KANSAS
KANSAS AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
Room 200, 632 S.W. Van Buren, Topeka, KS 66603, USA.
E.J. Thiessen, Sherri Hand, and Ron Sitzman.
Jagger was the leading variety of wheat
seeded in Kansas for the 2001 crop (Table 1). Accounting for 35.8
% of the the wheat in the state, Jagger increased slightly from
a year ago and was by far the most popular variety seeded in the
southern third of the State. Jagger made the biggest gain in the
southeast district. The KSU-maintained variety 2137 ranked second
over all, with 22.3 % of the acreage. 2137 ranked first in five
districts and second in the other four. TAM 107 remained in third
position, but dropped to 5.3 % of the state-wide acreage. Ike
remained in fourth place with 3.6 % of the acreage, but dropped
0.5 % from last year. The fifth most popular variety was Karl
and improved Karl with 3.3 % of the acreage. New to the top ten
is OSU-maintained variety 2174, ranking sixth with 3.0 %. TAM
110 moved up to seventh place, with 2.8 %. The KSU-maintained
variety 2163 moved down to eighth place, with 2.0 %. Dominator
remained in the top ten, with 1.5 %. Back in the top ten is AgriPro
Coronado, with 1.1 %. Acres planted with multiple varieties blended
together were not included in the rankings by variety. Blends
were used more extensively in the north-central and central parts
of Kansas, accounting for 7.0 % of the acres planted state-wide.
Out of the total acrerage planted with blends, 93 % had Jagger
and 82 % had 2137 in the blend. All HWWW varieties accounted for
0.8 % of the acreage, with Trego accounting for almost one-half.
| Variety | % of acreage | Variety | % of acreage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Jagger | 35.8 | 6. 2174 | 3.0 |
| 2. 2137 | 22.3 | 7. TAM 110 | 2.8 |
| 3. TAM 107 | 5.3 | 8. 2163 | 2.0 |
| 4. Ike | 3.6 | 9. Dominator | 1.5 |
| 5. Karl/Karl 92 | 3.3 | 10. AgriPro Coronado | 1.1 |
| Variety | % of acreage | Variety | % of acreage | Variety | % of acreage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District 10 (Northwest) | District 40 (North central) | District 70 (Northeast) | |||
| Jagger | 21.0 | 2137 | 25.4 | 2137 | 36.8 |
| 2137 | 20.6 | Jagger | 18.8 | Karl/Karl 92 | 24.4 |
| TAM 107 | 14.1 | Karl/Karl 92 | 13.2 | Jagger | 11.4 |
| Vista | 11.0 | Dominator | 6.4 | 2163 | 5.1 |
| Niobara | 5.1 | AgriPro Hondo | 1.9 | Dominator | 5.0 |
| District 20 (West central) | District 50 (Central) | District 80 (East central) | |||
| 2137 | 25.0 | 2137 | 31.6 | 2137 | 35.6 |
| TAM 107 | 19.0 | Jagger | 30.9 | Jagger | 27.0 |
| Jagger | 13.5 | Karl/Karl 92 | 4.4 | Karl/Karl 92 | 8.6 |
| TAM 110 | 12.0 | Dominator | 3.7 | Dominator | 6.4 |
| Ike | 8.7 | 2163 | 3.3 | 2163 | 3.8 |
| District 30 (Southwest) | District 60 (South central) | District 90 (Southeast) | |||
| Jagger | 21.9 | Jagger | 54.8 | Jagger | 50.0 |
| 2137 | 18.9 | 2137 | 17.6 | 2137 | 26.0 |
| TAM 107 | 15.1 | 2174 | 6.3 | Karl/Karl 92 | 5.1 |
| Ike | 13.2 | 2163 | 2.1 | 2174 | 2.8 |
| TAM 110 | 10.8 | AgriPro Coronado | 2.1 | AGSECO Onaga | 2.3 |
Publications.
Monthly Crop. Wheat cultivars, percent of acreage devoted to each
cultivar. Wheat quality, test weight, moisture, and protein content
of current harvest. $10.00
Crop-Weather. Issued each Monday, March 1 through November 30 and monthly, December through February. Provides crop and weather information for previous week. $12.00
County Estimates. County data on wheat acreage seeded and harvested, yield, and production on summer fallow, irrigated, and continuous cropped land. December.
Wheat Quality. County data on protein, test weight, moisture, grade, and dockage. Includes milling and baking tests, by cultivar, from a probability sample of Kansas wheat. September.
Each of the above reports is available on the Internet at the
following address: http://www.nass.usda.gov/ks/
Reports available via E-mail and how to subscribe.
A list of all SSO reports that are available via E-mail can be
found on the Internet at http://www.nass.usda.gov/sub-form.htm,
which provides for automated subscribing. The reports are provided
without charge. To subscribe to one or more of the reports listed,
follow the instructions on the automated form.
KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION LABORATORYDepartment of Agronomy, Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5501, USA.
Liansheng Zhu and M.B. Kirkham.
As reported last year, we are studying wheat growth in soil at the bottom of abandoned animal waste storage lagoons to see if the plants can be used to remediate the ammonium-laden soils. The specific objective of our research reported here was to compare the nitrogen uptake of two HRWWs Turkey wheat, an old cultivar, and 2137, a modern cultivar.
Soil at the bottom of the animal waste lagoon serving the Department of Animal Sciences and Industry at Kansas State University in Manhattan, was sampled at three different locations on 21 October, 1999, when the lagoon was being cleaned out in accordance with environmental regulations. The locations were the middle of the lagoon (MD), southwest corner of the lagoon (SW), and 18 m north of the southwest corner of the lagoon (SWN). In addition to the lagoon soil, a Haynie very fine sandy soil (coarse-silty, mixed calcareous, mesic Mollic Udifluvents) was used as a control. Ten seeds/pot of each of the two wheats were planted on 2 March, 2000 and harvested on 6 April, 2000. Both wheats took up the most nitrogen from the soil in the middle of the lagoon, which was the most contaminated (920.6 ppm NH4-N in the surface of the soil). In this soil, Turkey wheat accumuated 142 mg N/three pots, and 2137 accumulated 100 mg N/three pots. Both wheats took up similar amounts of N from the SW and SWN locations (about 80 mg N/three pots). The two wheats in the control soil took up similar, but small amounts of N (about 3 mg N/three pots) compared to the wheats in the lagoon soil. The results showed that the two wheats grew well in the lagoon soil with the high levels of NH4-N and Turkey wheat accumulated more N in the most highly contaminated soil. The work is being carried out by graduate student Liansheng Zhu, whose Graduate Research Assistantship is funded by KCARE, the Kansas Center for Ag Resources and the Environment. We acknowledge with thanks this financial aid. Dr. Jay M. Ham and Dr. Loyd R. Stone also are part of the project.
Mr. Gang Mo, a visiting scientist from China, and Dr. Fernando Madrid, a post-doctoral student from Spain, have joined the group. Both are helping with the phytoremediation work.
THE WHEAT GENETICS RESOURCE CENTERDepartment of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5502, USA.
http://www.ksu.edu/wgrc/
W.J. Raupp, B.S. Gill, G.L. Brown-Guedira (USDAARS), S. Singh, W.L. Li, J.D. Faris, B. Friebe, R.G. Sears, J.H. Hatchett, D.L. Wilson, P. Zhang, L.L. Qi, K.M. Haen, and R.G. Kynast (University of Minnesota, St. Paul).
W.L. Li, J.D. Faris, S. Muthukrishnan, D.J. Liu, P.D. Chen, and B.S. Gill.
Chitinases and ß-1,3-glucanases are important components
of plant defense in response to attack by pathogens. To identify
specific chitinases and ß-1,3-glucanases, a cDNA library
was constructed using mRNA from wheat spikelets inoculated with
conidia of F. graminearum. Two chitinase and two ß-1,3-glucanase
clones were isolated using a rice chitinase Ia gene and
barley cDNA clones for chitinase II and ß-1,3-glucanase
as probes. Sequence analysis showed that the cDNA clone SM194
encodes an acidic isoform of class VII chitinase, the cDNA clone
SM383 encodes a class IV chitinase, and the cDNA clones SM289
and SM638 encode two different acidic isoforms of ß-1,3-glucanases.
Nulli-tetrasomic analysis indicated SM194 and SM383 were located
on all the group-2 chromosomes of wheat. Genetic mapping showed
that at least three copies of class IV and/or class VII chitinase
genes were clustered on the long arm of chromosome 2D of Ae.
tauschii, and they mapped genetically close to the centromere.
SM289 and SM638 were all located on group-3 chromosomes of wheat
by nulli-tetrasomic analysis and to the ß-1,3-glucanase
clusters in the 3BL and 3DL chromosome arms of wheat by genetic
mapping. Northern blot hybridization showed that the expression
of these genes is induced upon infection with F. graminearum.
The accumulation of transcripts for these PR-proteins is more
rapid in the resistant variety Sumai 3 than its susceptible mutant
during the first 24 hrs. This is the first report of the induction
of class IV and class VII chitinases in cereals by a fungal pathogen.
W.L. Li and B.S. Gill.
Comparative mapping has demonstrated extensive conservation
of gene content and gene order within different taxa. A direct
sequence comparison confirmed the existence of microsynteny and
also revealed many exceptions. Sh2/A1, a cytogenetically investigated
region of maize genome, is highly conserved among maize, rice
and sorghum. So-far, this region contains four recognized genes
in the order Sh2, X1, X2, and A1 within
30 kb in rice and sorghum, and 140 kb in maize. Studies in the
Triticeae presented here demonstrate that colinearity between
the X2 and A1 and between the Sh2 and X1
fragments has been maintained. An obvious synteny break between
X1 and X2 , and a burst amplification of the X1
gene occurred during early evolution of the Triticeae.
L.L. Qi and B.S. Gill.
A dominant gene conferrin male sterility, Ms3, induced
by EMS was reported in the alloplasmic wheat Chris, which has
the cytoplasm of Ae. tauschii. The gene was transferred
later to a euplasmic Chris wheat. Ms3 is located on the
short arm of chromosome 5A with 3.1 % recombination from the centromere.
In wheat, it is essential to know whether a gene is located in
a region of high or low recombination in the genome before initiating
map-based cloning.
P. Zhang, B. Friebe, A.J. Lukaszewski, and B.S. Gill.
Univalent chromosomes at meiotic metaphase I have a tendency
to misdivide at the centromeres. Fusion of the misdivision products
may produce Robertsonian translocations. The fine structure of
the centromeres in Robertsonian wheat-rye translocation chromosomes
was analyzed by the FISH using two centromere-specific DNA clones:
pRCS1, derived from rice and pAWRC1, derived from rye. Clone pRCS1
hybridizes to the centromeres of all grasses including wheat and
rye, whereas clone pAWRC1 is rye-specific and hybridizes only
to the centromeres of rye. Four of the six wheat-rye translocations
derived from a single centric misdivision event (1st-generation
translocations) had hybrid centromeres, with approximately half
of the centromere derived from rye and half from wheat. In the
other two 1st-generation translocations, the entire centromere
was derived from rye. Among eight reconstructed wheat and rye
chromosomes that originated from two consecutive centric misdivision-fusion
events (2nd generation translocations), T1BS·1BL (derived
from T1BS·1RL and T1RS·1BL) and one of three T2BS·2BL
(derived from T2RS·2BL and T2BS·2RL) had hybrid
centromeres. T1RS·1RL (derived from T1BS·1RL and
T1RS·1BL), two of three T2BS·2BL, and all three
T2RS·2RL (derived from T2RS·2BL and T2BS·2RL)
had rye centromeres. All three 3rd-generation translocations had
hybrid centromeres with approximately half of the centromere derived
from rye. There were no indications that the composite structure
of the centromere in these chromosomes affected their behavior
in mitosis or meiosis. These observations support the notion of
a compound structure of the centromere in higher organisms and
indicate that during the centric breakage-fusion event, centromere
breakage may occur in different positions along the segment of
the chromosome that interacts with the spindle fibers. Normal
behavior of the 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation centric translocations
in mitosis and meiosis indicates that, at least in wheat and rye,
centromeres are not chromosome-specific.
B. Friebe B, R.G. Kynast, and B.S. Gill.
The gametocidal factor on the Ae. cylindrica chromosome 2Cc
was used to induce and analyze the nature of chromosomal rearrangements
in rye chromosomes added to wheat. For this purpose, we isolated
plants disomic for a given rye chromosome and monosomic for 2Cc
and analyzed their progenies cytologically. Rearranged rye chromosomes
were identified in 7 % of the progenies and consisted of rye deficiencies
(4.6 %), wheat-rye dicentric and rye ring chromosomes (1.8 %),
and terminal translocations (0.6 %). The dicentric and ring chromosomes
initiated breakage-fusion-bridge cycles (BFB) that ceased within
a few weeks after germination as the result of chromosome healing.
Of 56 rye deficiencies identified, after backcrossing and selfing,
only 33 were recovered in either homozygous or heterozygous condition
covering all rye chromosomes except 7R. The low recovery rate
is probably caused by the presence of multiple rearrangements
induced in the wheat genome that resulted in poor plant vigor
and seed set, low transmission, and an underestimation of the
frequency of wheat-rye dicentric chromosomes. GISH analysis of
the 33 recovered rye deficiencies revealed that 30 resulted from
a single break in one chromosome arm followed by the loss of the
segment distal to the breakpoint. Only three had a wheat segment
attached distal to the breakpoint. Although some of the Gc-induced
rye rearrangements were derived from BFB cycles, all of the recovered
rye rearrangements were simple in structure. The healing of the
broken chromosome ends was achieved either by the de novo addition
of telomeric
repeats leading to deficiencies and telocentric chromosomes or
by the fusion with other broken ends in the form of stable monocentric
terminal translocation chromosomes.
B. Friebe, L.L. Qi, S. Nasuda, P. Zhang, N.A. Tuleen, and B.S. Gill.
Aegilops speltoides is considered as the closest living relative of the B and G genomes of polyploid wheats. A complete set of Chinese Spring-Ae. speltoides whole chromosome and seven telosomic addition lines was established. A low-pairing accession was selected for the isolation of the chromosome addition lines. Except for chromosomes 3S and 6S, which are presently only available as monosomic additions, all other lines were recovered as disomic or ditelosomic additions. The individual Ae. speltoides chromosomes isolated in the wheat background were assayed for the genetic effects on plant phenotype and cytologically characterized in terms of chromosome length, arm ratio, distribution of marker C-bands, and FISH sites using an Ae. speltoides-specific repetitive element, Gc1R-1, as a probe. The homoeology of the added Ae. speltoides chromosomes was established by using a standard set of RFLP probes. No chromosomal rearrangements relative to wheat were detected.
R.G. Kynast, B. Friebe, and B.S. Gill.
A new gametocidal (Gc) factor was identified on chromosome 4M^g^ of Ae. geniculata. When transferred to Chinese Spring wheat, monosomic and disomic T. aestivum-Ae. geniculata chromosome 4M^g^ addition plants undergo regular first and second meiotic divisions. Male gametogenesis in disomic 4M^g^ addition plants also is normal. However, chromosome breakage and anaphase bridges were observed at ana/telophase of the first (29 %) and second (11 %) pollen mitosis in monosomic 4M^g^ addition plants. GC-induced multicentric and ring chromosomes can be transmitted to the offspring and initiate breakage-fustion-bridge (BFB) cycles in dividing root-tip meristem cells of the derived sporophytes. The fate of multicentric and ring chromosomes was analyzed in root meristems at different time intervals after seed germination. The majority of the BFB cycles ceased about 32 days after germination. Broken chromosome ends were healed either by the fusion of a centric and an acentric fragment formming terminal translocation chromosomes or as deficiencies or telocentric chromosomes. The lack of cytologically detectable telomeric repeats at the stabilized, newly broken termini suggests that chromosome healing by addition of telomeric repeats may be a gradual process.
L.L. Qi, B. Friebe, and B.S. Gill.
An isochromosome has identical arms attached to the same centromere. At the pachytene stage of meiosis, it has four isochromatids and recombination can occur either between cis-isochromatids (attached to the same half-centromere) or trans-isochromatids (attached to different half-centromeres). Normally such recombination cannot be detected because all four chromatids are homogenetic (arose from misdivision of a centromere to which genetically identical sister chromatids were attached). We isolated an isochromosome of wheat that is heterogenetic for the distal 64 % of the long arm. The heterogenetic isochromosome was recovered from the progeny of a cross between Chinese Spring containing an isochromosome for the long arm of chromosome 5B (i5BL) and a disomic substitution line of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides chromosome 5B in Chinese Spring wheat. New recombinants were produced when the two arms of i5BL rec paired at metaphase I of meiosis. Only trans-isochromatid exchanges led to some homozygous loci in i5BLrec, whereas exchanges between cis isochromatids resulted in heterozygosity at all loci similar to the parental type. There was an average frequency of 0.87 chiasmata per pollen mother cell for the heterogenetic i5BL, which will result in 0.44 cis and 0.44 trans-isochromatid exchanges, assuming that both are occurring at the same frequency. The average crossover frequency based on recombination between trans isochromatid exchange detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 98 plants was 0.29. This observed value is significantly lower (P < 0.01) than the value of 0.44 as expected from chiasmata counts. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that crossovers preferentially occur between cis isochromatids rather than trans-isochromatids.
E. Boyko, R. Kalendar, V. Korzun, A. Schulman, and B.S. Gill.
Aegilops tauschii is well known as a D-genome donor of bread wheat. We have added 177 new loci to the recently published high density genetic map of Ae. tauschii (Boyko et al. 1999). These loci include 68 loci for defense-response genes, 53 microsatellite loci, and 78 recently developed amplification based markers. These are IRAP (Inter-Retransposon Amplified Polymorphism) and REMAP (Retransposon-Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism) markers.
X-E. Wang, P.S. Chen, D.J. Liu, B. Friebe, P. Zhang, and B.S. Gill.
Roegneria ciliaris (Agropyron ciliare, 2n = 28,
S^c^S^c^Y^c^Y^c^) is a valuable source for resistance to wheat
scab, a devastating disease caused by F. graminearum. In
order to transfer this resistance into wheat, an effort to develop
a set of euplasmic chromosome addition lines derived from the
cross 'Chinese Spring/T. aestivum-R. ciliaris amphiploid'
is ongoing. The objective of the present study was to determine
the genomic affinity and the homeology of the individual R.
ciliaris chromosomes in the addition lines. Based on C-banding,
meiotic analysis, and GISH, one monosomic, six disomic, one ditelosomic,
and one double disomic addition lines were identified. To determine
the genomic affinity of the added R. ciliaris chromosomes,
three repeated DNA sequences, pTaq2.5, pTaq4.14, and pEt2, were
used. Probes pTaq2.5 and pTaq 4.14 hybridized to 11 and six pairs
of R. ciliaris chromosomes, respectively, and not to any
of the wheat chromosomes. pTaq4.14 hybridizes to six pairs chromosomes
of Pseudoroegneria spicata (2n = 14, SsSs). In R. ciliaris,
pTaq4.14 hybridizes to six pairs of chromosomes, and we infer
these to be S^c^-genome chromosomes. Using this probe, four wheat-R.
ciliaris addition lines were assigned to S^c^-genome chromosomes.
RFLP analysis was used to determine the homeology of the added
R. ciliaris chromosomes. The preliminary data suggest that
the added R. ciliaris chromosomes belong to group 2, 3,
4, and 5.
USDA-ARS Plant Science and Entomology Research Unit
Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5502, USA.
Kristi Hill-Ambroz, Gina Brown-Guedira, and John Fellers.
A regional molecular genotyping laboratory has been established and is operational in Manhattan, KS. This laboratory was created to serve the public wheat-breeding programs in the United States. There are many genes for important traits that have been mapped in wheat and are waiting utilization in current wheat-breeding programs. The laboratory is designed to screen populations, individuals, and lines provided by wheat breeders. Currently, marker profiles are being generated for a diverse set of 95 wheat cultivars and breeding lines. This data will be available to the breeder to assist in the selection of useful markers. All data generated from this facility is public information and will be accessible through the internet. The USDA-ARS has advertixed the scientist postition that coincides with the facility. Wheat breeders are encouraged to contact the Molecular Genotyping Laboratory in regards to their genotyping needs. Samples are being accepted for analysis. Any questions regarding genotyping and marker-assisted analysis please contact Kristi Hill-Ambroz at 785-532-3781.
R. Malik, C.M. Smith, G.L. Brown-Guedira, T.L. Harvey, and B.S. Gill.
The wheat curl mite (WCM) is a serious pest of wheat in North America and is the only vector known to transmit WSMV, which consistently reduces wheat yields. Genetic resistance to WCM has shown direct and indirect suppression of mites and WSMV, respectively, in the field. We have mapped a new gene, designated as Cmc4, in common wheat derived from Ae. tauschii that provides resistance to the six known WCM strains. Our monosomic analyses showed that Cmc4 is located on chromosome 6D and is inherited as a single dominant gene. Twenty-three PCR-based markers, including sixteen microsatellites and seven STS markers specific for chromosome 6D, placed Cmc4 on the distal end of chromosome 6D, towards the telomere. The microsatellite marker GDM141 is closely linked to Cmc4 (4.2 cM). Our results also demonstrated that a small segment of chromosome 6D containing Cmc4 was transferred from Ae. tauschii to the common wheat germ plasm KS96WGRC40. A test of allelism demonstrated that Cmc4 is different from Cmc1, a previously reported gene from Ae. tauschii conferring resistance to WCM. This is the first report of genetic mapping of a gene providing resistance to WCM. Thus, the microsatellite marker GDM141 may be used in wheat breeding programs for the selection of lines resistant to WCM.
R. Malik, C.M. Smith, G.L. Brown-Guedira, T.L. Harvey, and B.S. Gill.
The development of virulence in the WCM to mite-resistant wheat varieties demands an understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of different WCM populations existing in different geographic locations. Methods are required for accurate and fast identification of different WCM strains for the successful and effective deployment of wheat cultivars resistant to WCM. We have determined that a nuclear ribosomal DNA marker differentiates a highly virulent Nebraska (NE) strain of WCM from all other WCM North American strains that transmit WSMV. The marker amplified a 495-bp fragment containing the partial 3'end of 18S rDNA, the complete intergenic spacer 1 (ITS-1) and the partial 5' end of the 5.8S region. When digested with the HhaI restriction enzyme, the amplified fragment showed a differential banding pattern between DNA of the Nebraska (NE), Kansas (KS), Montana (MT), and Alberta, Canada (AB) strains of WCM. Sequence analysis of DNA bands of different WCM strains indicated that the NE strain was 1.97 % more variable in the ITS-1 region than all the other strains of WCM. The genetic differences between strains ranged from 0 to 0.011 based on Kimura's nucleotide substitution model. Neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood analyses produced similar phylogenetic trees representing two clades of WCM strains. One group was comprised of the KS, MT, and AB strains and the second group was comprised of the NE strain. Aceria cajani and A. pongamiae were included as outgroups. Results indicated that the NE strain comprises a distinct gene pool from all the other strains. The strain differences in WCM may have arisen because of increased mite adaptation to grasses rather than adaptation to geographic location. Out of 34 clones tested in all four strains, we found that the length of the ITS-1 region within and between each strain was identical, an indication of congruent evolution.
S. Singh, G.L. Brown-Guedira, B.S. Gill, H.S. Dhaliwal, T.S. Grewal, and J.C. Nelson.
One hundred and fifty RILs, developed from a cross of Karnal
bunt-susceptible (WL711) and resistant (HD29) wheat lines, were
screened for 3years with three different isolates of Karnal bunt
pathogen prevalent in northern states of India. Inheritance data
suggested the presence of three major genes for Karnal bunt (KB)
resistance segregating in the cross. A combination of 86 microsatellite
or SSRs and 80 AFLP markers were mapped on the RILs and analyzed
with the disease data using QGene. Markers mapped on chromosomes
2A, 3B, 4B, and 7B contribute significantly to KB resistance.
Multiple regression analysis including all markers explained 31.6
% phenotypic variation for KB resistance in the population. The
QTL of largest effect on disease reaction is located on the long
arm of chromosome 4B. This region had a significant effect on
resistance with all pathogen populations tested. An SSR locus
from the 4BL region, Xgwm538, alone explained up to 19 % of phenotypic
variation for KB in the RILs. DNA fragments (152 bp) specific
to the resistant parent were amplified with primer pair GWM538
in three out of four isogenic lines resistant to KB. Linkage analysis
of molecular and phenotypic data for KB revealed that a KB-resistance
gene is flanked between two SSR loci, Xgwm538 and Xgwm73 at a
distance of 10.1 and 11.0 cM, respectively. These flanking SSR
markers can be used in marker-assisted selection for breeding
KB resistance in wheat.
U.S. GRAIN MARKETING AND PRODUCTION RESEARCH CENTER
USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
O.K. Chung, G.L. Lookhart, S.R. Bean, J.B. Ohm, M. Tilley,
D.B. Bechtel, L.M. Seitz, J.D. Wilson, A. Sayaslan, M.S. Ram,
B.W. Seabourn, M.S. Caley, J.D. Hubbard, S.H. Park, R.K. Lyne,
J.M. Downing, and F.E. Dowell.
O.K. Chung, J.B. Ohm, B.W. Seabourn, and F.E. Dowell.
In the U.S. there is an increasing interest and/or desire to have both domestic and export marketing systems be "total quality-based'. All exported U.S. wheat is subjected to USDA, Grain Inspection Packers, and Stockyard Administration, Federal Grain Inspection Service standards, which officially certifies the wheat grades and condition at export points. The FGIS standards are based mainly on grain physical characteristics and slightly on U.S. wheat classes (six defined, one mixed, and one unclassed). A total quality-based system is a challenging task due to multifaceted definitions of wheat quality and, furthermore, the paucity of testing methods required to be used at marketing systems. The requirements of testing methods are speed, objectivity, accuracy, reproducibility, safety, and environmental friendliness, which lead to instrumental methods. In addition, the testing instruments should be low cost, durable, maintenance-free, and user-friendly. Some examples include direct measurement of quality attributes by Single Kernel Characterization System, digital vision technology (image analysis), and indirect estimation of attributes by NIR reflectance/transmittance technology (meals, whole grain, and single kernel) using calibrations.
O.K. Chung, J.B. Ohm, M.S. Caley, B.W. Seabourn, and P.J. McCluskey.
We have reviewed quality parameters of hard winter wheats from 1989-99 crop years using U.S. Wheat Crop Reports by the U.S. Wheat Associates (USWA) and Wheat Quality Council (WQC) Crop Reports. The USWA reports were based on commercial wheats, whereas the WQC reports were based on new wheat lines either just released or near release. HRWWs showed increases in exports from 10.5 in 1989 to 14.3 million metric tons in 1999. Wheat protein content (PC) decreased from 13.4 % in 1989 to 11.4 % in 1999. Thousand-kernel weight increased (26.5 g to 29.3 g), accompanied with increases in flour milling yield (70.9-72.5 %). In spite of decreased PC, bread loaf volume (LV) was maintained (794 cc in 1989 to 809 cc in 1999). The LV per flour PC increased from 65.6 to 79.3 cc per unit % protein, indicating an improvement in protein quality during the last decade. The WQC samples showed increases in 1,000-kernel weight and flour yield since 1995. The WQC samples also showed decreased PC but maintained LV with increased crumb characteristics and overall baking quality. Thus, protein quality, expressed as LV/PC and WA/PC, has increased probably due to efficient breeding efforts during the last decade.
O.K. Chung, J.B. Ohm, M.S. Caley, and B.W. Seabourn.
Due to insufficient quantity of early generation samples in wheat breeding programs, hard winter wheat experimental lines (F4-6) are evaluated by a mixograph rather than by experimental breadmaking. The three primary data obtained from a mixogram are optimum mix time (MT), water absorption (WA), and mixing tolerance (TOL) of a given flour. We have made a critical review of mixograph parameters in relation to breadmaking (pup straight dough procedure) parameters using 1,706 experimental lines. There were highly significant correlations between mixograph and bake parameters for MT (r = 0.848) and for WA (r = 0.526). Bake WA can be estimated better from mixo WA if flour protein content and TOL scores are given (r = 0.619). Mixograph TOL scores were linearly correlated with bake MT (r = 0.697), bread crumb grain scores (r = 0.271), LV potential (r = 0.241), and bake WA (r = 0.186, P < 0.0001). Mixograph TOL scores ranged from 0 (unsatisfactory) to 5 (outstanding) with 4 being satisfactory. Bake parameters were compared between samples with different TOL scores: those (N = 23) having 0 TOL showed significantly shortest MT, the lowest WA, the smallest LV and LV potential and the worst crumb grain scores, followed by those (N = 120) having 1 TOL and those (N = 225) having 2 TOL. In conclusion, it is justifiable to discard lines with low TOL scores from breeding lines, and a mixograph is a suitable instrument for early generation screening purposes.
O.K. Chung, J.B. Ohm, M.S. Caley, and B.W. Seabourn.
The objective of this research was to determine if computer-analyzed (objective) mixograph parameters could replace conventional mixograph parameters in the evaluation of flour quality. The 642 hard winter wheat flours, collected from federal regional performance nurseries in 1995 and 1996, were analyzed by a computerized mixograph. Mixograph bandwidths at 6 min (BW6) had a significant correlation with subjective mixing tolerance scores (r = 3D0.809, P < 0.1 %, n = 3D642). Envelope line peak area, BW6, and bandwidth at 2 min after midline peak time had significant and positive correlations with mixing tolerance score, baking water absorption and mix time, loaf volume, and crumb grain score (P < 0.1 %, n = 3D642). The models developed by continuum regression using computer-analyzed mixograph parameters could predict conventional mixograph mixing time and subjectively graded tolerance, baking water absorption and mix time, and bread loaf volume. These results indicated that computer-analyzed mixograph parameters, the objective method, could be applied to the quality evaluation of flour in wheat breeding programs.
J.B. Ohm and O.K. Chung.
Five hard winter wheat varieties were segregated into three groups each, using a Ro-Tap sifter. Large-kernel groups contained the reaming kernels over Tyler No. 7 sieves, the small-kernel groups contained those passed through the sieve after sifting, and the control kernel groups were those original wheats. Large kernels showed higher near infrared hardness scores than control and small kernel groups. However, the difference in single-kernel hardness index was not significant among wheat kernel groups. Large-kernel groups yielded significantly higher straight-grade flour than control and small-kernel groups. Break flours showed no significant differences among wheat groups. Small-kernel groups showed higher wheat and flour protein and ash contents than control and large kernel groups. Flour yields and protein and ash contents of large- and small-kernel wheat samples had significant linear correlations (P < 0.01) with those values of control groups. Analysis of variance indicated that variety had a more significant effect on variations in these values than wheat kernel sizing groups. These results suggest that wheat-kernel groups that had different kernel size within a variety could have different end-use properties.
A. Sayaslan, P.A. Seib, and O.K. Chung.
Waxy wheats have been produced since 1994 by either conventional breading techniques or mutagen treatments. Physical properties of waxy starches have been studied, yet no data are available on the wet-milling characteristics of waxy wheat flours and the quality of their gluten fractions. Flours from five experimental lines of waxy wheats were wet-milled by the dough-washing procedure to give starch and gluten. Flours from two normal hard red winter wheats were used as controls. Wet-milling of waxy wheat doughs to separate the starch and gluten was difficult and time consuming since those doughs did not maintain their viscoelastic and cohesive properties under a stream of water. Waxy flours yielded 2-7 % less starch, and their starches were contaminated with 0.5-0.6 % protein as opposed to < 0.3 % for the non-waxy starches. As of now, moisture and protein levels of the fractions from two waxy wheats are complete, but those of the other three are incomplete. Two of the waxy flours gave glutens with yield and color similar to non-waxy flours, yet their protein levels (Nx5.7) were lower (~ 84 %) than those (~ 93 %) from the nonwaxy flours. The gluten of the two waxy-wheat flours were weaker than those of nonwaxy wheat flours as judged by insoluble polymeric protein, SDS sedimentation volume, and mixograms. A bake test will be conducted to further evaluate the quality of waxy-wheat glutens.
R.K. Lyne, J.D. Wilson, S.R. Bean, G.L. Lookhart, M. Tilley, D.B. Bechtel, and O.K. Chung.
Spelt flours from the 1997 and 1998 Spelt Yield Trial Nursery (Wooster, OH) were analyzed for gluten protein composition, starch granule composition, and presence of granule bound starch synthase (GBSS). The baking properties of these samples were evaluated by the Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory. Gluten protein composition was determined by a combination of Size-Exclusion HPLC and LECO nitrogen combustion method. Starch granule composition was determined by image analysis and waxy character (GBSS) was evaluated by SDS-PAGE. Correlations were found between the amount of insoluble polymeric protein (IPP) and bake mix time (r = 0.59, P < 0.05), loaf volume (r = 0.80, P < 0.05), and crumb grain score (r = 0.65, P < 0.05) for the 1997 sample set (n = 16). These results were validated by similar correlations with the 1998 set. The calculated volumes of 515 micrometer diameter starch granules showed negative correlations to crumb grain scores for both years (r = -0.38; r = 0.41, P < 0.01). Overall, the spelt samples had lower quantities of IPP and larger starch granules than found in hard red winter wheat. This information could potentially be used by breeders to increase the breadmaking quality of spelt wheats.
S.H. Park, O.K. Chung, P.A. Seib, and S.R. Bean.
Flour proteins were extracted from 49 hard winter wheat flours with 50 % 1-propanol. The soluble proteins (SP) were separated into albumin/globulin (AG), gliadins, and soluble polymeric protein (SPP) fractions using SEC-HPLC. Insoluble polymeric proteins (IPP) were determined by LECO FP-428 nitrogen determinator. Flour protein content (FPC) was highly correlated to loaf volumes (LV, r = 0.82, P < 0.0001) and dough proof height (DPH, r = 0.74, P < 0.0001); SP amount was highly correlated to these parameters (r = 0.85 and r = 0.74, respectively) as was gliadin amount (r = 0.73 and r = 0.71, respectively). IPP amount was correlated to bake water absorptions (BWA, r = 0.62, P < 0.0001) as was FPC (r = 0.45, P < 0.005). Bake mix time (BMT) was not correlated to FPC due to the opposite effects shown by protein subfractions (% protein), i.e., positively with IPP (r = 0.86) but negatively with SP (r = 0.75) and gliadins (r = 0.43). Bread crumb grain scores (CGS) were correlated positively with SP and gliadin amounts (r=0.35 and 0.30, respectively, P < 0.05) but negatively with AG % protein (r = -0.40) and AG/SP ratio (r = -0.41). Thus, SP amount and gliadins affected LV, DPH, and CGS positively but BMT negatively, whereas IPP affected BWA and BMT positively. The % protein of AG and IPP had negative correlations with LV and DPH.
.D. Hubbard, J.M. Downing, J.B. Ohm, and O.K. Chung.
The fatty acids in free lipids (FL) of flours obtained from six hard winter wheat varieties harvested at eight locations from 1995 to 1997 in Kansas were analyzed to investigate the effects of variety, growing location, year, and their interactions. Flour FL were extracted by a supercritical fluid extraction system and fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acid contained 63, 19, and 13 % of fatty acids in FL on an average. Year, location, and their interaction effects were significant on variations in fatty acid contents, including palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Variety had significant effect on variations in palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids, whereas the interaction effects of 'variety x year' and 'variety x location' were not significant. Wheats were grown under dry and irrigated conditions at one location and their flours showed no significant differences in fatty acid contents and compositions. The FL fatty acid contents showed significant and positive linear correlations (P < 0.0001) between them. Linoleic acid (% FL) had significant negative correlations (P < 0.0001) with stearic and oleic acids (% FL).
D.B. Bechtel, J.D. Wilson, and C.S. Gaines.
Digital image analysis and laser light diffraction were used to study starch isolated from a variety of wheat classes. A laser light diffraction system provides rapid analysis of large numbers of particles, but is volume-based with results expressed in terms of equivalent spheres. Because larger starch granules in wheat endosperm are oblate spheroids, light diffraction systems introduce errors in size distribution calculations. Size distributions obtained from image analysis can not be directly compared to those of the laser light instrument because image analysis data is number-based while diffraction data is volume-based. Conversion of the number-based image analysis data to a volume-base resulted in similar size distributions as those obtained from diffraction studies. Fewer large type-A granules were present in the image analysis data than from diffraction because of perimeter touching edge of field of view effects, but both had similar mean diameters. The B-type granules showed the largest differences where many more granules were counted by image analysis than by the diffraction system. Results indicate that laser light diffraction can be used for routine starch size distribution determinations after calibration using image analysis data.
S.R. Bean and G.L. Lookhart.
Free zone capillary electrophoresis conditions have been improved to allow rapid separations of grain proteins from several cereals (wheat, oats, rice, barley, and rye) with high resolution and reproducibility. Gliadins were separated in < 8 min, oat and rice prolamins in < 2 min, and barley prolamins in < 4 min. Glutenins were separated in ~ 3 min, oat and rice glutelins in < 3 min, and rye glutelins in < 4 min. This method utilized the isoelectric compound, iminodiacetic acid (IDA) in conjunction with acetonitrile and hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose. Cultivars of all cereals tested could be differentiated in 3 min, including wheat using either prolamin or glutelin protein patterns. Resolution was similar, or higher, than that of separations in other acidic buffers. Migration time repeatability was excellent with run-to-run variability < 1 % relative standard deviation (RSD), day-to-day < 1.4 % RSD, and capillary-to-capillary < 3.3 % RSD. Larger inner diameter capillaries (50 µm) could be used with this buffer thereby increasing sensitivity and reducing rinse times. This method allows unattended, high throughput (~180400 samples/24 hours) separations of cereal proteins without generating organic solvent waste and allows automated data analysis and storage.
M. Tilley, S.R. Bean, P.A. Seib, R.G. Sears, and G.L. Lookhart.
Aegilops tauschii has been used in crosses with established cultivars to develop plants bearing disease and insect resistance, and new combinations of gluten proteins. Crosses of the cultivar Century with the Ae. tauschii accessions TA2450 and TA2460 exhibited shorter mixing times and improved milling and baking characteristics when compared to the parental hexaploid line. The gluten proteins from the Ae. tauschii lines were examined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Separation of gliadins and glutenins revealed similar profiles to those from HRWW. HMW-glutenin subunits separated by CE showed that the HMW-glutenin subunits of Ae. tauschii had similar properties to those found in HRW wheat with the identification of two novel HMW-glutenin subunits, Dx43 and Dy44. The coding regions of the novel HMW-glutenin subunits were PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced to further characterize the novel subunits. Analysis of soluble and insoluble polymeric protein of the Ae. tauschii lines revealed patterns similar to that of HRW wheat, indicating that the Ae. tauschii gluten forms a large protein complex as observed in HRW wheat.
M. Tilley, S.R. Bean, P.A. Seib, R.G. Sears, and G.L. Lookhart.
Bread wheat is the result of natural combination of three wild
grasses. One of these grasses Ae. tauschii is a useful
source of insect and disease resistance properties that can be
introduced into bread wheat by conventional breeding techniques.
Ae. tauschii may also be a source of flour proteins that
make up gluten. The flour gluten proteins, HMW-glutenin subunits,
that have the most impact upon bread quality come from Ae.
tauschii. We examined the HMW-glutenin subunit proteins from
Ae. tauschii to see how similar they are to the proteins
in bread wheat. The proteins of Ae. tauschii are very similar,
confirming the idea that we may be able to improve bread quality
with these proteins.
G.L. Lookhart, I.K. Vasil, J. Zhao, S. Bean, P. McCluskey, H.-P. Zhou, and V. Vasil.
Transgenic wheat lines expressing the HWM-glutenin subunit
gene 1Ax1 were analyzed for stability of gene expression
and the effect of overexpressed 1Ax1 protein on food functionality.
The expression of 1Ax1 in R4 generation wheat lines grown
in the field is similar to that found in R2 generation reared
in a growth chamber, indicating that the high level expression
of 1Ax1 under its own promoter is stable. None or only
very small differences were observed in the level and composition
of gliadins, flour yield, and single kernel characteristics between
1Ax1 transgenic wheat and Bobwhite control. The overexpressed
1Ax1 protein was shown to be incorporated into the insoluble
gluten network leading to increases in the amount of total insoluble
gluten. A good correlation was found between the amount of insoluble
gluten and dough strength. These results are consistent with the
hypothesis that increasing the level of certain HMW-glutenin subunit
alleles will increase dough strength of wheat flour.
S. Nakkote, M. Wootton, G. Lookhart, S. Bean, C.W. Wrigley, and F. Bekes.
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) offers the possibility of rapid identification of wheat varieties based on their gliadin-protein composition. This potential would be enhanced if a standardized procedure could be developed, permitting different CE instruments in different laboratories around the world to be used for this purpose. Such an international standard would, in turn, permit the development of an international catalogue of CE profiles for wheat varieties grown worldwide. Accordingly, the effectiveness and comparability of CE methodologies used in an Australian and a U.S. laboratory were evaluated. Gliadins were extracted from eleven varieties of Australian and ten varieties of U.S. wheat and analyzed by the CE protocols used in each laboratory. Although slightly different resolution was obtained between the two laboratories, both were effective in rapidly (< 10 min) discriminating between varieties. Despite the use of different instruments and separation conditions, results obtained with either CE system were comparable.
L.M. Seitz and M.S. Ram.
To gain information relating to development of an objective method for classifying grain odors, we used dynamic headspace technology coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to determine volatiles in a set of 745 samples consisting of corn, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat. Sensory data for each sample was obtained from at least two panels. The chemical and sensory data was subjected to multivariate analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) methods to determine what volatiles could be used to classify grain odors. Proper choice of samples and use of optimized variables (compounds indicating off-odors), as well as preprocessing of raw data, including scaling, transformation, and normalization, were necessary for obtaining good models. Samples with discernable mixed odors, i.e., having both musty and sour odors, were avoided in making models. We found that PCA and PLS methods could classify samples into musty, sour, smoke, insect, and other odor categories from analysis of chemical data concerning relative amounts of specific volatile compounds purged from each sample. Mixed odors in some samples became apparent only after considering results from multivariate analyses.
L.M. Seitz and M.S. Ram.
More than 20 volatile methoxybenzene compounds were found in a set of 745 corn, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat samples obtained from official grain inspectors. Most samples containing methoxybenzenes were off-odor. By using an autosampler, volatiles were purged from whole grain at 80°C, collected on Tenax, then thermally desorbed and transferred to a gas-chromatograph-mass spectrometer for separation and identification. Use of an infrared detector aided identification of some compounds, especially isomers with similar mass spectra. Samples with insect odor had 1,4-dimethoxybenzene and its 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, and 2-methoxy derivatives that appeared to be derived from 1,4-quinones which are known (except for 2-methoxy) defensive secretions of Tribolium insects. Samples with mostly musty, sour, and/or smoke odors commonly contained methoxybenzene and 1,2-dimethoxybenzene along with their 4-ethyl and 4-ethenyl derivatives, 4-chloro-1-methoxybenzene, and/or 2-methoxyphenol and its 4-ethyl derivative. Other methoxybenzenes were also found, including methoxy derivatives of other phenols and N-heterocyclic compounds. Coöccurrences and correlations of levels of some compounds were also reported to indicate relationships with odors and inter-relationships among compounds.