YURIEV PLANT PRODUCTION INSTITUTE
National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, Laboratory
of Plant Immunity to Diseases and Insects, and the Department
of Quality of Corn, Moskovsky prospekt, 142, 310060 Kharkov, Ukraine.
Genetic basis of bunt resistance in Ukrainian, Russian, and U.S. winter and spring wheats.
S.V. Rabinovich, E.J. Afonskaya, I.N. Chernyaeva, and E.M. Dolgova.
Resistance of T. aestivum L. to bunt (Tilletia
caries (D.C.) Tul. and T. levis Kuehn.) was studied
during 1991-95 by artificial inoculation. In our tests, we identified
and analyzed resistance in the local bunt population in domestic
and foreign cultivars. The level of bunt infection reached 9,870
infected heads in winter wheat and 99 % in one spring wheat cultivar.
Seven percent of the winter wheats and 1 % of the spring wheats
tested were bunt resistant.
Our earlier investigations (Rabinovich 1972; Rabinovich
et al. 1968, 1993a, 1993b) in the study of the resistance in hundreds
of winter wheat cultivars to local populations of bunt under artificial
inoculation showed wheat cultivars from the former U.S.S.R. and
European countries to be resistant. Nearly 20 % of the wheats
of the U.S. (of more than 200 tested) are resistant. The disappointing
results from breeding cultivars resistant to bunt, including in
the Ukraine, are due to the limited number of effective genes
for resistance and the low breeding value of the donors and sources
of resistance.
Babajants et al. (1990) reported that the genes Bt5, Bt9, and Bt1O give high resistance, and Bt6 moderate resistance to cultivars grown in southern Ukraine. Shmidt and co-workers (1969) reported that the gene Bt6 is on chromosome lB and is linked to Bt4. The cultivar Zarya, with the BtZ gene for resistance from A. glaucum, became susceptible to some races of the pathogen in southern Ukraine. At the same time, Zarya and its derivatives are resistant in our tests in eastern Ukraine. Under these conditions, Bt2 and Bt4 are also effective.
To understand the genetic basis of resistance, we
analyzed the pedigrees of resistant cultivars, which were published
in the following journals: Journal of the American Society of
Agronomy, Agronomy Journal, Crop Science (last 35 years of crop
registrations), and the Canadian Journal of Plant Science (licensed
new cultivars). We also surveyed books by S.V. Rabinovich, 1972;
V.F. Dorofeev et al., 1976; and A.C. Zeven et al., 1976, 1991.
With respect to wheats with known resistence genes to bunt and
loose smut, we examined the publications by R.A. McIntosh, 1988,
and V.I. Krivchenko, 1984, 1988. These works allowed us to identify
some new resistance sources of different genetic origin.
Winter wheat. The Ukrainian
line Ferrugineum 220-85 (FERR; pedigree: Lerma Rojo 64 (LR, Mexico)/Kavkaz
(KVZ, Russia)//Koral odesky (T. durum winter wheat)) possesses
high bunt and loose smut resistance (Babajants et al. 1990).
Ferrugineum 220-85 has two new dominant genes for bunt resistance,
which are as effective as genes Bt5, Bt9, and Bt10.
The results of hybridization tests suggest that this wheat has
another gene, possibly Bt1 or Bt10. Probably, the
genotype of FERR 220-85 is BtX BtX BtY BtY, where X
and Y are genes for bunt resistance. The gene names will
be assigned after we determine their chromosomal location.
The bunt-resistant cultivars Moscowskaya 642, Moscowskaya
70, and Nemchinovskaya 25 and the moderately resistant Inna and
Pamyati Fedina were released by the Research Institute for Agriculture
of Central Nechernozem Zone of Russia (Nemchinovka) in 1990.
These cultivars also are resistant to loose smut. These characteristics
were selected from the cultivars Zarya (pedigree: Mironivska
808/Line 126-65 (PPH 599/pollen mixture from different cultivars))
and Yantarnaya 50, a selection out of Zarya, which were released
in the 1970s. Both of these lines have high bunt (BtZ,
Krivchenko 1984) and loose smut resistance. In Zarya and Yantarnaya
50, the loose smut-resistance gene is from A. glaucum, bred
into cultivar PPH 599 (a wheat/couch-grass hybrid with the pedigree:
Zvezda-Kharkivska 46 (a spring T. durum wheat)/A. glaucum//Mironivska
808/Lutescens 329) and released in 1992.
The cultivar Moskwa B3251, CI 9342, from the National
Small Grains Gerplasm Research Facility, was resistant to bunt
in our tests. This wheat, named Erythrospermum 03251 (Moskowka
3251), was developed by D.L. Rudzinsky in 1913 at the Moscow Agricultural
Academy (named after K.A. Timiryazev) and cultivated from 1929ñ39.
The variety was selected in a field of the durum wheat Tawtuchy,
in the Kutaisy region of west Georgia.
North American wheats are valuable material for
use in breeding programs in the Ukraine. Hard red winter wheats
are of more interest as sources of disease resistance than the
soft red winter wheats and, particulary, soft white wheats. Useful
wheats from the U.S., bred in the 1980s, that are moderately resistant
to bunt include: the Montana HRWW Winridge (pedigree: Burt (Bt1,
Bt4, Bt6)/PI 178383 (Bt9, Bt10)) and
lines derived from `Turkey//Winalta' and `Canada/Crest';
the Washington SWWW `Madsen' (VPM 1/Moisson) and a
line from `FRA//2*Hill 81 (Yamhill/Hyslop (Bt1, Bt4))';
and two lines selected from similar crosses in Oregon. Winridge
and both Oregon lines also are immune to loose smut. The last
three wheats (sibs of VPM 1, from VPM 17 from France) also are
immune to loose smut in our tests. These lines probably inherited
the smut resistance not only from Hyslop, resistant in our conditions,
but also from the French line VPM 1 (Ae. ventricosa/T.
cartlicum //Marne). Resistance genes for four diseases (including
three new genes) Lr37, Sr38, Yr17, and Pm4b,
were identified in this line (Bariana and McIntosh, 1994). We
are continuing this research.
According to the data, some wheats are resistant
to loose smut and bunt. Among them are HRWWs selected in Nebraska,
NS 68513 (Bt4, Bt6, and Bt7); Crest from
Montana (Bt9 and Bt10); McCall from Washington (Bt1
and Bt4); from Idaho, Itana 65, selected from Itana (Bt1,
Bt2, and Bt7), Ark (Bt1, Bt4, Bt6,
Bt7, Bt9, Bt10), Franklin (Bt7, Bt9,
and Bt10), Ranger (Bt9 and Bt10, and also
in the pedigree are Bt7 and Hope), Jeff (Bt9 and
Bt10 and also in the pedigree are Bt1, Bt2,
Bt4, Bt6, and Bt7. Among the SRWWs resistant
in our tests were: North Carolina cultivars Blueboy (Bt1,
Bt3, and Bt6) and Blueboy II (same genes as in Blueboy
and A. elongatum) and the Indiana line Purdue 39120A-4-10-10-1
(Bt1, Bt2, and Bt5, A. elongatum,
and resistance to loose smut from Trumbull and Hope). The last
line is a sib of the leaf rust-resistant cultivar Agrus (Lr19).
Spring wheat. Only three
cultivars, from the more than 300 tested, were resistant to bunt.
Some wheats were moderately resistant. Among the resistant cultivars
were the Ukrainian cultivars Kharkivska 8 (a Kazkhstanian wheat
derived from PPH 56 and A. glaucum and Selkirk from Canada);
Kharkivska 22 (a derivative of the Tunisian cultivar Ariana 8
`Florence (Bt3)/Aurore 588'); and the Mexican
wheat INIA 66 (derived from the North American wheats Hope and
Thatcher). Of interest are the parents of Ariana 8 and Florence
(derived from Fife) and Aurore (from Ladoga), selected by W. Farrer
in Australia at the beginning of the 1900s, which are derivatives
of Ukrainian and Russian wheats, respectively. Both Ukrainian
wheats also are resistant to loose smut. The cultivar Kazakhstanskaya
19 is moderately resistant to bunt.
High resistances to bunt and loose smut were found
in Samara's wheat Bezentchuokskaya 98 [pedigree: DC II 21-44,
(U.S.)/BG 47 (selected from a local wheat)]. The same resistances
were found in the cultivar Zhiguljovskaya (from the cross winter
wheat `Bezostaya 1/Bezentchuokskaya 98'). The source
of these resistances is probably DC II 21-44, a sister line of
Thatcher.
The U.S. cultivar Penewana (WA 6920; pedigree:
Potam 70 (a derivative of Hope and Thatcher) and a line from the
cross of `Mexico/Fielder' (Bt1, Bt3,
Bt4, Bt6, and Bt7) also were resistant in
our tests. Lines from two other states, ND 607 and SD 8036 were
moderately resistant to bunt. SD 8036 was derived from Hussar
(Bt1, Bt2, and Bt5) and Thatcher.
References.
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