ITEMS FROM THE UKRAINE

INSTITUTE OF PLANT PRODUCTION N.A. V.YA. YURJEV

National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, Moskovs'kiy pr., 142, Kharkiv, 61060, Ukraine.

The relationship between glume, lemma, and kernel size in polonoid wheats. [p. 150-152]

R.V. Rozhkov and O.O. Kushchenko.

Polonoid wheats are species that have the traits of T. turgidum subsp. polonicum, including very long (2.5-4.5 cm or greater) glumes with a straw-like constituency, long lemmas twice the size of the paleas, well-marked knobs on the rachis under the glume that are lacking in other wheat species, and long large kernels. The polonoid wheat group includes the naked species T. turgidum subsp. polonicum, T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et E.Migusch. (2n = 42), and the hulled wheat T. ispahanicum Heslot (2n = 28). The last species does not have knobs on the rachis. Watanabe (2001) determined that the gene for the polonoidy traits are on chromosome 7A in T. turgidum subsp. polonicum and T. petropavlovskyi and 7B in T. ispahanicum. thus, the polonoidy may have different genetic nature.

Polonoidy may be of practical interest because glumes are one of the photosynthetic organs that are the youngest and nearest to the kernel, therefore, they may be a significant reserve for providing kernels with nutrients and determine kernel size. In 2001 and 2002, we studied the polonoid traits displayed in three polonoid species and their F1 hybrids with T. durum cultivar Kharkivs'ka 19 and T. aestivum cultivar Kharkivs'ka 28. The first and second florets of the medial spikelet were analyzed in at least 25 spikes for each accession or hybrid. We measured the lemma and palea - length and width of the glume and the length, width, height, and weight of the grain. Paired correlation coefficients (CC) and degree of dominance (D) were calculated for these traits.

Tables 1 and 2 list the results of the 2-year study. The two tetraploid polonoid species had CCs between dimensions of glume, lemma and palea and grain length and weight of the second floret that exceeded the index for first floret and in most cases were nonsignificant. On the other hand, the CCs between glume, lemma, and palea dimensions for the second floret were less than those for the first. At the same time, almost all the CCs for first floret are greater than those for the second in the hexaploid polonoid and were moderately to highly significant. In the Kharkivs'ka 19 and Kharkivs'ka 28 cultivars, the CCs were low to moderate and differences between the first and second florets were not similar for the different trait pairs.

For the F1 hybrid 'T. ispahanicum/Kharkivs'ka 19', the CCs for all trait pairs for the second floret of a spikelet and the most of them for the first floret were high and significant (from 0.71 to 0.94). The CC for one of the most interesting trait pairs, glume length­grain length, is very high, significant for the second floret (0.94) and moderately significant for the first (0.58). The CCs for the another interesting trait pair, glume length­grain weight, is high and significant for the first (0.84) and second (0.74) florets. The CC values indicate heterosis for all trait pairs on the second floret and for the most of the trait pairs on first floret in 'T. ispahanicum/T. durum Kharkivs'ka 19' hybrids in comparison to the parental lines.

In the 'T. polonicum/Kharkivs'ka 19' F1 hybrid, the CC for glume length-grain length in the first floret is positive, moderate, and significant. For the other trait pairs including grain length and weight, the CCs were not significant, moderate, or low. The CCs between glume, lemma, and palea dimensions are high and positive. These parents also have low, often negative, CCs, whereas the hybrids have positive moderate, though nonsignificant, CCs as a rule.

In the F1 hybrid 'T. petropavlovskyi/Kharkivs'ka 28', nearly all CCs including grain length and weight are nonsignificant for both the first and second florets. The CCs for glume, lemma, and palea are high and significant.

From the three polonoid species, only T. ispahanicum displays dominance by glume length (D = 0.2) in hybrids with T. durum cultivar Kharkivs'ka 19. In the two other hybrids, 'T. turgidum subsp. polonicum/Kaharkivs'ka 19' and 'T. petropavlovskyi/Kharkivs'ka 28', this trait is inherited as a recessive (D = -0.2 and -0.4 respectively). For grain length and weight, dominance of T. turgidum subsp. polonicum (0.7 and 0.9, respectively), overdominance of T. ispahanicum (1.4 and 2.6 respectively), and recessiveness of T. petropavlovskyi (-0.2 and -0.4, respectively) were observed.

Triticum ispahanicum is dominant over T. durum in lemma length (D = 0.7) and is overdominant for palea length (3.7). Triticum petropavlovskyi is dominant over T. aestivum for lemma and palea length (the both 1.0) and grain height (0.3) and is overdominant for grain width (2.0).

Kharkivs'ka 19 and Kharkivs'ka 28 dominate at various rates for glume width in hybrids with T. ispahanicum (D = 0.1) and T. petropavlovskyi (0.7). Triticum durum is dominant over T. ispahanicum for grain width (1.0) and height (0.5), over T. turgidum subsp. polonicum for lemma length (0.6) and grain width and height (the both 1.0), and is overdominant for glume width (2.0) and palea length (3.0). Triticum aestivum is dominant over T. petropavlovskyi in grain height (0.3) and overdominant for grain width (2.0).

Examining glume length with grain length and weight under the growing conditions at Kharkiv, the 'T. ispahanicum/Kharkivs'ka 19 durum' F1 hybrids are early ripening when compared with the durum parent, T. turgidum subsp. polonicum, T. aestivum, T. petropavlovskyi, and their hybrids. The grains of T. ispahanicum have time to fully develop, whereas the other parental lines and hybrids cease grain filling before maturity, which is caused by hot and dry summer temperatures. A clear relationship exists between the glume dimensions and grain length and weight in hybrids with T. ispahanicum.

Hence, T. ispahanicum seems to by more perspective source of polonoid complex for wheat breeding, than T. turgidum subsp. polonicum and T. petropavlovskyi. Moreover, the F1 hybrids of all the three polonoid species are more adaptive than their parental forms and, as a rule, CCs are more positive and higher in the hybrids than the parents. Improvement may be gained in grain size (and other related traits) in T. aestivum and T. durum advanced cultivars by means of addition of polonoid complex if early ripening genotypes are used.

References.

• Watanabe N. 2001. Near isogenic lines of durum wheat cultivar LD222 and the origin of T. petropavlovskyi. In: Proc Internat Conf on Genetic collections, isogenic and alloplasmic lines. Novosibirsk, Russia, 30 July-3 August, 2001. Novosibirsk Pp. 62-64.

Sowing dates, rates, and phytosanitary state of winter wheat fields. [p. 152-154]

Yu.G. Krasilovetz, N.V. Kouzmenko, A.E. Litvinov, and V.A. Tzyganko.

These studies were conducted at the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuryev (Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine) in 2001-02. The soil was a typical weakly leached, medium humus, black earth soil. The agrotechnique was general use. The three sowing dates were 10-13 September, 20-22 September, 30 September-2 October. The sowing rate was 4.0-5.0 x 10^6^ viable seeds/hectare. The relationship between the phytosanitary state of winter wheat, the sowing dates, and the sowing rates was studied by preceding black fallow on a manure background, 30 t/ha along with NPK30 application. Plant damage from disease and cereal flies was studied using conventional methods.

In the experimental years, spread and development of root rots (Helminthosporium and Fusarium) and the intensity of disease development on winter wheat leaves differed for the sowing dates (Table 3). The later sowing data had a considerable reduction in spread and development of root rots and leaf infection by Septoria in 2001. Leaf rust occurred less at the first sowing date than at the other two. Damage by powdery mildew was low. The least amount of shoot damage by cereal flies was observed at the third sowing date; the highest degree was at the second sowing date. In 2002, the spread and development of root rots did not vary among different sowing dates. The degree of the development of Septoria increased with a delay of the sowing date. Leaf rust and powdery mildew were not observed. Damage to the shoots of winter wheat by cereal flies was not considerable.

Over 2 years, damage by root rots was reduced considerably at later dates of sowing on average. The intensity of Septoria infection on the upper leaves of winter wheat planted at the first sowing date was 1.6 times lower compared with the third date. Leaf rust infection in wheat planted at the second and third dates exceeded that in wheat sown at the first date on all leaves by 2.5-2.6 times and on the upper leaves by 2.2-2.3 times. The lowest degree of shoots damage by cereal flies was recorded at the third date of sowing winter wheat and highest at the first date.

A shift in sowing date led to changes in the phytosanitary state of winter wheat and, as a result, to the changes in yield capacity of the crop. Thus, there was a progressive increase in yield from the first to the third sowing dates in 2001 and, a decreased grain yield with a delay of planting in 2002. On average over 2 years, grain yield increased by 2.6-7.6 c/ha at the third sowing date in comparison with that at the second and first sowing dates.

The effect of sowing rates on the phytosanitary state of winter wheat planting is given in Table 4. In 2001, we noted that the sowing rate of 4-5 x 10^6^ viable seeds/ha did not differ with respect to the damage by diseases and cereal flies. The 2002 data showed that an increase in sowing rates from 4-5 x 10^6^ viable seeds increased damage by root rots and Septoria. Powdery mildew and leaf rust were not factors in 2002.

Table 4. Phytosanitary state of winter wheat plants depending on a sowing rate (N30 P30 K30).

Sowing date	Root rots at tillering (%)		Septoria		Powdery mildew		Leaf rust		Shoot damage by cereal flies (%)	Number of productive tillers	Grain yield (c/ha)
	spread	development	all layers	upper layer	all layers	upper layer	all layers	upper layer
2001
4.0	34.6	13.2	36.0	7.5	0.2	0.1	3.5	5.5	2.5	601	47.4
5.0	34.9	13.5	36.6	7.5	0.3	0.2	5.1	6.6	3.0	701	48.9
LSD (0.05)	---	---	---	---	0.1	---	---	---	---	---	---
2002
4.0	48.7	21.3	46.0	18.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	664	78.6
5.0	67.6	27.4	53.4	31.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	690	84.6
LSD (0.05)	---	---	3.4	3.0	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Mean (2001-02)
4.0	41.7	17.3	41.0	12.9	0.1	0.05	1.8	2.8	2.3	633	63.0
5.0	51.3	20.5	45.0	19.7	0.2	0.1	2.6	3.3	2.1	696	66.8

The spread and development of root rots at the increased sowing rate did not increase considerably on average over 2 years. Septoria infection on all leaves of the winter wheat plants in these variants was approximately the same as that of the upper leaves for planting rates with 5 x 10^6^ seeds; exceeding this index compared with a usual rate of 4 x 10^6^ seeds. The variants with different sowing rates did not vary greatly in relation to the damage of shoots by cereal flies. In winter wheat sowings at 5 x 10^6^ viable seeds/ha, the number of productive tillers increased and, as a result, grain yield was higher by 3.8 c/ha compared to the yield at 4 x 10^6^ seeds/ha.

Productivity of spring durum wheats at different seeding rates. [p. 154-155]

O.V. Golik.

Creating new spring durum wheat cultivars demands a variety of agrotechnics for obtaining the highest yield while maintaining high grain quality. Spring wheat in the Ukraine is grown in risky agricultural conditions. Moisture is the main limiting factor and an optimal seeding rate is the main factor for greatest yield. According to most authors, crops with optimal and dense seeding rates ensure the largest grain yield in any agroecological conditions (Makrushin 1985; Sechnyak et al. 1983). Overgrown plants in thin crop stands have an increased vegetative period and a higher degree of infection by fungal diseases and pests. Thinning crops promotes weed growth. All of these factors decrease the seed- sowing quality (Chulkina et al. 2000). Lelli (1980) stated that the productivity potential of a plant is hereditary and depends on genetically and ecological conditions. Studying the elements of yield structure is a prerequisite of this potential. Thus, we wanted to investigate and determine optimal seeding rates for new cultivars bred for the conditions of the eastern Forest-Steppe Region of the Ukraine.

We analyzed the spring durum wheats Kharkovskaya 15 and Kharkovskaya 23 (standards of the Ukrainian state Service on right protection for plant cultivars), Kharkovskaya 46 (grain quality standard), and Kharkovskaya 19 (lodging-resistance standard) and the new cultivars Kharkovskaya 27, Kharkovskaya 33, and Kharkovskaya 41 under the climatic conditions of the eastern Ukraine (Kharkov) between 1998 and 2000. The characters analyzed included productivity (g/m^2^), grain yield (%, the ratio weight of kernels to weight of chaff), plant stand (plant/m^2^), productive tillering, and 1,000-kernel weight (g) with seeding rates of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 x 10^6^ germinating kernels/hectare (MKH). The humidity varied over the years; 1998 and 1999 were severe droughts and 2000 was optimal but irregular in different vegetative phases. The 1-m^2^ plots were replicated three times. The cultivars were sown in an experimental field following peas. The results are from a three-factor dispersion analysis.

No differences were observed for durum wheat with different seeding rates. The productivity exceeded the general mean (155 g/m^2^) at seeding rates of 3, 5, and 7 MKH (172-175 g/m^2^) only in 2000. The least productivity was 146 g/m^2^ in 1998. The highest mean productivity (170 g/m^2^) was found in Kharkovskaya 33 at 3 MKH (Table 5 represents data for only for best (Kharkovskaya 33) and worst (Kharkovskaya 19) cultivars. The productivity of these cultivars was equal to or higher than the general mean in all variants. The highest value was 233 g/m^2^ at 7 MKH for Kharkovskaya 33 in 2000. Thus, Kharkovskaya 33 was the most productive cultivar grown in the climatic conditions of the Ukraine. The basic group of tested wheats (Kharkovskaya 15, Kharkovskaya 23, Kharkovskaya 27, Kharkovskaya 41, and Kharkovskaya 46) had a productivity equal to the general mean. The optimal seeding rate was 4 MKH. The productivity of Kharkovskaya 19 was minimal (100 g/m2 in 1999 at 3 MKH). The optimal seeding rate was 5 MKH.

Grain yield depended more on climactic condition. Few cultivars differentiated and did not depend on seeding rates. Those exceeding the general mean of 30.8 % for all cultivars in 1998 (35.7 %) were less in 2000 (25.3 %). The grain yield of Kharkovskaya 23 (33.2 %) and Kharkovskaya 27 (33.5%) reliably exceeded the general mean of Kharkovskaya 19 (28.9 %) and Kharkovskaya 46 (27.8 %) usually less at all seeding rates. This character of other varieties was up-to-date of general mean.

The 1,000-kernel weight also depended more on climatic conditions and less on cultivar differences and seeding rates. This trait always exceeded (34.4-36.5 g) the general mean (33.9 g) in 1998 and 1999 but was lower (30.7 g) in 2000. Kharkovskaya 23 and Kharkovskaya 27 reliably exceeded (35.2-35.3 g) the general mean for all cultivars. Little difference was observed in the 1,000-kernel weight at different seeding rates.

Variability in productive tillering was similar to 1,000-kernel weight but reliable only in some years (1.03 in 1999, 0.89 in 2000, 0.9 for Kharkovskaya 19, and 1.02 for 3 MKH, compared to the general mean of 0.96. Plant stand depended on seeding rate (rates of 3 and 4 MKH reliably exceeded the general mean of 227 plant/m2) and equaled 160-198 plant/m2; 5, 6, and 7, MKH were 237-283 plant/m2. Less reliable were years and cultivar.

Graphics can simplify the dependence estimates of the tested characters by specific factors. For example, productivity in specific ecological conditions by different seeding rates can be represented with the help of a quadratic surface. If the ecological conditions are a mean value of productivity during a suitable year, the maximum of the surface indicates the highest possible display this character (see Figures 1 and 2).

Thus, the effect of climatic conditions on traits was greatest on 1,000-kernel weight, productive tillering, and grain yield for the variables productivity and plant stand. The lack of difference in productivity and grain yield and the minimal difference in 1,000-kernel weight and productive tillering at different seeding rates indicates the impossibility for estimating the optimal seeding rate for durum wheat. Therefore, this question can be solved only for the concrete cultivar. Kharkovskaya 33 was the most productive with a mean index of other testing traits. The optimal seeding rate was 5 MKH. Kharkovskaya 23 and Kharkovskaya 27 had higher grain yield and 1,000-kernel weight with mean indices of other testing traits. The optimal seeding rate was 4 MKH. Kharkovskaya 41 has mean indices for all traits. The optimal seeding rate was 5 MKH. This cultivar was entered in the Register of Ukraine for 2003. Kharkovskaya 15 and Kharkovskaya 46 have most indices of plant stand, productive tillering, and mean other traits. The optimal seeding rate was 5 MKH. Kharkovskaya 19 had the smallest indices for all tested traits. The optimal seeding rate was 4 MKH.

References.

• Chulkina VA, Toropova EYu, Chulkin YuI, and Stezov GYa. 2000. The agrotechtical method of plant protection. Novosibirsk:UKEA Publishing, 241 pp. (in Russian).
• Lelli Ya. 1980. The breeding of wheat. Moscow:Kolos, 383 pp. (in Russian).
• Makrushin NM. 1985. Ecological basis of industrial seed-growing of cereals. Moscow: Agro Industrial Publishing, 139 pp. (in Russian).
• Sechnyak LK, Kindruk NA, Slusarenko et al. 1983. The ecology of wheat seeds . Moscow:Kolos, 164 pp. (in Russian).
  

Winter wheat gene pool of the CIMMYT international nurseries for improvement of breeding for resistance to fungal diseases and productivity in the eastern Forest-Steppe Region of the Ukraine. [p. 156-158]

V.V. Sotnikov and T.M. Yevlanova.

We conducted a soil-quarantine control on quarantine pathogens and a primary investigation of 164 bread and 30 samples of hard winter wheat from the CIMMYT International Nurseries at the Introductory Quarantine Nursery of the Plant Production Institute in 2001-02. We looked at the main economical and morphological characters, biological properties, and resistance to nonquarantine, harmful organisms in order to replenish the stocks of the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine and breeding subdivisions of the Institute with a new foreign germ plasm that is fully free of quarantine pathogens and for the use of highly productive cultivars in breeding. The introductory material was from the 5th Winter Wheat Observation Nursery for Semi-Arid Areas (5th WON-SA, 102 entries), 6th Facultative and Winter Wheat Elite Yield Trial for Rainfed Areas (6th EYTRF, 20 entries), 4th Winter Wheat East-European Regional Yield Trial (4th WWEERYT, 42 entries), and 3rd Winter Durum Wheat East-European Regional Yield Trial (3rd WDEERYT, 30 entries), which contained cultivars from Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Kazakstan, Moldova, Romania, the Russian Federation, Syria, Turkey, the Ukraine, and the U.S.A.

The bread wheat cultivar Albatros odeskiy and the hard wheat Kharkivska 32 were used as local checks. The degree of damage was estimated after winter according to a 0-9 scale: 0 = death, 1 = very low, and 9 = very high. The same scale was used to estimate resistance to fungal pathogens in natural conditions where 1 = very high susceptibility, 5 = moderate susceptibility, 6 = moderate resistance, and 9 = very high resistance. Yield was considered very low if it was less than 76 % of the local checks Albatros odeskiy and Kharkivska 32, low = 76-95 %, average = 96-115 %, high = 116-135 %, and very high > 135 %. Thousand-kernel weight was low if less than 39.0 g, average = 39.0-46.9, high = 47.0-54.0, and very high > 54.0 g. Planting in the 5th WON-SA and 6th EYTRF was done with a hand-sower at the planting rate of 60 seeds/m in 0.75-m^2^ plots. Planting of the 4th WWEERYT and 3rd WDEERYT was done with a tractor-sower SSFK-7 at a planting rate of 6.0 x 10^6^ viable seeds/ha in 8-m^2^ plots. Vitavax was used as a seed treatment. Field trials were conducted in arid conditions with a black fallow forecrop. The planting date was very late, 5 October, 2001, or 17 days later than permissible (18.09). Overwintering was satisfactory because of a mild winter. Growth recovery in the spring began much earlier than in comparison with the mean sowing dates of earlier years. Yield level was limited by the late sowing date; an outbreak of fungal diseases including powdery mildew, leaf rust (only on the bread wheats), and Septoria blight; and unfavorable climactic factors including increased daily temperature, hot dry winds, and the lack of soil moisture from the end of tillering to grain filling. Over that period, rainfall was 84 mm (66 % of the mean of many years). During a entire vegetative period, rainfall was approximately 260 mm (105 % of the yearly average). Total rainfall, including winter precipitation, was 408 mm. In spite of these negative effects, the wheats produced a high grain yield. The average yield capacity of the local checks and control cultivars in the 5th WON-SA and in the 6th EYTRF nurseries were Albatros odeskiy, 414 g/m^2^; Donetska 48, 534 g/m^2^; Kharus, 466 g/m^2^; Odeska 267, 485 g/m^2^; Kharkivska 96, 627 g/m^2^; Tira, 465 g/m^2^; Gerek 79, 370 g/m^2^; Dagdas 94, 438 g/m^2^; Suzen 97, 408 g/m^2^; Kirgiz 95, 541 g/m^2^; and Gun, 244 g/m^2^.. In the 4th WWEERYT, average yield capacities were Albatros odeskiy, 277 g/m^2^; Donetska 48, 335 g/m^2^; Kharus, 415 g/m^2^; Myronivska 61, 384 g/m^2^; Bezostaya 1, 280 g/m^2^; Seri, 199 g/m^2^; Jagger, 246 g/m^2^; and in the 3rd WDEERYT Kharkivska 32, 314 g/m^2^; Aisberg odeskiy, 284 g/m^2^; and Kunduru, 177 g/m^2^.

A mild winter did not permit evaluation of the entries for winter hardiness. A predominant part of the material had a high degree of wintering (scores of 8-9), with the exception of '494J6.11//TRAP#1/BOW' (wintering score = 4); Unknown 95-3 (3); 'FRTL//AGRI/NAC (2)'; 'Nemura/Kauz//AGRI/NAC (TOP SIEVE95-TOP SIEVE96 TOP SIEVE97)' (5.5); all entries from Turkey; the 5th WON-SA nursery; 'Saulesku #44/TR810200' (5) from Turkey; the 6th EYTRF; 'Brindur/DF 38-86' (5); 'DF900-83/WPB881' (U.S.A) and Altin (4.5); DUT-TA00-22 (1); 'DICLE74/HALKALI058' (5) from Turkey; DYT-CA00-7 (5) from Syria; Turan (1) from Azerbaijan; and the 3rd WDEERYT nursery.

The heading of the bread wheats for the 5th WON-SA compared to the local check Albatros odeskiy (headed 144 days after 1 January) were 55 % similar and 38 % earlier and 41 % and 59 %, respectively, yielded greater than the check. In the 6th EYTRF, 70 % were earlier and 30 % were similar and 86 % and 67 %, respectively, yielded greater than the check. In the 4th WWEERYT, 67 % were similar and 31 % were earlier; the number of entries yielding greater than the check were 82 % and 69 %, respectively. For the hard wheats, when compared to the check Kharkivska 32 (147 days from 1 January) in the 3rd WDEERYT 43 % were similar, 30 % later, and 27 % earlier and those entries with a yield of 96 % of the check were 8 %, 11 %, and 50 %, respectively.

Leaf fungal diseases were caused considerable damage. Susceptibility (1-4 scale) was estimated in the nurseries (Table 6). This natural infection permitted differentiation of the material for the degree of resistance to the major pathogens. A large part of the entries in the 6th EYTRF nursery (83 %) had average or higher grain yields than the check. In the 4th WWEERYT, yield was 76 %, 45 % in the 5th WON-SA, and 21 % in the 3rd WDEERYT compared to the check.

We distinguished the following entries that had a combination of useful economic characters and resistance or moderate susceptibility to leaf disease pathogens. These lines are recommended for further study and possible use in breeding highly productive cultivars of bread and hard wheats. Unfortunately, most lines of these group have resistance to two disease pathogens but considerable susceptibility to a third, making their use difficult. The combination of economical characters given include 1 = mean yield, 2 = high yield, 3 = very high yield, 4 = average 1,000-kernel weight, 5 = high 1,000-kernel weight, 6 = very high 1,000-kernel weight, 7 = heading > 2 days earlier compared to the check, and 8 = similar heading date as check.

Moderately susceptible or resistant to powdery mildew and Septoria but highly resistant to leaf rust. CIT90089-0YC-0YC-0YC-7YC-0YC-1SE-0YC-4YC-0YC (4, 7; pedigree: Weston/VEE) and BDKE930161-0YC-0YC-1YC-0YC-3YC-0YC (2, 4, 7; pedigree: Haymana75/4/YMH/TOB//MCD/3/LIRA(BDME 9)). Both these lines were from Turkey and the 5th WON-SA nursery.

Moderately susceptible to powdery mildew and Septoria. MVTD 15-99 (4; Hungary, 3rd WDEERYT nursery,), CIT932314-0SE-0YC-2YE-0YC-2YK-0YK (1, 4, 8; pedigree: RSK/FKG15//CHAM6/3/FDL4; Turkey, 5th WON-SA,), and CIT94072-0SE-1YC-0YC (3, 4, 8; pedigree: PYN//TAM101/AMI/3/KRC66/SERI; Turkey, 6th EYTRF).

Moderately susceptible or resistant to powdery mildew and leaf rust. SG-RU 8069 (3, 4, 8; Czechia), Iveta NTA-92/89-6 (2, 7; Bulgaria); GK Bagoly (1, 4, 8; Hungary), GK Vevecky (2, 4, 8; Hungary), MV Dalma (2, 4, 8; Hungary), GK Forras (3, 8; Hungary), MV 04-96 (3, 5, 8; Hungary), Turda 2000 (2, 4, 8; Romania), Destin (2, 4, 8; Romania), Efekt (1, 4, 8; Romania), Expres (2, 4, 7; Romania), Manypa (3, 8; Moldova), Strumok (3, 4, 8; Ukraine), Erythrospermum 270 (3, 7; Ukraine), Knjazhna (3, 4; Russia), and Akinci-84 (3, 4, 8; Azerbaijan). All entries were from the 4th WWEERYT nursery.

Moderately susceptible to Septoria and resistant or moderately susceptible to leaf rust. CIT922411-0SE-0YC-2YC-0YC-2YC-0YC-3YC-0YC (1, 4, 7; pedigree: CHAM4/TAM200//RSK/FKG15), CIT90089-0YC-0YC-0YC-7YC-0YC-1SE-0YC-3YC-0YC (1, 4, 7; pedigree: Weston/VEE), CIT937256-0SE-0YC-3YE-0YC-1YC-0YC (2, 4, 8; pedigree: PLK70/LIRA//Attila/3/AGRI/NAC), CMSW93WM0071-0AP-0YC-8YE-0YC-3YC-0YC (1, 4, 8; pedigree: FRTL//AGRI/NAC), CIT922229-0SE-0YC-1YC-0YC-7YC-0YC-2YC-0YC (2, 4, 8; pedigree: Necomp1/5/BEZ//TOB/8156/4/ON/3/TH*6/KF//), and MXTK930076-0SE-0YC-12YE-0YC-4YK-0YK (1, 5, 7; pedigree: 1D13.1/MLT/3/LFN/SDY//PVN). All entries are from Turkey and the 5th WON-SA nursery. CIT945175-030SE-0YC-7YE-0YC (3, 4, 7; pedigree: DDZ2141.85.271/ES14//F134.71/NAC) from Turkey and the 6th EYTRF nursery.

Resistant to powdery mildew. ELIDUR (1, 4, 7; Romania) and Perlyna (2, 5, 8; Ukraine) both from the 3rd WDEERYT nursery; CIT935011-0SE-0YC-3YE-0YC-2YC-0YC (1, 4, 7; pedigree: ES14/130L1.12//MNCH) and CIT930082-0SE-0YC-3YE-0YC-2YK-0YK (3, 5, 8; pedigree: KARL/Ariesan) both from Turkey and the 5th WON-SA nursery; ICWH900747-0AP-0YC-0YC-6YC-0YC-9YC-0YC (1, 4, 7; pedigree: Motah-7, Turkey, 6th EYTRF); Demir (2, 5, 7, Turkey, 4th WWEERYT); Kiziltan (5, 8; Turkey, 3rd WDEERYT); and Ankara 98 (6, 8; Turkey), Yilmaz (5, 8; Turkey), Brindur/DF 38-86 (1, 4, 7; accession #019006; U.S.A.), Brindur/DF 38-86 (2, 4, 7; accession #019007; U.S.A.), UVY162/61.130//HC6654/3/AKB/OVI65/4/WPB881 (5, 8; U.S.A.), WPB881/Rodur (1, 4, 8; U.S.A.), and WPB88/H7092-50B//MI83.84.503 (5; U.S.A.) all entries from the 3rd WDEERYT nursery.

Moderately susceptible to Septoria. CIT922142-0SE-0YC-3YC-0YC-6YC-0YC-1YC-0YC (2, 4, 7; pedigree: JI5418/MARAS), CIT88088T-0SE-1YC-0YC-2YC-0YC-2YC-0YC-8YC-0YC-1YC-0YC (2, 5, 8; pedigree: Zander-34), and CMSW93WM0182-0AP-0YC-5YE-0YC-1YC-0YC (1, 4, 8; pedigree: SW89-3218//ASP/BLT) all from Turkey and the 5th WON-SA nursery; and CMSW94WM00586S-03Y-0B-0SE-1YE-0YC (2, 5, 7; pedigree: Saulesku #44/TR810200) from Turkey and the 6th EYTRF nursery).

Resistant to leaf rust. Capuz (2, 4, 8; Moldova), Kupava (3, 4, 8; Russian Federation), and Kroshka (3, 4, 7; Russian Federation) all from the 4th WWEERYT nursery; 0YA-0YA-5YC-0YC-6YC-0YC (1, 5, 8; pedigree: BUC/5/Naphal/CI13449/4/SEL14.53/3/Lancer//ATL66/CMN), CIT922142-0SE-0YC-3YC-0YC-6YC-0YC-2YC-0YC (3, 4, 7; pedigree: JI5418/Maras), CIT932332-0SE-0YC-7YE-0YC-3YK-0YK (2, 5, 7; pedigree: CHAM6//1D13.1/MLT/3/SHI4414/CROW/4/KVZ/AU//GRK), CIT932282-0SE-0YC-3YE-0YC-3YK-0YK (1, 5, 8; pedigree: Karous-10), CIT935166-0SE-0YC-4YE-0YC-1YK-0YK (3, 4, 7; pedigree: PLK70/LIRA/5/NAI60/3/14-53/ODIN//CI13441/4/GRK/6/MNCH), 0YA-0YA-5YC-0YC-4YC-0YC (3, 5, 7; pedigree: BUC/5/NAPHAL/CI13449/4/SEL14.53/3/L//ATL66/CMN), and CIT935224-0SE-0YC-3YE-0YC-3YC-0YC (3, 5, 8; pedigree: NGDA146/4/YMH/TOB//MCD/3/LIRA/5/F130L1.12) all from Turkey and the 5th WON-SA nursery; F2.96.24-0SE-0YC-1YE (2, 4, 8; pedigree: Bilinmiyen96.24), CIT932332-0SE-0YC-1YE-0YC-2YC-0YC (3, 4, 7; pedigree: CHAM6//1D13.1/MLT/3/SHI4414/CROW/4/KVZ/AU//GRK), and CIT930151-0SE-0YC-9YE-0YC-1YC-0YC (3, 5, 7; pedigree: Jing Dong 1//1D13.1/MLT) all from Turkey and the 6th EYTRF nursery.

Immunological basis for developing initial material resistant to septoriosis for winter and spring bread wheat breeding in Ukraine. [p. 158-160]

S.V. Rabinovich, V.P. Petrenkova, I .M. Chernyaeva, and L.N. Chernobay.

Among the cereal crops, wheat is the major grain grown in Ukraine. The winter wheat area occupies about 7 x 10^6^ hectares; spring wheats occupy 3-3.5 x 10^5^ ha. Resistance to disease pathogens for increasing the yield capacity of cereal crops in developed countries has become more significant than other traits. The acuteness of the problem will not decrease in the future as breeding progress for productivity effects a pathogen's development and accelerates adaptation. The breeder, however, must take the lead in order to ensure constant sources and donors of disease-resistance genes. Septoria resistance will play an important role among other diseases. The best results will be achieved only by the use of resistant material in breeding.

Septoria has been one of the most harmful diseases of wheat during the last decade, although it has been known since 1907 (Yachevskiy 1908). At present, this disease is widespread all over the regions where wheat is cultivated, including the Ukraine. The disease symptoms appear as spots, occurring on all above-ground parts of the plant and at all developmental stages. The disease pathogens in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine include S. tritici and S. graminum, which affect the leaves and leaf sheaths of winter and spring wheats (Boublik et al. 1999).

The ascospores are an additional source of infection, but the pycnospores are of great importance in infecting and reinfecting plants. Prolonged moisture, mild, windy weather, and precipitation, especially at the heading and flowering, are favorable to infection. At the Department for the Plant Immunity to Diseases and Pests in the Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yurjev between 1996-2002, we studied some genotypes from a collection of breeding material of winter and spring wheats obtained from the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (NC PGRU) and breeding departments of the Institute. Artificial infections for Septoria infection were created according to known procedures (Anonymous 1989a and b). In the Ukraine, a parasite of the Septoria pathogens at the ascospore stage has been found in cereals that belongs to the genus Leptosphaeria Ces. et de Not.

The years of the study were characterized by considerable changes in weather conditions, particularly during plant development; 1997 and 2000 were favorable for plant and pathogen development characterized by increased moisture and mild temperatures, and 1996, 1998, and 1999 were years of severe drought during the entire vegetative period of both winter and spring cereals and a reduced level of pathogen development. The weather conditions in 2001 were characterized by increased moisture at the start of plant vegetation and flowering stages and severe drought and heat during grain formation and filling. Epidemics of the disease in 1997 and 2000 did not require creating artificial infections.

The maximum infection of plants amounted to 65-100 %. In 1996, the pathogen was epidemic among the leaf diseases. In 1998, Septoria in winter wheat was suppressed at the milk stage. In 1999, fungal pycnidia emerged in the first week of May on the bottom leaves of plants, spread to the middle and upper leaves, but symptoms were not found on the flag leaf due to a severe drought (Table 7). In 2001, favorable conditions for disease development in both winter and spring wheats were produced by artificial infections through use of a local population and a population received from the Plant Protection Institute (Kyiv). During 1996-2000, we studied the resistance of 1,542 samples of winter wheat and 1,186 samples of spring wheat. In 2001 with artificial infection, 453 lines of winter wheat and 202 lines of spring wheat were tested.

Immune or highly resistant lines were not identified, which shows the low adaptation of resistance genes in the cultivars studied. In the material of the competitive variety trials of the Winter Wheat Breeding Department, two lines were the most resistant (scores 6-7), Lutescens 159-95 and Erythrospermum 224, and 10 lines were of medium resistance (score 5). The rest of the material from the nursery was susceptible or very susceptible (Chernyaeva and Mouraeva 1992; Dolgova et al. 1997; Rabinovich et al. 1999).

Among samples from the world gene pool of winter wheat, we identified genotypes that maintained resistance to the pathogen (scores 6-8) including Granada from Germany and Myronivska 33 and Myrich from the Ukraine. Myrych and Myronivska 33 of Myronivskiy Institute of Wheat n.a. V.M. Remeslo were used as initial material for developing winter wheat resistant hybrids (see Table 8).

Septoria infection in spring wheat was at a lower degree than that of winter wheat. Spring wheats also were infected by leaf rust and powdery mildew fungi. We identified medium-resistant breeding lines (scores 5-8) between 1990-96. In 2002, line 97-171 showed medium resistance.

Among the durum wheats, we identified three lines that maintained resistance during 3 years at a level of 6-7; Leucurum 79, from Kazakhstan, and Hordeifome 1613 and Hordeiforme 1620 from Bulgaria. In 2000, no resistant lines were identified and only two cultivars, Irridur (U.S.A.) and CD 89239 (Mexico), were medium resistant (score 6).

Both spring bread and winter wheats had high levels of Septoria infection. No immune or resistant lines were found after many years. Five genotypes were classified to be of medium resistance (score 5; Largo and Oasis (U.S.A.), and Krasnokutskaya 9, Legenda, and Lutescens 115/85-3 (Russian Federation). In the 2000 epidemic, three lines from the Samariskiy NIISHK scored 6 (medium resistant); Volgouralskaya, Erythrospermum 1508, and Erythrospermum 1509.

Disease dynamics were investigated to analyze resistance in breeding material in an artificial infection. Resistance was determined by the AUDPC. According to the criteria, the best lines were the winter wheats Lutescence 234-99, Erythrospermum 293-99, Lutescence 422-2000, and Lutescence 625-2000 with resistance scores of 6. Infection did not exceed 15 %, with the average indices of resistance at scores 4-5.

Among the NC-PGRU genotypes useful as the sources of resistance were the Ukrainian winter wheats AC-182, Lutescence 20191, TK 121 Line 2, Perlyna Lisostepu, Myronivska 67, and Myronivska 68; cultivars from Great Britain Tara, Brigadier, Hussar, and Norman; the U.S. wheats Wakefield, U 1254, KS91WGRC11, and Charmany; the Russian cultivars Smouglyanka, Douslyk, and Delta; and the Polish cultivar Olma.

References.

• Anonymous. 1989a. Methods for estimation of resistance of breeding material and wheat varieties to septoriosis. Moscow 43 pp.
• Anonymous. 1989b. Methods for breeding and estimation of resistance of wheat and barley to diseases in the CEA member-countries. Prague 321 pp.
• Boublik LI, Vasechko GI, Vasyljev VP, et al. 1999. Plant Protection Reference Book (Losovoi MP and Urozhai K eds). 744 pp.
• Chernyaeva IM and Mouraeva OV. 1992. Search for sources of resistance for breeding Septoria-resistant varieties of winter wheat. In: Heads Rept Internat Conf, Scientific bases for stabilization of the production of plant breeding produce. Jalta (in Ukrainian).
• Dolgova OM, Chernyaeva IM, Man'ko OP, and Afons'ka OYu. 1997. Resistance of winter wheat in the Eastern Forest ­ Steppes of the Ukraine to Septoria tritici. Ann Wheat Newslet 43:240-241.
• Rabinovich SV, Afons'ka OYu, Dolgova OM, and Chernyaeva IN. 1999. Development of wheat cultivars with genetic protection against diseases-the basis for grain stable production. In: Heads Rept Internat Conf, Scientific bases for stabilization of the production of plant breeding produce. Kharkiv (in Ukrainian).
• Yachevskiy. 1908. Annual news on diseases and damage of cultivated and wild useful plants. S. Petersbourgh. 2,006 pp.