ITEMS FROM THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE CENTRAL REGION OF NON-CHENOZEM ZONE
143026, Nemchinovka-1, Moscow region, Russian Federation.

 

Genetic linkage between endosperm color and caryopsis size in soft wheat hybrids. [p. 95-96]

V.G. Kyzlasov.

A method for creating a xenia caryopsis color and its inheritance in soft wheat hybrids has been described previously (Kyzlasov 1998, 2000, 2001). Plants with caryopses of various colors were detected among the progeny with instaminate flowers. These plants arose through the pollination of a spring soft wheat with pollen from spring barley. Instead of stamens, this genotype had formed pistils. The segregation of caryopsis color in the F1 hybrid plants was 7 light-colored : 9 pigmented (1.284 light : 1.662 dark). The pigment was produced in the caryopses as the result of The use of grain xenia-color genes makes it possible to mark and select caryopses within a separate spike that are carriers of the genes determining large grains. Selecting caryopses of different colors within separate spikes of F1 hybrid plants indicates that dark-colored caryopses are significantly larger than light-colored caryopses (see Table 2).

The ratio of the weight of dark to light caryopses was (37.1 : 33.0) x 100 = 112.4 % on average. Linkage between grain color and size was established in other experiments. For example, sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata) and garden pea (Pisum sativum) also demonstrate linked inheritance of grain size and variety features.

Dark- and light-colored grains taken from the same spike did not differ in their levels of raw protein, K2O, P2O5, and gliadin proteins. Glutenins cause dark-grained wheat. The dark-grained wheat obtained in our experiments is recommended for use when studying the inheritance of grain size in hybrids. The wide distribution of grains of different colors within the same spike indicates that the difference in the size is exclusively a function of genetic factors. The environmental influences are identical for all the grains of a spike. By backcrossing coarse-grain lines can be created that will be analogous to the commercial cultivars with the dark-colored endosperm and pericarp.

References.

• Kyzlasov VG. 1998. Wheat grain xenia. In: Proc Conf The theoretical and the practical problems of the genetic, selection and seed-growing of the grain crop. Moscow region, Nemchinovka P. 43.
• Kyzlasov VG. 2000. Grain xenia and its heredity by soft wheat hybrids. In: 2nd Cong Vavilov Soc Genet Select, St. Petersburg. 1:111.
• Kyzlasov VG. 2001. Genes controlling xenia development of the caryopsis in soft wheat. Ann Wheat Newslet 47:142.

 

 

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOUTH-EAST REGIONS - ARISER

410020 Toulaykov str., 7, Saratov, Russian Federation.

The efficacy of the Ut gene from Saratovskaya 57 (Triticum durum subsp. durum) against loose smut in bread wheat. [p. 97]

A.E. Druzhin.

During two seasons (2001-02), a number of spring bread wheat lines containing chromatin from T. durum subsp. durum were studied for resistance to loose smut after artificial infection. We selected lines with a high level of resistance to the pathogen. We detected resistance to loose smut in lines with the spring durum wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 57 in their pedigree (see Table 1).

Evaluating resistance to loose smut, bunt, and ergot in spring bread wheat lines containing alien translocations. [p. 97]

A.V. Borozdina.

The Saratov-bred spring bread wheat cultivars and lines containing alien translocations were evaluated under natural infection by pathogen populations of loose smut, bunt, and ergot. Spring bread wheat lines derived from crossings with S. cereale; T. turgidum subspp. durum, persicum, and dicoccum; Ag. elongatum; Ag intermedium; and lines with translocations from these species were most susceptible to ergot. The degree of a susceptibility in the lines containing genes from T. turgidum subsp. durum + Ag. elongatum + S. cereale was higher than lines in lacking rye in their pedigree.

Resistance to loose smut was found in lines with translocations T. turgidum subsp. durum + T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum + Ag. elongatum (L 836-00), T. turgidum subsp. durum + Ag. elongatum (L 2040 and L 164), T. tudgidum subsp. durum + Ag. elongatum + Ag. intermedium (L 810-94), T. turgidum subsp. durum + T. turgidum subsp. persicum (L 589-94), and T. turgidum subsp. durum +Ag. elongatum + S. cereale (L 894-94 and L 255-93).

The study of these lines for resistance to bunt shows that the greatest number of susceptible genotypes in the groups with translocations from Ag. elongatum, T. turgidum subsp. durum, and their combinations (T. turgidum subsp. durum + Ag. elongatum) and (T. turgidum subsp. durum + Ag. elongatum + Ag. intermedium). Lines combining resistance to all three diseases were very rare and observed in lines containing T. turgidum subsp. durum + T. turgidum subsp. persicum line L 589-94.

Genetic control for resistance to leaf rust in spring bread wheat lines derived from crosses with tetraploid AB-genome species. [p. 97]

S.N. Sibikeev, S.A. Voronina, and V.A. Krupnov.

In the Department of Genetics at ARISER, spring bread wheat lines resistant to leaf rust were obtained from crosses with T. turgidum subspp. durum, dicoccum, and dicoccoides. These lines were produced by the backcross method. In these lines, the following ITs to leaf rust were observed: L164 (pedigree: L504/S57//L504, S57 is a spring durum wheat) ­ IT = 2­2; L196 (pedigree: S58/T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum*3//S58) ­ IT = 0;­1; L2870 (pedigree: S55/T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides*3//S55) ­ IT = 0;. Genetic analyses indicated that the resistance in L164 was determined by two recessive genes, in L196 by two dominant genes, and in L2870 by one dominant gene. Allelism tests detected that these Lr genes are different from Lr14a and Lr23 and from each other.

The evaluation of spring bread wheat cultivars for resistance to stripe rust in 2002. [p. 98]

S.N. Sibikeev and A.E. Druzhin.

Stripe rust of bread wheat in the Saratov district of the Volga Region of Russia occurs seldom and the severity of the epidemics is usually weak. Nevertheless, in the southwestern part of the Saratov district, epidemics of this disease were observed during the last 2 years. A major part of this area is sown with spring bread wheat cultivars L503, L505, Belyanka, and Dobrynya. L503, L505, and Dobrynya had an IT of 0 and that of Belyanka was a 3. L503, L505, and Dobrynaya have resistance gene Lr19, and Belyanka has Lr23+Lr14a. Resistance to stripe rust in L503, L505, and Dobrynya was surprising, because there is no data regarding the resistance of Agropyron translocation with Lr19 to P. striiformis tritici.

The reaction of the bread wheat cultivars and lines to loose smut and bunt. [p. 98-99]

A.Yu. Buyenkov, A.E. Druzhin, V.A. Krupnov, Yu.V. Lobachev, and M.R. Abdryaev.

We compared the resistance of bread wheat cultivars and lines to loose smut and bunt in an artificial infection. Fourteen cultivars and lines bred at ARISER were infected with spores of loose smut and bunt. The initial inoculum of bunt was collected from the susceptible line L894. Two pathotypes of loose smut were collected from cultivars L505 and Saratovskaya 60, which are susceptible to the named races L 505 and S 60, respectively.

The reactions of bread wheats and lines to bunt and loose smut after artificial inoculation are given in Table 2. Lutescens 62 is resistant to bunt but is moderately susceptible to race L 505 of loose smut and highly susceptible to S 60. L235-01, the line most susceptible to bunt, was resistant to race L 505 and moderately susceptible to S 60. L 2040 was resistant to both races of loose smut but moderately susceptible to bunt (36 %). The majority of bread wheat lines were more susceptible to bunt than resistant to loose smut (Albidum 188, L502-01, L105, and L 108). In most cases, the cultivars and lines were more susceptible when inoculated with race S 60 of loose smut. Approximately similar degrees of susceptibility to bunt and race S 60 of loose smut were observed in L780 and between bunt and races L 505 in L400, L154, and L199. A correlation was detected between the percent susceptible to loose smut and bunt.

The distribution of Puccinia triticina pustules on the flag leaves of Saratov soft spring wheat cultivars. [p. 98-99]

O.V. Subkova.

In practice, we are selecting soft spring wheat cultivars for general resistance to leaf rust. Quantative estimations, both in the field and greenhouse, include four signs that in total are considered as the final expression of a given interaction. Most methods for estimating pustule distribution contain a number of errors. A wider selection of characteristics is necessary to increase the accuracy. Finding a new phenotypes (up to two) to help determine the various estimations is desirable.

We visually observed the pustule arrangement on the flag leaves of 12 Saratov soft spring wheat cultivars of the Ugo-Vostok Scientific Research Institute in the 2000-01 season by sketching. The differences between cultivars were assessed from pictures of pustule distribution along the leaf blade. Our hypothesis about pustule distribution includes several points:

• in general, in each of the 12 Saratov cultivars, we could determine a typical arrangement from the background pustule arrangement of the flag leaves and defined this as the abstract picture of pustule arrangement (aPDP);
• each aPDP of a cultivar consists of a definite design type (from 1 up to 9), one of which can be seen only in single cultivar; others in several; and
• a formula describing the pustule arrangement (FDDP) for the resistant and susceptible Saratov wheat cultivars FDDP includes three traits; the number of dominant designs at the bottom, in the middle, and at the tip of the flag leaf.

These data are summarized and expressed by the symbol G, with the index n (1-10). These differences in aPDP are not accidental and are connected with the peculiarities of genotype, plant habit, and the external influences during epidemic pathogen development.

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOUTH-EAST REGIONS - ARISER

Department of Genetics 410020 Toulaykov str., 7, Saratov, Russian Federation.

ALL RUSSIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF PHYTOPAThOLOGY
143053, Bol´shie Vyazemy, Moscow region, Russian Federation.

Determining the genotypes of resistant wheat lines using test pathotypes of the Puccinia triticina. [p. 99-101]

I.F. Lapochkina and E.D. Kovalenko, and A.I. Zhemchuzhina, T.M. Kolomietz, and D.A. Solomatin (Institute of Phytopathology).

Breeding for resistance to the rust fungus is a great problem for many wheat-cultivating countries such as the Russian Federation, the U.S.A., Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and Australia. One way to solve this problem is to screen for resistance in the world's wheat germ plasm. After testing common, spring-wheat cultivars grown in the territory of the former Soviet Union, only 8-9 leaf rust-resistance genes were identified (Singh et al. 1995). The genetic diversity of winter wheat cultivars is not large; 95 % of the cultivars included in the State Register of Russian Federation in 1998 were the progeny of Bezostaya 1 and Mironovskaya 808 (Martynov and Dobrotvorskaya 2001).

Enriching wheat germ plasm with genes of wild species and establishing new combinations of resistance genes will increase significantly the efficacy of breeding wheat for immunity. The cytogenetic stock collection created at the Agriculture Research Institute of Non-Chernozem Zone contains common wheat genotypes with chromosomes added from Ae. speltoides (over 60 genotypes that are grouped into 16 clusters according to disease resistance and morphological traits) (Lapochkina and Volkova 1994; Lapochkina et al. 1998, 2001). The collection also includes hexaploid genotypes with alien material from Ae. speltoides, Ae. triuncialis, T. kiharae, and S. cereale. Several stable addition lines of spring wheat obtained by means of wide hybridization with the spring wheat Rodina and the ph1b mutant with Ae. speltoides and Ae. triuncialis species were used in this research and are described in Table 1.

Lines k-62903 and k-62904 are of the lutescens type. These lines have a long stem (90­100 cm), a lax multiflowered ear, and anthocyanin-colored anthers. Line k-62905 belongs is a milturun type. This line has a short stem, lacks wax on the spike, and has short awn-like sprouts on the ear apex. Line 149/00i is characterized by late ripening, anthocyanin-colored anthers and straw, and waxless spikes. Line 102/00i is T. aestivum subsp. spelta with a dense spike. This line has anthocyanin-colored anthers and lacks wax. Line 82/00i has a short stem, lax multiflowered spikes with big glumes, and elongated teeth on the lemma. Line 76/00i is characterized by the presence of the morphological features of wild species; thin, anthocyanin-colored straw and low spike density. Two telomeric SPELT 1 repeats are visualized in the karyotype of this line after FISH (Salina et al. 2000). Line 87/00i has thin straw and is susceptible to powdery mildew. Line 72/00i is characterized by a light-red spike color, low spike density, and narrow, lancet-shaped spike scales. This line is resistant to powdery mildew (10 % infection). Lemmas that adhere to the kernel on the side groove and the existence of a long (over 9 cm) spike are typical of line 99/00i. The line also is susceptible to powdery mildew (40 % infection). Line 85/01i has a low spike density and anthocyanin-colored anthers and straw. Line 97/01i has thin straw and the lemma adheres to the kernel. Line 132/01i is an awned form of T. aestivum.

During the last 5 years, all lines showed a high level of resistance to leaf rust inoculation (genotype of the population 1, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3bg, 3k, 10, 11, 14a, 14b, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27+31, 30) in the field. Fifteen isolates collected from the natural uredopopulations of the pathogen in the Central, Low-Volga, Middle-Volga, North-Caucasian, and West-Siberian regions of the Russian Federation were used as test cultures. Pathotypes of P. triticina carried from 12 to 18 virulence genes (Table 2). Disease symptoms were estimated according to the 5-point scale of Mains and Jackson (1926). Infection types 0, 0; 1, 2, and X- mean that a sample possesses resistance genes whereas types 3, 4, and %+ indicate their absence.

As a rule, the investigated lines were resistant to the pathogen penetration with ITs of 0, 0; or 1, and 2. A susceptible reaction to some pathotypes suggested that lines k-62905, 149/00i, 82/00i, and 102/00i had a combination of Lr1+Lr10, Lr10+Lr26, Lr10+Lr26, and Lr27+Lr31 genes, respectively. In addition, lines 82/00i and 102/00i each had one additional, unidentified resistance gene.

Lines k-62903 and k-62904 presumably have new resistance genes from Ae. speltoides. The alien translocations and substitutions (T2BL·2SL for k-62903, T1BL·1SS and T5AL·5SL for k-62904, and 7A/7S substitution in k-62905) were identified previously by differential C-banding of chromosomes in k-62903, k-62904 and k-62905 (Lapochkina et al. 1996; Pukhalsky et al. 1999). The presence of resistance genes in these lines probably is related to these translocations.

When lines 87/00i, 99/00i, 85/01i, and 97/01i were inoculated with leaf rust test pathotypes, they showed only the resistant-type reaction (0, 0;); suggesting that the resistance genes from Ae. speltoides function in both seedlings and adult plants. Line 76/00i was susceptible to infection by 11 pathotypes and resistant to four. The presence of APR genes in this line possibly are related to the presence of Ae. speltoides chromosome 4S in the karyotype. For line 72/00i, the heterogenic type of reaction (x-) was found in the case of three pathotypes, the 12 remaining pathotypes exhibited a resistant reaction (0, 0;). We believe that juvenile resistance genes may be present in this line. Lr28 and additional unidentified resistance genes from Ae. triuncialis were found in line 132/01i.

Conclusions. The testing of 13 wheat-Aegilops lines with leaf rust pathotypes with known genotypes showed that most lines had juvenile genes of resistance. Line 76/00i with APR genes was identified. All the lines were classified into three groups: 1) those with unidentified resistance genes from Ae. speltoides (k-62903, k-62904, 72/00i, 85/01i , 97/01i , 99/00i, 87/00i, 76/00i); 2) those with known genes of resistance (k-62905 and 149/00i); and 3) those with known resistance genes and an additional unknown resistance gene (82/00i, 102/00i, and 132/01i).

References.

• Lapochkina IF. 2001. Genetic diversity of "Arsenal" collection and its use in wheat breeding. In: Abstr Internat Appl Sci Conf Genetic Resources of Cultural Plants. 13-16 November, 2001, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. Pp. 133-135.
• Lapochkina IF, Solomatin DA, Serezhkina GV, Grishina EE, Vishnyakova KhS, and Pukhalskiy VA. 1996. Common wheat lines with genetic material from Aegilops speltoides Tausch. Rus J Genet 32(12):1651-1656.
• Lapochkina IF and Volkova GA. 1994. Creation of collection of lines spring common wheat, substituted and supplemented with chromosomes of Aegilops speltoides Tausch. Rus J Genet 30(suppl):86-87.
• Lapochkina IF, Yatchevskaya GL, Kyzlasov VG, Solomatin DA, Vishnyakova KhS, Pogorelova LG, and Lasareva EN. 1998. The production, cytology and practicality of disomic addition lines of T. aestivum-Ae. speltoides. In: Proc 9th Internat Wheat Genetic Symp (Slinkard AE ed). University Extension Press, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. 2:67-69.
• Mains EE and Jackson HC. 1926. Physiologic specialization in the leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia tritici Erikss. Phytopath 16(2).
• Martynov SP and Dobrotvorskaya TB. 2001. Pedigree-analysis of modern cultivars of winter common wheat. Selektsia i Semenovodstvo. N 1-2:47-54.
• Pukhalski VA, Iordanskaya IV, Badaeva ED, Lapochkina IF, and Bilinskaya EN. 1999. Genetic analysis of the sign "absence of wax bloom on an ear" of the line of common wheat. Rus J Genet 35(9):1223-1227.
• Salina EA, Adonina IG, Efremova TT, Lapochkina IF, and Pshenichnikova TA. 2000. The genome-specific subtelomeric repeats for study of introgression lines T. aestivum x Ae. speltoides. In: Abstr 11 EWAC Conf, dedicated to the memory of O.I. Maystrenko, 24-28, July, 2000. Pp. 181.
• Singh RP, Morgunov A, and Huerta-Espino J. 1995. Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccnia recondita f. sp. tritici, and adult-plant responses of recent wheat cultivars from the former USSR. Euphytica 81(3):225-234.

.

INSTITUTE OF COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL PROBLEMS

Karl Marx str., 105 A, kv. 167, Khabarovsk, 680009, Russian Federation.

Technological characteristics of spring wheat cultivars developed in the far-eastern Russian Federation. [p. 101-104]

Ivan M. Shindin, Elizoveta N. Meshkova, and Olga V. Lokteva.

The grain market in the far-eastern part of the Russian Federation is mainly imports from abroad and the central region of the country. The cost is high. Because the far-eastern region has sufficient land and a favorable environment for the production of spring wheat, the area is completely capable of providing the population of the region with bread and bakery products. To solve this important problem, increasing the wheat yield from 1.0­1.2 t/ha to 1.8­2.0 t/ha, extending the area under cultivation from 200,000 to 450,000­500,000 ha, and having high-quality cultivars is necessary.

In the Russian Federation, T. aestivum cultivars are classified into five groups according to their grain-technological characteristics into the categories strong, valuable, medium quality (filler), satisfactory, and weak (Table 1).

The term strong means wheat with high-quality protein content that forms a dough good for intensive mixing and long fermentation, provides for a high volume of bread, and has good mixing quality. The mixing quality is understood to be the capability of strong wheat flour to improve baking quality of a weak wheat flour. The higher the mixing quality of the flour, the less quantity of flour is required as a component of a mixture (from 50-20 %). Valuable and medium (filler) wheats make high-quality bread, but they do not improve the baking quality of weak cultivars. Flour from weak wheat when not combined with a strong wheat flour is not good for bread baking.

Wheat quality problems are of great economic importance. If 100 g of high baking-quality wheat yields 115 kg of bread, then a low baking-quality wheat will yield only 9l kg (Pumpyansky and Semyonov 1969). Thus, the main importance for obtaining high-quality bread depends on the cultivar.

The far-eastern region has the proper cultivar resources (Shindin 1996; Shindin and Bochkaryov 2001). In 2002, 13 cultivars of soft spring wheat were released for cultivation; 11 are from breeders in the far east (Amurskaya 75, Amurskaya 1495, Amurskaya 90, Dalnevostochnaya 10, Zaryanka, Lyra 98, Monakinka, Primorskaya 14, Primorskaya 21, Primorskaya 39, and Kabarovchanka) and two are from other regions (Krasnofimskaya 90 and Priokskaya). Although no strong wheat cultivar is among these wheats, most are good fillers and are of good quality according to their technological evaluation. All have good agronomic characteristics (high grain yield and resistance to lodging, disease, sprouting, and shattering). The technological and agronomic characteristics of eight far-eastern cultivars follow.

Amurskaya 5. This cultivar was bred at the former Amur Agroexperimental Station (now the Russian Soybean Research Institute, Blagoveshensk), which is situated in the Amur region, a main wheat granary in the far-eastern Russian Federation. The grain is of average size and vitreous (60-78 %). The 1,000-kernel weight is 27-34 g. The 1 L weight is 750-760 g. Baking quality is good. Amurskaya 5 belongs to the valuable class of wheat cultivars. Grain protein content is 14.1-17.8 %, gluten content is 27-40 %, and flour strength is 280-411 units as measured by alveograph. The bread output from l00 g of flour is 620-1,150 ml. Baking quality is 3-4.5. The cultivar is resistant or moderately resistant to lodging, shattering, and P. graminis. Grain yield is 2-2.5 t/ha.

Amurskayag 90. This cultivar was bred at the Ear Eastern State Agricultura1 University, Blagoveshensk. The grain is egg-shaped, red, and vitreous with a shallow groove. The 1,000-kernel weight is 32-35 g. According to technological evaluations, Amurskayag 90 is a satisfactory filler, threshes well, and is resistant to U. tritici and P. triticina but susceptible to S. nodorum and P. gramminis. Potential yield is 4-4.5 t/ha, with an average yield of 2.5 t/ha.

Dalnevostochnaya 10. This wheat was bred at the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture, Khabarovsk. The egg-shaped grain is red. The 1,000-kernel weight is 30-38 g. Bread-making quality is medium to good and the cultivar is a satisfactory filler. Grain vitreousness is 65 %, and protein content is 28.5-37 %. Flour strength is 230-360 units as measured by alveograph and valorimetric number is 50 units as measured by farinograph. The bread output from 100 g of flour is 650-1,050 ml. Bread-making quality is 2.7-4.1. The cultivar is resistant to lodging and moderately resistant to P. triticina and P. graminis. Commercial yield is 2-2.5 t/ha with a potential yield of 5 t/ha.

Zaryanka. Bred at the Ear Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture, Khabarovsk, Zaryanka has a grain-protein content of 14-16.7 %, a vitreousness of 60-65 %, gluten of the first-class quality at 28-30 %, and a flour strength of 320-380 units as measured by alveograph. The bread output from l00 g of flour is 960-1,060 ml. The cultivar belongs to the valuable class. Zaryanka is more resistant to U. tritici, F. graminearum, shattering, and sprouting as compared with the standard and yields between 2.5-3 t/ha.

Lyra 98. Lyra 98 was bred at the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture, Khabarovsk and released for growing in the far-eastern region in 2002. Grain protein content is 16-l7 %, vitreousness 60-70 %, gluten content is 30-38 %, and flour strength is 450-520 units as measured by alveograph. The bread output from l00 g of flour is 1,100-1,200 ml. This cultivar is resistant to lodging, sprouting, and U. tritici and moderately resistant to F. grameniarum. Potential yield is 4.6-5.0 t/ha.

Primorskaya 14. Bred at the Primorskey Research Institute of Agriculture, Ussuryisk, this cultivar has red, egg-shaped grains with a medium groove and of small to average size. The 1,000-kernel weight is 30-36 g. Baking quality is from satisfactory to good. Vitreousness is 50-78 %, grain protein content is 15-16.8 %, flour gluten is 34.6-39.8 %, and flour strength is 255-343 units as measured by alveograph. The bread output is 620-1,020 ml with a bread-making evaluation of 2.6-3.8 marks. Primorskaya 14 is resistant to lodging except in rainy years, resistant to P. graminis, and U. tritici and moderately susceptible in rainy years to P. triticina and F. graminearum. The commercial yield of Primorksaya 14 is 2.5 t/ha with a potential yield of 5 t/ha.

Primorskaya 21. This cultivar was bred at the Primorskey Research Institute of Agriculture, Ussuriysk. The grain is red and oval with a small, narrow groove. The 1,000-kernel weight is 30-42 g. This wheat is of satisfactory baking quality and a good filler. Grain protein content is 14.7-17.6 %, flour gluten content is 37 %, and flour strength is 270-320 units as measure by alveograph. The bread output from 100 g of flour is 800-1,030 ml. Baking evaluation is 3.6-4 marks. Primorskaya 21 is resistant to lodging and moderately susceptible to P. triticina and F. graminearum. Average yield is 2.5-3 t/ha with a potential yield of 5 t/ha.

Primorskaya 39. The cultivar was bred at the Primorskey Research Institute of Agriculture, Ussuriysk. The grain is red, rounded, and vitreous with a medium groove. The 1,000-kernel weight is 30-34g. Baking quality is good to excellent. Grain protein content is 13-15.9 %, gluten content is 33 %, and flour strength is 440 units as measured by alveograph. The bread output from l00 g of flour is 810 ml. Baking evaluation is 4.6 marks. Primorskaya 39 is resistant to lodging and moderately susceptible to P. triticina and F. graminearum. The average yield is 3.5 t/ha with a potential yield between 4.5 and 5 t/ha.

Khabarovchanka. This cultivar was bred at the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture, Khabarovsk. The large, red, egg-shaped grains have a narrow, medium groove. The 1,000-kernel weight is 36-45. Grain protein content is 14-16 %, grain gluten content is 28-31.5 %, and flour gluten is of the first and second quality at 35.7 %, and flour strength is between 280-350 units as measured by alveograph. The bread output from l00 g of flour is 900-1,000 ml. Baking evaluation is 3.6-4.5 marks. Khabarovchanka is highly resistant to lodging, U. tritici, P. graminis, and P. triticina. This cultivar is of the intensive type and has a good responsiveness to improved growing conditions. Commercial yield is 3-4 t/ha with a potential yield of 5 t/ha.

In the future, this list of cultivars will increase as new cultivars with high value and strength are released by breeders from the far-eastern region.

References.

• Pumpyanskey AY and Semyonova LV. 1969. The improvement of technological characters of Triticum aestivum. Moscow. P. 87 (in Russian).
• Shindin IM. 1996. Spring wheat and barley selection in far eastern Russia. Scientific report, Khakarovsk. P. 55 (in Russian).
• Shindin IM and Bochkaryov YY. 2002. Plant and cultivar resources of agricultural crops in far eastern Russia. Ussurlysk, Biribidjan. P. 193 (in Russian).

 

 

OMSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chemico-Biological Faculty, nab. Tuchachevskogo, 14, Omsk, 644099, Russian Federation.

 

Chromosome number variations caused by the 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid in durum wheat calli and regenerant plants cultivated in vitro. [p. 104-106]

Natalia A. Kuzmina.

Introduction. Totipotence is a property of plant cells that makes inheriting information following alterations in the environment and causes the regenerating of plants. The genetic properties of cell populations cultivated on different artificial media and the possibility to introducing hereditable mutations caused by different mutagenic substances are very important (Butenko 1964). Auxins, used for the transformation of isolated plant cells and tissues in culture, were capable of modifying some stages of the mitotic cycle (Gamburg et al. 1990). In addition, the callus tissue itself was shown to be heterogeneous and genetically unstable, being affected by certain environmental compounds such as light, temperature, and nutrition (Shamina 1970). Cytogenetic analysis of durum wheat callus tissues described the ploidy level and revealed a certain genotype and cultivation time (Bennici et al. 1988; Morozova 1991; Yurkova 1989; Yurkova et al. 1985). We studied variations of the chromosome number in durum wheat callus tissue and regenerated plants as they relate to some components of the nutrient medium.

Material and methods. Mature seeds of the durum wheat cultivar Altayskaya Niva were used to obtain callus tissues. The upper part of mature embryos were cut and placed on a nutrient-agar medium. Hamburg medium (B5) (Gamborg et al. 1968) supplemented with 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in concentrations of 2, 4, or 6 mg/l and Murashige-Skoog medium (MS) (Murashige and Skoog 1962) supplemented with 2,4-D at 4 mg/l were used to induce callus growth. Each group consisted of 30-35 explants. Cultivation was in '100 x 20-mm' glass tubes with 10 ml of medium at 24 C under continuous fluorescent light. After 6-7 weeks, the calli were transferred to another tube containing the same medium, but without the hormone supplement, to induce organogenesis. Cytogenetic analysis of the callus tissues and tissues of the apical root-tip meristem was with temporary squash preparations in acetocarmine. The samples were treated with 0.1 % colchicine at 4 C and fixed in a solution of alchohol:acetic acid (3:1). The significance of the variation between treatments was determined using the Student's t test (Lakin 1990).

Results and discussion. After the explants were placed on the agar medium containing 2,4-D, callus formation was observed after 6 weeks of cultivation. Transferring the calli to hormone-free medium caused a range of morphogenic processes such as the continuous proliferation of nondifferentiated cells (nonmorphogenic callus), the appearance of rhyzogenesis zones, shoot induction, and formation of somatic embryoids, the beginning of regenerant plants. The combination and proportion of these processes depended on the auxin concentration in the primary medium (Kuzmina 1997).

The normal chromosome number was 2n = 28 in the regenerant plants (Table 1). Greco et al. (1984) described chromosome numbers and Bennici et al. (1988) identified mosaics in durum wheat plants regenerated from the mesocotyl callus. Reduction in chromosome number depended on 2,4-D concentration and was detected in the roots of rhyzogenic callus. When the calli were grown on a medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l of 2,4-D, few cells had reduced chromosome numbers, but the proportion of such cells significantly increased with higher concentrations of 2,4-D. The data clearly demonstrated that a high concentration of 2,4-D causes a reduction in chromosome number, at least in root-tip cells, because cells of the nonmorphogenic calli had reduced chromosome number independently of the 2.4-D concentration. This reduction might be explained by mitotic damage and reduction in mitosis rate, particularly due to loss of the final phases. The incapability of the proliferating cells to undergo mitosis might be associated with physiological hyperactivity of the cells maintained in an unusual experimental environment in vitro and with their concurrence for specific regulatory proteins (Gamburg et al. 1990; Shamina 1970; Yurkova et al. 1985.

The B5 and MS media contained different proportions of a nitrogen salts, NH4NO3, KNO3, and (NH4)2SO4. Reduced nitrogen (NH+4 and glycine) prevailed in the MS medium, whereas oxygenated nitrogen (NO-3) prevailed in the B5. Because genetic instability might be caused by different components of the nutrition medium (Shamina 1970), we compared results obtained with two nutrition media of different mineral compounds (B5 and MS) supplemented with 2,4-D in equal concentrations of 4.0 mg/l (Table 2). The regenerated plants retained normal chromosome number (2n = 28) independent of the medium used. Roots of the rhyzogenic calli maintained on the MS were diploid, whereas cells of the nonmorphogenic calli had a reduced chromosome number. Only cells of calli maintained on B5 contained reduced chromosome number (2n = 20 or 22). Root-tip cells of the rhyzogenic calli maintained on the B5 contained either normal or reduced chromosome number (2n = 26). Increasing the reduced nitrogen in the MS probably diminished the effect of auxin stress and retracted the chromosome reduction. In one sample, nonmorphogenic calli maintained on MS medium had a single giant cell with 84 chromosomes (not included into the average calculations). Therefore, myxoploidy of the cell populations maintained in vitro might be the result of either reduction or multiplication the chromosome number.

One effect of chromosomal instability on the morphogenetic potency of the cultivated cells is difficult to estimate. Winfield et al. (1995) reported a correlation between the stability of a cell line karyotype and the rate of regeneration of the progeny plants, whereas others detected an absence of morphogenesis in the stable lines. The absence of shoots and regenerant plants in our experiments may be associated with a reduced chromosome number in the cells of nonmorphogenic and rhyzogenic calli. This point needs additional study.

References.

• Bennici A, Caffaro L, Dameri RM, Gastaldo P, and Profumo P. 1988. Callus formation and plantlet regeneration from immature Triticum durum Desf. Embryos. Euphytica 39:255-263.
• Butenko RG. 1964. A culture of isolated tissues and physiology of plant morphogenesis. Nauka. 272 p.
• Gamborg OL, Miller RA, and Ojima K. 1968. Nutrient requirements of suspension culture of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res 50:151-158.
• Gamburg KZ, Rekoslavskaya NI, and Shevtsov SG. 1990. Auxin in plant tissues and cells M.: Nauka. 243 pp.
  Greco B, Tanzarella OA, and Blanco A. 1984. Plant regeneration from leaf base callus in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Cereal Res Commun 12:171-177.
• Kuzmina NA. 1997. Dependence of the durum wheat callusogenesis and regeneration on the concentration of 2.4-D in the nutrition medium. A regulator of plant growth and development. In: Proc IV Internat Conf, Moscow, 24-26 June, 1997, Moscow. Pp. 302-303.
• Lakin GF. 1990. Biometrics. M.:Vysshaya shkola. 352 pp.
• Morozova SE. 1991. Stability of the regeneratory properties in a wheat calli. Biology of cultvated cells and plant biotechnology. M.: Nauka. Pp. 256-259.
• Murashige T and Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473-497.
• Shamina ZB. 1970. Genetics and cytology of tissue culture and a regenerant plants. A culture of isolated organs, tissues and cells of plant. M.: Nauka. Pp. 129-137.
• Winfield MO, Schmitt, Lörz H, Davey MR, and Karp A. 1995. Nonrandom chromosome variation and morphogenic potential in cell lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genome 38:869-878.
• Yurkova GN. 1989. The current state and the future of an in vitro wheat cultures. Experimental plant genetics in the improvement of the selection process. Kiev:Naukiva dumka. Pp. 128-139.
• Yurkova GN, Levenko BA, and Novozhilov OV. 1985. Ploidy of callus tissue in durum and common wheat. Cytol Genet 19:264-267.

PRYANISHNIKOV ALL RUSSIAN RESEaRCH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND SOIL SCIENCE

Pryanishnikova, 31. Moscow 127550, Russian Federation.

Aluminium tolerance in spring wheat plants at different levels of potassium and low temperature. [p. 106-107]

N.V. Poukhalskaya and A.I. Gurin.

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major problems of agriculture worldwide. Some Al-resistant genotypes have been identified, however, conditions that minimize damage from Al are unclear. Breeding material should possess not only specific characters but also a set of positive metabolic responses to environmental stresses typical of particular genotype. On the other hand, we need knowledge of how mineral nutrition and temperature regimes may eliminate the negative effect of Al toxicity. We investigated the Al tolerance of the spring wheat cultivar L-63/1 at different levels of potassium and temperatures.

Materials and methods. Seedlings of spring wheat were grown in a water solution in plastic pots (300 ml, 10 plants/pot). After a 2-day germination (20 C day/18°C night ± 2 C), seedlings were transferred to pots and grown in three nutrition regimes: (1) H2O + CaSO4 x 10^-4^ M (control), (2) KCl x 10^-3^ M + CaSO4 x 10^-4^ M (low K), and (3) KCl x 10^-3^ M + CaSO4 x 10^-4^ M (high K). After cooling for 2, 3, and 6 h, the solutions were supplemented with Al^+3^ (AlCl3, pH = 5.6) at concentrations of 3 mg/l and 12 mg/l. Two levels of Al^+3^ were studied in each variant; low (3 mg/l) and high (12 mg/l). We examined nine variants in total: (1) control; (2) low K; (3) high K; (4) water + low Al level; (5) water + high Al level; (6) low K + low Al levels; (7) low K + high Al levels; (8) high K + low Al levels; and (9) high K + low Al levels. The root systems of the plants were dipped in solution during the 10 days. Solutions were replaced every 2 d. On the sixth day after germination, some of the plants from each treatment were exposed to cold (+8 C) for 2, 3, and 6 h without light. After a 6-day cold treatment (6 days of reparation), respiration/photosynthesis and linear growth were analyzed in all plants. The experiment was repeated three times.

Results. Cold treatment showed a positive effect on root development, increasing the root-system length (RL) (Table 1). The negative effect of Al^+3^ was reduced in K+-containing solutions. However, the RL at low potassium levels was small. Therefore, the parameter (RL:LL) was the smallest in variants with low K+.

Minimal RL was formed at low K+. The ratio of root-system length:seedling length (RL:SL) also was minimal in this variant. The RL in plants grown in water essentially decreased (43-47 %) upon the addition of Al^+3^ ions to solution (Table 2).

The addition of Al^+3^ to the solution changed respiratory metabolism in the plants. In the experimental treatment with water, Al^+3^ decreased respiration intensity by 43-47 % at both doses. At low K+, respiration intensity decreased by 20 % at low Al^+3^ levels and by 34 % at high Al^+3^ levels. At high K+, the addition of Al^+3^ to the solution did not change respiration intensity at 3 mg/ml and decreased the intensity by 39 % at 12 mg/ml. We assume that the addition of K+ to water solutions reduces Al toxicity. Examination of the reparation period after cold treatment has shown that the negative effect of Al^+3^ inhibits growth activation by cold (Table 3). An increase of K+ decreases the level of Al+3 toxicity

The Al^+3^ concentration has a greater effect in the presence of K+ in the nutrition medium. The toxic effects of Al^+3^ ions by suppressing the cold reaction of the root system is manifested by an increase in length. Optimizing K+ is an essential prerequisite for decreasing Al^+3^ toxicity. In turn, cold treatment is a factor that is capable of adaptating plants to Al^+3^ toxicity, supported by our data from respiration and photosynthesis experiments. In the control plants grown at room temperature, Al^+3^ decreased respiration and photosynthesis activity by 30-68 % after day 6 (Table 4). Respiration in plants kept in the cold either did not change (in the presence of K+) or decreased by 5-24 %. Finally, we have shown that cooling plants significantly increases the resistance of respiratory metabolism to Al^+3^.

Contributions from the Russian Federation continue with the Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.