ITEMS FROM SERBIA

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH `SERBIA'

Center for Small Grains Kragujevac, S. Kovacevica 31, Kragujevac 34000, Yugoslavia.

Yield and quality of Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars.

Miroslav Kuburovic, Veselinka Zecevic, Desimir Knezevic, and Milanko Pavlovic.

The grain yield and some technological quality parameters in 20 Yugoslav wheat cultivars were investigated. The experiment was in a field at the Center for Small Grains, Kragujevac, over a 2-year period. The results show that grain yield differed between investigation years. The wheat cultivars Studenica, Nevesinjka, and Kraljevica had high and stable grain yields. The investigated cultivars had technologically good flour and dough quality. Among the 20 cultivars, 18 belonged to the first quality class and 14 belonged to the A quality group. Cultivar KG-56S showed the highest quality and belonged to the first quality class and A₁ quality group.

Introduction. For intensive wheat production under diverse environmental conditions (climatic and soil conditions) and management, the yield potential of cultivars differs between years and localities (Djokic 1988). The yield level depends on the genetic yield potential of a cultivar and its yield stability in different environmental conditions (Borojevic 1981). The genetic wheat yield potential expressed in Yugoslavian field production average from 30-40 % and in some regions almost 50 % (Borojevic et al. 1987). Thus, there are considerable reserves for increasing the yield of winter wheat.

Many new wheat cultivars with high yield and quality are created in the breeding process. Technological quality is primarily conditioned by the quality level of the cultivar, but the realized quality is conditioned also by the agroecological conditions of culture. The technological quality of a wheat cultivar depends on environmental conditions and growing technology and so requires investigating cultivars in different agroecological conditions.

Material and methods. Plants were grown in the field for a 2-year period at the Center for Small Grains, Kragujevac. Twenty Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars were investigated (see Table 1). The grain yield, sedimentation value, moist-gluten content, quality number, and quality group were analyzed (Table 1). The sedimentation value was determined by the Zeleny method, and the moist-gluten content determined by the standard hand-rinse method. Water absorption, quality number, and quality group were determined by the Brabender farinograph test.

Results and discussion. Grain yield is very complex and depends on many other traits. Environmental conditions have a significant influence on grain yield (Borojevic 1981). Grain yield differs according to cultivar characteristics, technology level of culture, and environmental conditions. A breeding program may take many years to create a cultivar that is high-yielding and adapted to certain conditions and field management (Mak Key 1966).

Many of the cultivars investigated had higher grain yields in 1995 than in 1996. Kraljevica, Francuska, Kompas, and Evropa had the highest grain yield in 1995. The highest-yielding cultivars in 1996 were Rodna, Studenica, and Jugoslavija. Those cultivars had a significantly higher grain yield than the experimental average at a 1 % probability. Cultivars NS Rana-5, Nevesinjka, and Slavija had significantly higher grain yields (at a 5 % probability) than the average of the experiment in the first or second years. Studenica, Nevesinjka, and Kraljevica had high, stable yields, which were significantly higher than the average of experiments in both experimental years. There were significant differences in grain yield among cultivars in each year, which agrees with Kuburovic et al. (1988). The cultivars Jugoslavija, Francuska, and Kompas yielded higher than average for these 2 years, and these results agree with those of Mladenov (1996).

Table 1. Grain yield of 20 Yugoslavian winter wheat cultivars grown in a field at the Center for Small Grains, Kragujevac, over a 2-year period (1995-96).

^* Significant at P = 0.005.
^** Significant at P = 0.001.

The quality parameters investigated show that all the cultivars had good technological-quality flour and dough. The sedimentation value indicate that all of the investigated cultivars belonged to the first quality class, except for Kompas and Zemunka, which belonged to the second quality class. Eighteen of the investigated cultivars had a moist-gluten content above 35 %. Nevesinjka (27.73 %) and Rodna (29.56 %) had the lowest values for this trait. The results were similar for water absorption. All of the investigated cultivars had water absorption above 60 %, except Nevesinjka (59.0 %) and Rodna (59.0 %). The cultivar KG-56S was the highest in quality and belonged to the first quality class and the A₁ quality group. The cultivar PKB-20 also belonged to A₁ quality group but had lower values than KG-56S for the other quality parameters (Table 2). These results agree with our previous investigations (Pavlovic et al. 1994).

Table 2. Sedimentation, moist gluten, water absorption, quality number and quality group for 20 Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars grown in 1995-96 at the Center for Small Grains, Kragujevac.

Conclusion. The results show that grain yield is independent of the year of the investigation. The cultivars Studenica, Nevesinjka, and Kraljevica had high and stable grain yields. The investigated cultivars had good technological-quality flour and dough. Of the 20 investigated cultivars, 18 belonged to the first quality class, and 14 belonged to the A quality group. The cultivar KG-56 S had the highest quality and belonged to the first quality class and A₁ quality group.

References.

Borojevic S. 1981. Principles and methods of plant breeding. Novi Sad.

Borojevic S and Misic T. 1987. Cultivar as a factor of improvement of wheat production. Wheat 6 million tons. Novi Sad. p. 15-28.

Djokic A.. 1988. The some important traits and yield of Zemun's wheat cultivars. The improvement of wheat production and other small grains in the aim of creating of strategy of technological development of Yugoslavia. Kragujevac. p. 39-60.

Kuburovic M, Stojanovic S, and Rafailovic M. 1988. The analysis of some quantitative traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L) in different environmental conditions. Rev Work Inst for Small Grains, Kragujevac 9:15-26.

Mak Key J. 1966. The wheat plant as a model in adaptation to high productivity under different environments. Contemporary Agriculture pp. 11-12.

Mladenov N. 1996. The study of genetic variability of wheat line and cultivars in different environmental conditions. Ph.D. thesis. University of Belgrade, Agricultural faculty.

Pavlovic M, Kuburovic M, Zecevic V, and Knezevic D. 1994. Parameters of technological quality and components of yield of some winter wheat varieties. J Cereal Flour Technol 21(4):94-96.

ITEMS FROM SPAIN

UNIVERSITY OF LLEIDA AND INSTITUTE FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY (UdL-IRTA)

Center of Research & Development, Rovira Roure 177, 25198-Lleida, Spain.

National production.

The total area of wheat grown in Spain has varied very little in the last 3 years. However, the area devoted to durum wheat continued to increase, because of E.U. subsidies for each cultivated hectare (see Table 1).

Table 1. Total area and yield for the Spanish bread and durum wheat crops for the years 1993-96.

^* estimate.

Research activities.

C. Royo.

Dual-purpose triticale. A research project studied the suitability of dual-purpose triticale (forage and grain in the same cropping season). The effect of clipping the crop at the end of tillering on grain yield, grain quality and plant growth was studied in winter and spring triticales.

Grain shrivelling. The effect of drought and terminal water-stress simulated by a senescing agent (potassium iodide, KI) on triticale yield, yield components, and grain filling was studied in Trujillo triticale and four derived NILs.

Morphophysiological traits in durum wheat. Work is presently underway to identify morphophysiological traits related to drought resistance in durum wheat.

Bread wheat program.

J. Lloveras, A. Lopez-Querol, and J.A. Martin-Sanchez.

The cultivar IRTA 2009 was included in the Spanish official list in 1996. This variety (pedigree: CM 85295 (PFAU "S"/Seri//Bow"S") was selected from CIMMYT material (entry No. 109 of 8th SAWSN). Compared to Anza, IRTA 2009 is slightly taller and later heading, but with similar yield. However, IRTA 2009 has the high quality required by the Spanish standards (W about 300 and P/L 1.5-2.0).

Durum wheat and triticale program.

C. Royo.

A triticale breeding program operated from 1981 to 1996. The following five spring varieties were released: Trujillo (1987), Piky (1991), Tupi (1993), Tabo (1993), and Terrola (1994). Both farmers and industry recently have become less interested in triticale. Thus, fewer resources have been allocated to triticale research and more to other species, i.e., durum wheat. The observed decrease in the area devoted to triticale in Spain is mainly because of the expansion of the area planted to durum wheat (a subsidized crop) in some areas of the country. Durum wheat hectarage in 1996 was three times that of 1990. Consequently, our breeding program is now focussed on durum wheat, in to response to the increasing demand for new varieties adapted to Spanish climactic conditions. The durum varieties Valira (1990), Bolo (1993), Borli (1994), and Bolido (1996) have been released. Our breeding methodology is based on individual plant selection. The main goals are grain quality, adaptability, stability, and yield potential.

Quality.

Work on the quality of durum wheat is targeted in two main areas: studying the of effect of the T1B-1R translocation on the yield and quality in durum wheat (J. Zarco and A. Michelena), and looking at the effect of nitrogen fertilization in grain quality of durum and bread wheat (A. Abad, J. Lloveras, and A. Michelena).

Personnel.

Dr. A. Michelena left his duties for durum wheat breeding to become responsible for the of Department of Quality. Dra. C. Royo assumed the responsibility of durum wheat and triticale breeding. Ing. J. Zarco, formerly of CIMMYT research group, is beginning Ph.D research.

Publications.

Araus JL, Santiveri P, Bosch-Serra D, Royo C, and Romagosa I. 1992. Carbon isotope discrimination in ear parts of triticale: influence on grain filling. Plant Physiol 100:1033-1035.

Garcia del Moral LF, Boujenna A, Insa JA, Arbonaes A, and Royo C. 1994. Evaluation of a set of triticale genotypes for dual-purpose (forage and grain). Melhoramento 33(1):291-296.

Michelena A, Romagosa I, Martin-Sanchez JA, and Lopez-Querol A. 1995. Influencia ambiental y varietal en diferentes parametros de calidad y rendimiento en trigo duro. Investigacion Agraria. Produccion y Proteccion Vegetales. Vol 10 (2)191-201.

Michelena A, Romagosa I, Martin-Sanchez JA, and Lopez-Querol A. 1995. Estabilidad de la calidad y el rendimiento del trigo harinero. Inv Agraria Prod y Prot Veg Vol 10 (2) 203-213.

Ramos JM, Garcia del Moral LF, Boujenna A, Serra J, Insa JA, and Royo C. 1996. Grain yield, biomass and leaf area of triticale in response to sowing date and cutting stage in three Mediterranean contrasting environments. J Agric Sci Cambridge. 126:253-358.

Royo C. 1992. El triticale: bases para el cultivo y aprovechamiento. Ed Mundi Prensa, Madrid. 96 pp.

Royo C. 1997. Yield components as affected by forage removal in winter and spring triticale. Grass and Forage Sci (In press).

Royo C, Abaza M, Cantero C, Caldero A, Ramos JM, and Garcia del Moral LF. 1996. Likening between the effect of drought and terminal water-stress simulated by a senescing agent in triticale. J Agron Crop Sci 176:31-38.

Royo C, Insa JA, Boujenna A, Ramos JM, Montesinos E, and Garcia del Moral LF. 1994. Yield and quality of spring triticale for forage and grain as influenced by sowing date and cutting stage. Field Crops Res 37(3):161-168.

Royo C, Montesinos E, Molina-Cano JL, and Serra J. 1993. Triticale and other small grain cereals for forage and grain in Mediterranean conditions. Grass and Forage Sci 48:11-17.

Royo C and Paraes D. 1996. Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain. Grass and Forage Sci 51:449-455.

Royo C, Penella E, Tribo F, and Molina-Cano JL. 1996. Aptitude of spring and winter triticales for dual purpose (forage and grain) in Mediterranean conditions. In: Triticale: Today and Tomorrow. (Guedes-Pinto H, Darvey N, Carnide VP eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. pp. 843-849.

Royo C, Rodriguez A, and Romagosa I. 1993. Differential adaptation of complete and substituted triticale. Plant Breed 111:113-119.

Royo C and Romagosa I. 1996. Effect of a forage removal at the first node detectablestage on the growth of winter and spring triticale. Grass and Forage Sci 51:170-179.

Royo C, Romagosa I, and Rodriguez A. 1991. Comparative adaptation of triticale and spring wheat in Spain. In: Proc Second Inter Triticale Symp. CIMMYT, Maexico. pp. 593-598.

Royo C, Soler C, and Romagosa I. 1995. Agronomical and morphological differentiation among winter and spring triticales. Plant Breed 114:413-416.

Royo C and Tribo F. 1997. Triticale and barley for grain and for dual-purpose (forage + grain) in a Mediterranean-type environment. I. Growth analyses. Aust J Agric Res 48:in press.

Royo C and Tribo F. 1997. Triticale and barley for grain and for dual-purpose (forage + grain) in a Mediterranean-type environment. II. Yield, yield components and quality. Aust J Agric Res 48:in press.

UNIVERSIDAD POLITICNICA DE MADRID.

Departamento Biotecnologia, E.T.S.Ingenieros Agronomos, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 - Madrid, Spain.

A. Delibes and I. Lopez-Brana.

CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS.

Serrano 115. 28006 - Madrid, Spain.

D. Romero and M.F. Andres.

UNIVERSIDAD DE LLEIDA AND INSTITUT DE RECERCA I TECNOLOGIA AGROALIMENTARIES (UdL-IRTA).

Rovira Roure, 177. 25198 - Lleida, Spain.

J.A. Martin-Sanchez, E. Sin, C. Martinez, and A. Michelena.

Transfer of genes for resistance to Heterodera avenae, from two wild grasses: use in wheat breeding programs.

Two sources of resistance to H. avenae have been extensively used (see AWN Vol. 41, 1995), the Cre2 gene from Ae. ventricosa and an as yet unnamed gene from Ae. triuncialis. Available data on segregation for resistance data are compatible with a simple monogenic dominant inheritance. Both sources are effective against the different H. avenae pathotypes (Table 1).

Table 1. Sources of resistance to Heterodera avenae and their resistance to the different known pathotypes (R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, and S = susceptible).

UNIVERSIDAD POLITICNICA DE MADRID.

Departamento Biotecnologia, E.T.S.Ingenieros Agronomos, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 - Madrid, Spain.

A. Delibes and I. Lopez-Brana.

UNIVERSIDAD DE LLEIDA AND INSTITUT DE RECERCA I TECNOLOGIA AGROALIMENTARIES (UdL-IRTA).

Rovira Roure, 177. 25198 - Lleida, Spain.

J.A. Martin-Sanchez, E. Sin, C. Martinez, and A. Michelena.

JUNTA DE EXTREMADURA.

Servicio de Investigacion Agraria, Finca La Orden, 06187 - Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain.

J. del Moral and A. Mejias.

Transfer of a gene for resistance to Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) from Aegilops ventricosa to cultivars of wheat.

Hessian fly is an important pest in wide areas of the Guadiana (Badajoz) and the Guadalquivir (Cadiz, Cordoba, Sevilla) valleys in southern Spain. This pest has caused severe losses during the several years in these areas.

The GP biotype seems to be present in the area. The genetic variability of this biotype currently is being study using molecular markers. Subsequent comparative studies will be made with samples of Hessian fly from other areas of the Iberian Peninsula. A number of agronomic studies aimed at developing cultural techniques that may interfere with pest development also are being studied.

Concurrently, the transfer of a resistance gene from Ae. ventricosa to wheat cultivars has began. The gene (H27) is located in chromosome 4M^v and is linked to an acid phosphatase isozyme marker, Acph-M^v1. This marker can facilitate the transfer of the resistance gene into cultivars.

Publications.

Bleve-Zacheo T, Melillo MT, Andraes MF, Zacheo G, and Romero D. 1995. Ultrastructure of initial response of graminaceous roots to infection by Heterodera avenae. Nematologica 41:80-97.

Delibes A, Del Moral J, Martin-Sanchez JA, Mejias A, Gallego M, Casado D, Sin E, and Lopez-Brana I. 1996. Hessian flyresistance gene transferred from chromosme 4M^v of Aegilops ventricosa to Triticum aestivum. Theor Appl Genet (In press).

Delibes A, Romero MD, Martin-Sanchez JA, Lopez-Brana I, Duce A, Sin E, Andraes MF, Martinez C, and Aguaded S. 1995. Obtencion de cultivares resistentes al nematodo Heterodera avenae por transferencia gaenica desde especies de Aegilops. Phytoma Espana 73:22-25.

del Moral J, Mejias A, Chacon A, Delibes A, Lopez-Brana I, Martin-Sanchez JA, Sin E, and Martinez C. 1994. Consideraciones para el desarrollo de un programa de sanidad respecto a la plaga Mayetiola destructor Say en los trigales de Badajoz. I Congreso de la Sociedad Espanola de Agricultura Ecologica. Toledo, September, 1994.

del Moral J, Mejias A, Chacon A, Delibes A, Lopez-Brana I, Martin-Sanchez JA, Sin E, and Martinez C. 1995. Resistencia a Mayetiola destructor Say de una coleccion de variedades y lineas de trigo. V Jornadas Cientificas de la Sociedad Espanola de Entomologia Aplicada. Sevilla, 20-24 November, 1995.

del Moral J, Mejias A, Chacon A, Delibes A, Lopez-Brana I, Martin-Sanchez JA, Sin E, and Martinez C. 1995. Localizacion cromosomica de la resistencia a Mayetiola destructor Say en una linea de trigo.

Lopez-Brana I. 1996. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAP) technique as a tool to study the variability of Heterodera avenae. Cereal Cyst Nematode Workshop. In: III Inter Nemat Congr. Guadalupe 7-9 July, 1996.

Lopez-Brana I, Romero D, and Delibes A. 1996. Analysis of Heterodera avenae populations by the random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) technique. Genome 39:118-122.

Martin-Sanchez JA, Delibes A, Andraes MF, Duce A, Lopez-Brana I, Martinez C, Michelena A, Romero D, and Sin E. 1996. New Source of resistance to cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll). 5th Inter Wheat Conf. 10-14 June, 1996, Ankara, Turkey. p. 143.

Melillo MT, Bleve-Zacheo T, Delibes A, Lopez-Brana I, Romero D, and Andraes MF. 1995. Histochemical localization of enzymes related to Heterodera avenae resistance in wheat. Nematologica 41:321.

Romero MD, Andraes MF, Balague JM, Delibes A, Duce A, Lara A, Lopez-Brana I, Martin-Sanchez JA, Martinez C, Michelena A, and Sin E. 1996. Las especies de Aegilops como fuentes de resistencia al nematodo de los cereales Heterodera avenae.-Resumenes. VII Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Espanola de Fitopatologia. p 67.

Romero MD, Andraes MF, Balague JM, Delibes A, Duce A, Lara A, Lopez-Brana I, Martin-Sanchez JA, Martinez C, Michelena A, and Sin E. 1996. Aegilops triuncialis, a source of resistance to Heterodera avenae (CCN). III International Nematology Congress, 7-12 July. Guadalupe. Abstract.

Romero MD, Andraes MF, Lopez-Brana I, and Delibes A. 1996. A pathogenic and biochemical comparison of two Spanish populations of cereal cyst nematode. Nematol Medit 24:235-244.

Romero D, Delibes A, Lopez-Brana I, Mena M, Duce A, and Andraes MF. 1995. Studies of the chromosomic location of a gene conferring resistance to Heterodera avenae transferred from the wild grass Aegilops ventricosa to hexaploid wheat. Nematologica 41:337.

go to next document