AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Martonvásár, H-2462, Brunsvik str. 2, Hungary.
The wheat season. The abnormally warm, dry autumn resulted
in uneven emergence and a considerable proportion of the cereals
became infected with viruses (BYDV and WDV). After an average
winter, the drought continued in spring, so the national yield
average was lower than expected. The average protein content of
the harvested wheat was over 13.8 %; as high as 14 % in some districts.
The high gluten content was combined with good gluten quality.
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Z. Bedö, L. Láng, L. Szunics, O. Veisz, G. Vida, I. Karsai, K. Mészáros, A. Juhász, M. Rakszegi, P. Szücs, K. Puskás, C. Kuti, M. Megyeri, M. Gál, and I. Nagy.
Breeding. Three high-quality, winter wheat cultivars bred at Martonvásár were registered in 2002.
Mv Süveges (Mv 14-2000) is a midseason quality wheat with good agronomic properties. Selected from the cross 'Mironovskaya 29/2* Mv Magdaléna', the new cultivar has 14.5-15 % protein and 37-42 % wet-gluten content, an A1 farinograph value, high falling number, and high water uptake under Hungarian conditions. Mv Süveges outyielded Mv Emma, an older cultivar with similar quality, by 10 %. The outstanding quality is accompanied by good stability. The cultivar has good frost resistance, and good field resistance to powdery mildew and stem, leaf, and yellow rusts.
Mv Suba (Mv 18-2000) yields 2-3 % better than Mv Süveges. The gluten content of Mv Suba is 2-3 % lower, but it has a higher farinograph value (stable A1) and a higher alveograph W value. The cultivar has good frost resistance; medium lodging resistance; good resistance to powdery mildew, leaf and stem rust; and very good resistance to yellow rust. The pedigree of Mv Suba is 'Erytrospermum1778-87/2*Mv Magdaléna'.
Mv Ködmön (Mv 22-2000) was selected from the cross 'Mironovskaya 29/2*Mv Magdaléna'. Yields are similar to those of Mv Suba. The combination of high gluten content (35-36 %) and high gluten quality (A1 farinograph quality) satisfies milling requirements. Mv Ködmön is frost resistant and has good tillering capacity and adequate resistance to leaf diseases.
Starch studies. A population of the cultivar Bánkúti 1201 (registered in 1931) was divided into lines on the basis of HMW-glutenin subunit composition and the starch properties of these lines were studied. The amylose content of the Bánkúti 1201 lines ranged from 14.4-24.2 %, which was about 40 % lower than the published results. To study the relationship between the different lines on the basis of starch properties, we made an hierarchical cluster analysis based on RVA, DSC, and HPLC results. Five groups of Bánkúti lines could be distinguished on the basis of these traits. We concluded that the Bánkúti lines, which are heterogeneous for their HMW-glutenin composition, also are heterogeneous for starch properties. Nevertheless, no correlation was found between the variability in protein composition and the differences observed in starch properties. The amylose content of the Bánkúti 1201 lines was lower than that of normal winter wheat genotypes, but it is still not known whether all three waxy alleles are active in Bánkúti 1201 lines or if there is a mutation in the waxy alleles that could influence activity. Further studies need to be made for this purpose.
Modified HMW-glutenin ratio in transgenic wheat. HMW-glutenin subunits have a significant influence on the functional and technological properties of wheat flour, so numerous international and Hungarian laboratories are attempting to modify the functional properties of the dough by developing glutenin transformants. In the U.K., the spring wheat line L88-6 was transformed successfully with an HMW-glutenin gene. The B73-6-1 transgenic spring wheat line thus created has extra copies of the 1Dx5 HMW-glutenin gene. The flour of this wheat line has a higher percentage of HMW-glutenin subunit proteins compared with the control, but the total protein content is not significantly different. The agronomic, technological, and rheological properties of the original and transformed wheat lines have been tested in field and laboratory experiments.
In a 3-year field experiment (200002) that was part of a U.K.Australian coöperation, nontransformed L88-6 was sown as a control for comparison with the transformed spring wheat line B73-6-1. As a result of transformation, gluten content, gluten spread, farinograph index, and 1,000-kernel weight were significantly reduced, whereas SDS sedimentation and water absorption increased. The year effect had a significant influence on yield, 1,000-kernel weight, gluten quantity, gluten spread, protein content, falling number, and SDS sedimentation. The location (Hungary, U.K., or Australia) and fungicide treatment, at least in the number of replications for which data are available, had no significant effect on the technological or rheological properties of the lines. Transformation caused no significant changes in the yield of the transgenic (107.6 %) or the control lines (100 %). The lines did not differ from each other with respect to either productivity or adaptability. When mixed in the correct proportions with the flour of commercial wheat varieties, the extra-strong gluten and low extensibility of the transgenic-wheat flour reduces the extensibility of the flours and improves dough stability and, thus, can be used to amend poorer quality flours or for the development of new end-uses.
Joint effect of changes in culture medium and incubation conditions on plant regeneration in elite winter wheat cultivars. In this study, an effective tissue-culture method was elaborated for plant regeneration from immature embryos of elite winter wheat cultivars. The influence of the hormones and strength of macroelements in the regeneration medium, the incubation temperature, and the light intensity on plant-regeneration frequency were investigated. The most noticeable effect on plant formation frequency was achieved by simultaneously reducing the incubation temperature to 23 C and reducing to half-strength the concentration of macroelements in the regeneration medium. This modification improved the average shoot-regeneration frequency from about 14 to 57 % in Hungarian winter wheat cultivars. Further studies showed that changes in the light intensity combined with an alteration in the temperature improved the average plant regeneration up to 82 %.
Research on the storage protein composition of old Hungarian wheat cultivars; determining and isolating new and mutant genes. In earlier studies, the complete genes on the A and B genomes were isolated from a cDNA bank prepared from the Bánkúti 1201/11310 line, but only partial fragments of the Dx2 gene were found. In 2003, that gene bank was divided into small groups that, on the basis of Southern-hybridization analysis, contained the full length of the Dx2 gene and could be gradually narrowed down until the desired clone was isolated. The sequencing of the clone is now in progress.
PCR cloning now is being used to isolate chimeric (recombinant) genes with structures similar to that of the B21 clone previously discovered from the cDNA library and from genomic DNA. The sequencing and sequence analysis of the LMW-glutenin clones previously isolated from this gene bank now is complete, and the results will be published soon. Four of the eight genes are identical to the well-known LMW1D1 gene. Three of the other four genes show homology to sequences published by Japanese researchers in 2002 from a soft-grained Japanese wheat cultivar, whereas one clone exhibits little homology with any known sequence. A considerable amount of information suggests that the structure of the Bx7 allele in wheat genotypes with the 7+8 allele composition differs from previously published sequences. Work has begun on the isolation of HMW-glutenin genes of the Bx7 type from the Bánkúti 1201 lines with the Bx7/By8 genotype (one Bx7 overproducing and one under-producing genotype) by means of genomic PCR analysis. The cloning of the cDNA isolated from the cultivar Lovászpatonai 407 has been completed.
Frost tolerance of T. turgidum subsp. durum genotypes in soils with various moisture contents. The frost tolerance of nine T. turgidum subsp. durum genotypes of various origin was determined in the phytotron at -3.5 C at different soil-moisture contents. At the end of preliminary growth (Feeke's stage 4) and during the first phase of hardening, five different soil moisture-content levels were established by adding various quantities of water. The majority of genotypes survived freezing best in very dry soil (water content was 28.3 % of natural soil-water capacity). Cultivars with poor frost tolerance suffered the greatest mortality in wet (water content 67.3 %) or very wet (water content 74.8 %) soils. For all genotypes, a negative correlation was observed between the percent of survival and the soil-water content. The frost tolerance of cultivars with good winter hardiness was not greatly influenced by the soil-moisture content prior to freezing. For the other genotypes, close correlations of various sizes were found between frost tolerance and soil-water content. The scoring data of plants that survived freezing and exhibited regrowth also reflected the fact that freezing caused the least damage to the plants in the very dry treatment. In a similar experiment on bread wheat, differences in soil-moisture content during freezing had little influence on the test results of cultivars with excellent frost tolerance, whereas for those with moderate or poorer frost tolerance, the survival values of plants frozen at different soil-moisture contents had a deviation of more than 50 %. These results are confirmed by the present experiment with durum wheat. Soil-moisture content influences the concentration of the cell solution in the plants, which in turn affects the survival of the plants due to ice formation at subzero temperatures.
Disease-resistance studies. The degree of infection of genotypes with known resistance genes for leaf and stem rust was examined in an artificially inoculated nursery. We found that the resistance genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr25, Lr29, and Lr35 provided full protection from leaf rust in 2002, whereas NILs with genes Lr23, Lr24, Lr37, and Lr44 exhibited infection levels of 10 % or less. Cultivars with resistance genes Sr5+6+8a+17, Sr7a, Sr9b, Sr9e, Sr11, Sr27, Sr31, Sr36, and SrDr+1 had the lowest stem rust infection.
The race composition and virulence of the natural powdery mildew population was found to be similar to that in Martonvásár, and the efficiency of known resistance genes was examined in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. We found that the dominant races of powdery mildew (and their frequency) in 2002 were as follows: 90 (20.3 %), 63 (18.2 %), 72 (18.2 %), 77 (15.1 %), and 76 (9.4 %). The number of virulence genes in the pathogen population averaged 4.47. Resistance gene Pm4a+ (Khapli) provided complete protection to wheat powdery mildew pathotypes identified, whereas cultivars with genes Pm1+2+9, Pm3b, and Pm3d had less than 20 % infection.
In an irrigated experiment with artificial inoculation to ensure high pathogen pressure, Fusarium resistance of the spikes of 229 T. aestivum and 17 T. durum cultivars, breeding lines, and other foreign sources was tested. Resistant lines were crossed with Martonvásár cultivars. Molecular genetic analysis has begun on two populations from these combinations. This work will identify molecular markers at the DNA level that can be used to trace the inheritance of spike Fusarium resistance in progeny generations.
While studying the possibility of MAS, new combinations were developed in which one parent is a Martonvásár cultivar and the other is a genotype with a leaf rust-resistance gene that can be identified with PCR-based markers (Lr9 and Lr24). The BC2 generation was raised in the greenhouse, after which the plants were backcrossed to the recurrent parent. The incorporation of the Lr25, Lr29, and Lr35 leaf rust-resistance genes into selected genotypes is now underway at the institute.
Resistance of bread and durum wheat cultivars to Fusarium proliferatum was tested in field and greenhouse experiments. This species is one of the Fusarium species that produces mycotoxins in a wide variety of forms. In greenhouse experiments, spikes of bread and durum wheat genotypes that were infected with F. proliferatum isolates remained symptom-free. An analysis of wheat grains originating from inoculated samples showed that when single spikelets were inoculated, the pathogen never spread to other parts of the spike but at the site of injection the grains were diseased, if they formed at all. When the whole of the spike surface was inoculated, the average degree of grain infection was 38.2 % in bread wheat and 77.9 % in durum cultivars.
Virus diseases have attacked cereals more and more frequently in recent years. We observed that winter barley, common wheat, durum wheat, triticale, and oats were most affected by virus infection in Hungary in 2002. Based on a data series covering the last 30 years, BYDV caused the greatest damage in the neighborhood of Martonvásár in earlier years, whereas the WDV became increasingly common from the mid 1990s. The epidemic in 2002 was caused primarily by the appearance and intensive multiplication of this virus. An analysis of plant samples exhibiting symptoms of leaf yellowing and dwarfing indicated that 91.1 % were infected with WDV, 76.1 % with the virus alone. The BYDV group was detected alone in only 0.4 % of the samples and in combination with WDV in 12.8 %. The cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV) occurred alone in 0.4 % and in combination with WDV in 2.2 %. Neither BYDV, CYDV, nor WDV could be isolated from 8.1 % of the samples. Substantial differences were observed between the cereal species, but WDV was dominant on all species. A total of six virus species were detected on winter wheat. Species in the BYDV group very rarely were found alone (0.4 % for both BYDV and CYDV) but considerably more frequently in combination with WDV.
Abiotic stress-resistance studies. Changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes were investigated during cold-tolerance studies. Leaf samples taken from plants of three cultivars with different levels of frost resistance, grown in a phytotron experiment, were analyzed. The activity of the glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes decreased in the poorly resistant cultivar Chinese Spring as the temperature dropped, although in the case of the ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPx) enzymes, no great change in the activity was noted. By contrast, in lines with better frost resistance (Cheyenne and B. 1201), the activity of the APx and Catalase enzymes increased during the experiment, whereas that of GR and GPx remained unchanged. These two varieties exhibited similar enzyme activity in the experiment, confirming the observation that the antioxidant defence system plays an important role in the development of resistance to low temperatures.
Investigations on the effect of global climate changes within the framework of environmental protection research, phytotron experiments were set up to determine which chromosomes were responsible for greater CO2 utilization and how it influenced frost resistance. The mean values of phenological parameters in chromosome substitution lines with major genes for frost resistance were significantly better when grown at a CO2 concentration of 700 µmol/µmol than under normal conditions. At increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the frost resistance of the cultivars and substitution lines was significantly better after freezing at -12 C. The various frost resistance genes, however, responded differently to the higher CO2 level. Both biomass production and frost resistance, which helps the plant to survive cold stress, were found to increase at high atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Studies also were made on the interaction between increased atmospheric CO2 concentration and various macronutrient supplies. When the CO2 concentration was doubled, more intensive photosynthetic activity was measured, the shoot and root mass increased, but the nitrogen content of the leaves was reduced. However, the quantity of chlorophylls and carotinoids in the leaves only decreased in one of the varieties as the result of CO2 treatment. When the soil nitrogen content was low, the effect of CO2 declined. Although too much N inhibited plant development, this reduction was moderated by a high concentration of CO2. The root mass changed in inverse proportion to the quantity of N, whereas the N, chlorophyll and carotinoid contents of the shoot increased in direct proportion with the soil nitrogen content.
J. Sutka, G. Galiba, M. Molnár-Láng, G. Kocsy, G. Kovács, G. Linc, A. Vágújfalvi, E.D. Nagy, A.F. Bálint, B. Tóth, and I. Molnár.
Glutathione accumulation in wheat subjected to abiotic stresses. The effect of different abiotic stresses (extreme temperatures and osmotic stress) on the accumulation of glutathione and hydroxymethylglutathione, on the ratio of the reduced to oxidized forms of these thiols (GSH/GSSG, hmGSH/hmGSSG), and on glutathione reductase (GR) activity was studied in the frost-tolerant wheat Cheyenne and the frost-sensitive Chinese Spring. Cold treatment induced a greater increase in total glutathione content and GR activity in the tolerant cultivar than in the sensitive one. The GSH:GSSG and hmGSH:hmGSSG ratios increased only in the frost-tolerant Cheyenne by this treatment. After heat stress, these ratios were greater in Chinese Spring. Osmotic stress resulted in a great increase in the total glutathione content independently of frost tolerance. The amount of total hydroxymethylglutathione increased following all stress treatments. These results indicate the involvement of these antioxidants in the stress response of wheat to abiotic stresses.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization polymorphism with two repetitive DNA clones (pAs1, pSc119.2) in different wheat cultivars. Twenty-two wheat cultivars and a wheat line were analyzed with two-color FISH using the pSc119.2 and pAs1 repetitive DNA clones to detect whether polymorphism could be observed in the hybridization pattern of different wheat cultivars. The FISH-hybridization pattern of Chinese Spring was compared to wheat cultivars of different origin. Differences were observed in the hybridization patterns of chromosomes 4A, 5A, 1B, 2B, 3B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 1D, 2D, 3D, and 4D. Although a certain degree of polymorphism exists in the FISH pattern of different wheat cultivars, 17 pairs of chromosomes could be identified according to their hybridization patterns with these two probes. This study will help to predict the expected variation in the FISH pattern when analyzing wheat genetic stocks of different origin. We presume that variations in hybridization patterns are caused by chromosome structural rearrangements and differences in the amount and location of repetitive sequences in the cultivars analyzed.
Nutrient-composition studies. We investigated the variability in mineral element concentrations in the whole grain of wild, ancient, and cultivated Triticum species last year. Our results showed that higher Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg contents generally could be observed in the grains of Aegilops species, whereas higher Fe concentrations were found in the grains of Triticum accessions. Additionally, no correlation was found between the ploidy level and genome types and the mineral content of the grains.
Copper-tolerance studies. Twenty-seven different cereal accessions belonging to the Triticinae subtribe were screened for copper tolerance in hydroponic cultures. Based on the shoot dry-mass reduction and the decreased value of the Fv/Fm fluorescence induction parameter, the Secale species were the most tolerant. Slightly tolerant and relatively sensitive common wheat cultivars also were identified. No significant correlation was found between the copper and iron concentration of the shoots and the degree of copper tolerance.
Effects of drought stress on wheat and Ae. biuncialis genotypes. The effects of drought stress, stimulated by increasing concentrations of PEG, were examined on the photosynthetic processes of wheat and Ae. biuncialis genotypes originating from various habitats. During moderate stress, Ae. biuncialis lines originating from dry habitats fixed more CO2 than the wheats because of a lesser degree of stomatal closure. After greater water loss caused by severe drought stress, they had a more rapid regeneration ability compared to the wheats. Drought stress in the cultivar Sakha resulted in the induction of the generative phase, with an acceleration in flowering and ripening. The properties of Ae. biuncialis lines originating from dry habitats could be suitable for improving the drought tolerance of wheat.
Structural changes in the photosynthetic apparatus under osmotic stress. Photosynthesis in three Ae. biuncialis genotypes differing in the annual rainfall of their habitat (1,050 mm, 550 mm, and 225 mm), two drought-resistant T. aestivum genotypes, and a high-crossing-efficiency wheat (Mv9kr1) was examined to determine the effect of osmotic stress brought about by the addition of PEG to the nutrient solution. Two Aegilops genotypes, Ae.b.225 and Ae.b.550, proved to be relatively stable under osmotic stress showing only slight changes in the chlorophyll concentration in the leaves and the relative amount of chlorophyll proteins (CPs) in the thylakoids. In spite of the structural stability, PEG treatment considerably lowered the yield of low-temperature fluorescence emission. The relative increase in emission around 700 nm can be attributed to quenching processes related to LHC aggregation. More pronounced changes in the relative amount of CPs were observed in Triticum genotypes and in Ae.b.1050. These changes, which included a relative decrease in the PSII core complex and a relative increase in LHC, were reversed during the recovery period. The low-temperature fluorescence yield decreased evenly throughout the spectrum and the lack of a relative increase at around 700 nm points to a quenching process other than LHC aggregation. The Ae.b.1050 and Mv9kr1 wheat genotypes proved to be the most susceptible to osmotic stress, with a more pronounced decrease in PSIICC and an increase in LHCII, a smaller decrease in fluorescence in the emission spectra, and slower recovery of these parameters.
Adaptation to long-term water stress in wheat and Ae. biuncialis genotypes. The physiological and morphological responses to PEG-induced water stress were investigated in three Ae. biuncialis genotypes differing in the annual rainfall of their habitat (1050, 550, and 225 mm/year) and in three T. aestivum wheat genotypes. In the Aegilops genotypes, a decrease in the osmotic pressure of the nutrient solution from -0.027 MPa to -1.8 MPa resulted in high water loss, small stomatal closure, a decrease in the intercellular CO2 concentration, and an increase in photorespiration. However, the Aegilops genotypes exhibited intensive CO2 assimilation capacity. Together, these factors led to intensive growth, especially in the roots, even under osmotic stress.
In the wheat genotypes, osmotic stress evokes intensive stomata closure, resulting in small water loss and a high intercellular CO2 concentration. The decrease in CO2-fixation capacity and increase in dark respiration during osmotic treatment was manifested in a decrease in the growth rate and biomass production. These results suggest that the Aegilops genotypes could be a valuable gene source for wheat improvement for drought stress.
B. Barnabás, L. Sági, I. Takács, É. Szakács, I. Timár, É. Darkó, and F. Bakos.
Regeneration of fertile plants from cultivated zygotes in vitro. Zygotes fertilized in planta developed into fertile plants under in vitro conditions. Microspore cultures and ovaries derived from the same species were tested as nurse cells. With both types of feeder systems, about 20 % of the isolated zygotes were able to regenerate into plants. The developmental pattern of the zygotes with regard to morphology, cytological properties, and rhythm of development resembled the in vivo course of zygotic development, except that the first division seemed to be symmetrical in contrast to the asymmetrical division observable in planta. We concluded that ovaries may have the same nurse effect as microspores on zygotes cultured in vitro. The application of ovaries as a nurse system is much less time-consuming than using isolated microspore cultures.
In vitro microspore selection to produce Al-tolerant DH lines. Aluminium toxicity is considered to be the most important factor limiting plant growth and production in acid soils. Because Al tolerance is expressed in both the vegetative and generative life cycle of plants, the in vitro selection of uninucleate microspores in anther culture provides a useful tool for developing Al-resistant crops in homozygotic form. Al-tolerant genotypes of wheat were selected and regenerated in vitro from microspores and the phytotoxic effects of aluminium were investigated on the second generation of the selected dihaploid lines.
Aluminium strongly inhibited the root growth in the Al-sensitive line, but the inhibition was moderate in Al-tolerant genotypes. This result is correlated with the lower accumulation of aluminium in the root apex of Al-tolerant genotypes than in the Al-sensitive line, indicating an Al-exclusion mechanism in resistant lines. Aluminium is accumulated in the apex region of the primary and secondary roots, especially in the root tip and meristem region, and only a small amount of Al was observed in the elongation and in the absorption zones. Aluminum could be transported to the lower part of the shoot to a slight extent, but could not be detected in the leaves. This effect was manifested in a slight shoot growth inhibition even in the Al-sensitive line.
The phytotoxic effects of aluminum treatment on the shoot and leaves are manifested in a reduction in the CO2 fixation capacity and in increased respiration, but the photochemical processes of photosystem II are not limited. These results suggest an alteration in the ATP and NADPH/NADH metabolism under Al stress. Because Al accumulation was not detectable in the leaves, these effects must be indirect. When comparing the genotypes the above-mentioned phytotoxic effects were much less pronounced in the Al-resistant genotypes.
KARCAG RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF DEBRECEN UNIVERSITY
5301 Karcag, Hungary.
M. Fazekas, L. Balla, Gy. Chrappán, and Á. Czimbalmas.
The research activities of the Karcag Research Institute focus on the Great Hungarian Plain, especially on the Middle-Tisza region because of the geographical location. The Middle-Tisza region has the most extreme ecological conditions in the Great Hungarian Plain including a high shortage of air and soil moisture and special pedological, hydrological, and geological conditions. Winters on the plain are colder and summers are warmer than average for the country. The first Hungarian wheat varieties (e.g., Bánkuti 1201) were developed in this area in the first half of the 20th century.
After the institute was established in 1947, Karcagi 522, bred by E. Vezekényi, was released and widely used in the plains area. A Co60 mutant of Karcagi 522 was a dwarf genotype with high-protein content (breeder P. Viglási).
The program was interrupted for a time and revived 20 years ago. Today, we are working to develop and introduce new cultivars with high quality and excellent adaptability to the severe local climatic conditions. We would like these new cultivars to reach the level of Bánkuti, which was awarded a gold medal for its quality in Regina, Canada, in 1933.
Kondor. This cultivar is the result of a joint effort with the Plant Breeding Station in Solary (South Slovakia). Kondor has a high yield potential and excellent adaptability.
Alex. This cultivar is an introduction from the Lovrin
Station (Bánát) in Romania where the ecological
conditions are very similar. Released in 1999, Alex has a high
yield potential with excellent quality and good adaptability.
Róna. The first new cultivar from our program, Róna
was released in 1998. Róna has excellent yield potential
with excellent adaptability.
Hunor. Released in 1998, this cultivar is famous for its yield potential and excellent quality. Hunor is the most widely used cultivar from our program.
Kg. Kunhalom. Released in 2002, Kg. Kunhalom is a cultivar with the best quality and good adaptability.
Kg. Magor. Released in 2002. This cultivar has a high yield potential and good adaptability.
All cultivars released by our Institute are semidwarf and have excellent lodging resistance and winter hardiness. We started their multiplication, and they now are gaining area very fast.
Dr. László Balla, who retired from the Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1996 after a productive and very distinguished career at Martonvásár, has joined us as a scientific advisor and continues his breeding activity in Karcag.