Genetic basis of loose smut resistance in Ukrainian, Russian, and U.S. winter and spring wheats.
S.V. Rabinovich, I.N. Chernyaeva, E.J. Afonskaya, and E.M. Dolgova.
Resistance of T. aestivum L. to loose smut
(Ustilago tritici Pers.) was studied during 1991ñ95
by artificial inoculation. The level of infected heads was 70
% in winter and 38 % in spring wheats. Twenty-five percent of
the winter wheat cultivars and 10 % of the spring wheats were
loose smut-resistant
Winter wheat. Wheat cultivars
developed at the Institute for Plant Breeding and Genetics (SGI)
in Odessa take a special place among the resistant lines. The
first investigations on disease-resistance breeding in Odessa
were by A.A. Sapegin at the Academy for Sciences of the USSR.
In the 1930s, he acknowledged the urgency for research on the
breeding of resistant cultivars. For the first time in the Ukraine,
he artificially infected plants and developed the first domestic
spring wheat cultivar, Milturum 274, with resistance to loose
smut and bunt.
Among modern varieties of Odessa breeding, descendants
from the 1930s cultivar Zemka, resistant through all years of
its cultivation (1929ñ60), possess high resistance to U.
tritici (Krivchenko 1984). Cultivars with Zemka in their
pedigrees include Odeska 16 (ODS, a combination of hybrid lines
selected from Odeska 12 `Zemka/Hostianum 237'), Odeska
51 (ODS 16 /Bezostaya 1 (BEZ)), Priboy (BEZ 1/ODS 16), and Odeska
66 (Aurore (AU)/ODS 51). These cultivars were used widely in
production and breeding and became progenitors of the loose smut-resistant
or moderately resistant cultivars Odeska Polukarlikova; Odeska
75; Stepnyak (selected from Priboy); the Moldavian wheats Beltskaya
60 and Piticul; the Krasnodar cultivar Saratnitsa; and the Tatarstanian
wheats Meshinskaya (in the pedigree of Chernomorka, a derivative
of ODS 16) and Meshinskaya 3.
In Odessa, in the 1980ñ90 cultivars Obriy,
Olviya, and their descendants Zolotava and Belchanka 9 (Moldova),
and Rufa (Russia), the resistance from ODS 16 is combined with
the resistance from other cultivars. These cultivars include resistance
from North American cultivar Red River 68 and the Mexican cultivars
Lerma Rojo 64, Sonora 64, INIA 66, Jaral 66, Azteca 67, and others.
Their loose smut resistance is from the American spring wheats
Hope (pedigree: Russian T. dicoccum/Marquis//Prelude,
with three dominant genes (Tingey et al. 1934) and Thatcher) and
Jumillo from Italy (pedigree: T. durum/ Marquis//Kanred
(a winter wheat)/Marquis.
Babajants and coworkers (1990) reported that the
line FERR 220-85 (LR 64/2*KVZ//Koral odesky) had high loose smut
and bunt resistance and that Peresvet (LR 64/2*KVZ) was the donor
of the loose smut resistance (Babajants 1988). The combination
of the Hope and Thatcher genotypes with the wheat-rye translocation
1BL·1RS in Kavkaz is implicated in this property.
Odessan cultivars Yubileyna 75, Chervona, and Odom,
released in the 1990s, combine resistance of LR 64/KVZ with the
resistance of ODS 16, Hope, and Thatcher. Yympel odesky inherited
its resistance from the last three wheats and immunity from `Odeska
95 ODS 16/AU'. Cultivars of the Odesa Institute for Agriculture
in the 1980ñ90s, Khlebodarka, Trofimovka, Burevestnik odesky,
and Odeska ostista, selected at the SGI and older loose smut-resistant,
Moldovian cultivars Belchanka and Moldova are the descendants
of Erythrospermum 127. This cultivar gained its resistance from
ODS 3, a descendant of Krimka (synonym Turkey).
An analysis of the pedigrees of resistant cultivars
from the 1970ñ80s (Belotserkovska (BEL) 41, BEL 47, BEL
51, BEL 18, BEL 7, and Belotserkovska intensivna), and also the
Byelorussian cultivar Suzorje (a descendant of Osetinskaya 3)
released in the early 1990s, suggests that the North American
cultivar Kawvale, with two dominant and three recessive loose
smut-resistance genes, is the basis of resistance of all the aforementioned
cultivars.
Krasnodarskaya 39 (pedigree: BEZ 1/Saratovskaya
3 (Hostianum 237/rye-wheat hybrid 434-151)) is one of the most
effective sources of resistance. This cultivar was immune to
loose smut in 4 years of testing. Hostianum 237 and the ryeñwheat
hybrid 434-151 most probably are the sources of resistance. Among
descendants of Krasnodarskaya 39 developed in 1980ñ90s
are the resistant cultivars: Zimdar; Severokubanka (ODS 3 also
in the pedigree), the Severokubanka derivatives Bezenchukskaya
380 and Pavlovka), Pavlovka descendants, and Spartanka. The Byelorussian
wheats Kapylanka and Skifjanka (Hope and Thatcher also in pedigree)
were selections from Spartanka.
Resistance for loose smut from A. glaucum,
in combination with resistance for bunt, is present in Zarya,
Yantarnaya 50, Moscowskaya nizkostebelnaya, Moscowskaya 70, Inna
(immune to loose smut), and Zvezda. Agropyron glaucum is
present in the pedigrees of two loose smut-resistant Siberian
cultivars, Albidum 12 and Sibinka.
Loose smut resistance in North American cultivars
Century (HRWW, Oklahoma) and Auburn (SRWW, Indiana), bred in 1980s,
is caused by the presence of A. elongatum genetic material
in their pedigrees. Of wheats bred in the 1970s, Larned (HRWW,
Kansas) inherited its resistance from Hope, and Titan (SRWW, Ohio)
and its parental cultivar from the 1950s Newsar (SRWW, Indiana)
from Trumbull (SRWW). Trumbull, which was released in Ohio at
the beginning of the 1900s, has a loose smut-resistance gene (Caldwell
et al. 1947).
Spring wheat. All wheats
bred in 1980ñ90s at the Yurjev Plant Production Institute
are loose smut resistant. These cultivars include: Kharkivska
4, Kharkivska 6, Kharkivska 10, Kharkivska 12, and Kharkivska
16. All are moderately resistant to bunt also. The aforementioned
cultivars originated from the cross `PPH 56 (A. glaucum
in pedigree)/Selkirk', which is the basis of both the loose
smut and bunt resistance. In addition, Saratovskaya 29 (UtS29)
is present in the pedigrees of Kharkivska 18 and Kharkivska 8,
which are immune to loose smut. Kharkivska 8 also is resistant
to bunt.
The source of resistance to loose smut in Russian
cultivars of 1970ñ90s Spektr, Budimir, Kommunar 2, Zoryan,
and Omskaya 22 and the Kazakhstanian cultivars Komsomolskaya 29,
Kazakhstanskaya 19 (ODS 16 also in pedigree), Ulbinka 30, and
Mereke, probably is Saratovskaya 29.
Among Russian wheats bred in the 1980ñ90s,
those resistant to loose smut are Omskaya 20 and Sibirskaya 65
(derivatives of Graecum 114 with A. glaucum in the pedigree),
Isheevskaya, Erythrospermum 817 (ERSP), and ERSP 819 (descendants
of Zhygulevskaya (DC II 21-44 and sibs of Thatcher in pedigree)
and ERSP 810 (of both sources). Kurskaya 263, Voronezhskaya 10,
Vavilovskaya (selected from Selkirk), and Tselinnaya 24 (from
Thatcher) also are resistant to loose smut.
E.M. Dolgova, N.K Ilchenko, and T.U. Markova.
For the breeding of cultivars resistant to common
bunt (Tilletia tritici) and fruit fly injury (Oscinella
frit, O. pusilla), 150 spring durum wheat cultivars
were studied during 1991ñ1995. The tested wheats were
inoculated with T. tritici. The average infection level
for susceptible cultivars was 70 %. Highly resistant (< 10
% bunted heads) cultivars were Odeska 116 from the Ukraine; 207H3,
Leucurum 812H2, Leucurum 813H8, and Atlant 24 from Russia; Kazakhstanskaya
yantarnaya and Melanopus 90 from Kazakhstan; GK Basa from Hungary;
Romeo, Kidur, and Primadur from France; Rodeo, Quadruro, and BC3
from Italy; Boohai from Ethiopia; Medora from Canada; Lloyd, and
the lines D6962, D7733, D7798, D7812, D7958, D7983, D79103, D79120,
D79122, D79168, D79209, D8016, D8019, D803, D8092, D81151, and
D8257 from USA; and Altar 84 and CD28164 from Mexico. These cultivars
are descendants of resistant and moderately resistant varieties.
For example, Lloyd and Medora have resistance to common bunt
in the climatic conditions of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe, although
ancestors Ward and Cando were moderately resistant, as were Edmore
and Vic.
Resistance to fruit fly injury in the spring durum
wheats was evaluated. The degree of injury was expressed as a
percentage. For the tolerance to injury we use the coefficient
of tolerance (CT), the ratio of the amount of productive stalk
to the amount of injured stalk. Injury in the susceptible cultivars
equaled an average of 64 % and their CT was 0.5. The best cultivars
of medium resistance were injured no more than 35 % and their
CT exceeded 1.5. These were Kharkivska 37 and Kharkivska 23 from
the Ukraine; Novodonskaya, 35783-81, 3428C-88, Elan, Krasnokoutka
10, Bezentchoukskaya 182, Hordeiforme 816, Hordeiforme 1131, HB-1,
and HT-32 from Russia; and Damsinskaya and Nauruz 1 from Kazakhstan.
Cultivars Kharkivska 37, Kharkivska 23, Elan, Krasnokoutka
10, and Bezentchoukskaya 182 are the descendants of Kharkivska
46, from which they derived their resistance to fruit fly injury.