RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CROP PRODUCTION - RICP
Drnovska 507, CZ-161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic.
http://genbank.vurv.cz/ewdb
Preliminary evaluation of Triticum turgidum subspp. dicoccum and polonicum accessions for their possible use in food production.
Z. Stehno and I.M. Manev.
We evaluated 17 accessions of T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum (also known as hulled wheats) and six samples of T. turgidum subsp. polonicum to find suitable accessions of underutilized cereals with potential for utilization in food production. The bread wheat cultivar Sandra was used as a check. The harvest area of each plot was 4 m2.
Plant height of the T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum accessions (Table 1) ranged from 75-118 cm and was the cause of their higher lodging value (8-2). Plants of T. turgidum subsp. spelta were mostly lower and consequently had higher resistance to lodging (9-5).
Accessions of the T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum group varied in their resistance to powdery mildew, but most were relatively highly resistant (IT = 9-8). On the other hand, T. turgidum subsp. polonicum accessions (IT = 6-4) and even the check cultivar Sandra (IT = 5) had a moderate level of resistance. All tested accessions (except Bajonettformiger Begr.) were highly resistant to glume rust. High resistance to stem rust was found in the T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum land race Mestnaya (IT = 9).
The percentage of naked kernels obtained after standard combine threshing differed in the group of hulled wheats. Most of these released less than 10 % of the kernels from the spikelets. An exceptionally high percentage of free kernels was found after standard threshing in the Bajonettformiger Begr. accession. The percentage of glumes in this group ranged from 17.0 to 34.7 %. The yields of naked kernels were between 2.18 and 4.44 t/ha in the T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum accessions, from 0.98 to 3.38 t/ha in T. turgidum subsp. polonicum, and 5.97 t/ha in the check cultivar Sandra. Differences were observed in 1,000-kernel weight, from 34.4 to 58.6 g in the T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum group and from 48.3 to 63.9 g in T. turgidum subsp. polonicum. Harvest index was relatively low in both groups (0.26-0.45), because of lower yield of seed and high portion of straw.
Low microsedimentation and gluten index values confirmed the
well-known conclusion that T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum
is not suitable for bread baking but can be used for preparation
of delicious and nourishing gruel. The nourishing due to the high
content of protein: from 18.50-23.62 % in T. turgidum subsp.
dicoccum and from 17.76-22.07 % in T. turgidum subsp.
polonicum compared with 13.80 % in the check Sandra.
Diversity and breeding value of land races and old European winter wheat cultivars.
L. Dotlacil, J. Hermuth, Z. Stehno, M. Manev, and P. Prasilova.
Land races and old cultivars represent original genetic diversity that has developed in particular regions as a result of both natural selection and the efforts of farmers and, later, breeders. Therefore, good adaptation to regional climates and other natural conditions are often considered as specific feature of land races.
During the second year of this project, results from 3 years of field tests with the first set of 124 cultivars were analyzed. Genetic diversity within the set of cultivars was evaluated using cluster analyses. The cultivars could be divided into eight clusters with some common characteristic features (Table 2).
Cluster I includes three modern check cultivars that can be characterized by earliness, short stems and spikes, higher spike productivities (especially in number of grains/spikelet), and a very high harvest index. Grain quality characters are low crude-protein content, a low value for the SDS test, and a high gluten index.
Cluster II is comprised of cultivars with long stems, a higher number of grains/spikelet and spike, and mean values for characters of grain quality.
Cluster III is closely related to cluster II. Cultivars are late, with a relatively short grain-filling period, long stems, very low numbers of grains/spikelet and spike, and low grain weight/spike. This cluster also has the lowest harvest index. Grain quality is medium.
Cluster IV also includes late cultivars that have a shorter grain-filling period, relatively short stems (105 cm), and very short (7.9 cm) and dense (17.9 spikelets/spike) spike. Spike productivity, harvest index, and grain quality are medium.
Cluster V consists of cultivars with very long stems and spikes (9.6 cm) and with high numbers of spikelets/spike (18.2). Cultivars have a relatively high number of grains/spikelet and spike and large grains (TKW = 41.3 g), resulting in the highest grain weight per spike (1.47 g). Grain quality characters are relatively low, especially the gluten index (42).
Cluster VI is the largest (39 cultivars) and is closely related to the cluster V. Relatively early land races and old cultivars with long grain-filling period (50 days) belong to this cluster. Number of spikelets/spike (16.2), number of grains/spikelet, and grains/spike are very low. However, the variability in the last two characters is relatively high. Grains are larger (TKW = 41.0 g) with high protein content (16.7 %) and a low gluten index (45).
Cluster VII differs from the others by having early, awned cultivars with rather long grain-filling periods, and medium plant height and spike length. However, the cultivars are still highly variable in earliness within the cluster. Spike productivity is medium with a lower number of grains and slightly higher grain weight. The cluster has very high values for the grain quality parameters (protein content is 16.7 %, SDS test is 7.4, and gluten index is 73).
| Character |
I. n = 3 |
II. n = 19 |
III. n = 21 |
IV. n = 15 |
V. n = 13 |
VI. n = 39 |
VII. n = 11 |
VIII. n = 3 |
F-test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Days to flowering | 162 | 168 | 172 | 171 | 169 | 165 | 165 | 171 | 45.6 * |
| Days to maturity | 211 | 215 | 217 | 216 | 215 | 214 | 214 | 215 | 11.9 * |
| Grain-filling period | 49 | 47 | 445 | 45 | 47 | 50 | 49 | 44 | 33.8 * |
| Plant height (cm) | 86 | 119 | 118 | 105 | 119 | 113 | 112 | 118 | 31.8 * |
| Spike length (cm) | 7.9 | 9.3 | 8.9 | 7.8 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 5.1 * |
| Spikelets/spike | 17.2 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 17.9 | 18.2 | 16.2 | 16.7 | 18.3 | 5.1 * |
| Spike productivity (g) | 1.34 | 1.30 | 1.14 | 1.23 | 1.47 | 1.19 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 3.5 * |
| Grains/spike | 35.1 | 31.6 | 27.7 | 30.9 | 33.0 | 27.4 | 28.5 | 34.8 | 7.0 * |
| Grains/spikelet | 1.99 | 1.79 | 1.61 | 1.72 | 1.82 | 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.92 | 4.7 * |
| 1,000-kernel weight (g) | 39.8 | 38.6 | 38.2 | 37.8 | 41.3 | 41.0 | 40.6 | 36.2 | 3.4 * |
| Harvest index | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 6.8 * |
| Protein content (%) | 13.3 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 15.6 | 15.8 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 15.2 | 8.3 * |
| SDS test | 5.58 | 6.97 | 6.57 | 6.14 | 6.06 | 6.64 | 7.42 | 7.77 | 3.5 * |
| Gluten index | 86.5 | 57.3 | 49.6 | 50.4 | 41.9 | 45.4 | 72.7 | 92.2 | 73.6 * |
Cluster VIII differs from all others. Low coefficients of variance indicate a narrow similarity among the three cultivars of this group. Cultivars are relatively late heading and flowering but medium in maturity, resulting in a very short grain-filling period (44 days). However, the grain-filling period in the cultivar Russisk Hvede had a mean of 47 days. Stems are long and bear very long spikes (10.2 cm) with high numbers of spikelets (18.3). A very high number of grains/spikelet (1.92) and per spike (35) compensate for a very low grain weight (TKW = 36.2 g). Thus, the spike productivity is slightly higher than the mean value. Protein content is relatively low (15.2 %), but the quality is very high (SDS test was 7.7, and gluten index was 92).
Coefficients of variation within the clusters are substantially lower than those for the whole set of cultivars for most characters. Clustering has increased the homogeneity of cultivars in particular clusters. However, the decrease in variability within some clusters was estimated for some characters only; variability of other characters can remain relatively high.
On the basis of this preliminary evaluation, 35 land races and old cultivars with four check cultivars were selected from the whole set for further evaluation in three environments. Results from the first year of evaluation have confirmed the lower yield potential of the old cultivars. However, significant differences were found, and some cultivars proved to be relatively good yielders even in more environments (e.g., cultivars Zarja, Bíláod Dukovan, and Austro-Bankut Grannen). Most interesting are the high values for the quality characters of protein content and gluten index.
In addition to the 33 cultivars analyzed in the previous year, we have continued characterization of gluten in another 23 cultivars (in coöperation with RICP Piestany, Slovakia). A high diversity in gluten was found, and 123 Glu lines were isolated among these 23 cultivars. Sixty cultivars were selected and evaluated for frost resistance in an outdoor screening test. Some of the land races and old cultivars had very high frost resistance (e.g., Eritrospermum 917, Zarja, Ukrajinka, Baltischer Winterweizen, and Brauner Fuchs).
Characteristics of Rht1 and Rht2 winter wheat genotypes.
V. Síp, M. Skorpik, J. Chrpova, and M. Vlckova.
Of 36 winter wheat cultivars registered in the Czech Republic in 1997, Vlada, Ilona, Astella, Sárka, Versailles, Ritmo, and Athlet were insensitive to gibberellic acid (Ga3), indicating the presence of the Norin 10 dwarfing gene Rht1. Hybrid analyses in the F2 generation, detected the Rht1 gene in Vlada, Ilona, and Astella and Rht2 in Sárka, Versailles, Ritmo, Athlet, and the advanced breeding line RU488 (Vlasta). Two new, high-yielding Czech cultivars Sárka and RU488 with a high 1,000-kernel weight were developed after selection for taller Ga3-insensitive plants. All the cultivars that have the Rht2 gene headed later than the cultivars with Rht1, and their bread-making quality was not high (Table 3). The Rht1 cultivars with high grain quality were better suited to the warmer growing conditions of the maize growing region. Another seven older varieties in which Rht1 was detected were either early winter or spring wheats.
| Rht gene | Cultivar | Country of origin | No. of locations | Grain yield (t/ha) | Grain quality * | Days to heading from 1 Jan. | Plant height (cm) | Ears / m2 | 1,000-grain weight (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rht1 | Vlada ** | CZ | 11 | 6.31 | a | 150 | 94 | 755 | 38.8 |
| Ilona | SK | 33 | 7.49 | e | 150 | 93 | 688 | 40.7 | |
| Astella | SK | 33 | 7.90 | b | 151 | 88 | 693 | 41.0 | |
| Rht2 | Sárka | CZ | 27 | 8.40 | b | 153 | 91 | 697 | 48.5 |
| RU488 *** | CZ | 18 | 8.45 | b | 158 | 93 | 645 | 49.9 | |
| Versailles | NL | 27 | 8.35 | c | 158 | 84 | 669 | 45.5 | |
| Ritmo | NL | 27 | 7.89 | c | 160 | 84 | 719 | 42.0 | |
| Athlet | D | 27 | 7.98 | c | 160 | 96 | 627 | 44.9 | |
| * c = not suitable for bread making. ** 1995 *** 1996-97 |
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The importance of differentiating between Rht1 and Rht2
materials also is evident from the analyses of hybrid material
(Sip et al. 1998). Under the conditions of central Europe, it
is more likely to get very high-yielding (intensive), medium to
late genotypes by selecting for the Rht2 gene, whereas early genotypes
with good bread making quality result from selection for Rht1.
The identification of Rht genes in parental varieties and
the choice of promising crosses segregating for particular Rht
genes are important prerequisites of success, especially in breeding
programs that include selection of Ga3-insensitive plants.
Publications.
Sip V, Chrpova J, Skorpik M, and Bobkova L. 1998. Characteristics of winter wheat varieties and lines carrying 'Norin 10' dwarfing genes. Czech J Genet Plant Breed 34:81-85.
The use of doubled haploids to investigate the effects of protein genes on grain quality characters.
L. Kucera, V. Síp, A. Sasek, and S. Bartova.
Data on important characters were obtained in 74 DH lines of
the cross 'Florida (T1BL·1RS) / Vlada'. Gliadin and glutenin
analyses examined the relationship between signal-protein genes
and grain-quality characters (SDS sedimentation volume, protein
content, content of wet gluten, falling number, and mixograph
parameters). Parental varieties differed in Gli alleles
on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, and 6A, and in Glu alleles on
1B. The allele Gli-B1b, accompanied by the HMW-glutenin
subunit 7+9, had a highly positive effect on grain quality as
estimated from mixograph curves and SDS-sedimentation volumes
(Table 4). At present, 32 out of 33 lines examined had mixograph
values ranging from 7.5 to 9 for Gli-B1b. The markedly
negative effect on these characters with T1BL·1RS (Gli-B1l)
was not surprising. However, the high variability in the mixograph
values and some other grain quality characters in lines with T1BL·1RS
guarantees the possibility of selecting lines with a good bread
making quality in this group. Unfortunately, the high grain quality
of these lines was not found to be connected with any protein
gene on chromosomes of homoeologous group 1 or 6, indicating that
selecting for grain quality using molecular markers may be more
efficient.
| Genotype | No. of lines | Falling number | SDS-sedimentation volume (ml) | Protein content (%) | Wet-gluten content (%) | Mixograph value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gli-B1b | 33 | |||||
| Mean | 360.1 | 5.818 | 11.72 | 24.79 | 8.152 | |
| Variance | 2655.2 | 0.249 | 1.023 | 16.66 | 0.780 | |
| Gli-B1l | 41 | |||||
| Mean | 292.9 | 4.317 | 12.96 | 29.26 | 4.966 | |
| Variance | 7439.9 | 0.245 | 1.193 | 20.57 | 1.800 | |
| * mixograph values range from 0 to 9, with 9 the best. | ||||||
| Cultivar | Rate of spread * | Infected leaf area ** | Cultivar | Rate of spread * | Infected leaf area ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rexia | 7-8 | 5 | Sárka | 8 | 5-5.5 |
| Ilona | 3-4 | 2.5 | SG-S1108-95 *** | 6-8 | 4-6 |
| Astella | 4-5 | 3-4.5 | SG-S1393-95 *** | 2-3 | 1.5-2 |
| Hana | 9 | 7 | SG-S1943-95 *** | 3 | 2 |
| Blava | 5-6 | 3 | SG-S1915-96 *** | 9 | 6.5-7 |
| Mona | 3 | 2.5-3 | SG-S1958-96 *** | 8 | 4.5-5.5 |
| Samanta | 4-6 | 3 | SG-S56-97 *** | 8 | 5.5 |
| Alka | 7-8 | 3-4 | SG-S1351-97 *** | 1 | 1 |
| Bruta | 5 | 3-4.5 | SG-S148-97 *** | 1 | 0.5-1 |
| Ina | 3-5 | 2-3 | SG-S1365-97 *** | 5-8 | 3-5 |
| Boka | 5-5.5 | 3-3.5 | SG-S1435-97 *** | 4 | 2-3 |
| Torysa | 8 | 5 | SG-S1909-97 *** | 8 | 5 |
| Brea | 6 | 3-3.5 | RU488(Vlasta) | 5 | 3-3.5 |
| Sida | 2 | 1 | SG-U893 **** | 3 | 2 |
| Vega | 8 | 6.5 | SG-U5140 **** | 6 | 2.5-3 |
| Samara | 3-4 | 2.5 | SG-U2105 **** | 5-6 | 2.5-3.5 |
| Siria | 5-7 | 3-5 | Alana | 6-8 | 3.5-5 |
| Asta | 2 | 1-2 | Arina | 1 | 0.5 |
| Estica | 4-5 | 2-3 | Galaxie | 8 | 4 |
| Ritmo | 5 | 3 | Hereward | 1 | 1 |
| Trane | 7.5-9 | 4-5.5 | Okapi | 6 | 2.5-6 |
| Athlet | 4-4.5 | 3 | CH 76 106 | 1 | 1 |
| Saskia | 4.5-5 | 3 | Kavkaz | 1 | 1 |
| Versailles | 3.5-4.5 | 2-3 | Apollo | 1 | 1 |
| Ebi | 3-5 | 3-4 | NSL 92 | 1 | 0.5 |
| * rate of the disease spread 0 = resistant ** infected leaf area: 1 = 10 %, 2 = 20%, to 9 = 90 %. *** advanced breeding lines from the BS Stupice **** advanced breeding lines from Uhretice (Selgen a.s). |
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Evaluation of the response of winter wheat cultivars to artificial infection with Septoria tritici.
V. Síp and E. Stuchlikova.
The methods obtained from IPO-DLO, Wageningen (Dr. G.H.J. Kema) were used to test the resistance of 50 winter wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines to S. tritici at Prague-Ruzyne. Plants were inoculated twice during flag leaf stage with a suspension of spores of the Czech isolate RULI (concentration about 0.5-1 x 10^6^ sp/ml). This isolate was found to have similar virulence as the isolates 323 and 94269 obtained from Holland (Sip et al. 1997). Irrigation of the infected plants for the entire period of disease progress was needed in 1998. According to the rate of disease spread (0-9 scale) and estimates of infected leaf area (%), the following cultivars and lines had the lowest disease incidence in 1998 at Prague-Ruzyne: SG-S1351-97, SG-S148-97, Arina, Hereward, CH 76106, Kavkaz, Apollo, NSL 92, Sida, and Asta (Table 5, page 56). The cultivars Mona, Ina, Samara, SG-S1943-95, SG-S1393 95, and SG-U893 were moderately resistant. The Swiss cultivar Arina was found to combine resistance to FHB with resistances to pathogens that were responsible for the leaf diseases that occurred in the testing region.
Publications.
Sip V, Stuchlikova E, and Sychrova E. 1997. Testing for resistance to Septoria tritici in winter wheat. RICP PragueRuzyne Ann Rep. Vol. 40.