CIMMYT-BANGLADESH
Bangladesh Australia Wheat Improvement Project, P.O. Box 6057,
Gulshan, Dhaka-1212m,
Bangladesh.
Summary of the work at CIMMYT-Bangladesh
as the Bangladesh Australia wheat improvement project.
Craig A. Meisner.
The main foci of the year were to 1) negotiate an
extension of the AusAID-funded project; 2) complete the project
successfully by 30 June, 1996; 3) continue to support the research
of the Wheat Research Centre of the Bangladesh Agriculture Research
Institute and the rice-wheat
consortium within the country and region; and 4) raise support
for 1996 and beyond.
Outcomes. The Bangladesh
Australia Wheat Improvement Project extension was written and
submitted to AusAID in August, 1995, but was not granted. AusAID
wished for a bilateral project giving Australian control and citizens
execution of the project.
Nearly $150,000 a year for CIMMYT personnel and office
in Bangladesh is needed without an operating budget. Cornell
University has promised $40,000 for 5 years through their CRSP
USAID project. Four other proposals were submitted to donors
or to CIMMYT for continued support. A possibility of future funding
from the GOB World Bank loan is being pursued.
Research highlights of 1995-96. Dual-purpose triticale for forage/grain continued to show great promise in the third year. Screening of 140 facultative lines for forage/grain was done during the first year. We tested the selected
lines in a yield trial during year two. This year,
we continued to test only six of the 140 lines (Table 1). A summary
of the information generated by this experiment includes that:
planting be done in an optimal period, a small window of time
for planting, i.e., 10-20
November; irrigation is necessary after cutting; topdressing of
nitrogen after cutting is necessary; recommended fertility is
the same as for wheat, i.e., 100-60-40
NPK could increase N easily; lodging is rare with triticale; and
diseases are few. The average fresh weight from two cuts is 8-15
T/ha with 2-4 tons grain thereafter.
Table 1. Traits of six genotypes from the dual purpose triticale for forage/grain screening program. Data are for fresh weight in tons/hectare from 1995 and 1996 seasons.
| Genotype | 1995 | 1996 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forage one cut | Forage two cuts | Grain two cuts | Forage one cut | Forage two cuts | Grain one cut | |
| WRF2 | 6.72 | 9.99 | 4.13 | 4.63 | 4.27 | 1.43 |
| WRF3 | 6.06 | 8.62 | 4.38 | 5.02 | 3.90 | 1.47 |
| WRF5 | 5.64 | 8.36 | 3.38 | 4.12 | 3.41 | 1.25 |
| WRF6 | 5.33 | 7.65 | 4.01 | 4.50 | 3.10 | 1.77 |
| WRF7 | 5.43 | 9.25 | 4.06 | 4.73 | 4.45 | 1.92 |
| WRF9 | 4.84 | 7.80 | 4.10 | 4.30 | 3.52 | 1.90 |
Use of lime is uncommon in Bangladesh. However,
the pH of the topsoil in Bangladesh is decreasing because of an
increase in cropping intensity (with wheat, recent surveys showed
56 % triple and 36 % double cropping). Coupled with high phosphorus-fixing
soils, the Wheat Research Centre developed a `lime
x phosphorus'
experiment, revealing that liming will not only raise the pH,
but increase P availability (see Fig. 1). Thus, 1 ton of lime
is equivalent to 60 kg of P. There was an interaction between
lime and phosphorus.
Sustainability of wheat within an intensive cropping
system is of growing concern. The Wheat Research Centre has developed
a series of long-term rice-wheat
cropping systems and has been conducting these for over 5 years.
In summary, the effects of green manure is more pronounced on
the preceding rice crop with the effects on wheat being negligible.
Other experimental data corroborate these results. The effect
of adding farm yard manure are significantly more pronounced on
wheat than rice and may be caused by available P, microbial activity,
and improved soil structure. Productivity factor declines have
not been shown using recommended fertilizer rates. To the contrary,
a slight productivity factor increase is occurring.
Yield potential experiments show that new lines of
bread wheat, triticale, and durum can yield more than the national
average of 2.2 T/ha when production management is followed and
inputs are given (Fig. 2). Yields averaged two or more times
the national average.
Improvement to disease resistance through breeding
has not been as great as expected (Fig. 3). Foliar diseases,
the major biotic constraint to wheat production in Bangladesh,
are still eliminated by spraying with fungicides. Kanchan is
the most widespread variety in Bangladesh, with 80 % of the area
being sown to this variety.
Varietal release by the Wheat Research Centre remains
stagnant, though the number of selections was doubled this year
(Table 2). Two promising new lines will be released as new varieties,
and their qualities, compared to the check Kanchan, are listed
in Table 3. Additionally, two triticale lines for grain will
be released as varieties. The possibility of a durum being released
exists.
Table 2. Nurseries 1996-97.
| Name | Number of selections |
|---|---|
| Advanced yield trial | 14 |
| Preliminary yield trial | 15 |
| Bangladesh screening nursery | 67 |
| Late-planted screening nursery(nonreplicated) | 465 |
| Pre-BSN (nonreplicated) | 123 |
| -- | bulk head rows |
Table 3. Traits of two promising new wheat lines from the Wheat Research Centre.
| Name/Cross | Yield (kg/ha) | 1,000 (g) | % yield increase | Heading (days) | Maturity (days) | Plant height (cm) | Lr | HLB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BAW 897 NAC/VEE | 3361 | 40.17 | 9.1 | 62 | 100 | 98 | TMS | 45 |
| BAW 898 TURACO/CHIL | 3443 | 41.9 | 11.8 | 60 | 98 | 90 | 0 | 55 |
| Kanchan (check) | 3080 | 41.8 | -- | 60 | 98 | 92 | 40S | 65 |
A Wheat Research Centre scientist was trained at
CIMMYT, Mexico, and Shimla, India, on screening for rust races
and plant genetic backgrounds. Many of the lines used in the
crossing blocks are now identified as to their Lr genes
(Table 4). Another Wheat Research Centre scientist is attending
the 1996 CIMMYT wheat improvement course in Mexico.
Table 4. Leaf rust resistant lines in the crossing block.
| Seri | Lr26 |
| Pavon | Lr1, Lr10, Lr13+ |
| BAW 272 | Lr1, Lr10, Lr13+, Lr34 |
| RL6010/4*Inia//4*GEN | Lr9, Lr26 |
| Rawal-87 | Lr26, Lr34 |
| HUW 411 | Lr1, Lr23, Lr26, Lr34 |
| HUW 428 | Lr1, Lr23, Lr26 |
| HP 1729 | Lr23, Lr26 |
| BAW 879 | Lr3, Lr10 |
The methodology of `Whole-family Training'
was developed, implemented, evaluated, and demonstrated to many
NGOs in Bangladesh. Currently, one NGO has adapted and is implementing
the concept. The whole-family training concept originated from
a survey of women wheat-grower families in the districts in Bangladesh.
Though it was thought that women tend to work within the confines
of their homes with seed drying and storage, the data showed that
women are very active in many aspects of wheat production (see
Table 5). Thus, to address this without creating a gender-biased
training or technology transfer, the `Whole-family Training'
concept evolved. Post-training evaluations showed the adaption
rate to be 90 %.
Table 5. Conventional wisdom versus survey data from a survey of women wheat-grower families in the districts in Bangladesh.
| Activity | Conventional wisdom | Survey data (%) per district in Bangladesh. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dinajpur | Jessore | Faridpur | ||
| Women working in the field | very few | 30 | 19 | 27 |
| weeding | a little | 61 | 18 | 22 |
| irrigating | never | 13 | 22 | 7 |
| harvesting | never | 48 | 67 | 55 |
| supervising | never | 73 | 79 | 100 |
| threshing | mostly | 42 | 53 | 87 |
| drying seed | mostly | 85 | 89 | 92 |
| seed selection and preservation | mostly | 69 | 24 | 44 |
Though CIMMYT-Bangladesh
has had donors since 1982, wheat production and yield have not
increased as much as hoped (Fig. 4). Donors expect the bottom
line of their investment to be increases in wheat production.
All increases were made despite exponential increases in boro
rice production.
NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER FOR WHEAT - EMBRAPA
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo, BR 285, Km 174, Caixa Postal
569, 99001-970, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
EMBRAPA 49, a new cultivar for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
C.N.A. de Sousa, E.P. Gomes, J.C.S. Moreira, L. de
J.A. Del Duca, and P.L. Scheeren.
The cultivar EMBRAPA 49 resulted from a double
cross involving four Brazilian cultivars: `BR
35/PF 83619//PF 858/PF 8550'.
The cross was made in Passo Fundo in 1986, the line was bulked
in 1990, and released in 1996. EMBRAPA 49 is an early, mid-tall
wheat, with good straw and high resistance to lodging. The cultivar
yielded 2,704 kg/ha, 6 % over the average of the check cultivars,
according to the mean of 53 trials conducted in Rio Grande do
Sul from 1993 to 1995. EMBRAPA 49 is susceptible to one race
of P. recondita, but has good field resistance. This wheat
is resistant to all races of P. graminis tritici in Brazil.
EMBRAPA 49 is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew, and susceptible
to glume blotch and soilborne mosaic virus, but is resistant to
aluminum toxicity and moderately resistant to sprouting. This
cultivar has the HMW-glutenin subunits 2*, 5+10, and 7+8, and
is a good wheat for breadmaking.
Release of EMBRAPA 52, new wheat cultivar for Rio Grande
do Sul.
L.J.A. Del Duca, A. Linhares, C.N.A. Sousa, E.P.
Gomes, E.M. Guarienti, J.C.M. Moreira, and P.L. Scheeren.
The wheat cultivar EMBRAPA 52 was released
in 1996 for the state of Rio Grande do Sul to meet the demands
for wheat cultivars with higher grain yields, higher resistance
levels to diseases and better breadmaking quality. The cultivar
was derived from the cross `Hulha
Negra/CNT 7//Amigo/CNT 7',
made in 1980 at Passo Fundo. Developed at EMBRAPA, the cultivar
is early-cycle, mid-height, and resistant to aluminum soil conditions.
EMBRAPA 52 may lodge under high soil fertility conditions and
sprout under a rain-delayed harvest time. At release, it had
good plant-health performance under field conditions. The
cultivar is seedling susceptible to five races of leaf rust and
resistant to all races of stem rust in Brazil. EMBRAPA 52 is
moderately susceptible to glume blotch and susceptible to loose
smut, but resistant to mildew and soilborne mosaic virus under
field conditions. During 1993-95,
EMBRAPA 52 was the highest grain-yielding wheat among all cultivars
and lines tested in RS, producing 13 % greater than checks when
averaged at all locations in the state. Alveograph and farinograph
tests preliminarily classify EMBRAPA 52 as superior in the commercial
class, indicating use for breadmaking and the manufacture of crackers
and pastry products, thus satisfying the actual demands of the
milling sector and consumers.
1996 Wheat Cultivar Yield Trials in Passo Fundo, Brazil.
J.C.S. Moreira and C.N.A. de Sousa.
Twenty-nine yield trials were conducted at the
National Research Center for Wheat, an unit of EMBRAPA, in Passo
Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, testing about 570 common wheat
cultivars. Climatic conditions during the wheat cycle in Passo
Fundo (June to November) were nearly normal. High humidity in
September and October resulted in a high incidence of scab. The
trials were conducted in a rotation area. The check cultivars
used in 1996 were BR 23, CEP 24, and EMBRAPA 16. The latter is
the main cultivar in Rio Grande do Sul and occupies about 350,000
ha (66 %) of the growing area in the state. Cultivars that yielded
more than the best check are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Cultivars with higher yield than the best check in trials in Passo Fundo, RS, in 1996.
| Cultivar | Pedigree | Yield kg/ha | % of check |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Cultivar State Trial - without fungicide. | |||
| OR 1 | PF 869107 SIB/BAGULA SIB | 3,162 | 117 |
| BR 35 | IAC 5*2/3/CNT 7*3/LD//IAC 5/HADDEN | 2,811 | 104 |
| BR 32 | IAS 60/INDUS//IAS 623/ALONDRA SIB/4/IAS 59 | 2,736 | 101 |
| BR 23 (check) | CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 | 2,713 | 100 |
| 2. Cultivar State Trial - with fungicide. | |||
| OR 1 | PF 869107 SIB/BAGULA SIB | 3,349 | 104 |
| BR 23 (check) | CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 | 3,227 | 100 |
| 3. South Brazilian Trial - without fungicide. | |||
| SA 9458 | PF 82250/RS 1 | 3,313 | 122 |
| PF 9099 | PF 82252/BR 35//IAPAR 17/PF 8550 | 3,285 | 121 |
| PF 9198 | PF 82252/BR 35//IAPAR 17/PF 8550 | 3,240 | 119 |
| PF 9293 | PF 83899/PF 813//F 27141 | 3,147 | 116 |
| CEP 9019 | BR 23/CEP 8423//BUC SIB | 3,047 | 112 |
| ORL 9285 | PF 869107/KLEIN H 3450 C3131 | 2,969 | 109 |
| SA 9340 | CEP 82128/RS 1 | 2,907 | 107 |
| BR 18 | ALONDRA SIB | 2,786 | 103 |
| BR 23 (check) | CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 | 2,713 | 100 |
| 4. South Brazilian Trial - with fungicide. | |||
| SA 9458 | PF 82250/RS 1 | 3,437 | 107 |
| PF 9198 | PF 82252/BR 35//IAPAR 17/PF 8550 | 3,415 | 106 |
| PF 9293 | PF 83899/PF 813//F 27141 | 3,311 | 103 |
| PF 9099 | PF 82252/BR 35//IAPAR 17/PF 8550 | 3,285 | 102 |
| BR 23 (check) | CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 | 3,226 | 100 |
| 5. Regional Yield Trial. | |||
| PF 92140 | BR 35/PF 85946/3/PF 772003*2/PF813//PF 83 899 | 3,120 | 116 |
| ORL 9385 | PF 843025/DON ERNESTO//PF 869107 | 2,856 | 106 |
| ORL 93319 | PF 839107/KLH 3450 C 3131 | 2,821 | 105 |
| PF 92570 | BR 35*2/PF 85437 | 2,788 | 103 |
| SA 9556 | BR 14/B 528 | 2,741 | 102 |
| CEP 24 (check) | BR 3/CEP 7887//CEP 7775/CEP 11 | 3,404 | 100 |
| 6. Multilocation Preliminary Trials (5 sites with lines in 2nd year of test). Data from Passo Fundo. Lines that yielded more than 10 % relative to the best check | |||
| PF 940097 | PF 8619/BR 35 | 3,475 | 125 |
| PF 940089 | AMIGO/2*BR 23 | 3,402 | 122 |
| PF 940087 | AMIGO/2*BR 23 | 3,338 | 120 |
| PF 940266 | BR 23//CEP 19/PF 85490 | 3,265 | 118 |
| PF 940199 | PF 87511/C 8033 | 3,333 | 120 |
| PF 940077 | PF 83899/PF 813//F27141 | 3,227 | 120 |
| PF 92315 | BR 23*2/IPF 49864 | 3,163 | 114 |
| IPF 41004 | COKER 8033 | 3,165 | 114 |
| PF 940099 | PF 8619/BR 35 | 3,112 | 112 |
| BR 23(check) | CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 | 2,77 | 5 100 |
| 7. Southcentral Brazilian Trial - without fungicide. Lines in final trial and recommended cultivars in the State of Parana. | |||
| EMBRAPA 27 | PF 83743//PF 83182/F 27516 | 2,844 | 110 |
| IAPAR 46 | MASCARENHAS/ALONDRA SIB//IAC 5 | 2,774 | 107 |
| OR 1 | PF 869107 SIB/BAGULA SIB | 2,652 | 103 |
| BR 23 (check) | CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 | 2,775 | 100 |
| 8. Preliminary Trials (440 new lines tested in 22 trials). Several lines yielded more than the best check. | |||
Testing wheats for dual purpose in the middle plateau region
of Rio Grande do Sul.
L.J.A. Del Duca, 0. Rodrigues, G.R. Cunha, and H.P.
Santos.
Considerations regarding clipping trials to test
wheats and other winter cereals for dual purpose aiming at establishing
more sustainable agroecosystems were previously detailed (AWN
42:58-60, 1996). Early planting can prevent soil
and nutrient losses and contribute to the feasibility of the no-till
system, thus providing permanent cover of vegetation after summer
crops. Furthermore, with cycle requirements adequate for the
wheat crop, it can lead to activities integrating crop-cattle
production. Late-early wheats (long vegetative and short
reproductive stages) when sown in early autumn (April-May)
can provide winter grazing and escape frost damage, because of
late flowering.
A clipping trial simulating cattle grazing was made
at EMBRAPA-Trigo,
Passo Fundo, RS, including white oats, wild oat (A. strigosa),
barley, rye, triticale, and seven wheat cultivars and lines:
five late-early and two early cultivated checks for grain
production. The trial was sown on 8 May, 1996, in a split-plot
design with three replications. Prior to the early jointing
stage, each genotype was to a clipping that was adjusted to its
specific cycle in order to optimize feed and grain production.
A second clipping was made approximately 30 days after the first.
Dry-matter (kg/ha) and grain (kg/ha) yields from the seven wheats,
compared with wild oats, the most cultivated winter cereal in
RS (for soil cover and provide forage) are shown in Table 2.
The effects of both one and two clippings on dry matter and grain
yield, compared to the corresponding unclipped checks, are detailed.
The percent comparisons were made in relation to EMBRAPA 16
(the most cultivated wheat in the states of Rio Grande do Sul
and Santa Catarina).
Table 2. Dry matter and grain yield average (kg/ha) and percent relative to the wheat EMBRAPA 16, in the dual-purpose small grains trial during 1996.
| Cereal | Dry matter | Grain yield | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg/ha | % EMBRAPA 16 | kg/ha | % EMBRAPA 16 | |||||||
| 1C 1 | 2C | 1C | 2C | WC | 1C | 2C | WC | 1C | 2C | |
| Wheat (IPF41004) | 1,189 | 2,874 | 90 | 118 | 3,949 | 2,819 | 1,180 | 106 | 152 | 435 |
| Wheat (IPF55204) | 1,186 | 2,481 | 89 | 102 | 4,333 | 3,473 | 1,016 | 117 | 187 | 375 |
| Wheat (PF 86247) | 1,04 | 6 2,775 | 79 | 114 | 4,648 | 3,009 | 327 | 125 | 162 | 121 |
| Wheat (PF 87451) | 1,186 | 2,381 | 89 | 98 | 3,678 | 2,613 | 1,256 | 99 | 140 | 463 |
| Wheat (PF 940041) | 1,152 | 2,384 | 87 | 98 | 3,587 | 2,949 | 577 | 97 | 159 | 213 |
| Wheat (BR 2 | 3) 954 | 2,211 | 72 | 91 | 3,530 | 2,813 | 436 | 95 | 151 | 161 |
| Wheat (EMBRAPA 16) | 1,328 | 2,427 | 100 | 100 | 3,708 | 1,858 | 271 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Oat Avena strigosa | 795 | 2,875 | 60 | 118 | 768 | 943 | 173 | 21 | 51 | 64 |
| C.V. | 17.5 | 13.4 | - | - | 12.6 | 12.5 | 13.7 | - | - | - |
1 WC = without clipping;
1C = 1 clipping; 2C = 2 clippings.
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