ITEMS FROM THE UNITED STATES

KANSAS

KANSAS AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
Room 200, 632 S.W. Van Buren, Topeka, KS 66603, USA.

E.J. Thiessen, Sherri Hand, and Ron Sitzman.

Jagger was the leading variety of wheat seeded in Kansas for the 1999 crop according to Kansas Agricultural Statistics (Table 1). Jagger gained popularity in all districts, accounting for 29.2 % of the state's wheat. The second leading variety was 2137, with 22.0 % of the acreage. 2137 ranked first or second in the eastern two-thirds of the state and gained favor with producers in the western one-third as well. TAM 107 remained in third position, with 8.3 % of the acreage. TAM 107 was the dominant variety planted in the western third of the State. Karl and improved Karl continued as the fourth leading variety seeded in Kansas, but dropped to 5.9 % of the acreage statewide. The fifth most popular variety was Ike, with 5.5 % of the state's acreage. The KSU-maintained variety 2163 ranked in the top five varieties in all but the western districts of the state and accounted for 3.4 %. Seventh was AGSECO 7853, with 1.9 %. Larned held on to eighth, also with 1.9 %. Rounding out the top 10 were AgriPro Coronado and AgriPro Tomahawk, with 1.3 % and 1.2 %, respectively. Blends were used more extensively in the central third of the state, accounting for 6.1 % of the acres planted statewide.

Publications.

Monthly Crop. Wheat cultivars, percent of acreage devoted to each cultivar. Wheat quality, test weight, moisture, and protein content of current harvest. $10.00

Crop-Weather. Issued each Monday, March 1 through November 30 and monthly, December through February. Provides crop and weather information for previous week. $12.00

County Estimates. County data on wheat acreage seeded and harvested, yield, and production on summer fallow, irrigated, and continuous cropped land. December.

Wheat Quality. County data on protein, test weight, moisture, grade, and dockage. Includes milling and baking tests, by cultivar, from a probability sample of Kansas wheat. September.

Each of the above reports is available on the Internet at the following address: http://www.nass.usda.gov/ks/

Reports available via E-mail and how to subscribe.

A list of all SSO reports that are available via E-mail can be found on the Internet at http://www.nass.usda.gov/sub-form.htm, which provides for automated subscribing. The reports are provided without charge. To subscribe to one or more of the reports listed, follow the instructions on the automated form.

KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENTS OF AGRONOMY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Throckmorton and King Halls, Manhattan, KS 66506-5501, USA.

Wheat transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Q.L. Mi *, R. Velazhahan **, S. Muthukrishnan **, and G.H. Liang *.
1 Department of Agronomy and 2 Department of Biochemistry.

A protocol was developed to produce transgenic wheat using an Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. A cDNA coding for a 24-kDa thaumatin-like protein (TLP) from rice was used for transformation of wheat. TLPs constitute another group of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-5 group) that are postulated to play a role in plant defense. Precultured immature embryos of wheat cultivar Bobwhite was cocultivated with A. tumefaciens strain, LBA4404, carrying a binary vector pCAMBAR Ubi-TLP, which contained the selectable bar gene marker under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and the rice thaumatin-like protein gene (tlp) under the control of the maize ubiquitin promoter in the T-DNA region.

Inclusion of acetosyringone and glucose in the Agrobacterium suspension (OD600 = 0.20.5) and cocultivation medium is necessary for successful transformation. Calli grown on selection medium containing bialaphos (5 mg/l) were transferred to regeneration medium. The regenerated plantlets then were selected in rooting medium (hormone-free half-strength MS medium) containing 5 mg/l bialaphos, which was necessary for the recovery of transformed plants. A total of 16 morphologically normal and fertile regenerated wheat plants were obtained from 542 precultured immature embryos.

Five herbicide-resistant putative transformants were determined after painting with 0.2 % Liberty, of which only three showed bar gene expression as determined by the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase assay. Expression of the rice tlp gene was confirmed by Western blot analysis of leaf extracts. The expected 24 kDa rice TLP was detected in these three plants with a TLP antibody. The integration of the tlp and bar genes into the wheat genome also were confirmed by Southern hybridization. HindIII-digested genomic DNA was probed with a tlp gene fragment. The expected 3.1 kb bands containing the ubiquitin promoter and the tlp coding region were detected in all three herbicide- resistant transgenic plants. The blots from these three plants generated signals with the expected 4.8 kb band detected by the bar probe.

No differences were seen between the sizes of the hybridization bands among the three plants digested with BamHI and probed with a tlp gene, indicating that these three transformants may be from one transgenic event. Total undigested DNA from all three plants did not show any hybridization with the tlp probe, indicating the absence of contamination from the Agrobacterium cells. The inheritance and expression of the tlp and bar genes in T1 and T2 progenies will be analyzed.


Publications.

Chen WP, Gu X, Liang GH, Muthukrishnan S, Chen PD, Liu DJ, and Gill BS. 1998. Introduction and constitutive expression of a rice chitinase gene in bread wheat using biolistic bombardment and the bar gene as a selectable marker. Theor Appl Genet 97:1296-1306.

Liang GH, Skinner DZ, and Muthukrishnan S. 1998. Crop improvement using microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In: Trends in Agronomy pp. 57-73.

Velazhahan R, Chen-Cole KW, Anuratha CS, and Muthukrishnan S. 1998. Induction of thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) in Rhizoctonia solani-infected rice and characterization of two new cDNA clones. Physiol Plant 102:21-28.

 

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION LABORATORY

Department of Agronomy, Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5501, USA.

M.B. Kirkham.

Hydraulic lift limited to wilted conditions.

Hydraulic lift occurs when plants extract water from a moist subsoil and release it into a dry, top soil. Amounts of water released back into the dry, top soil are small, and detection of hydraulic lift has been hampered by the inability of instruments sensitive enough for its measurement. Recently, the dual-probe heat-pulse technique (DPHP) has been developed to monitor with fine resolution water content in a root zone. The objectives of this research were to determine 1) if hydraulic lift could be determined using the DPHP technique in a plant with its roots divided between a top, dry layer and a lower, wet layer and 2) if hydraulic lift occurred, how much the soil water content increased in the top, dry layer. Our first experiment was with turfgrass (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) The plant grew in a soil column (38 cm height; 25 cm diameter) with a Haynie very fine sandy loam. At the middle of the column was a thin, wax layer, which prevented movement of soil water between the upper, dry and lower, wet soil. Eight DPHP sensors installed horizontally in the soil column monitored soil water content. The experiment with turfgrass failed, because penetration of the wax layer by the grass roots was not apparent. The upper layer was dried to force the roots into the wet soil below, but the grass wilted. The grass was watered again, but again the grass wilted. The grass did not grow well in the column with the dry, top layer, and the experiment was abandoned.

A second experiment was set up in exactly the same way as the first experiment, except a sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed was planted in the top, dry layer. A little moisture was added around the seed to make sure it germinated, but most of the top layer remained dry. The roots grew down the column. When the soil moisture content of the lower, wet layer began to decrease, we knew that the sunflower roots had penetrated the wax layer and were extracting water from the lower layer. Hydraulic lift was not evident at any time during the 24- measurement days with sunflower, except on one day, when the plant was wilted. At this time, the lower, wet layer had been allowed to dry, and it was only slightly wetter (0.017 m3/m3) than the upper, dry layer. When the lower layer was rewatered, water moved immediately out of the roots in the upper, dry layer, increasing the soil water content by 0.019 m3/m3. Hydraulic lift did not occur when the lower layer remained wet and the plant was not wilted. (This work was done by graduate student, Yan Song, and Prof. M.B. Kirkham, in cooperation with Prof. J.M. Ham and Prof. G.J. Kluitenberg.)

Publications.

Guedira M, Shroyer JP, Kirkham MB, and Paulsen GM. 1997. Wheat coleoptile and root growth and seedling survival after dehydration and rehydration. Agron J 89:822-826.

Kirkham MB. 1998. Review of book: Ewald Wollny, Pioneer for a New Look at Plant Cultivation, by Wolfgang Böhm. Verlag Adelheid Böhm, Göttingen, Germany. 1996. 80 pages. Newsletter of the Committee on the History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Soil Science of the Inter Soc Soil Sci and the Council on the History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Soil Science of the Soil Sci Soc Am. No. 7, July, p. 8.

Song Y, Ham JM, Kirkham MB, and Kluitenberg GJ. 1998. Measuring soil water content under turfgrass using the dual-probe heat-pulse technique. J Am Soc Hort Sci 123:937-941.

Song Y, Kirkham MB, Ham JM, and Kluitenberg GJ. 1999. Dual-probe heat-pulse technique for measuring the water content of soil with sunflower. Soil Tillage Res (In press).

van der Ploeg RR, Kirkham MB, and Marquardt M. 1999. The Colding equation for soil drainage: its origin and evolution. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:In press.

van der Ploeg RR, Böhm W, and Kirkham MB. 1999. On the origin of the theory of mineral nutrition of plants and the law of the minimum. Soil Sci Soc Amer J (In press).

 

THE WHEAT GENETICS RESOURCE CENTER

Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5502, USA.

http://www.ksu.edu/wgrc/

W.J. Raupp, B.S. Gill, E.V. Boiko, J.D. Faris, B. Friebe, R.G. Kynast, J.H. Hatchett, R.G. Sears, D.L. Wilson, J.M. Chittoor, J.E. Leach, S.H. Hulbert, W.L. Li, D.J. Liu, P.D. Chen, G. Linc, M. Molnar-Lang, B. Köszegi, J. Sutka, K.S. Gill, L. K. Mickelson-Young, S. Nasuda, D.S. Hassawi, J.N. Ziegle, A.K. Fritz, D. Namuth, N.L.V. Lapitan.


A high-density linkage map of Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome progenitor of wheat.

A genetic linkage map of the Ae. tauschii genome comprised of 546 loci was constructed. One-hundred thirty-two loci (24 %) gave distorted segregation ratios. Sixty-nine probes (13 %) detected multiple copies in the genome. One- hundred and twenty-three of the 157 markers shared between the Ae. tauschii and T. aestivum physical maps were colinear. The discrepancy in the order of five markers on the 3DS of Ae. tauschii genetic map versus the 3D T. aestivum physical map indicated a possible inversion. Further work is needed to verify the discrepancies in the order of markers in the 4D, 5D, and 7D Ae. tauschii genetic maps versus the physical and genetic maps of T. aestivum. Using common markers, 164 agronomically important genes were assigned to specific regions in the Ae. tauschii linkage and T. aestivum physical maps. This information may be useful for map-based cloning and marker-assisted plant breeding.


Candidate gene analysis of quantitative disease resistance in wheat.

Knowledge of biological significance underlying QTL for disease resistance is generally limited. In recent years, advances in plant-microbe interactions and genome mapping have lead to increased understanding of genes involved in plant defense and quantitative disease resistance. The candidate gene approach can be applied to the mapping of QTL for disease resistance in a population of wheat recombinant inbreds. Over 50 loci representing several classes of defense response (DR) genes were placed on an existing linkage map and the genome was surveyed for QTL associated with resistance to several diseases including tan spot, leaf rust, Karnal bunt, and stem rust. Analysis revealed QTL with large effects in regions of putative resistance (R) genes as previously reported. Several candidate genes, including oxalate oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, chitinase, and thaumatin, mapped within previously identified resistance QTL and explained a greater amount of the phenotypic variation. A cluster of closely linked DR genes on the long arm of chromosome 7B, which included genes for catalase, chitinase, thaumatins, and an ion channel regulator, had major effects for resistance to leaf rust of adult plants under conditions of natural infestation. The results of this study indicate that many minor resistance QTL may result from the action of DR genes, and that the candidate gene approach can be an efficient method of QTL identification.


Transfer of wheat-rye translocation chromosomes conferring resistance to Hessian fly from bread wheat into durum wheat.

Breeding for host-plant resistance to the Hessian fly is the most agronomically desirable way to control this pest. Twenty-seven major genes conferring resistance to Hessian fly have been identified and used in wheat improvement. These genes confer resistance to specific biotypes of the Hessian fly. Recently, new sources of Hessian fly resistance derived from cultivated rye were reported that confer resistance to all known biotypes. The resistance gene H21 is present on the wheat-rye whole-arm translocation T2BS·2R#2L. H25 is present on an interstitial rye segment in the 4AL arm of the wheat-rye translocation chromosome Ti4AS·4AL-6R#1L-4AL. The objective of this study was to transfer H21 and H25 to tetraploid durum wheat, thereby making these genes available for the improvement of durum wheat. Homozygous T2BS·2R#2L and Ti4AS·4AL-6R#1L-4AL translocation durum lines were recovered that expressed the H21 and H25 resistances. The H25 durum translocation line was vigorous and set seed similar to the durum wheat parent cultivar. Thus, the H25 transfer can be used directly for the improvement of durum wheat. Plant vigor and seed set of the H21 durum translocation line were drastically reduced, indicating that the missing 2BL arm in this translocation has genes that are essential for normal plant vigor and fertility. Further chromosome engineering is required to shorten the rye segment in this translocation before H21 can be used in durum breeding.


Genomic mapping of defense response genes in wheat.

Defense response genes constitute a broad class of plant genes involved in the defense process. In this study, we mapped 36 probes representing seven classes of defense response genes to the 21 chromosomes of wheat. This collection of probes represents genes involved in the hypersensitive response, pathogenesis-related genes, genes for the flavanoid metabolic pathway, genes encoding proline/glycine rich proteins, ion channel regulators, lipoxygenase, lectin, and others. Sixty-three polymorphic loci were placed on existing genetic linkage maps of wheat. Homoeologous group 7 chromosomes possessed the most DR loci followed by group 2. Map locations indicated that the DR gene loci are not randomly distributed throughout the wheat genome but rather are located in clusters and/or in distal gene-rich regions of the chromosomes. Knowledge of the chromosomal locations and genome organization of DR genes will be useful for candidate gene analysis of QTLs.


Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Aegilops cylindrica.

The genomic constitution of Ae. cylindrica was analyzed by C-banding, GISH, and FISH using the DNA clones pSc119, pAs1, pTa71, and pTa794. The C-banding patterns of the Dc- and Cc-genome chromosomes of Ae. cylindrica are similar to those of the D- and C-genome chromosomes of the diploid progenitor species Ae. tauschii and Ae. caudata, respectively. These similarities permitted the genome allocation and identification of the homoeologous relationships of the Ae. cylindrica chromosomes. FISH analysis detected one major 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA locus in the short arm of chromosome 1Cc. Minor 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA loci were mapped in the short arms of 5Dc and 5Cc. 5S rDNA loci were identified in the short arm of chromosomes 1Cc, 5Dc, 5Cc, and 1Dc. GISH analysis detected intergenomic translocation in three of the five Ae. cylindrica accessions. The breakpoints in all translocatinos were noncentromeric with similar-sized segment exchanges.

Publications.

Anderson JA, Effertz RJ, Faris JD, Francl LJ, Meinhardt SW, and Gill BS. 1999. Genetic analysis of sensitivity to a Pyrenophora tritici-repentis necrosis-inducing toxin in durum and common wheat. Phytopathology 89:293-297.

Bondareva SN, Champoux JA, Sandhu D, Gill BS, and Gill KS. 1999. Ordering of wheat gene cluster region probes using Triticum tauschii backcross population. PAG VII P369:173 (abstract).

Boyko EV, Gill KS, Mickelson-Young LK, Nasuda S, Raupp WJ, Hassawi DS, Ziegle JN, Fritz AK, Namuth D, Lapitan NLV, and Gill BS. 1999. A high-density genetic linkage map of Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome progenitor of bread wheat. Theor Appl Genet (In press).

Dhar MK, Kynast RG, Friebe B, and Gill BS. 1999. Cloning, characterization, and mapping of ribosomal RNA genes in Plantago. PAG VII. P35:87 (abstract).

Faris JD and Gill BS. 1999. Saturation mapping of a gene-rich region on chromosome 5B in wheat. PAG VII. P368:173 (abstract).

Faris JD, Li WL, Liu DJ, Chen PD, and Gill BS. 1999. Candidate gene analysis of quantitative disease resistance in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 98:219-225.

Faris JD, Li WL, Liu DJ, Chen PD, and Gill BS. 1999. Candidate gene analysis of quantitative disease resistance in wheat. PAG VII. S11:29, P389:178 (abstract).

Faris JD, Li WL, Liu DJ, Chen PD, and Gill BS. 1999. Gene analysis of quantitative disease resistance in wheat. PAG VII. P387:177 (abstract).

Friebe B, Gill BS, and Tuleen NA. 1999. Development and cytogenetic identification of a set of Triticum aestivum-Aegilops geniculata chromosome addition lines. Genome (In press).

Friebe B, Kynast RG, Hatchett JH, Sears RG, Wilson DL, and Gill BS. 1999. Transfer of wheat-rye translocation chromosomes conferring resistance to Hessian fly from bread wheat into durum wheat. Crop Sci (Accepted).

Gill KS and Gill BS. 1999. Distribution of genes and recombination in plants. PAG VII. P366:172 (abstract).

Huang L, Korzun V, and Gill BS. 1999. Molecular markers linked to the leaf rust resistance genes Lr39 and Lr40 of wheat introgressed from Aegilops tauschii. PAG VII. P383:176 (abstract).

Köszegi B, Friebe B, and Sutka J. 1999. Cytogenetic studies on Triticum aestivum x Aegilops cylindrica hybrids and derivatives. Acta Agron Hung 46:In press.

Li WL, Faris JD, Chittoor JM, Leach JE, Liu DJ, Chen PD, and Gill BS. 1999. Genomic mapping of defense response genes in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 98:226-233.

Linc G, Friebe BR, Kynast RG, Molnar-Lang M, Köszegi B, Sutka J, and Gill BS. 1999. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Aegilops cylindrica Host. Genome 42:In press.

Nasuda S, Friebe B, Busch W, Kynast RG, and Gill BS. 1998. Structural rearrangement in chromosome 2M of Aegilops comosa has prevented the utilization of the Compair and related wheat-Ae. comosa translocation in wheat improvement. Theor Appl Genet 96:780-785.

Nasuda S, Friebe B, and Gill BS. 1998. Gametocidal genes induce chromosome breakage in the interphase prior to the first mitotic cell division of the male gametophyte in wheat. Genetics 149:1115-1124.

Qi LL, Friebe B, and Gill BS. 1998. Alternate chromatid exchange is less frequent than adjacent chromatid exchange in meiosis detected by RFLP markers using a recombinant 5BL isochromosome. PAG VII. P376:175 (abstract).

Qi LL, Wang SL, Chen PD, Liu DJ, and Gill BS. 1998. Identification and physical mapping of three Haynaldia villosa chromosome-6V deletion lines. Theor Appl Genet 97:1042-1046.

Sarma RN, Gill BS, Sasaki T, Fish L, and Snape JW. 1999. Physical characterization of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomes of wheat in terms of rice linkage blocks and physical mapping of some agronomically important genes. PAG VII. P377:175 (abstract).

Wang SL, Qi LL, Chen PD, Liu DJ, Friebe B, and Gill BS. 1999. Molecular cytogenetic identificatyion of wheat- Elymus tsukushiense introgression lines. Euphytica (In press).

U.S. GRAIN MARKETING AND PRODUCTION RESEARCH CENTER

USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.

O.K. Chung, G.L. Lookhart, J.B. Ohm, S.R. Bean, L.M. Seitz, F.E. Dowell, D.W. Hagstrum, B.W. Seabourn, D.B. Sauer, J.L. Steele, D.B. Bechtel, P.W. Flinn, M.S. Ram, R. Rengarajan, J.E. Baker, J.D. Hubbard, J.E. Throne, J.D. Wilson, I.Y. Zayas, W.J. Jun, M.S. Caley, J.M. Downing, C.R. Martin, S.H. Park, R.K. Lyne, and M. Tilley.


Overview of U.S. grain production and utilization.

According to the 3-year (1993-95) average of world production, the annual total of major cereal grain production was nearly 1.9 billion metric tons. This consisted of 28.9 % wheat (540.2 million metric tons, mmt), 28.7 % rice (537.3 mmt), 27.6 % maize (516.1 mmt), 8.4 % barley (157.4 mmt), 3.1 % sorghum (58.0 mmt), 2.1 % oats (39.3 mmt), and 1.2 % rye (23.3 mmt). The U.S. produced 39.0 % (2,01.4 mmt) of the annual world production of corn, 24.5% (14.2 mmt) of sorghum, 11.6 % (62.5 mmt) of wheat, 7.9 % (3.1 mmt) of oats, 5.2 % (8.1 mmt) of barley, 1.5 % (8.0 mmt) of rice, and 1.3 % of rye (0.3 mmt). The annual grain supply is the sum of the annual production and the grain reserve remaining from previous years. The annual U.S. averages for the 10-year period from 1986-95 show the following production versus total supply values for corn (194.1 versus 254.2 mmt), wheat (60.4 versus 84.6), sorghum (16.9 versus 24.9), barley (9.2 versus. 14.0), rice (7.2 versus 9.1), oats (4.4 versus 7.4), and rye (0.33 versus 0.61), indicating a steady decrease in grain reserves. The annual U.S. uses of total grain was 40-60 % (domestic) and 15-30 % (export) during that same 10-year period. Annual consumption of grain per capita as food increased from 106 kg in 1986 to 124 kg in 1995. The main grain used for food is wheat, providing 50 % of the grain consumed as food. With increasing population (241 million in 1986 to 267 million in 1995), the annual consumption of wheat for food uses increased from 19.4 in 1986 to 24.7 mmt in 1997. Grains such as sorghum, barley, oats, and rye are consumed mainly as feed in the U.S. All types of U.S.-grown grains are exported except oats and rye, which are imported.


Food supply in the year 2035: will it be enough ?

The reported data on world population, farming population, and total grain production since 1985 provide quite a scary image of many people with empty or only partially full stomach. Total world population shows a steady increase of over 17.4 % from 4.8 billion in 1985 to 5.7 billion people in 1995. If we assume the same 17.4 % increase every decade, world population is projected to be over 11 billion by the year 2035, which is nearly double the current population. The farming population also shows a steady increase of 12.5 % during the same period from 1985 to 1995. However, it is doubtful that the farming population will continue to increase at the same rate to 2035. From 1985 to 1995, the constant world arable and permanent cropland increased from 1.445 billion ha to 1.476 billion ha. Similarly, during the same time period, the world total grain production was fairly constant, with 2.7 billion metric tons of production in 1985 and 2.71 billion metric tons in 1995. As a result, the amount of grain available per capita steadily decreased by 14.7 % from 558 kg/person in 1985 to 476 kg/person in 1995. Assuming the same rate of decrease, the available quantity of grain/person in 2035 is projected to be 252 kg/person. How are we going to face the challenging task of securing sufficient quantities of foods and fibers in the 21st century? The successful Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s has served well for the past 30 years. Biotechnology in cereal production is certainly one of the strategies available to safeguard the global food supply in the future.


Faster capillary electrophoresis separations of wheat proteins through modifications to buffer composition and sample handling.

Studies were conducted to produce faster, simpler, more rugged protocols for separating wheat proteins by HPCE. Three areas were targeted for improvement: initial capillary equilibration procedures, buffer composition, and post- separation rinsing procedures. For the initial equilibration of capillaries, a brief rinse with a hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose (HPMC) solution was the most critical factor for successful separation of wheat proteins. To reduceseparation time and maintain resolution, ß-alanine and glycine were each used in place of sodium phosphate as buffer ions. Two isoelectric buffers, aspartic acid and iminodiacetic acid (IDA) were also tested. Each of these four buffer systems generated substantially lower currents and could provide faster separations than sodium phosphate-based buffers. Finally, postseparation rinsing procedures were re-examined, with the goal of reducing the time necessary to rinse the capillary after each separation. A critical factor in achieving this goal was removal of albumins and globulins prior to separation. These proteins bind to the capillary wall and cause rising baselines and excessive peak tailing. Once these proteins were removed, capillaries could be rinsed with buffer for only 2 min between separations. Capillary equilibration procedures were shortened from 90 min to 30 min. Likewise, separation times were reduced by ~40 % (25 min to 15 min) by using glycine in place of sodium phosphate in the separation buffer. Finally, postseparation times were reduced by 80 % (10 min to 2 min). Overall, these factors resulted in a reduction of total separation time by 50 % (35 to 17 min) and maintained high resolution separations and good run to run repeatability.


Use of cultivar identification for wheat quality.

Quality is a function of many parameters. The largest variables in quality are the environment, genetics, and the effect of environment on genetics. In wheat, the biochemical components protein, starch, and lipids have significant effects on quality, both in terms of content and specific types. For instance, bread-making quality has been related to protein content, gliadin and glutenin allelic composition, molecular weight distribution, free-lipid composition, polar-lipid content, and content and composition of water solubles. Protein content and quality are reported to have the largest effect on quality as related to bread making. The environment is known to cause wide variations in quality in most cultivars. However, because the storage proteins (glutens) are invariable over environments, wheat researchers have utilized the storage proteins for identification of varieties. Therefore, one of the most stable and the only controllable parameter for predicting quality is cultivar identification. Methods for characterizing wheat storage proteins include acid (A)-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, HPCE, and HPLC. A-PAGE and SDS-PAGE provide the least expensive analysis but require the most time (4 to 12 hours including staining) and do not provide direct quantitative or digital data. HPCE and HPLC are fast, single samples can be analyzed in the 1020 min range; and the data are quantitative, of high resolution, and digitized for further analysis and storage. However, both HPLC and HPCE methods are high priced, in the neighborhood of $50,000. However, they can be used for many different types of analyses, which makes them more valuable.


Characterization of two novel 1Dx HMW-glutenin subunits present in wheats produced from 'synthetic / bread wheat' crosses.

Two wheat lines produced by crossing synthetic wheats (T. turgidum / Ae. tauschii) with common bread wheats were found to contain a novel 1Dx HMW-glutenin subunit that was linked with both 1Dy HMW-glutenin subunits 10 and 12. The line with the novel 1Dx protein associated with 1Dy 12 was found to have improved quality traits relative to its bread wheat parent. In lines where the novel 1Dx was associated with 1Dy 10, decreased quality attributes were observed. Both novel 1Dx subunits had the same electrophoretic mobility by SDS-PAGE and the same elution time when separated by HPLC. To further characterize these proteins, HPCE and a 2D combination of HPLC and HPCE were used. These methods revealed that the novel 1Dx proteins differed in their HPCE migration times. This information suggests that these two proteins may have differences in amino acid composition, despite having similar SDS-PAGE mobilities and HPLC elution times. In order to further investigate this possibility, the genes encoding these 1Dx proteins were PCR amplified from genomic DNA and cloned. Sequencing of these 1Dx genes is being performed to complement the data gathered at the protein level.


A quick method to determine the amount of insoluble glutenin.

Several genotypes of U.S. hard winter wheats grown in several state nurseries were used in this study. Baking properties of those lines were determined by the USDAARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory. Flours (250 mg) from each individual line and location were extracted three timeswith 50 % 1-propanol (1 ml) for 5 min each. Samples were vortexed continually during extraction. The supernatant from each extract was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to determine the extent and completion of extraction. This method was effective in removing most monomeric proteins, because negligible detectable protein was found in the third extract. Significant amounts of polymeric glutenin also were extracted during this procedure as indicated by early eluting peaks in SEC. After the third extract, pellets were oven dried (130·C) for 1 hr and analyzed for protein content by a LECO Instruments (St. Joseph, MI) analysis system (Dumas Method). In addition, the pellet proteins that were still insoluble (pellet) after three 50 % 1-propanol extracts were solubilized out of the pellet via sonication and, when analyzed by SEC, were found to consist mainly of large polymeric proteins. Correlations with r2 values of 0.8 were found between dough strength parameters (for instance bake mix time) and % pellet protein (pellet protein/flour protein). This procedure was found to be simple and rapid, with the potential of analyzing over 100 samples/day with good reproducibility.


Flour nonstarch total lipid extraction by a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system.

Nonstarch total lipids (NSTL) were extracted from commercial wheat flour by an SFE system and a conventional solvent extraction method. The optimum SFE condition for NSTL extraction included 10,000 psi and 130·C for the extraction chamber pressure and temperature, respectively, and 60 ml extractant of carbon dioxide and ethanol mixture (1:1 by volume) at 3 ml/min. As a reference method, flour NSTL were extracted by a conventional method of three extractions using 5-min shaking each with 40 ml of water-saturated butanol. After the removal of solvent mixture, lipids were reëxtracted three times from the dried residue with 50 ml hexane each. The NSTL obtained by both methods were fractionated into nonpolar, glyco-, and phopholipids by a solid phase extraction system. The amounts and composition of flour NSTL were comparable for both SFE and conventional methods. Required extraction time and cost for each sample NSTL determination were compared for the two methods.


Effect of lipid extraction conditions on bread-making properties of defatted and reconstituted wheat flours.

An official method of flour free lipid (FL) extraction uses a Soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether (PE) as an extractant. For environmentally friendlier lipid extraction methods, a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system has been employed using CO^2^ as an extractant at high temperature and pressure applied with or without ethanol as a modifier. Additionally, enhanced solvent extraction (ESE), another new method, uses an SFE system with PE as an extractant at an elevated temperature. The FLs were extracted from three flours using the above four methods (Soxhlet-PE, ESE-PE, SFE-CO^2^, and SFE-CO^2^/EtOH). Control flours, defatted flours, and reconstituted flours were baked into microloaves of bread (10-g flour) with or without shortening added. The Soxhlet method using PE was the only extraction method whose reconstituted flours showed fully restored bread-making properties including bake mix time (MT), loaf volumes (LV), and crumb grain scores (CGS). The ESE method using PE was the second best, whereas the SFE method using EtOH as a modifier was the worst method for demonstrating the functional roles of flour FL in bread making, because of its irreversible effects on flour components other than FL. Thus, the SFE using CO^2^ with EtOH or the ESE using PE are recommended methods for analytical determination of FL contents, but not for demonstrating FL roles in bread making. Native FLs in a flour are important constituents and are responsible for positive shortening responses in both LV and CGS.


Varietal and growing-location effects on variations in fatty acids of free lipids extracted from hard winter wheats.

The fatty acid compositions and contents of flour free lipids were determined using the 1995 Wheat Quality Council samples of 10 varieties grown at five locations. Free lipids that were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide plus ethanol as modifier were separated into nonpolar lipids (NL), glycolipids (GL), and phospholipids (PL) by solid phase extraction. Fatty acids that included palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acids were analyzed by gas chromatography for each lipid fraction. Fatty acid contents rangedfrom 27.0 to 60.1, 5.8 to 21.3, and 1.2 to 14.3 mg/10 g (db) flour for NL, GL, and PL, respectively. Linoleic acid was a major fatty acid that constituted 44.5-57.9, 61.0-61.8, and 40.0-59.8 percent of total fatty acids of NL, GL, and PL, respectively. The main saturated fatty acid of NL was palmitic acid, which constituted 23.4-27.7, 14.1-20.8, and 19.8-34.2 percent of NL, GL, and PL total fatty acids, respectively. Analysis of variance indicated that growing locations (L), varieties (V) and 'L x V' interaction had significant effects on variation in fatty acid compositions and contents. A variation in flour NL content was more affected by V than L or 'L x V' interaction. However, L was considered to have a dominant effect on variations in fatty acid compositions and contents.


Noodle flours.

In collaboration with the Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State, the compositions and physical properties of Japanese salt and alkaline noodle flours were contrasted and compared to those of flours from U.S. hard white white and soft white wheats and from Australian soft white wheats often segregated for salt noodles. The alkaline noodle flours averaged 11.5 % protein, which was 3 % higher than the salt noodle flours, and they had lower ash content (0.35 versus 0.41 %). Granulation of the salt noodle flours showed the same proportion of small particles (< 38 µm) as in soft wheat flours but different levels of intermediate and large particles. The level of small particles was ~10 % greater in salt-noodle flours than in the alkaline noodle flours. The alkaline noodle flours had ~8 % more fine particles and 2.5 % more damaged starch than the hard white flours, which is consistent with fine grinding of hard wheat flour in the noodle flour. The salt noodle flours had a higher SDS-sedimentation volume and a higher gluten index (GI) than the U.S. soft white flours. The SDS volume and GI were lower for the alkaline- noodle flours than for the hard white flours, showing the preference for a mellow gluten of low-to-intermediate strength in alkaline noodle flour. Mixograph data also supported the conclusions of mellow gluten in alkaline- noodle flour. The swelling powers (1.7 % at 92.5·C) for Australian soft white, salt noodle, U.S. hard white, U.S. soft white, and alkaline-noodle flours were 19.4, 18.1, 17.0, 16.1, and 15.8 g/g, respectively, showing the preference for high and low swelling starch, respectively, in the salt-noodle and the alkaline-noodle flour. A similar order of flour swelling was indicated by peak viscosity of flours heated at 12 % solids in the Rapid Visco-Analyser. Water holding capacity of flour was correlated highly with swelling power.


Lipids in Japanese noodle flours.

Lipids in Japanese salt and alkaline noodle flours and in Australian SWW flours were extracted and compared in collaboration with the Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University. Nonstarch lipid (NSL) and free lipid (FL) levels ranged, respectively, from 1.33-1.71 % and from 0.84-1.04 %, for nine Japanese salt- noodle flours compared to 1.43-1.50 % and 0.97-1.00 % for the three Australian SWW flours used mainly to prepare salt noodles. The six Japanese alkaline-noodle flours averaged approximately 15 % less NSL and 20 % less FL than the Australian flours. The NSL was separated by column chromatography into nonpolar lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL), and phospholipid (PL) fractions. The NSL extracted from salt noodle and Australian flour contained approximately 36 % more NL than that from alkaline noodle flour. The composition of NSL was similar for salt noodle and Australian SWW flours but was different for alkaline noodle flour. Japanese salt-noodle flour could be differentiated from alkaline-noodle flour by the higher levels of NSL and FL and by the higher ratios of NL/PL and NL/ash, 47 % and 15 %, respectively.


Cleaning and milling of dwarf bunt-infested wheat.

Wheat from the Pacific Northwest region is commonly infected with dwarf bunt fungus, and some countries have maintained an embargo on infested wheat. Wheat contaminated with teliospores of dwarf bunt were blended with clean HRWW and processed through the Kansas State University pilot mill, as a collaborative project. The results of this study show that as bunt-contaminated wheat is processed, the number of spores contained in it is reduced. Importantly, no spores were found in the red dog, wheat flour, or dust collected during milling. Mass balances were calculated for the two milling runs. Eighty-nine and 97.5 % of the spores could not be accounted for following mixing. Another major loss of recoverable spores occurred during tempering. Tempering reduced the number ofrecoverable spores by 86 and 66 % for the two milling runs. For the two milling runs, 2.3 and 5.1 % of the total spores added to the wheat were recovered in the mill-feed fractions and dust.


Registration of Crimson wheat.

Crimson HRRW was developed by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and released to seed producers in the autumn of 1997. Crimson is an awned, red-glumed, medium-late maturity, standard-height HRRW with good end-use quality characteristics and superior yield performance in its maturity range. The name Crimson was chosen to highlight its red chaff color, a trait in South Dakota most commonly associated with Rose winter wheat. Crimson was selected (as an F5-derived line in the F6 generation) from the cross 'TAM-105 / Winoka', made in 1983 by Dr. Jeffrey L. Gellner. Breeder seed originated from a purification program in 199596 (F11 generation) to remove off-types by roguing; up to 1 % white-chaffed variants have been identified in breeder seed production fields. Crimson was identified (as experimental line SD89153) in 1989 and has been tested in the South Dakota Crops Performance Testing (CPT) Variety Trial since 1994 and the Northern Regional Performance Nursery from 1994-96. In 4 years of statewide testing in the South Dakota CPT (199497; 32 environments), Crimson (3,494 kg/ ha) was higher yielding than available varieties in its maturity range, including Rose (3,360 kg/ha), Seward (3,292 kg/ha), and Roughrider (3,091 kg/ha). Over these same testing environments, Crimson (793 kg/m3) exhibited very high and stable test weight characteristics with higher test weight than any other entry tested, including Rose (788 kg/m3), Roughrider (781 kg/m3), Arapahoe (766 kg/m3), and Seward (757 kg/m3). In addition to its high test weight, composite milling and baking data (provided by the USDA-ARS Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory, Manhattan, KS) identified Crimson as a wheat with good overall baking properties.


Registration of Tandem wheat.

Tandem HRRW was developed by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and released to seed producers in the autumn of 1997. Tandem is an awned, white-glumed, medium-maturity, standard-height HRWW with excellent end-use quality characteristics and good yield performance in its maturity range. The name Tandem was chosen to highlight the combination of superior end-use quality in a yield-competitive agronomic package. Tandem was selected (as an F5-derived line in the F6 generation) from the cross 'Brule / Agate', made in 1983 by Dr. Jeffrey L. Gellner. Breeder seed originated from a bulk of approximately 600 F11-derived head-rows selected as part of a glume-color purification program in 199495. Tandem was identified (as experimental line SD89119) in 1989 and has been tested in the South Dakota Crop Performance Testing Variety Trial since 1993 and the Northern Regional Performance Nursery from 1993-95. In 5 years of statewide testing in the South Dakota CPT (1993-97; 46 environments), Tandem (3,494 kg/ha) was lower yielding than Arapahoe (3,628 kg/ha), but higher yielding than other cultivars in its maturity range, including Niobrara (3,427 kg/ha), Siouxland (3,360 kg/ha), and Dawn (3,225 kg/ha). In the western and northern South Dakota CPT environments (18 environments), Tandem (3,830 kg/ha) was the highest yielding entry, greater than Alliance (3,763 kg/ha), Arapahoe and Seward (3,695 kg /ha), and Nekota (3,628 kg/ha). Composite milling and baking data (provided by the USDA-ARS Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory, Manhattan, KS) from the Northern Regional Performance Nursery (1993-95) and the South Dakota Advanced Yield Trial (1994-96) identified Tandem as a wheat with very large kernels with high overall milling and baking scores.


A relational database system for summarization and interpretation of hard winter wheat regional quality data.

Achieving acceptable end-use (milling and baking) quality is a fundamental objective of wheat breeding programs throughout the U.S. hard winter wheat region. Numerous analytical methods have been developed to measure quality. Few tools are available, however, to assist in making decisions based on a large number of parameters from comprehensive milling and baking tests. Our objective was to develop a relational database system in collaboration with South Dakota State University for summarization and interpretation of wheat end-use quality data from theUSDA-ARS Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory. The database system uses a graphical interface with a series of 'layouts' that require input from the user, guide the user to a successive layout, or provide a data report. The database system provides simultaneous assessment of multiple quality traits on a standardized scale; user-specified prioritization of end-use quality traits for numerical and qualitative ratings of genotypes; tabulation of major quality deficiencies of genotypes; and summarization of quality ratings for a genotype across multiple nurseries. The database system has specific application to the hard winter wheat regional testing program. The basic principle and design, however, could be readily extended to nursery-based end-use quality testing programs in other wheat regions and market classes.


Single kernel wheat characterization system: its use in estimating end-use properties of hard winter wheats.

The Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) was developed mainly for wheat classification. However, it could be used for estimating wheat end-use properties. We investigated that possibility using single kernel parameters of 72 hard winter wheats determined by SKCS. The SKCS large kernel percentage had a significant correlation (r = 0.628, P < 0.0001) with that from conventional sieving methods. The number of large kernels determined by the SKCS was significantly correlated with flour yield (r = 0.422, n = 72, P < 0.001). Among SKCS low-level variables, flour yield had significant correlations with mean values of the Gomp B (r = 0.584, P < 0.0001) and their standard deviations (r = 0.567, P < 0.0001). The ratios of peak force to kernel size obtained by SKCS has a significant positive correlation (r = 0.543, P < 0.001) with flour yields. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that 65.7 % of variation in flour yield could be explained by SKCS characteristics. Discriminant analysis using SKCS variables showed 79 % accuracy in separating wheats into low, medium, and high flour-yielding groups. The SKCS variables also were correlated with loaf volume. The equation developed using wheat protein and SKCS variables by stepwise multiple regression indicated a coefficient of determination of 0.763 for loaf volume.


Comparison of mixograph characteristics by conventional and computerized methods.

Mixograms were compared for a conventional (CONV) method using human experts versus a computerized (COMP) method using computer software, MixSmart. Simple linear correlation coefficients (r values) were computed from 642 flour samples for mixograph mix time (MT) and mixing tolerance (TOL) by the CONV method versus 10 parameters by the COMP method. The CONV mixograph MT was most highly correlated to the COMP peak times (PT) (r = 0.890) followed by peak areas (PA) (r = 0.847), whereas the mixograph TOL was most highly correlated to the tail width at 6 min (r = 0.809) followed by PA (r = 0.700) for the 642 samples. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to develop prediction equations for CONV mixograph MT and TOL using the COMP mixograph variables of 221 calibration samples and 117 validation samples randomly selected based on TOL scores. The prediction equation developed for CONV mixograph MT showed coefficients of determination (r2 values) of 0.995 and 0.849 with mean square values of error (MSE) of 0.06 and 0.08 for calibration and validation samples, respectively. The prediction equation for bake MT showed r2 values of 0.986 and 0.836 with MSE values of 0.29 and 0.26 for calibration and validation, respectively. The prediction equation for mixograph TOL showed r2 values of 0.958 and 0.718 with MSE values of 0.21 and 0.44 for calibration and validation samples, respectively.


Gluten, pasting, and mixograph parameters of hard winter wheats in relation to bread making.

Flour gluten, pasting, and mixogram characteristics of 12 hard winter wheat cultivars grown in six counties in Kansas were analyzed by Glutomatic System, Rapid Visco-Analyser, and the MIXSMART computer software to investigate their relationships with bread making. Gluten content and hydration amounts had significant correlations with water absorptions. Gluten parameters also were significantly correlated to kernel hardness. Multiple regression indicated that flour protein and gluten parameters were responsible for 54 % and 87 % of the variation in near infrared hardness score and mixograph water absorption, respectively. Computer-analyzed objective mixograph parameters were significantly correlated to conventional parameters. Objective midline peak time and bandwidth at 6 min were significantly correlated to mix time and tolerance, respectively. Flour characteristics were significantly correlated toloaf volume. Flour pasting temperature could supplement protein content to predict loaf volume. Ratios of flour protein content to pasting temperature had a significant curvilinear relationship with loaf volume showing an r2 of 0.725.


Wheat and flour properties in relation to bread crumb grain.

Samples of 12 hard winter wheats and their flours that produced breads varying in crumb grain scores were studied for 38 quality parameters including wheat physical and chemical characteristics; flour ash and protein contents, starch damage, swelling power, pasting characteristics, and flour particle size distribution; dough properties determined by a mixograph; and bread-making properties for pup loaves. Only two parameters, the protein content of wheat and the granulation of flour, showed significant correlations with crumb grain scores. Protein content of wheat ranging from 12.9-14.5 % determined by an NIR method showed an inverse relationship (r = 0.61, P < 0.05) with bread crumb grain score. Flour particle size distribution measured by both Alpine Air Jet Sieve and NIR methods revealed that the weight % of particles less than 38 µm in size and representing 9.619.3 % of the flour weights was correlated positively (r = 0.78, P < 0.01) with crumb grain score, whereas weight % of flour particles larger than 125 µm had an inverse relationship (r = 0.60, P < 0.05) with crumb grain score.


Prediction of gliadin and soluble/insoluble HMW-glutenin fractions in hard winter wheat flours by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

Polymeric proteins (insoluble glutenins) are thought to play an important role in bread making, particularly dough strength. A number of studies have confirmed that insoluble glutenins (IG) are directly related to dough strength. One hundred hard winter wheat flours were obtained from the USDA/ARS Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory (HWWQL), Manhattan, KS. The flours were from wheats grown at two federal regional breeding nurseries during the 199395 crop years. The flours were selected using the HWWQL Relational Database based upon their aggregate milling and baking scores and then analyzed by HPLC for their contents of gliadin, soluble glutenin, and insoluble glutenin. With NIR spectral data and multivariate modeling techniques, HPLC fractions could be predicted with accuracies acceptable for screening purposes (r2 > 0.60). For IG, the standard error of cross-validation for the model was sufficiently high (r2 = 0.83) for NIR to be used as a substitute method for measuring IG in flour. Results indicate that NIR may be very useful in plant breeding programs and quality laboratories where rapid screening of large numbers of flour samples is needed.


Volatile compounds in five starches.

Volatile compounds in commercial wheat, corn, potato, waxy corn, and tapioca starches and in laboratory-prepared wheat, corn, and potato starches were collected, separated, and identified by a purge and trap concentrator interfaced to a gas chromatograph equipped with Fourier transform infrared and mass selective detectors. Hexanal was the most abundant compound in the corn and potato starches and in the laboratory-prepared wheat starch as determined by total ion chromatogram peak areas. Hexanal was the nearest most abundant compound in commercial wheat starch after 2- ethyl-1-hexanol and benzaldehyde. Among the classes of volatile organics, the level of aldehydes was the highest, followed by alcohols, ketones, benzenes, esters, and terpenes. The majority of specific compounds identified appeared to be oxidation products of lipids, and included hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, benzaldehyde, 2-propanone, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, methylbenzene, and tetradecane. Tapioca starch contained few volatiles but did contain 2-propanone and 2-propanol. Few or no alcohols occurred in the commercial corn starch. Most volatiles detected in wheat and corn starches also were present in the volatiles from their kernels.


Ergosterol: a marker of fungal growth.

In the early development phase of the ergosterol assay, we showed that it could be used to monitor growth of Aspergillus and Alternaria species in moist milled rice. In subsequent investigations with various fungi growing inmoist milled rice, we monitored fungal growth by measuring ergosterol and carbon dioxide evolution. Different growth curves were observed among the different fungi growing in the same or similar conditions. We have utilized the ergosterol assay in conjunction with carbon dioxide evolution to monitor fungal growth and dry matter loss in stored corn. In addition, we have shown that ergosterol content is a good indicator of fungal contamination in grains at harvest. A method has been developed for determining ergosterol in single kernels of grains, which has aided research on techniques for rapid detection of scab in wheat. The ergosterol assay has been applied to various other types of foods and materials as evidenced by many references in the literature over the years since the assay was developed.


Volatiles extracted from whole and ground grain samples by supercritical CO2 and direct helium purge methods: observations on 2,3-butanediols and halogenated anisoles.

Volatile compounds were extracted from whole and ground grain samples by two methods. In a method involving supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), volatiles were purged from the grain with supercritical CO2, trapped at 78·C, and then transferred via a purge and trap instrument to a gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometric and infrared detectors (GC-MS/IR) for separation and identification. In a direct-helium-purge method (DHP), volatiles were purged with helium directly from the grain into the purge and trap instrument for subsequent transfer to the GC- MS/IR system for analysis. With the SFE method, extraction of volatiles was favored by ground grain, low supercritical CO2 pressures, and high temperatures. The DHP method more effectively extracted low molecular weight compounds, whereas the SFE method was better for aldehydes, enals, and higher molecular weight compounds, including some musty odor indicators such as 4-ethenyl-1-, 1,2-di, 4-chloro-, and 4- bromomethoxybenzenes. The presence of chloro- and bromomethoxybenzenes was associated with musty odors in sorghums. 2,3-Butanediols (dl and meso forms) and acetic acid were extracted by SFE, but not by DHP. Amounts of the diols, which were present in both musty- and normal-odor sorghums, appeared to be vast because they continued to evolve in steady amounts, while other volatiles decreased, with repeated extractions of the same sample. The diols were found in other samples of wheat and corn.


Volatile compounds in wheat grains from different locations.

Samples of wheat grains grown at different locations, mostly in Kansas in 1996, were analyzed for volatile compounds. By using an autosampler that added an internal standard to each sample, volatiles were purged from 20 g of whole grain at 80·C and collected on Tenax in a purge and trap instrument. Collected volatiles were thermally desorbed from the Tenax and transferred to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer for separation and identification. Composition of the volatiles, which included about 130 compounds, was generally similar in number of compounds and relative amounts. However, some differences in amounts of some compounds were noted between the different locations, which may be related to environmental factors. Levels of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol were greatly elevated in all cultivars from some locations. A cultivar from one location with apparent freeze damage and an off-odor had unusually high levels of anisole, a sesquiterpene, and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, and the latter compound was moderately elevated in all cultivars from the same location. Compounds that appeared to be associated with mites, i.e., tridecane and citral, were found in some samples from one location.


Volatile methoxybenzene compounds in grains with off-odors.

Volatile methoxybenzene compounds that appeared to be associated with off-odors were found in a set of 746 samples containing corn, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat obtained from official grain inspectors. An autosampler that added an internal standard to each sample was used to purge volatiles from 20 g of grain at 80·C, and they were collected on Tenax in a purge and trap instrument. Collected volatiles were thermally desorbed from the Tenax and transferred to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer for separation and identification. Methoxybenzene was not commonly found in the sample set, but it increased with time in samples with high moisture stored at slightly elevated temperatures. Grains with musty odors contained 4-ethenyl-, 4-propenyl-, 4-ethyl-, 1,2-di-, 1,2,3,-tri-,ethenyl-1,2-di-, ethyl-1,2-di-, 1,3-di-, chloro-, and bromo-methoxybenzenes. Some of these compounds may be derived from lignins in mold infested grains. 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene and its methyl- and ethyl-substituted derivatives appeared to be derived from corresponding 1,4-quinones which are defensive secretions of insects in the Tribolium genus. Methoxy derivatives of phenols and N-heterocyclic compounds also were found.


Freezing effect on bread appearance evaluated by digital imaging.

In marketing channels, bread is sometimes delivered in a frozen state for distribution. Changes occur in the physical dimensions of crumb grain and appearance of slices. Ten loaves (1 pound), 12 bread slices/loaf were scanned for digital image analysis and then frozen in a commercial refrigerator. The bread slices were stored for 4 weeks, scanned again, permitted to thaw, and scanned a third time. Image features were extracted to determine shape, size, and image texture of the slices. Different thresholds of grey levels were set to detect changes that occurred in crumb and images were binarized at these settings. The numbers of pixels falling into these gray level settings were determined for each slice. Image texture features of subimages of each slice were calculated to quantify slice crumb grain. The image features of the slice size showed shrinkage of bread slices as a result of freezing and storage, although shape of slices did not change markedly. Visible crumb texture changes occurred and were depicted by changes in image texture features. The crumb changed differently at the center of a slice compared to a peripheral area close to the crust. Image texture and slice size features were sufficient for discrimination of slices before, and after freezing and after thawing.

Predicting the number of red genes in single wheat kernels using visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra.

An optical radiation measurement system was used to measure NIR reflectance spectra of single wheat kernels from 400-2,000 nm. A total of 18 wheat samples with 1, 2, or 3 genes was used for this study. The results indicated that a linear relationship between the degree of the red pigmentation and the number of red genes. The highest coefficient of determination was 0.68 in the wavelength region of 500-1,700 nm, when the three-class partial least squares models were used. The highest classification of red genes was 80.8 %. For two class models, differentiating samples with one red gene from samples with three red genes had the highest success rate of 98.8 %. The number and combination of red genes had a significant effect on wheat kernel color and may be useful to wheat breeders who wish to predict the number and location of red genes.


Physical and biological characteristics of grain dust.

Hazards from grain dust fire and explosion are major safety issues in the grain industry. At the end of December, 1996, the 10-year average of grain dust explosions was 15, with estimated losses exceeding 10 million dollars each year in the U.S. There is also evidence of direct health hazards to workers from inhaling grain dust. A review of GMPRC research on grain dust emission and control was presented. Characteristics of the dust collected by grain elevator dust control systems was reviewed. Dust composition typically includes particles from corn, wheat, soybeans, or grain sorghum.


Identifying stored-grain insects using near-infrared spectroscopy.

Proper identification of insects in grain storage facilities is critical for predicting development of pest populations and for making management decisions. However, many stored-grain insect pests are difficult to identify, even for trained personnel. We examined the possibility that NIR spectroscopy could be used for taxonomic purposes based on the premise that every species may have a unique chemical composition. Tests were conducted with 11 species of insects commonly associated with stored grain. Spectra from individual insects were collected by using a near- infrared diode-array spectrometer. Calibrations were developed by using partial least squares analysis and neural networks. The neural network calibration correctly identified more than 99 % of test insects as primary or secondary pests and correctly identified over 95 % of test insects to genus. Evidence indicates that absorption characteristics of cuticular lipids may contribute to the classification of these species. We believe that this technology could be usedfor rapid, automated identification of many other organisms.


Detection of scab in single wheat kernels using near-infrared spectroscopy.

Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to detect scab damage and estimate DON and ergosterol levels in single wheat kernels. Results showed that all scab-damaged kernels identified by official inspectors were correctly identified by NIRS. DON and ergosterol were predicted with standard errors of about 50 and 100 ppm, respectively. This technology may provide a means of rapidly screening samples for potential quality problems related to scab damage.


Prediction of vomitoxin in single wheat kernels using near-infrared.

Wheat may be subject to scab infection when the maturing and harvesting seasons are damp and cool. Infected kernels may appear pink or white in addition to having DON. The presence of scab is determined visually on samples at harvest. However, inspection standards for detecting scab may not be well correlated to DON levels, because not all scab-infected kernels contain DON, and not all kernels with DON have visible scab. Thus, the purpose of this research was to correlate NIR reflectance spectra from single kernels to DON. Spectra were collected from 100 kernels at 1 kernel/second using an NIR spectrometer integrated with a single kernel characterization system (Perten Instruments). Results obtained using partial least squares analysis showed a good correlation between actual and predicted DON levels. Single-kernel DON levels ranged from 0664 ppm. Wavelengths from 1,2001,700 nm appeared most useful in classifying kernels. All kernels with > 3 ppm DON were predicted as infected with DON (SE = 57 ppm). All healthy kernels with no visible scab or no measurable DON were correctly identified as having no detectable DON. This research shows the potential of using single kernel NIR to rapidly and nondestructively estimate DON in wheat samples.


Single-kernel wheat physical properties and first-break grinding.

The effects of single-kernel wheat physical properties (hardness (SKH); size (SKS); weight (SKW); and their standard deviations, SDH, SDS and SDW, respectively) and roll gap (GAP) on first-break grinding were investigated using six wheat classes and an experimental roller mill. Statistical models were developed for the measures of first-break grinding (break release (BR), new specific surface area (NSSA) measured on a log scale, energy per unit mass (EPUM), and energy per unit surface area created, termed as specific energy (SE = EPUM / NSSA)). Multiple linear regression models consisting of GAP, SKH, SKS, SKW, SDH, SDS, SDW, and five categorical variables (for the six wheat classes) as explanatory variables could satisfactorily predict all of the measures of first-break grinding. Variables GAP and SKH had the most significant effects on the measures of first-break roll performance. They accounted for 73-86 % of the variation in the models. After GAP and SKH, wheat classes accounted for an additional 313 % of the variation. Variables SKS and SKW, which were strongly correlated, accounted for an additional 12 % of the variation. Although the effects of standard deviation of single-kernel properties in the models were typically the least among the explanatory variables, they were maintained in the models to explain the effect of the spread of the single-kernel properties.


Newly developed and advanced single kernel technology.

A single-kernel wheat hardness methodology suitable for classification of U.S. wheat was developed at the USDA-ARS, USGMRL, Manhattan, Kansas. Development and evaluation of this methodology was in cooperation with the USDA, GIPSA. The experimental system automatically recorded crush force, moisture content, weight, and size measurements of single kernels (120/min). The single-kernel methodology was patented and transferred to commercial production through a CRADA with Perten Instruments North America (PINA). The first commercial prototypes were evaluated in early 1992 with performance equal to or better than the experimental systems. Six additional commercial prototypes were produced and delivered in early 1993 for calibration, repeatability and reproducibility tests. Performance of the six commercial prototypes led to commercial availability of the technologyas the SKCS, Model 4100, PINA. In 1996, GIPSA installed the Model 4100 at 19 U.S. grain-grading locations for field evaluation. By November 1997, 74 commercial SKCSs were in operation, 46 in the USA, 28 in international locations; 31 were used for wheat classification, and 43 for research, development, and evaluation of single-kernel wheat quality. ARS research, in cooperation with PINA, is directed toward the adaptation of optical and NIR measurement technology to the SKCS Model 4100. Other applications such as wheat milling performance and for other grains are under study. A significant R&D effort to better relate single-kernel measurements, SKCS and/or other methods, to grain quality (performance and functionality) attributes is underway in many U.S. and international industries and institutions.


Application of machine vision to grain in the world.

Machine vision applications to characterize grain and grain products have developed rapidly during the last decade. New equipment and image analysis methods have developed during this period. Equipment development has reached the stage of commercial availability and specifically designed for grain and grain product evaluation. New digital imaging methods for grain research may be attributed to one or more of a number of research groups around the world. Growing number of contributing research groups, involved in research and equipment design, worked in each of the following countries: Canada, Denmark, England, France, Finland, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, England, New Zealand, Italy, and the U.S. These groups have studied whole grains or microscopy of grains. Images were acquired with black and white and real color cameras and scanners. Scientists worked with images acquired in visible, X-ray, and infrared spectrum. The image-analysis techniques for grain and grain product research include: morphometry, image texture, morphology, and multispectral analysis. Topics of research included variety and class recognition, foreign material and broken-kernel identification, insect detection, mill fraction, and bread appearance evaluations. Data analysis methods included pattern recognition techniques such as multivariate discriminant analysis, neural networks and other techniques.


Importance of variation in numbers of insects to pest management.

Cost-effective pest management decisions require accurate information on insect infestation levels. In developing a sampling program to accurately estimate insect densities in stored grain, it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of using different kinds of sampling devices and how insects are distributed. Insect populations on two farms were sampled over a 3-year period using five sampling devices. Given the similarity of seasonal trends in insect infestation levels that were found with different sampling devices, we concluded that similar management decisions can be made using different devices. However, differences in the species composition of insects found with different sampling devices need to be considered in making pest management decisions. Rusty grain beetles tended to be less evenly distributed among farms and more evenly distributed between two bins on a farm than three other species. All four species tended to be unevenly distributed within a bin. Large numbers of samples must be taken to correctly estimate insect infestation level and make the most cost-effective pest management decisions because of this uneven distribution of insects within a bin. This study provides important new information that will help us improve insect monitoring and pest management programs.


Area-wide IPM for suppression of insect pests in stored wheat.

Areawide IPM is particularly important for stored wheat because insects are moved through the marketing system along with the grain. If insects are not controlled at one location, they can be spread to many other locations, which increases the cost of insect pest management. The goal of the Areawide Stored Grain IPM project in collaboration with the Department of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University is to determine whether insect pest management can be done more effectively and at lower cost when insects are managed throughout a network of elevators. Elevators were selected so that grain could be followed as it moved from farm to country elevator to terminal elevator, and roughly 70 % of the wheat shipped from the country elevators went to the terminal elevators. Shortly after wheat was harvested in 1998, we started sampling for insects in more than 30 million bushels of wheat stored in 1,207 bins at 28 elevators in Kansas and Oklahoma and collecting information on pest managementpractices. Wheat was sampled at a rate of one 3-kilogram grain sample per 1,000 bushels of grain. Of the 7,610 grain samples that were taken, most did not have any insects. The rusty grain beetle was the most common species followed by the red flour beetle and the lesser grain borer. Three species of wasp parasites of these beetle pests also were quite common.

News from the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Manhattan, KS.

Personnel Changes.

Biological Research Unit. One person retired (Donovan E. Johnson, Microbiologist) and three people were hired: Jeffrey C. Lord, Research Entomologist; Brenda S. Oppert, Research Molecular Biologist; and Yu Cheng Zu, Research Entomologist (postdoctoral position).

Engineering Research Unit. Two people retired: Jack C. S. Chang, Agricultural Engineer, and Inna Y. Zayas, Electronics Engineer.

Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit (HWWQL). One person retired (David B. Sauer, Research Plant Pathologist) and two people hired: Michael Tilley, Research Chemist, and Bradford W. Seabourn, Food Technologist (HWWQL Coordinator). In addition, the HWWQL is happy to announce the hiring of Laura A. Knapp, who is in charge of the milling laboratory.

Plant Science and Entomology Research Unit. One person retired (Jimmy H. Hatchett, Research Entomologist) and two people were hired: John P. Fellers, Research Plant Pathologist, and Dirk B. Hays, Research Plant Pathologist (postdoctoral position).

International Activities. Dr. Okkyung Kim Chung, Research Leader of the Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit and Director of the HWWQL, was elected President-Elect of the International Association for Cereal Science and Technology (ICC). Dr. Chung's terms are President-elect (1998-2000) and President (2000-2002). She is the second U.S. delegate to hold the presidency of the ICC: the first U.S. delegate to serve as President was the late Dr. John A. Shellenberger nearly 40 years ago.

Several scientists from the GMPRC serve as Chair or Co-chair of ICC Technical Working/Study Groups: Dr. O. K. Chung is Chair of the Lipid Working Group; Dr. George L. Lookhart is Co-chair of the Protein Identification Working Group; Dr. James L. Steele is Co-chair of the Single Kernel Technology Study Group together with Mr. Charles R. Martin; and Dr. Steele is also Acting Chair of the Image Analysis Study Group.

Publications.

Archibald DD, Thai CN, and Dowell FE. 1998. Development of short-wavelength-near-infrared spectral imaging for grain color classification. In: Proc SPIE Inter Symp on Industrial and Environmental Monitors and Biosensors, Boston, MA.

Baker S. 1998. Segregating hard red winter wheat using single kernel measurements and whole grain protein analysis. Masters Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

Bean SR, Bietz JA, and Lookhart GL. 1998. Development and application of free zone capillary electrophoresis for the separation of cereal proteins. Sem Food Anal 3:377-390.

Bean SR, Bietz JA, and Lookhart GL. 1998. High-performance capillary electrophoresis of cereal protein. J Chromatography 814:25-42.

Bean SR, Chung OK, and Lookhart GL. 1998. A quick method to determine the amount of insoluble glutenin. 16th ICC Conf Cereal Science - Its Contribution to Health and Well Being, Vienna, Austria. p. 143 (abstract).

Bean SR and Lookhart GL. 1998. Influence of salts and aggregation of gluten proteins on reduction and extraction of high molecular weight wheat glutenin subunits. Cereal Chem 75:75-79.

Bean SR and Lookhart GL. 1999. Faster capillary electrophoresis separations of wheat proteins through modifications of buffer composition and sample handling. Electrophoresis (In press).

Bean SR, Lyne RK, Tilley KA, Chung OK, and Lookhart GL. 1998. A rapid method for quantitation of insoluble polymeric proteins in flour. Cereal Chem 75:374-379.

Bean SR, Tilley M, Pena RJ, Seib PA, and Lookhart GL. 1998. Characterization of two novel 1Dx HMW-GS found in wheats produced from synthetic x bread wheat crosses. Cereal Foods World 43:528 (abstract).

Bechtel DB, Wilson JD, Eustace WD, Behnke KC, Whitaker TB, Peterson GL, and Sauer DB. 1998. Cleaning and milling of TCK infested wheat. Cereal Foods World 43:534-535 (abstract).

Bechtel DB, Wilson JD, Eustace WD, Behnke KC, Whitaker TB, Peterson GL, and Sauer DB. Fate of dwarf bunt fungus (Tilletia controversa Kuhn) teliospores during milling of wheat into flour. Cereal Chem (In press).

Bietz JA, Lookhart GL, Bean SR, and Sutton KH. 1999. Capillary electrophoresis: a state-of-the-art technique for wheat protein characterization. In: Proc Inter Workshop: Wheat Structure, Biochemistry, and Functionality, Reading U.K. (In press).

Burks CS, Hagstrum DW, Hampton KE, and Borce AB. 1997. Crystallization temperature and chilling injury during overwintering in a feral face fly (Diptera: Muscidae) population. Environ Entomol 26:1124-1130.

Chambers DH, Chambers IV E, Seitz LM, Sauer DB, Robinson K, and Allison, A.A. 1998. Sensory characteristics of chemical compounds potentially associated with smoky aroma in foods. In: Food Flavors: Formation, Analysis and Packaging Influences (Contis ET et al. eds). Elsevier Science, B.V. pp. 187-194.

Chambers IV, E., Smith, E.C., Seitz, L.M. and Sauer, D.B. 1998. Sensory properties of musty compounds in food. In: Food Flavors: Formation, Analysis and Packaging Influences (Contis ET et al. eds). Elsevier Science B.V. pp. 173-180.

Chung DS. 1998. Final Report, Development of a uniform wheat dockage & shrunken & broken kernel determination procedure. Biol and Agric Engineering Dept, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. p. 233.

Chung OK. 1997. Environmental safety concerns: changes in cereal testing and product quality evaluation methodologies. In: Proc 14th SAAFoST Inter Cong & Exhibit Harnessing Food Science & Technology for Sustainable Development (Taylor JRN ed). ICC-South Africa. pp. 136-150

Chung OK, Hubbard JD, Caley MS, Downing JM, Ohm JB, and Lookhart GL. 1998. Effect of lipid extraction conditions on breadmaking properties of defatted and reconstituted wheat flours. Cereal Foods World 43:522 (abstract).

Chung OK, Lookhart GL, Steele JL, Bean SR, Dowell FE, Ohm JB, Park HS, Zayas IY, Hagstrum DW, Flinn PW, Bechtel DB, Martin CR, Seitz LM, Park SH, Seabourn BW, Wang D, Chang CS, Ram MS, Wilson JD, Shogren MD, Dempster RE, Caley MS, Sauer DB, Hubbard JD, Downing JM, Throne JE, Baker JE, Lyne RK, Akkina SK, Rengarajan R, Liu X, Haden ZL, Brabec DL, Fay KT, Xiao ZS, and Koeltzow DE. 1998. Wheat research in the U.S. Grain Marketing and Production Research Center. Ann Wheat Newslet 44:288-308.

Chung OK, and Ohm JB. 1998. Overview of U.S. grain production and utilization. In: Proc 1st Inter Conf on Grain, Flour and Processed Product Quality (Quality '98), Moscow, Russia. p. 14 (abstract).

Chung OK and Ohm JB. 1998. Food supply at the year 2035: Enough? In: Proc 48th Australian Cereal Chem Conf Handbook, Cairns, Australia. p. 101 (abstract).

Chung OK and Ohm JB. Cereal lipids. In: Handbook of Cereal Sci and Technol (Kulp K and Ponte JG Jr eds), 2nd edition. Marcel Dekker Inc: New York, NY. (In press).

Chung OK and Ohm JB. Food supply at the year 2035: Enough? In: Proc of the ICC/AACC Symp of Genetic Engineering in Cereals (vander Kamp JW and Chibbar RN eds). ICC, Vienna, Austria. (In press)

Chung OK and Ohm JB. Food supply at the year 2035: Enough? In: Proc of the 48th Australian Cereal Chem Conf (Blakeney T and O'Brien L eds). Royal Australian Chem Inst, Cereal Chem Division, Cairns, Australia. (In press).

Chung OK, Ohm JB, Caley MS, and Seabourn BW. 1998. Comparison of mixograph characteristics by conventional and computerized methods. Cereal Foods World 43:539 (abstract).

Chung OK and Park SH. 1997. Functional properties of wheat flour components and basic ingredients in breadmaking. In: Proc of the 14th SAAFoST Inter Congress & Exhibit "Harnessing Food Science & Technology for Sustainable Development" (Taylor JRN ed). ICC-South Africa. pp. 5-18.

Chung OK and Pomeranz Y. Cereal processing. In: Food Proteins: Properties and Applications (Nakai N and Modler HW eds). John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, NY. Vol. II. (In press)

Chung OK and Steele JL 1998. The international wheat quality conference. Cereal Foods World 43:45.

Delwiche SR, Chung OK, and Seabourn BW. 1998. Protein content of hard red winter wheat by near-infrared spectroscopy on whole grain: collaborative study. J AOAC Inter 81:587-603.

Dowell FE and Herrman TJ. 1998. Prediction of vomitoxin in single wheat kernels using NIR. Cereal Foods World Abstr 43:532.

Dowell FE, Ram MS, Zhang N, Herrman TJ, and Seitz LM. 1998. Detection of scab in single wheat kernels using NIR spectroscopy. ASAE Ann Inter Mtg, Paper No. 98-3062.

Dowell FE, Throne JE, and Baker JE. 1997. Use of NIR spectroscopy for detecting, identifying, and killing insects. Natl Ent Soc of Am Ann Mtg (abstract).

Dowell FE, Throne JE, and Baker JE. 1998. Identifying stored grain insects using near-infrared spectroscopy. J Econ Entomol 92:1-5.

Dowell FE, Throne JE, and Baker JE. 1998. Automated nondestructive detection of internal insect infestation of wheat kernels by using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J Econ Entomol 91:899-904.

Flinn PW and Hagstrum DW. 1998. Distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) in response to temperature gradients in stored wheat. J Stored Prod Res 34:107-112.

Graybosch RA, Peterson CJ, and Chung OK. Quality effects of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome arm 1RL transferred to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Cereal Sci (In press).

Hagstrum DW, Subramanyam Bh, and Flinn PW. 1997. Nonlinearity of a generic variance-mean equation for stored grain insect sampling data. Environ Ent 26:1213-1223.

Hagstrum DW, Flinn PW, and Gaffney J. 1998. Temperature gradient on Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adult dispersal in stored wheat. Environ Ent 27:123-129.

Hagstrum DW, Flinn PW, and Subramanyam Bh. 1998. Predicting insect density from probe trap catch in farm-stored wheat. J Stored Prod Res 34:251-262.

Hagstrum DW, Reed C, and Kenkel P. Management of stored wheat insect pests. Integr Pest Manag Rev (In press).

Haley SD, Gellner J, Jin Y, Langham MAC, Stymiest C, Rickertsen J, Ruden B, Kalsbeck S, Chung OK, Seabourn BW, McVey DV, and Hatchett JH. 1998. Registration of 'Tandem' winter wheat. Crop Sci 38:1721.

Haley SD, Gellner J, Jin Y, Langham MAC, Stymiest C, Rickertsen J, Ruden B, Kalsbeck S, Chung OK, Seabourn BW, McVey DV, and Hatchett JH. 1998. Registration of 'Crimson' winter wheat. Crop Sci 38:1722.

Haley SD, May RD, Seabourn BW, and Chung OK. A relational database utility for synthesis of hard winter wheat regional quality data. Crop Sci (In press)

Hubbard JD, Chung OK, Downing JM, and Ohm JB. 1998. Flour non-starch lipid extraction by supercritical fluid extraction. Cereal Foods World 43:522 (abstract).

Hubbard JD, Downing JM, Ohm JB, and Chung OK. 1998. Varietal and growing location effects on variations in fatty acids of free lipids extracted from hard winter wheats. Cereal Foods World 43:522 (abstract).

Jun WJ, Chung OK, and Seib PA. 1998. Lipids in Japanese noodle flours. Cereal Chem 75:826-829.

Jun WJ, Seib PA, and Chung OK. 1998. Noodle flours. Characteristics of noodle flours from Japan. Cereal Chem 75:820-825.

Lookhart GL. 1998. Use of cultivar identification in grain quality. In: Abstr Book of the First Inter Conf on "Grain, Flour and Processed Product Quality (Quality '98)," Moscow, Russia. p. 60.

Lookhart GL and Bean SR. 1997. New methods helping to solve the gluten puzzle. In: Gluten '96 (Wrigley CW ed). Royal Australian Chem Inst, Melbourne. pp. 353-356.

Lookhart GL and Bean SR. 1997. High-performance capillary electrophoresis: an overview of a new method to characterize gluten proteins. In: Gluten '96 (Wrigley CW ed). Royal Australian Chem Inst, Melbourne. pp. 399- 403.

Lookhart GL and Bean SR. 1999. Cereal proteins: composition of their major fractions and methods for identification. In: Handbook of Cereal Sci and Technol (Kulp K and Ponte JG Jr eds), 2nd edition. Marcel Dekker
Inc: New York, NY. (In press)

Lookhart GL, Juliano BO, and Webb BD. 1999. Differentiation of U.S. and other country milled rices by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). ISTA. (In press)

Martin CR and Steele JL. 1998. Newly developed and advanced single kernel technology. Inter Assoc for Cereal Sci and Technol Conf, Vienna, Austria.

McCluskey PJ, Chung OK, and Herrman, TJ. 1998. Milling & bread-baking qualities of hard winter wheat varieties: 1998 Kansas update. Kansas State Univ, Agric Exp Station & Cooperative Extension Svc. MF-1077. 4 pp.

Ohm JB and Chung OK. 1998. Single kernel wheat characterization system: its use in estimating end-use properties of hard winter wheats. Cereal Foods World 43:535 (abstract).

Ohm JB and Chung OK. Gluten, pasting, and mixograph parameters of hard winter wheat flours in relation to bread- making. Cereal Chem (In press).

Ohm JB, Chung OK, and Deyoe CW. 1998. Single kernel characteristics of hard winter wheats in relation tomilling and baking quality. Cereal Chem 75:156-161.

Pasikatan MC, Haque E, Keller-McNulty S, Steele JL, Fang Q, Spillman CK, and Gao W. 1998. Single kernel wheat physical properties and first break grinding. ASAE Mid-Central Conf, St. Joseph, MO. Paper No. 98-137.

Paulsen M, Eckhoff S, Obaldo L, Jones E, Eustace D, Ye B, and Liu J. 1998. Measurement and removal of garlic in wheat. ASAE Mid-Central Conf, St. Joseph, MI. Paper No. 98-6026.

Ram MS, Seitz LM, and Rengarajan R. 1998. Volatile methoxybenzene compounds in grains with off-odors. Cereal Foods World 43:534 (abstract).

Rengarajan R, Seitz LM, and Ram MS. 1998. Volatile compounds in wheat grains from different locations. Cereal Foods World 43:534 (abstract).

Sauer DB, Bechtel DB, Wilson JD, and Eustace WD. 1997. Fate of dwarf bunt spores during cleaning and milling of wheat. Cereal Foods World 42:674 (abstract).

Sayaslan A, Chung OK, Seib PA, and Seitz LM. 1998. Volatile compounds in five starches. Cereal Foods World 43:518 (abstract).

Seabourn BW, Bean SR, Lookhart GL, and Chung OK. 1998. Prediction of gliadin and soluble/insoluble HMW glutenin fractions in hard winter wheat flours by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Cereal Foods World 43:518 (abstract).

Seitz LM, Chung OK, and Rengarajan R. 1998. Volatiles in selected commercial breads. Cereal Chem 75:847- 853.

Seitz LM, Ram MS, and Rengarajan R. 1999. Volatiles obtained from whole and ground grain samples by supercritical carbon dioxide and direct helium purge methods: observations on 2,3-butanediols and halogenated
anisoles. J Agric Food Chem (In press).

Shewry PR and Bechtel DB. 1999. Morphology and chemistry of the rye grain. In: Rye: Production, Chemistry, and Technology (Bushuk W ed). Am Assoc Cereal Chem Inc, St. Paul, MN. (In press).

Shomer I, Lookhart GL, Vasiliver R, and Bean S. 1998. Ultrastructure of consecutively extracted and flocculated gliadins and glutenins. J Cereal Sci 27:27-36.

Steele JL, Martin CR, and Dowell FE. 1998. The single kernel wheat characterization system (SKWCS). Single Kernel Workshop, Am Inst of Baking, Manhattan, KS.

Zayas IY. 1998. Freezing effect on bread appearance evaluated by digital imaging. In: Proc of the Precision Agric and Biol Quality Conf, SPIE, Boston, MA.

Zayas IY. 1998. Application of machine vision to grain in the world. In: Proc Inter Assoc for Cereal Sci & Technol, 16th ICC Conf, Vienna, Austria. p. 21.