I.A. Panchenko, S.V. Rabinovich, R.G. Parhomenko, and Z.V. Shevchenko.
Variation in the HMW-glutenin subunit composition
is related to genotypic variation in wheat end-use quality. According
to the published works of Payne and coworkers (1981, 1983, 1984,
1987); Ng (1988); Lukow (1989); Graybosch (1990, 1991, 1992);
Dong (1991); Radhal (1993); Wang (1993) and their coworkers, a
positive correlation exists between high breadmaking quality and
the presence of HMW-glutenin subunits 1 and/or 2* from Glu-A1,
7+9 and/or 7+8 from Glu-B1, and 5+10 from Glu-D1.
Based on position, which is considered a criterion
of success in breeding for high breadmaking quality, for each
country or institution, the number (in %) of cultivars and breeding
lines of the best glutenin composition wheats (BGCW), have the
HMW subunits 1 and/or 2*; 7+9 and/or 7+8; 5+10.
In 1994 and 1995, we tested the HMW-glutenin subunit
compositions of more than 500 winter wheat cultivars from the
Ukraine, Russia, and other countries of the former U.S.S.R., and
nearly 200 varieties from European countries, Canada, and the
U.S. Electrophoresis of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits
was according to the method of Ng et al. (1988) for identification
on protein disks, and in accordance with the catalogue and nomenclature
Payne et al. (1983) and Ng et al. (1988, 1989). For analysis
of the frequency of HMW-glutenin subunits among wheats grown and
produced in various geographic regions of the world, we also included
information from some publications. This was from Great Britan
and Germany (Jackson et al. 1995); Germany (Vahl et al. 1993);
the Czech and Slovak Republics (Cerny at al. 1992, 1994); Canada
(Ng et al. 1988); and the U.S. (Graybosch et al. 1990; Graybosch
1992). Information on the glutenin composition of some new cultivars
and many breeding lines (of which some future cultivars may be
selected) was from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Syria,
the U.S., and Mexico. We also incorporated data from the supplement
list of the 5th FAWWON 1995ñ96. The South African varieties
were from the work of Radhal et al. (1993).
A summary of HMW-glutenin subunit frequencies of
HRWW wheats from the Ukraine (177 cultivars selected from 1920ñ90),
Russia (100 cultivars from 1950ñ90), and U.S. (from Graybosch
1992, from 1910ñ90) and 24 hard red spring wheats (HRSW)
from Canada (Marquis 1903 and Widcat 1987) are given in Table
1.
Table 1. Frequencies of HMW-glutenin subunits in Ukrainian, Russian, Canadian, and U.S. hard
red wheats.
________________________________________________________________________________
Sub- Ukraine Russia Canada USA
Locus unit no. % no. % no. % no. %
________________________________________________________________________________
Glu-A1 1 86.5 48.9 53.5 53.5 5.0 21.7 31.0 19.0
2* 71.5 40.4 44.5 44.5 18.0 78.3 124.0 76.1
null 19.0 10.7 2.0 2.0 ó ó 8.0
4.9
Glu-B1 6+8 2.5 1.4 ó ó 1.0 4.3 9.0 5.5
7+8 43.0 24.3 17.0 17.0 7.0 30.4 44.5 27.2
7+9 130.0 73.4 83.0 83.0 15.0 65.3 105.0 64.2
other ó ó ó ó ó
ó 5.0 3.0
Glu-D1 2+12 19.5 11.0 6.5 6.5 ó ó 48.0 29.6
5+10 157.5 89.0 93.5 93.5 23.0 100.0 99.5 61.4
other ó ó ó ó ó ó 14.5 8.9
________________________________________________________________________________
The best end-use quality wheats in the world are
the Canadian HRSW, which have 78.3 % subunit 2* (GluA1),
65.3 % 7+9 (Glu-B1), and 100 % 5+10 (Glu-D1). Among
the 23 Canadian cultivars, 22 (95.6 %) belong to the BGGW, including
Pembina, Manitou, and Neepawa from Manitoba, which have the 2*,
7+9, and 5+10 subunits, and the wheat widely known to have the
best end-use quality, Marquis (subunits 1, 7+9, and 5+10). Among
the U.S. HRWWs, 76.1 % have subunit 2*, 64.2 % have 7+9, and 64.2
% have 5+10. Among the 85 wheats from the U.S., nearly 50.0 %
are considered as BGCW. These cultivars, bred in the U.S. Northern
Plains from 1910ñ90, 7 of 13 (53.8 %) were from Colorado,
18 of 23 (78.3 %) were from Nebraska, 8 of 23 (34.8 %) were from
Kansas, 4 of 10 (40.0 %) were from Oklahoma, and 10 of 16 (62.5%)
were from Texas.
Among Ukrainian and Russian HRWWs, nearly half of
the cultivars from these countries have subunit 1 (48.9 and 53.5
%, respectively) and subunit 2* (40.4 and 44.5 %, respectively).
The number with glutenin subunits 7+9 (73.4ñ83.0) and
5+10 (89.0ñ93.5) has increased in both countries in comparison
with those released at the same time in the U.S.
Of the 158 Ukrainian and 92 Russian wheats, 82.7
% and 92.0 %, respectively, belong to the BGCW. Becoming widespread
over the years, this group includes the cultivars Ukrainka (1920ñ50s),
Mironiwska 808 (since 1960s), Mironiwska yubileyna (since 1970s),
Odeska 16 (1950ñ70s), Odeska 51 (1960ñ90s), and
Albatros odesky (since 1990) from the Ukraine and Bezostaya 1
(since 1950s), Severodonskaya (1970ñ80s), Tarasovskaya
29 and Donskaya bezostaya (both since 1980s), and Don 85 (since
1990) from Russia. Among the BGCW also are new, strong wheats,
released in the mid 1990s Kolomak 3, Kolomak 5, Veselka, Donetska
48, Odeska 267, Tira, and Mriya odeska from the Ukraine, and Skifjanka,
Juna, Lada, and Rufa from Russia.
Of the 17 cultivars released from 1980ñ90
in Great Britan, 76.5 % have null subunits (Glu-A1), and
only 17.6 % have subunit 1 and 5.9 % subunit 2*. The prevalent
Glu-B1 subunit is 6+8 at 52.6 %. The 7+9 is not found
very often, 17.6 %. Both Glu-D1 subunits 2+12 and 5+10
are present at 41.2 %. Only the 1990s English variety Soisson
belongs to the BCGW and two others are close; Fresco, null, 7+9,
and 5+10; Spark, null, 7+8, and 5+10.
Among the German red winter wheats (33 cultivars
from the 1970ñ90s), the prevalent components are null (69.6
%), 7+9 (56.1 %), 2+12 (53.0 %), and 5+10 (47.0 %). Eight cultivars
(24.2 %) are among the BGCW cutivars: Vuka, Monopol, Absolvent
(also released in Canada), and Rotor, all released in the 1970s;
Astron and Ramiro released in the latter 1980s; and from the 1990s,
Bussard and Micon.
The frequency of glutenin components in Czech Republic
wheats (13 cultivars from the 1980ñ90s) are null (61.5
%), 6+8 and 7+9 (both at 29.2 %), 5+10 (57.7 %), and 2+12 (45.3
%) and in Slovakia cultivars (11 cultivars from 1970ñ90s)
subunit 1 (54.5 %), null (40.9 %), 7+9 (77.3 %), and 5+10 (86.4
%). Only the Czech cultivar Mona (UH MI-61) has components 2*,
7+9, and 5+10. Mona was selected from the Ukrainian wheat Mironivska
61 (1/2*, 7+9, and 5+10). In Slovakia, five (44.4 %) wheats belong
to the BBCW, Solaris and Danubia (1970ñ80s), and Vlada,
Rexia (synonym Regia), and Solida (1990s).
Twelve red winter wheat cultivars from Hungary were
released in the 1970ñ90s. The frequencies of glutenin
components in these cultivars are 2* (66.8 %), 7+9 (83.4 %), and
5+10 (66.6 %). From Romania (31 cultivars and breeder lines from
the 1960ñ90s) the componets are 50 % for 2*, 41.9 % for
null, 58.1 % for 7+9, 41.9 % for 7+8, and 85.5 % for 5+10. From
Bulgaria (29 cultivars and breeding lines released in the 1960ñ90s),
component 1 is at 41.4 %, 2* at 34.2 %, 7+9 at 75.9 %, and 5+10
at 79.4 %. From Hungary, five (41.7 %) wheats belong in the BGCW:
Martonvásár (MV) 15 (released in the 1980s) and
MV 20, MV 21, MV 225-90, and MV706-90 released in the 1990s.
Flamura 85, Fundulea 85, and 288 H 1-1 are among the seven (22.6
%) of the Romanian cultivars included in the BGCW. From Bulgaria,
14 (48.0 %) wheatsóincluding Boryana, Dobrovitsa, Priaspa,
Zlatostruy, and Zolotava (all released from 1980ñ90s)óare
in the BGCW.
Regarding the movement of the subunits from eastern
into western European cultivars, the frequencies of the null subunit
are greater than 60 % in German and Czech cultivars; greater than
40 % in Slovak and Bulgarian cultivars; 11ñ24 % in Hungarian,
Romanian, and Ukrainian cultivars; and 2 % in those from Russia.
Accordingly, increases in subunits 1 and 2* are 21.3 and 9.1
% in Germany, 30.8 and 7.7 % in the Cezch Republic, 54.5 and 4.6
% in Slovakia, 16.6 and 66.8 % in Hungary, 8.1 and 50.0 % in Romania,
41.4 and 34.5 % in Bulgaria, 48,9 and 40,4 % in the Ukraine, and
53.5 and 44.5 % in Russia, respectively. There is an essential
difference in the correlation between subunits 1 and 2* for wheats
from the northeast region of Ukraine (with more severe winter
conditions) with 54.0 and 25.0 % and those from the south (with
milder winter conditions) with 45.5 and 52.0 %, respectively.
Similar findings were discovered in Russian wheats from North
Caucas with 46.6 and 51.8 % and regions in Ural Mountains and
Siberia with 68.0 and 32.0 %, for subunits 1 and 2*, respectively.
Some differences in subunits 1 and 2* are limited to only one
region of Russia and one institute of the Ukraine. Thus, in cultivars
bred in the north (Severodonskaya, OSCHOS) and in the central
(Zernogradskaya, OSS) Rostov region, correlations between subunits
1 and 2* are 45.0ñ55.0 % and 83.3ñ16.7 %, and in
the Krasnodarian wheats, 30.9 and 66.2 %. In the Odessa region
of the Ukraine, in the more winter hardy wheats bred by D.A. Dolgushin
(12 cultivars bred from 1960ñ90s), the correlations between
subunits 1 and 2* were 62.5 and 37.5 %, respectively. However,
in less winter hardy wheats bred by S.F. Lyfenko (29 cultivars
bred from 1970ñ90), 31.0 % have subunit 1 and 69.0 % have
2*. These results indicate positive connections between subunit
1 and a higher level of winter hardiness and between subunit 2*
and a medium level of winter hardiness.
The most winter hardy HRWWs are Ferrugineum 1239,
Mironivska 808, and Odeska 16 from the Ukraine; the Russian wheats
Bezentchoukskaya 380 and Kurganskaja 9; and the Canadian Sundaste,
Lennox (a selection from Mironivska 808), Norstar, and Valor,
which also have subunit 1 in Glu-A1.
Among the 11 red winter wheats of Turkey and Syria,
from results of the 5th FAWWON in 1995ñ96 from some countries,
including the Ukraine, the null subunit (Glu-1A) is prevalent
in 54.5 % lines; 41.0 % have subunit 7+9 and others from Glu-1B,
including 6+8, 13+16, and 17+18; and 73.3 % have 2+12 (Glu-1D).
For lines bred in common in the U.S. (Oregon and Kansas), Turkey,
and Mexico, subunit 1 is found at a frequency of 50.0 %, 2* at
46.2 %, 7+9 at 46.2 % (nearly equal to 7+8 and other subunits),
and 5+10 at 81.1 %. Among the 39 lines that were created in common
in these countries, 24 (61.5 %) belong to the BGCW, including
five lines derived from Bezostaya 1 (Russia) and 12 derivatives
of the Mexican varieties Veery, Lira, and Seri 82, which are descendants
of the Russian wheat Kavkaz.
Among the 34 spring and winter South African wheats
released between 1980 and 1990, the prevalent subunits are 1 (61.7
%); 7+9 (44.0 %); other subunits from Glu-B1 (6+8, 13+16,
and 17+18) (29.4 %); and 5+10 (76.5 %). Sixteen of these wheats
(47.1 %) belong to the BGCW, including cultivars Belinda, Betta,
Flamink, Gamtoos, Karee, Ietaba, Mblopo, Riemland, and the rust
resistant-lines SST 102, SST 107, SST 116, and SST 124.
References.
Cerny J, Sasek A, and Maly J. 1992. Overeny metody
bilkovinnych markery pekarske jakosti psenice obecne pomoci novych
genotypu zkousenych ve statnich jdrudovych zkouskach v roce 1991.
Genet a Slecht 28(4):271283.
Cerny J, Sasek A, and Maly J. 1994. Signalni bilkovinne
geny novych slechteni psenice ceskeho f slovenskeho puvodu. Genet
a Slecht 30(4):269-288.
Dong H, Cox TS, Sears RG, and Lookhart GL. 1991.
High molecular weight glutenin genes: Effect on quality in wheat.
Crop Sci 31:974-979.
Graybosch RA. 1992. High molecular weight glutenin
subunit composition of cultivars, gerplasm, and parents of U.S.
red winter wheat. Crop Sci 32:1151-1155.
Graybosch RA, Peterson CJ, Hansen LE, and Mattern
PJ. 1990. Relationships between protein solubility characteristics,
lBL/lRS, high molecular weight glutenin composition, and end-use
quality in winter wheat germ plasm. Cereal Chem 67:342-349.
Jackson EA and Garlett CL. 1995. Further work on
the classification of the alleles at the Gli-1/Glu-3
loci. (In press).
Lukow 0M, Payne PI, and Tkachuk R. 1989. The HMW
glutenin subunit composition of Canadian wheat cultivars and their
association with breadmaking quality. J Sci Food Agric 46:451-460.
Ng PKW, Scanlon MG, and Bushuk W. 1988. A catalog
of biochemical fingerprints of registered Canadian wheat cultivars
by electrophoresis and high-performace liquid chromatography.
Food Science Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
83 pp.
Payne PI, Corfied KG, Hoft LM, and Blackman JA.
1981. Correlations between the inheritance of certain high molecular
weight glutenin subunits of glutinin and breadmaking quality in
the progeny of six crosses of wheat bread. J Sci Food Agric
32:51-60.
Payne PI and Lawrence GJ. 1983. Catalogue of alleles
of the complex loci, Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1
which code for high molecular weight subunits of glutenin in hexaploid
wheat. Cereal Res Commun 11:29-35.
Payne PI, Hoft LM, Jackson EA, and Law CN. 1984.
Wheat storage proteins: Their genetics and their potential for
manipulation by plant breeding. Philos Trans R Soc London B.
304:359-371.
Payne PI, Nightingale MA, Krattinger AF, and Holt
LM. 1987. The relationship between HMW glutenin subunit composition
and breadmaking quality of British-grown wheat varieties. J Sci
Food Agric 40:51-65.
Randal PG, Manley M, McGill AEJ, and Taylor JRN.
1993. Relationship between the Mr subunits of glutenin of South
African wheats and end-use quality. J Cereal Sci 18:251-258.
Vahl U, Muller G, and Bohme T. 1993. Electrophoretic
protein analysis for the identication of doubled haploid lAlR,
lB-lR wheat-rye double translocation lines and for the assessment
of their genetic stability. Theor Appl Genet 86:547-556.
Wang G, Snape JW, Hu H, and Rogers WJ. 1993. The
high molecular weight protein subunit compositions of Chinese
bread wheat varieties and their relationship with breadmaking
quality. Euphytica 68:205-212.
Chromosome damage in wheat seeds after 3ñ10 years of natural aging.
O.A. Zadorozhna.
The storage of seed induces a lower seed viability
accompanied by a high level of structural damage to the chromosomes,
which is noticed in the first division of meiosis. Thus, the
integrity of the seed stock is destroyed. We have investigated
this problem since the 1930s (Navashin 1933). However, the question
of the cytogenetic effects of seed aging of the two most important
wheat species, T. aestivum and T. durum, has not
been well investigated.
Table 1. Number of chromosome aberrations and quantity of seedlings with
chromosome aberrations in the wheat cultivars tested.
________________________________________________________________
% of Number of
Number of seedlings aberrations
Year aberrations w/aberrations in seedlings
________________________________________________________________
T. aestivum cv. Kutulukskaja
1986 5.9 ± 0.9 73.9 6.8 ± 0.8
1987 6.2 ± 1.2 60.0 10.4 ± 1.4
1992 1.7 ± 0.5 40.0 4.0 ± 0.9
T. aestivum cv. Tselinnaja 20
1986 5.3 ± 0.9 85.7 6.2 ± 0.9
1990 0.8 ± 0.3 36.8 2.3 ± 0.4
1994 0.5 ± 0.2 23.5 1.9 ± 0.3
T. durum cv. IR7115 (USA)
1986 1.7 ± 0.4 83.3 2.2 ± 0.4
1987 0.8 ± 0.2 47.1 1.7 ± 0.2
1992 0.3 ± 0.2 16.7 2.0 ± 0.7
T. durum cv. Svetlana
1989 0.3 ± 0.2 16.7 2.0 ± 0.5
1991 0.7 ± 0.2 38.9 1.7 ± 0.2
1994 0.1 ± 0.1 5.9 1.2 ± 1.2
________________________________________________________________
We investigated two cultivars of bread wheat, Kutulukskaja
and Tselinnaja20, and two of durum wheat, IR7115 and
Svetlana (Table 1). The seed was stored in paper packages in
tin boxes in a storage house without heat. Length of storage increased
the number of chromosome aberrations. New seed produced in more
humid years has more aberrations. However, the number of aberrations
in the old seed increased significantly (see Table 1). The aberrations
were single fragments and single bridges. Older seed have more
fragments, the newer seed has more bridges. We have not observed
this phenomenon in durum wheat.
For natural and induced mutagenesis in seeds, the
`number of chromosome aberrations' index is used.
This index is the result of the percent of aberrations in the
seedling and the total number of roots examined. The data in
the table show that older seed have more aberrations. Although
the number of seedlings with aberrations in durum wheat increases
as seed ages, the number of aberrations does not. This is not
the case in bread wheat. Thus, there are some differences in
the cytogentic effect of seed storage on bread and durum wheats,
but the quantity of seedlings with chromosome aberrations is the
only important index for investigating mutagenesis in seeds.
Some means of improving phytosanitation and increasing efficiency in winter wheat plantings.
Yu.G. Krasilovets, U.U. Sotnikov, and A.Ye. Litvinov.
Investigations were made in the Plant Breeding Department
of the 3rd rotation of a 9-course, cereal-sugarbeet rotation during
1992ñ94. Winter wheat was preceded by black fallow and
pea. Under stationary conditions, two systems of basic land management
are used: moldboard plowing and subsurface tillage. Fertilizer
treatments included controlled conditions without fertilizers,
application of organic fertilizer at the rate of 7.5 t/ha per
crop rotation area/land management system, and management system
plus an optimized dose of mineral fertilizer (N120 P60 K60).
A system of chemical protection was used: a control (no pesticides),
an optimized system with pesticide application, and observation
of the economic threshold of damage.
The winter wheat cultivars Albatros Odesskiy and
Donetskaya 46 demonstrated significant differences in their resistance
to major diseases. The susceptibility of Albatros Odesskiy was
1.4 times less to root rots, 1.5 times less to Septoria diseases,
and 7.1 times less to brown rust compared to Donetskaya 46. Land
cultivation systems and the optimization of mineral nutrition
did not affect the phytosanitary state of plantings. At the same
time, the yield of Albatros Odesskiy increased from 60.1 to 66.7
c/ha on the average when wheat followed fallow within 3 years,
compared to 52.5 to 67.3 c/ha after pea. For Donetskaya 46, increases
from 60.8 to 68.4 c/ha and 53.4 to 68.4 c/ha were observed under
the same conditions, respectively. Optimizing the chemical protection
system improved the yield of those cultivars by 4.9 % (over fallow)
and by 9.8 % after pea. The complex optimization of the mineral
nutrition and chemical protection systems considerably improved
the phytosanitary state of the plantings and increased the yield
by 15.2 % (fallow) and 28.3 % (pea). Therefore, pesticide expenditures
for grain production decreased by 11.0 % (over fallow) and by
22.7 % (after pea) in Albatros Odesskiy, and by 12.7 and by 16.9
%, respectively, in Donetskaya 46. The complex optimization of
the mineral nutrition and chemical protection systems raised the
yield responce to mineral fertilizer for Albatros Odesskiy from
3 to 5 kg on the average within 3 years (over fallow), and from
6 to 9 kg (over pea). As for Donetskaya 46 after fallow and pea,
yield increased by 3 to 4 kg per kg of the fertilizer's
active substance. The decrease in pesticide use for grain production
ensures resources and energy savings and meets socio-ecological
concerns.