technological qualities.

References.

• Souvorova KYu, Poperelya FA, and Cherednychenko VM. 2000. Polymorphism of gliadins and high-molecular glutenins, their correlation with grain quality in the lines of winter bread wheat revertants. Biol Vestnic Kharkov 4(1-2):94-98 (In Ukrainian).
• Louchnoi VV. 2000. Results of studies on physical and chemical properties of grain quality in the collection cultivars of winter bread wheat Selektsiya i Nasinnytstvo 83:52-61 (In Ukrainian).

Genetic resistance of winter and spring wheat to leaf diseases. [p. 182-188]

V.P. Petrenkova, S.V. Rabynovich, L.M. Chernobai, and I.M. Chernyaeva.

Wheat ranks high among other agricultural crops in Ukraine, which is why much attention is given to increasing grain yield and quality. Diseases considerably reduce these traits; losses in grain yield are about 20 % annually. Thus, an intensive search for chemical, biological, and integrated methods of disease control are being made in most countries of the world. Creating and releasing disease resistant cultivars is the most economical, reasonable, and necessary method for combating wheat pests. Because of the use of disease-resistant cultivars, an increase in worldwide production of ~ 30 % is realized each year. In addition, creating resistant cultivars prevents the need for pesticide applications, which is of great importance to environment protection.

For breeding programs, a continued search for original material with resistance to leaf diseases a consistent is needed in different countries of the world. The wheat gene pool is the basis for the identification of these sources with their subsequent inculcation into breeding programs.

Using resistant lines as original breeding material and their hybridization with the best cultivars and breeding lines to increase productivity and further testing in the field has become a general breeding procedure. Selection of genetically diverse, resistant material on the basis of infection background is a very important aspect for breeding work as well. The use of these sources of resistance resulted in the creation and spread of the cultivars with resistance genes useful in one or more zones. At this point, the problem of genetic protection against harmful organisms is not considered alone because of the fast variation in the pathogens. For an effective solution, we need to find original material with reliable resistance to leaf disease pathogens. In our work, special emphasis is given to the infection background, which reveals sources of high resistance. Studying the characteristics of resistance are the final outcome in solving the problem of resistance in wheat breeding. This process is continuous and consistent, so that the breeding progress of resistant cultivars causes pathogens to greater activity. Thus, it is necessary to search for new sources of resistance in order to determine their genetic nature of resistance. Our research is aimed at tackling these problems.

Materials and methods. Studies on resistance to leaf diseases, powdery mildew, leaf rust, and Septoria, were made under field conditions in the infection nurseries of the Division of Plant Immunity. To control the quality of inoculation with pathogens and the conditions for disease progress and spread, we used susceptible cultivars as indicators disease that were chosen from earlier data. The susceptible cultivars were planted in the infection nurseries with every 20 samples. The experimental plots also were planted with winter and spring wheats susceptible to leaf diseases. For plant inoculations, we used both the population spore material and material of separate races and stocks. Variation in population and race virulence and monitoring the dynamics of new virulent biotypes were conducted with cultivar differentiators, sources of resistance, and regional and promising cultivars and breeding lines.

Artificial infections of wheat for resistance to pathogens of powdery mildew, rust, and Septoria included the diagnosis and study of the species composition of pathogens (Anonymous 1988, 1989; Babayantz et al. 1988; Afonskaya et al. 1998) and studies of the effective resistance genes using genetic collections of the forms (350 samples) with substantiated resistance to diseases (Anonymous 1988; McIntosh et al. 1998). The years of study were characterized by considerable climatic variation, especially for plant growth and the development of leaf disease in 1997 and 2000, increased moisture and moderate temperature and for severe drought during the entire vegetative period, and a low level of pathogen development in 1996, 1998, and 1999. The weather conditions in 2001 and 2002 years included increased moisture at the beginning of the growing season and at flowering and severe drought and intense heat during grain formation and filling. The maximum infection with pathogens is shown in Table 2.

Results and discussion. The total number of samples studied in artificial infections and provocative backgrounds between 1996-2003 was 1000 winter and spring wheats annually. Individual and group resistance to leaf diseases were noted.

Powdery mildew. This wheat disease is one of the most harmful diseases, leading to decreases in yield quality. In the years studied, powdery mildew was found in areas under both winter and spring wheat at a significant degree. The degree of infection in hard spring wheats was somewhat less than that in spring bread wheats. The maximum infection in susceptible winter wheat samples ranged from 25.0-100 %, in spring bread wheat from 25.0-100%, and in spring hard wheat from 15.0-65.0 % (Table 2).

According to Ivanchenco (2000), 15 races of the powdery mildew pathogen were registered in the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of the Ukraine during 1996-98 (58, 61, 60, 66, 26, 27, 4, 2, 0, 1, 44, 80, 42, 51, and 15); seven races were not registered (X7, X8, X11, X12, X13, X14, and X16). Races 58, 61, 66, 4, 0, 27, 80, 15, 2, X8, X7, X14, X13, and X11, were present every year, whereas others were observed in separate years, race 44 was present in 1996 and 1998, race 51 in 1996 and 1997, race 60 only in 1997, and race 26 only in 1998. Races 58, 2, 4, and 61 were predominate every year. For the most part, these are known races that are spread in different regions of the Ukraine. Resistance to race 80 only was found in the cultivar Al'batros odes'kyi every year. This cultivar is widely planted in the Ukraine and is used in the pedigrees of a number of cultivars. Babayants and Smilyanets (1991) noted the considerable spread of the dominate race 58 in the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in 1991 and consisted of 15.1-25.0 % of the pathogenic population in the southern Ukraine.

Wheat resistance to powdery mildew is controlled by genes Pm1-Pm24 and temporary genes ML-Ad, MLar, MLBr, MLd, Ml-Ga, mlre, PmTmb, and Mlxbd (Wilson 1985; Somasco 1990; Ma and Hughes 1993; Huang et al. 2000). In the Ukraine, the most effective, independently acting genes are Pm4a and Pm4b, and Pm2-Pm6; which are virulent to 10 % of the races and biotypes. Other genes are effective in complex with the above-mentioned genes (Babayantz and Smilyanetz 1991).

Lisovyi and Bogdanovych (2001a and b) looked at race virulence in the Ukraine for resistance genes in cultivars and differentiators and showed that the total degree of virulence is not very high at present but an increase would considerably complicate the problem of wheat breeding for powdery mildew immunity. Therefore, original and breeding material of wheat should be selecting on immunity to the widespread race 58, the most virulent race 51, and the potentially dangerous races 42, 80, X7, and X16.

At the Plant Production Institute n.a. V.Ya. Yurjev, our work centers on controlling the resistance in spring bread wheats that were created with resistance to powdery mildew, which includes 13 cultivars with identified Pm genes. Some cultivars that were resistant earlier but had lost their resistance were Kadett, Pm3d Pm4b; Solo, Pm4b Pm1 Pm2; and Turbo, Pm3d Pm4b. The gene complexes Pm3d Pm4b and Pm1 Pm2 Pm4b appeared to be ineffective in the region for protection of spring wheats to the powdery mildew pathogen Rabinovych and Afons'ka 1996; Chetvertakova and Dolfgova 1997).

At the Kharkivs'kyi Selection Centre, the effective gene complexes provide cultivars Planet, Havet, Sappo, and Walter (Pm1 Pm2 Pm4b Pm9) and Nemares (Pm1 Pm2 Pm4b Pm6 Pm9) with immunity to the pathogen. The Swedish cultivar Nemares has provided stable resistance to powdery mildew for 6 years. The gene complex Pm1 Pm4b in the spring wheat cultivar Rang from Sweden and an independently acting gene Pm4b in cultivars Moris and Halberd from Great Britain and Arkas from Germany conditioned a medium resistance to powdery mildew. Among the collection material were two other resistant cultivars (Solvent and Leopard) with unidentified genes of immunity to powdery mildew.

During 1996-2003, we studied resistance to powdery mildew of more than 1,000 samples of breeding material and 263 samples of collection material of winter wheat. The breeding material was obtained from the Winter Wheat Breeding Division to study resistance and four sources with individual resistance were identified, Lutescence 512-95, Erythrospermum 623-94, Erythrospermum 763-94, and Lutescence 133-98. We studied material from the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (NCPGRU) and found seven sources of resistance in Ukranian cultivars from the Genetics Institute Vympel odes'kyi, Dnipropetrovs'kyi, Luna 3, Victoriya; from the Myronivs'kyi Institute for Wheat, Myronivs'ka 65; and the Russian wheats Volz'ka 23 and Prybaikal's'ka. A number of winter wheat cultivars with stable resistance to powdery mildew and resistance to the other leaf diseases are presented in Table 3.

We studied 665 samples of the breeding and collection material of spring wheat for resistance to powdery mildew in 1996­2003; 402 samples of bread and 119 samples of hard wheat. None of the lines were immune. Among the spring hard wheats were 16 lines with resistance to powdery mildew in the previous years: 90-536, 90-558, 90-643, 91-252, 92-656, 92-771, 93-422, 93-548, 93-730, 93-777, 93-924, 94-59, 94-120, 94-355, 94-644, and 94-659.

The resistance to the disease pathogen was preserved in the cultivars of hard spring wheat of the Yur'ev Plant Production Institute Kharkivs'ka 15, Kharkivs'ka 21, Kharkivs'ka 25, Kharkivs'ka 27, Kharkivs'ka 29, Kharkivs'ka 31, and Kharkivs'ka 33. The resistance in the spring bread wheat Kharkivs'ka 28 (line 91-380) remains stable.

Among the accessions from the world gene pool, 10 sources of spring bread wheat were resistant, Kurs'ka 2038 and Solveig (Russian Federation); Saxanaand and Galan (Czech Republic); Rascan, Sampan, and Avans (England); Banty (Poland); and four hard spring wheats Dipper 'S', Silvertaie, Altar 84, Alt01, Frailecillo 2 (Mexico), and Kremniy (Russian Federation) (Table 4). The breeding lines and collected samples identified as sources of resistance are recommended for use in selection for resistance to powdery mildew in winter wheat.

Septoria resistance in wheat. Septoria infects leaves, leaf sheaths (S. tritici), and spikes (S. nodorum). The first three genes of resistance to Septoria were described in the cultivar Bulgaria 88 and two U.S. winter wheats Oasis and Sullivan (Stb1); in the Brazilian cultivars Veranopolis and Nova Prata (Stb2); and in the Israeli line Israel 493 (Stb3) (Wilson 1985). Somasco (1990) reported on Stb4 in two old varieties from the Netherlands, Cleo and Tadoma, and in a new cultivar Tadinia. The Stb5 gene from Ae. tauschii was used in breeding the line 'Chinese Spring 8/Synthetic 7D' and E.R. Sears' synthetic wheat (Arraiano 2001) and gene Stb6 is in the cultivar Flame (Brading et al. 2001).

The first genes for resistance to Septoria, Snb1 and Snb2, were identified in the cultivar Red Chief and line EES (Ma and Hughes 1993) (Table 5). Wheat Synthetic 5D and line 'Chinese Spring*7/Synthetic 5D' (Worland 1995) are the source of Snb3. Triticum timopheevii subsp. timopheevii is the source of the resistance gene with the temporary symbols SnbTM. The derivatives of T. timopheevii subsp. timopheevii are resistant to Septoria and include lines S3-6, S9-10, and S12-1 (Ma and Hughes 1993, 1995). The sources for these genes can be found in McIntosh et al. (1998, 2002).

Septoria is manifested as blotches on all aboveground organs of plants and during all phases of growth. The winter wheat cultivars studied in the Plant Immunity Division of the Yur'ev Plant Production Institute were considerable infected with S. tritici and S. graminis pathogens. A disease epidemic eliminated the need to establish an artificial infection. Maximum infection was up to 65-100 % (Table 5). In 1999, fungal pycnidia appeared in the first 10-day period of May on the lower leaves of plants and then the infection spread to the middle and upper leaves but the flag leaf was left undamaged because the pathogen was suppressed by a severe drought. Under drought conditions, we studied resistance in 1,077 breeding and 465 collected samples of winter wheat and 665 breeding and 521 collected samples of spring wheat.

In the competitive variety trials of the Winter Wheat Breeding Division, two lines were the most resistant to Septoria (scores of 6-7), Lutescens 159-95 and Erythrospermum224. Ten lines were classified as medium resistant (score 5). The rest of the breeding material in the nursery was susceptible to highly susceptible to Septoria (Afons'ka 1996). Among the accessions in the world winter wheat gene pool, we identified eight cultivars and lines with resistance to Septoria pathogens with scores of 6-8 in 1996 and 1997, Myronivs'ka 33, Myrych, Khvylya Ukrainian cultivars, Granada, Arina, Ikarus, Panda; Niclas from Germany; and TX90V8727 from the U.S. These lines are recommended to use as the initial material in wheat breeding for resistance to S. tritici. The cultivars Myrych and Myronivs'ka 33 were employed as the initial material to develop resistant hybrids of winter wheat.

Leaf rust of wheat. We studied resistance of cultivars and samples to leaf rust in winter and spring wheats by planting between experimental plots of cultivars that are highly susceptible to leaf rust. The years of the studies were unfavorable for growth and spread of leaf rust in winter wheat, although the maximum infection of plants on separate entries reached 100 %. During the study of a composite of local population of leaf rust pathogens by means of the cultivars, differentiators, and isogenic lines of Thatcher wheat, we ascertained that race 77 was dominate in spring and winter wheat crops in the region. In our conditions, the most effective genes in winter wheat genotypes are Lr10 and Lr24 in a number of the cultivars from Great Britain; and U.S. and French cultivars possessing Lr10; TAM106, Rocky, Mit, Sanday, Arthur, Wakefield, and Norman; and Lr24, Collin, Mesa, and Vasko (Dolgova et al. 1996).

The most resistant and highly productive cultivars are Seward (Lr10), Centurk (Lr10), Thunderbird (Lr1 Lr24), and cultivars with a combination of genes Lr10 and Lr24, i.e., Parker 76 and Abilene. Durable resistance to leaf rust pathogens also is found in the U.S. cultivar Oasis with the complex Lr9 Lr11.

The analysis of Lr lines indicated that genes Lr9, Lr10, Lr24, Lr25, Lr29, and LrTR maintained immunity in winter wheat cultivars to pathotypes of race 77 in the northeastern region. A medium level of resistance was found in plants with Lr23 (score 5-9) and Lr14b (score 7). A majority of independently acting genes are not effective (Lr1, Lr2a Lr2c, Lr3b, Lr3bg, Lr3ka, Lr11, Lr12, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr26, Lr28, Lr30, Lr32, Lr34, and LrEch) (Afons'ka 1996; Lisovyi and Pavlyuk 2004).

Complete protection of spring wheat cultivars against leaf rust infection is provided by a group of genes; Lr10 Lr34 in the cultivar Opata 85; Lr23 Lr26 in the cultivar Glenson 81 Lr13 Lr17 Lr26 Lr34 in the cultivar Cumpas 88; and Lr13 Lr17 Lr27+Lr31 in the cultivar Anahuac 75. All of these cultivars are immune and come from Mexico where intensive selection for leaf rust resistance is being made and great successes have been achieved. A high level of protection is provided by Lr10 as well in genotypes from the U.S.; James (Lr2a Lr10), Jon (Lr2a Lr10), and Wheaton (Lr10 Lr3); and also with the complex of genes Lr1 Lr2a Lr12 Lr13 in the Canadian cultivar Benito. All of these cultivars and selected new resistant breeding lines and accessions from the world's gene pool are sources for immunity to leaf rust.

During the years of our studies, 1,299 cultivars and samples were tested for resistance of winter wheat to leaf rust pathogens. Among 1,136 genotypes of winter wheat breeding material, we identified seven sources of resistance (score 7-9); Lutescens 512-95, Erythrospermum 542-95, Erythrospermum 545-95, Erythrospermum 218-99, Lutescens 220-99, Erythrospermum 238-99, and Erythrospermum 293-99, which remained resistant to the disease pathogene after 3 years of study. Among 163 genotypes of collected material, 62 cultivars showed high and medium levels of resistance to for 2-3 years of data. The best lines were Odes'ka 161 (Ukraine) and Keiser, Scout 66, and Lot W 8-769 (U.S.A.). IN 2002, 1-year immunological estimates identified 57 cultivars with high resistance to the disease. Cultivars of Ukrainian selection, Myronivs'ka 33 and Nosivchanka, are especially interesting and the resistance genes in these cultivars will be studied in the forthcoming years.

In spring wheat crops, we assessed the resistance to a leaf rust pathogen in 665 breeding and 521 collected samples. According to the 2-3 year studies, the best lines of hard spring wheat with resistance scores of 6-7 were 90-558, 90-1066, 90-1066a, 93-422, 93-548, and 93-607. These lines also are resistant to powdery mildew. According to our 4-5 year studies, two lines possessed resistance to both leaf rust and powdery mildew; 89-1520 and 91-380.

One hundred nineteen accessions from the world collection of hard spring wheat passed the trials, and 24 were resistant. The largest number 58.3 %, were cultivars from Mexico, which showed stable resistance to leaf rust for 3 years. From the spring bread wheat collection we identified 25 resistant lines, a majority of these lines also were Mexican cultivars including Alondra, CM83398, and Chirya; two cultivars from Africa, IP 11567 Karee and IP11571 Mopolo; and two cultivars from the Russian Federation, IP 11930 Cardinal and IP 11948 Obs'ka 44.

Our analysis of a collection for new sources and donors of resistance to leaf diseases of winter and spring wheat is ongoing. We are monitoring the race composition of the local pathogen populations. We also have formed a collection of the cultivars with the known resistance genes and have identified the sources of resistance and made recommendations for use in breeding work.

References.

• Afons'ka OY. 1996. Studies on spring wheat resistance to diseases in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Tasks for plant protection against harmful organisms in modern economical and ecological conditions. In: Proc Scientific-Practical Conf of Young Scientists and Specialist devoted to the 50th Anniversary of Plant Protection Institute, 13-14 March, 1996. Kyiv. P. 39 (Abstract).
• Afonskaya YY, Rabinovich SV, Dolgova YM, et al. 1996. Genitival conditionality of resistance to powdery in Ukraine. Selection, seed-growing and field crop cultivation technologies. In: Proc Internat Scientific-Practical Conf, Chernivzi. P. 36.
• Anonymous. 1988. Methods for selection and estimation of wheat and farley resistance to diseases in the countries - CEA members. Prague, 321 pp.
• Anonymous. 1988. VIR world collection catalogue. Cereal crop cultivars with known genes for resistance to fungal disease. 453:78.
• Anonymous. 1989. Methods for estimation of breeding material and wheat cultivars resistance to septoriosis. Moscow, 43 pp.
• Babayantz LT, Meshterkhazi A, Bekhter E, Neclesa I, et al. 1988. Methods for selection and estimation of wheat and barley resistance to diseases. Prague, 321 pp.
• Babayantz LT and Smilyanetz SP. 1991. Race composition of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis D.C. F. sp. tritici Marchal) and resistance of cultivars in the south of Ukraine. Mycol Phytopath 25(4):324-329.
• Chetvertakova NM and Dolgova OM. 1997. Original material in selection of winter wheat for resistance to leaf diseases. Visnyk agrarnoi nauky, Kyiv 12:41-43.
• Dolgova YM, AfonskayaYY, and Chernyaeva IN. 1996. Genetical resistance manifestation in winter and spring wheat to brown rust in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. In: Methodological bases for forming, managing and utilizing the collection of plant genetic resources, Proc Internat Symp, Kharkov. P. 42.
• Huang XQ, Hsam SLK, and Zeller F. 2000. Chromosomal location of two novel genes for resistance to powdery mildew in Chinese landraces (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell). J Genet Breed 54:311-317.
• Ivanchenko VV. 2000. Virulence of Erysiphe graminis D.C. F. sp. tritici Marchal in the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine and the peculiarities in inheritance of wheat resistance to disease pathogens. Can Boil Soc 19 pp. (abstract of a thesis).
• Lisovyi MP and Bogdanovych AV. 2001a. Genetical similarity in virulence of populations Erysiphe graminis from different soil-climatic genes of Ukraine. Visnyk agrarnoi nauku 11:46-48.
• Lisovyi MP and Bogdanovych AV. 2001b. Powdery mildew on modern home cultivars of winter wheat. Zakhyst roslyn 10:6-8.
• Lisovyi MP and Pavlyuk OP. 2004. The virulence of pathogen population of the wheat leaf rust. Visnyk agrarnoyi nauki 1:22-24.
• McIntosh RA, Hart GE, Devos KM, Gale MD, and Rogers WJ. 1998. Catologue of gene symbols for wheat. In: Proc 9th Internat Wheat Genet Symp (Slinkard AE ed). University Extension Press, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. 5:1-235.
• McIntosh RA, Devos KM, Dubcovsky J, and Rogers WJ. 2002. Pathogenic disease/Pest Reaction. In: Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat: 2002 update. Ann Wheat Newslet 48:287-321.
• Ma H and Hughes GR. 1993. Genetic control and chromosomal locations of Triticum timophcevii-derived resistance to Septoria nodorum blotch in durum wheat. Genome 38:332-338.
• Rabinovych SV and Afons'ka OY. 1996. Sources of resistance to powdery mildew in spring bread wheat cultivars and lines of divers genetic origin. Selectziya i nasinnytztwo, Kharkiv 77:53-60.
• Somasco OC. 1990. Intheritance of resistance to Septoria tritici blotch in wheat. Univ CA, Davis, USA. M.Sc. Thesis.
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The role of Ukrainian wheats in the pedigree of cultivars created at the North-Donyetskaya Experimental Agricultural Statio. [p. 188-190]

S.V. Rabinovych, I.A. Panchenko, Z.V. Usova, and L.N. Chernobay (Institute of Plant Production n.a. V.Ya. Yurjev); and A.I. Grabovets and M.A. Fomenko (North-Donyetskaya State Experimental Agricultural Station).

The North-Donyetskaya State Experimental Station is one of breeding institutions successfully working in the southern region of the Russian Federation. Winter wheat cultivars form our institute are grown in the Central Black-Soil, North-Caucasian, and Low-Volga regions of the Russian Federation and in Steppe region of the Ukraine, because they are well-adapted to steppe and southern forest­steppe conditions. Cultivars, year of release, HMW-glutenin composition, quality score, and region of cultivation of North-Donyetsk wheats in the Russian Federation and their pedigrees are given in Table 6.

The first cultivars from the Station, Severodonskaya and Tarasovskaya 29, were breed jointly with the All-Russian Science-Research Institution of Sorgo and other Grain Crops (Zernograd Breeding Centre). These cultivars were released in 1977 and in 1981, respectively. Severodonskaya has Myronivs'ka 808 in its pedigree, and Tarasovskaya 29 has Myronivs'ka 264. Since the release of these cultivars, wheat cultivars always have Ukrainian wheats in their geneology. In particular, wheats from Ukrainian institutions from the Forest-Steppe region, including the Institute of Plant Production n.a. V.Ya. Yurjev, Kharkivs'ka 63 (1969), Kharkivs'ka 82 (1981), and the spring durum wheat Narodna (1947); the Mironivs'kyi Institute of Wheat n.a. V.M. Remeslo, Ukrainka (1929), Myronivs'ka 264 (1960), Myronivs'ka 808 (1963), Myronivs'ka Yuvileyna (1971); Bilotserkivs'ka Experimental Breeding Station, Bilotserkivs'ka 47 (1981), Bilotserkivs'ka 18 (1982); Verkhnyachs'ka Experimental Breeding Station, Lutescens 17 (1940, the maternal form of the celebrated Russian cultivar Bezostaya 1 (1959)); and also wheats of Ukrainian institutions from Steppe region, Institute of Grain Farming (former All-Union Institute of Maize in the town Dnipropetrovsk), Dniprovs'ka 521 (1972) and Dniprovs'ka 41 (1977); the Donyets'k Institute of Agroindustrial Production, Donyets'ka 5 (1982) and the spring wheat Artemivka (1945); the Zaporizhs'ka Agricultural Experimental Station, Zaporizhs'ka ostysta (1980); the Breeding and Genetic Institute (Odessa), Odes'ka 3 (1938), Odes'ka 12 (1947), Odes'ka 16 (1953), Odes'ka 22 (1960s), Odes'ka 51 (1969), Yuzhnoukrainka (1971), Prybiy (1973), Odes'ka 66 (1979), Odes'ka napivkarlykova (1980), Zirka (1984), Mayak (1977), Promin' (1978), and Selena (1979). These last three varieties are parental forms of Al'batros Odes'kyj (1990), which, in its turn, is a parental form for new derivatives, including the cultivar Ukrainka odes'ka (1995).

New cultivars that passed into the state trials since 2003 include

Avgusta Pedigree: Albatros odes'kyj (UKR, 10) (Selena/Mayak/Promin' (9), all three from the Ukraine)/ Kharkivs'ka 82 (UKR, 9) (a selection from Kharkivs'ka 63 (UKR, 9) (Bezostaya 1 (RUS, 9)/Myronivs'ka 808 (UKR, 9)/Ukrainka odes'ka (UKR, 10) (a selection from Al'batros odes'kyj

Arfa Severodonskaya 12 (RUS, 9) (Tarasovskaya 29 (ROS, 9) (Myronivs'ka Yuvileyna (UKR, 9)/Rostovchanka (RUS, 9) (Myronivs'ka 264 (UKR, 9) in pedigree)/Zaporizs'ka ostysta (UKR) (Skorospelka L 1 (RUS, 6)//Bezostaya 1 (RUS, 9)/Verkhnjachs'ka bezosta (UKR)/3/Bezostaya 1/Myronivs'ka 808 (UKR, 9)/Al'batros odes'kyj (UKR, 10).