R. Ratcliffe, R. Shukle, C. Williams, S. Cambron,
F. Maas, V. Russell, L. Zantoko, and C. Collier, USDA, ARS, Crop
Production and Pest Control Research Unit, Purdue University.
Insect surveys. In 1995,
142 fields from 47 counties in Indiana were sampled for Hessian
fly incidence and damage. Sixty three percent of the sampled
fields were infested with Hessian fly in 1995, compared to 47
% in 1994. The mean percentage of infestation for all cultivars
or varieties sampled was over 8 %, compared to less than 2.5 %
in 1994. The highest levels of infestation occurred in fields
in southwestern and northeastern Indiana (Gibson, Knox, Posey,
and Vanderburgh counties, and Wells and Whitley counties, respectively).
Thirty wheat cultivars or germplasm lines were evaluated in Uniform
Hessian Fly Nursery trials at 12 locations in Arkansas (1), Georgia
(3), Illinois (2), Indiana (2), and South Carolina (4). Hessian
fly resistance genes or gene combinations carried by the various
wheat entries included H3, H5, H6, H7H8, H9, H10, H11, H12,
H13, H14, H16, H18, H21, and H26. The most
effective genes across all locations were H9, H13,
H14, H18, H21, and H26. Plants
carrying H21 and H26 genes were resistant at all
locations. (Cambron and Ratcliffe)
Resistance of Purdue soft winter wheat lines with
H9 to H19 genes to Hessian fly biotypes
and field populations. Resistance
gene H9 was susceptible to biotype C, H12 to biotype
E and H11 and H15 to biotype L, whereas genes H10,
H13, H14, H16, H17, H18, and H19
were resistant to all laboratory biotypes (GP, B, C, D, E, and
L). The overall effectiveness of genes H9 to H19
to 10 Hessian fly populations from Arkansas, Florida, Illinois,
Indiana, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and South Carolina was, in descending
order of effectiveness: H16 = H17 > H9 =
H13 = H14 > H10 = H18 > H12
= H15 = H19 > H11. Genes H16
and H17 were resistant to all Hessian fly biotypes and
populations. The numbers of Hessian fly populations virulent
to the respective genes were H16 and H17 = 0; H9,
H13, H14 = 1; H10 and H18 = 2; H12,
H15, and H19 = 3; and H11 = 7. (Ratcliffe
and Cambron, in cooperation with H. Ohm and F. Patterson)
Molecular basis of a Hessian fly/wheat interaction.
Possible RAPD markers that are linked to virulence to resistance
gene H13 were identified by bulk segregant analysis for
a morphological marker (white eye). Molecular markers tightly
linked with virulence genes will be investigated for use in biotype
identification and evaluation. An intact transposable element
was identified from the Hessian fly. It may have potential for
use in genetic transformation and gene tagging. Plasmid constructs
containing the Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor were made and
are being used for genetic transformation of wheat. (R. Shukle,
V. Russell, and L. Zantoko)
Molecular markers linked to Hessian fly-resistance
genes in wheat. Five near-isogenic wheat
lines, each containing a single newly identified resistance gene,
were screened with 600 RAPD primers. Eight putative linked markers
were identified. (C. Williams, C. Collier and L. Gumaelius in
cooperation with H. Ohm and F. Patterson)
Barley yellos dwarf virus-resistant germplasm.
To develop BYDV-resistant translocation lines from Agropyron
(Thinopyrum) intermedium substitution and addition
lines in wheat, we continued homoeologous chromosome pairing,
irradiation, and pivotal genome methodologies. Following irradiation
of monosomic substitution and monosomic addition lines, families
that had translocations were selected based on segregation patterns
for BYDV resistance as determined by ELISA. Individuals with
putative translocations had these translocations fixed in a homozygous
condition. This was done to determine the length of the introgressed
segment and to select agronomically desirable genotypes. Chromosome
pairing analysis of hybrids between substitution lines P29 and
P12, used to produce the translocation lines, showed that they
have the same substituted Thinopyrum chromosome. BYDV-resistant
M4 plants, probed using a Thinopyrum-specific repetitive
DNA fragment supplied by Dr. Rudi Appels, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia,
showed a positive hybridization to the probe on a Southern blot.
Selected BYDV resistant substitution and addition lines also were
crossed and backcrossed to a ph mutant to induce pairing
and recombination between wheatgrass and wheat chromosomes. The
pivotal genome approach was abandoned because of severe seed shrivelling
and seedling necrosis in `alien addition x T. durum'
hybrids. (Sharma and Ohm)
Personnel.
Gui-hua Bai finished his Ph.D. with G. Shaner and
is now a postdoc at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Ousmane
Boukar began studies for an M.S. degree with H. Ohm on inheritance
of low incidence of head scab in wheat. Chad Collier began studies
for his M.S. with C. Williams on molecular markers linked to Hessian
fly resistance genes in wheat. David Drake is working on an M.S.
degree with H. Ohm on head scab resistance in wheat. Xueyi Hu
completed his Ph.D. with H. Ohm and is now a postdoc at CIMMYT,
Mexico. Dr. Gabor Gyulai, Associate Professor, Godollo University,
Godollo, Hungary, was a Visiting Scholar, July through December
1995, characterizing BYDV-resistant wheat translocation lines
with H. Sharma and H. Ohm. Dr. Ildiko Karsai, Senior Research
Scientist, Martonvásár Research Institute, Martonvásár,
Hungary, is a Visiting Scholar, January to April, 1996, to identify
DNA markers associated with cold tolerance in wheat with H. Ohm.
Carmen Valazquez, who has an MS degree in genetics from the National
University in Mexico, started work on a Ph.D. with G. Shaner,
on slow rusting in wheat. Matt Weinheimer completed his M.S.
with H. Ohm and is employed by the DeKalb Seed Company, Lubbock,
TX. Zhai Tong began work this past fall on an M.S. degree with
G. Shaner. His research concerns partial resistance to crown
rust in oat. Wei Zhang began studies for a Ph.D. with I. Dweikat
and H. Ohm on DNA markers for Hessian fly resistance genes.
Publications.
Bai G, Dweikat I, and Shaner G. 1995. Identification
of QTLs for scab resistance in wheat by means of RAPD markers.
Phytopath 85:1201 (Abstract).
Buechley G and Shaner G. 1995. Effect of fungicidal
seed treatments on wheat, 1994. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests
50:311.
Cambron SE, Patterson FL, Ohm HW, Ratcliffe RH, and
Safranski GG. 1995. Genetic analysis of Hessian fly resistance
in eight durum wheat introductions. Crop Sci 35:708-714.
Cambron SE, Ohm HW, Ratcliffe RH, and Patterson FL.
1996. Identification of a second gene for resistance to Hessian
fly in cultivar Iumillo durum wheat. Crop Sci 36:In press.
Grover Jr, PB. 1995. Hypersensitive response of
wheat to the Hessian fly. Entomol Exp Appl 74:283-294.
Hu X, Bostwick D, Sharma HC, Ohm HW, and Shaner GE.
1995. Chromosome and chromosomal arm locations of genes for
resistance to Septoria glume blotch in wheat cultivar Cotipora.
Agron Abstr 87: 85.
Larkin PJ, Banks PM, Lagudah ES, Appels R, Xiao C,
Zhiyong X, Ohm HW, and McIntosh RA. 1995. Disomic Thinopyrum
intermedium addition lines in wheat with barley yellow
dwarf virus resistance and with rust resistances. Genome 38:385-394.
Ohm HW, Ratcliffe RH, Patterson FL, and Cambron SE.
1996. Resistance to Hessian fly conditioned by gene H19
and proposed gene H27 of durum wheat line PI422297. Crop
Sci 36:In press.
Ohm HW, ShanerG, Buechley G, Ratcliffe RH, Patterson
FL, Bostwick DE, and Aldridge WG. 1995. Registration of `Grant'
wheat. Crop Sci 35:1220.
Ohm HW, Shaner G, Buechley G, Aldridge WG, Bostwick
DE, and Ratcliffe RH. 1995. Registration of `INO9201'
spring oat. Crop Sci 35:940.
Ohm HW, Sharma HC, Patterson FL, Ratcliffe RH, and
Obanni M. 1995. Linkage relationships among genes on wheat chromosome
5A that condition resistance to Hessian fly. Crop Sci 35:1603-1607.
Patterson FL, H.W. Ohm, J.W. Johnson, and D.S. Wickersham.
1996. Registration of five wheat pollen fertility restorer germplasm
lines (PR143, PR189, PR267, PR270, and PR302). Crop Sci 36:In
press.
Ratcliffe RH, Safranski GG, Patterson FL, Ohm HW,
and Taylor PL. 1994. Biotype status of Hessian fly (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae) populations from the Eastern United States and
their response to 14 Hessian fly resistance genes. J Econ Entomol
87:1113-1121.
Shaner G and Buechley G. 1995. Epidemiology of
leaf blotch of soft red winter wheat caused by Septoria
tritici and Stagonospora nodorum. Plant
Dis 79:928-938.
Shaner, G. and Buechley, G. 1995. Effect of foliar
fungicides on control of wheat diseases, 1994. Fungicide and
Nematicide Tests 50:233.
Sharma HC. 1995. How wide can a wide cross be?
Euphytica 82:43-64.
Sharma HC. 1995. Publication trends in Crop Science
journal and role of students in research publications. J Nat
Res Life Sci Ed 24:197-199.
Sharma HC, Ohm HW, Goulart L, Lister R, Appels R,
and Benlhabib O. 1995. Introgression and characterization of
barley yellow dwarf virus resistance from Thinopyrum intermedium
into wheat. Genome 38:406-413.
Shukle RH and Stuart JJ. 1995. Physical mapping
of DNA sequences in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor.
J Hered 86:1-5.
Shukle RH and Russell VW. 1995. Mariner transposase-like
sequences from the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor.
J Hered 86:364-368.
KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 632 SW Van Buren, Rm. 200. P.O.
Box 3534, Topeka, KS 66601-3534, USA.
T.J. Byram.
`Karl' remains number one.
Karl and improved Karl remained the leading varieties
of wheat seeded in Kansas for the 1996 crop, according to Kansas
Agricultural Statistics. Accounting for 20.9 % of the state's
wheat, Karl declined slightly from a year ago. Karl was by far
the most popular variety seeded in the eastern third of the state,
and the second most popular in the central third. `Pioneer
2163', accounting for 19.8 % of the acreage statewide,
was the leading variety in the central third of the state and
also held down the number two position in the eastern third of
the State. Overall, Pioneer 2163 was the second leading variety
seeded in Kansas. `Tam 107' continued to dominate
the western third of the state, but slipped from second to
third in Kansas this year. `Ike' made its first appearance
in the top 10 this year, ranking fourth overall with 7.2 % of
the state's wheat, and was the second leading variety in
the northwest and west central districts. `Larned'
remained number two in the southwest district, but dropped to
fifth statewide, accounting for 4.8 % of the acreage. Agripro's
`Tomahawk', with 4.7 % of the acreage, moved up one
position to number six in the state. Dropping one spot was `AGSECO
7853', seeded on 4.6 % of the wheat acreage. Agripro `Pecos'
is ranked eighth this year, with 1.8 %. Agripro `Ogalala'
and Agripro `Thunderbird' complete the top 10, each
accounting for 1.5 % of the wheat acreage in Kansas.
Insert Table 1. Page 243.
Insert Table 2. Page 244.
Publications.
Monthly Crops. Wheat
cultivars, percent of acreage devoted to each cultivar. Wheat
quality, test weight, moisture, and protein content of current
harvest. $10.00.
Weekly Crop-Weather.
Issued each Monday, 1 March through 30 November. Provides crop
and weather information for the previous week. $12.00.
County Estimates. County
data on wheat acreage seeded and harvested, yield, and produciton
on summer fallow, irrigated, and continuous cropped land. December.
Wheat Quality County data on protein, test weight, moisture, grade, and dockage. Includes milling and baking tests, by cultivar, from a probability sample of Kansas wheat. September.