Purdue University
USDA-ARS and the Departments of Agronomy, Entomology, and Plant Pathology,
West Lafayette, IN 47901, USA. H.W. Ohm and J. Anderson (USDA, ARS); W. Berzonsky, I.M. Dweikat, S.A. Mackenzie, D. McFatridge,F.L. Patterson, and H.C. Sharma (Department of Agronomy); G. Buechley, D.M. Huber, R.M. Lister, K. Perry, and G. Shaner (Department of Botany and Plant Pathology); F.B. Maas, R.H. Ratcliffe, R.H. Shukle, G. Safranski, and S. Cambron (USDA-ARS and Department of Entomology); and J.J. Stuart (Department of Entomology).
Production. Farmers in Indiana seeded 680,000 acres (275,300 ha) of soft red winter wheat in the fall of 1993. The harvested wheat area of 630,000 acres (255,100 ha) in 1994 was 94 % of that in 1993. Total production in 1994 was 38.4 million bushels (1.047 million metric tons), 110 % of production in 1993. Average yield in 1994 was 61 bu/acre (4.09 m-tons/ha) compared to 52 bu/acre (3.50 m-tons/ha) in 1993. Among public cultivars, Clark was most popular, being grown on 20.7 % of the acreage. Cardinal occupied 11.8%, Caldwell occupied 4.9 %, and Dynasty occupied 1.7% of the acreage. Proprietary cultivars accounted for 52.1 % of the acreage, up from 43.4 % in 1993.
Season. Weather and soil moisture conditions in Indiana were favorable for wheat seeding and emergence during October and November of 1993. Temperatures during January 1994 were unusually low, although there was generally a covering of snow that protected the crop. Most fields of wheat throughout Indiana survived the winter in good to excellent condition. Although soil moisture was below normal, weather and soil moisture conditions throughout the growing season from March to the end of June were excellent for wheat growth. Foliar fungal diseases, including leaf rust, powdery mildew, Fusarium head scab, and leaf and glume blotches, were not severe, although one or another of them was significant in localized areas of the state or in certain fields.
Cultivar development. Two cultivars, `Patterson` and `INW9451` were released. Patterson is early-maturing like Clark, very cold hardy, has excellent soft wheat milling and baking qualities, and has resistance to leaf rust and soilborne mosaic virus, but is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew. INW9451 is also very cold hardy, heads 5 days later than Patterson, has very good soft wheat milling and baking qualities; and has resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust, soilborne mosaic virus, and Septoria leaf blotch. (Ohm et al.)
Insect surveys. A survey of 149 fields in 47 Indiana counties in the summer of 1994 showed a decrease in Hessian fly infestation since 1993. However, fields examined in Allen, Carroll, Clinton, and Knox counties in November, 1994, indicated development of a second fall generation of the fly. The Annual Uniform Hessian Fly Nursery evaluations were conducted by USDA-ARS in cooperation with SAES and private wheat breeders. Twenty-seven entries were evaluated in nurseries in AR, GA, IL, IN, and SC, but fly infestation was high enough only at Plains, GA, to assess performance of entries. Results are reported in the 1993-94 USDA-ARS Hessian Fly Survey and Status Report available from Purdue University. (Cambron, Ratcliffe, and Safranski)
Transgenic wheat plants. Transgenic wheat plants containing a portion of the replicase genes from the strain PAV of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) were generated. The progeny from these transgenic lines currently are being tested for resistance and expression of the BYDV replicase gene. This work has been done in collaboration with Dr. Troy Weeks at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Station, Albany, CA. (Anderson)
DNA polymorphisms. In addition to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, we have used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) for the identification of more DNA markers associated with Hessian fly resistance genes in wheat. Screening nine primers specific for PstI polylinkers in all possible combinations, we were able to identify two polymorphisms, one each associated with H3 and H16 Hessian fly resistance genes. The polymorphism associated with H3 has been verified by cosegregation analysis in an F2 population of 64 progeny. Inclusion of radioisotope (32-P dCTP) in our RAPD reactions, combined with fractionation by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, allowed enhanced resolution of up to 100 DNA fragments per reaction. This approximates what can be achieved by AFLP analysis, but with less expense and labor. (Dweikat and Ohm)
Development of near isogenic wheat lines for use in Hessian fly research. Four, near isogenic lines are being developed in the background of cultivar INW9241. The four genotypes include; a)H21H21 from the 2BS-2RL translocation along with a minimal vernalization gene (spring habit); b) H21H21 with winter habit; c) biotype `L` Hessian fly susceptible (h21h21) with the minimal vernalization gene; and d) susceptible h21h21 and winter habit (recurrent type). The lines will be used in investigations to determine the effect of the 2BS-2RL translocation on a number of agronomic and quality traits. (Maas)
Resistance of Purdue soft winter wheat lines to Hessian fly biotypes and field populations. Tests are continuing with 11 wheat lines that carry single-gene resistance to the Hessian fly, genes H9 - H19, to determine the effectiveness of these genes to six Hessian fly biotypes and six fly populations typical of those found in the soft winter wheat-growing region of the eastern USA. Wheat lines with resistance genes H14, H15, H16, or H17 have demonstrated moderate to high resistance to all biotypes and populations tested to date. (Ratcliffe, Safranski, Ohm, and Patterson)
Genetic analysis of eight durum wheat accessions. Eight durum wheat accessions previously found resistant to Hessian fly biotypes C, D, E, and L were evaluated for resistance to biotype L at three temperatures. All test plants of the eight accessions were resistant at 19 C. At 23 C, all plants of four accessions were resistant and four had from 88 to 98 % resistant plants. At 26 C, all plants of three introductions were resistant, whereas five introductions had from 78 to 95 % resistant plants. From testcross analyses, resistance in seven of the introductions appeared to be conferred by one, two, or three dominant or partially dominant independent genes. Resistance of two (CI 3146 and CI 7535) tested for relationship to four known genes were different and independent from genes H5, H9, H14, and H16 of tester stocks. (Cambron, Safranski, Ratcliffe, Ohm, and Patterson)
Hessian fly genetics. In the past 2 years, our knowledge of Hessian fly genetics has expanded in three areas. First, we have constructed a low resolution genomic map by positioning cloned Hessian fly genomic sequences directly on the polytene chromosomes by in situ hybridization. We estimate that approximately 2 % of the Hessian fly genome has been mapped by this approach. DNA polymorphism associated with these mapped sequences also was evaluated. These experiments confirmed that the Hessian fly genome contains relatively little repetitive DNA, that the repetitive DNA is localized primarily to the centromeres, and that DNA polymorphism in the Hessian fly is abundant and can be used to position the virulence genes, which allow Hessian flies to survive on resistant wheats. Second, we have developed methods for inducing mutations in Hessian flies and shown that induced gross chromosome rearrangements can be followed in experimental matings and observed in polytene cells. Third, by using a recessive eye color mutation to mark avirulent and virulent flies in feeding experiments, we have shown conclusively that prior feeding by virulent larvae changes plant physiology so that genetically avirulent larvae are able to survive. This observation is expected to have a significant impact on the population genetic theory that is critical to improving the durability of Hessian fly resistance genes in wheat cultivars. (J. Stuart)
Molecular basis of Hessian fly/wheat interaction. We have undertaken to: 1) test gene-for-gene resistance in the Hessian fly/wheat system with respect to new undeployed genes for resistance and 2) evaluate linkage disequilibrium between genes controlling virulence and molecular/morphological markers. We have assessed the presence of the transposable element mariner in Hessian fly by PCR and DNA gel blot analysis. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a mariner genomic clone demonstrated that the clone has 28 bp perfect inverted repeats and an open reading frame coding for a transposase with 78 % identity at the amino acid level with the active mariner Mos1 from Drosophila. Genetic analyses have revealed that virulence in the Hessian fly to H13 (derived from Triticum tauschii) is controlled by a single, recessive allele that is sex linked. Additionally, the locus controlling H13 virulence appears to be linked to the locus controlling the white-eye (W) character in Hessian fly, with approximately 20 map units separating the two loci. (Shukle, Russell, and Zantoko)
BYDV resistance from wheatgrass. We characterized wheat lines that we have developed for the introgression of BYDV resistance from wheatgrasses into wheat and in which an Agropyron (Thinopyrum) intermedium chromosome, carrying BYDV resistance, has replaced chromosome 7D. RFLP analyses were confirmed by chromosome pairing analyses of the hybrids of some of these lines with wheat to establish the substitution event in the development of these lines. Field evaluation indicated that low fertility caused by the wheatgrass chromosome is not a concern in these lines. ELISA tests of field-grown plants of these lines showed that resistance was expressed. To develop translocation lines, we are carrying out irradiation, Ph mutant/5B, and pivotal genome methods. We have irradiated the seed of monosomic alien substitution (double monosomic) lines and monosomic alien addition lines. M2 populations were inoculated with viruliferous aphids and evaluated by ELISA to select families that are putative translocation lines. (Sharma and Ohm)
Slow leaf rusting. We measured leaf rust development in the field on 104 randomly derived F8 families from the cross of slow leaf-rusting wheat, CI 13227, x susceptible Suwon 92. The F7 families had been characterized previously for length of latent period in the greenhouse. Families differed substantially in mean latent period in the greenhouse and in amount of rust development in the field. Direct comparison of lines was complicated by large differences in relative maturity, which affected the timing of rust development. Of all the field rust development parameters examined, the severity of rust on 1 day (17 June) late in the epidemic had the highest correlation (- 0.649) to latent period as measured in the greenhouse. (Shaner and Buechley)
Variation in Puccinia recondita toward slow leaf-rusting wheats. To assess durability of partial resistance, variation in latent period, a major component of parasitic fitness, was assessed for P. recondita isolates on susceptible and partially resistant cultivars. Isolates varied by 18 - 27 % in latent period on partially resistant cultivars. Three P. recondita populations were selected for shortened latent period on partially resistant cultivars CI 13227 and Sw 72469-6. Selection improved fitness on these cultivars. In the field, selected populations caused more disease than wild-type populations. In addition, differences in virulence diversity support the hypothesis that the selection for shortened latent period altered the composition of wild-type populations. The heritability of latent period was moderately high (0.28 - 0.76). Based on the realized heritabilities for latent period and the relative specificity in quantitative resistance, the partially resistant cultivar CI 13227, the most resistant cultivar, was hypothesized to have the least durable resistance. P. recondita seems capable of making the genetic changes required to overcome partial resistance. (Lehman and Shaner)
Fusarium head blight resistance and breeding. We developed F6 recombinant inbred lines from the cross `Ning 7840/Clark` to identify RAPD markers linked to scab resistance genes. Six potential markers associated with resistance and four associated with susceptibility were identified after screening 1,120 decamer primers using bulked segregant analysis. These markers belong to two linkage groups. Five markers showed significant association with scab resistance. Some of these markers also were detected in other resistant cultivars and may have potential for selecting scab resistant plants. (Bai, Shaner, and Ohm)
Fungicidal control of Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat. Field experiments were conducted on winter wheat to determine the effectiveness of foliar fungicides applied at the one-node stage for control of Septoria nodorum blotch. Application of a systemic fungicide was useful in reducing disease intensity when used as the sole fungicide application of the season or in combination with later fungicide applications. Application of mancozeb at the one-node stage was not effective. In the greenhouse, propiconazole was most effective in controlling disease when applied from no more 2 days before inoculation to no more than 1 day after inoculation. Experiments to determine the effects of leaf age and position on incubation period and rate of lesion growth indicated that lower and older leaves have shorter incubation periods and produce larger lesions than higher and younger leaves. An experiment to determine the effect of pycnidial dryness and cirrhus presence on pycnidiospore release showed that spores were released immediately upon moistening, regardless of dryness of the pycnidium and the presence or absence of the cirrhus. (Mercure, Buechley, and Shaner)
Personnel. Greg Safranski retired from the Department of Entomology in October, 1994 after 23 years service with the USDA, ARS Insect and Weed Control Research Unit, and its predecessors. Jeffrey Lehman finished his PhD and is now a postdoctoral research associate at the Blueberry and Cranberry Research Station of Rutgers University. Pamela Mercure finished her MS degree and is working as a technician in a veterinary research program at the University of Connecticut. Roberto Ranieri finished his MS degree and is employed by Barilla in Parma, Italy.
Publications. Bai G and Shaner G. 1994. Scab of wheat: Prospects for control. Plant Dis 78:760-766. Bai G and Shaner G. 1994. Variation in Fusarium graminearum and stability of resistance to wheat scab. Phytopathology 84:In press (Abstract). Bertschinger L, William MDHM, Islam-Faridi N, Cortes A, Gonzalez de Leon D, Mujeeb-Kazi A, Comeau A, Makkouk KM, Ohm H, and Appels R. 1994. Progress in developing bread wheat resistant to barley yellow dwarf viruses using serological, molecular marker and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Plant Genome II Proceedings, 24-27 Jan., San Diego, CA. Bournival B, Obanni M, Abad A, Ohm H, and Mackenzie S. 1994. Isolation of a new species-specific repetitive sequence from Thinopyrum elongatum and its use in the studies of alien translocations. Genome 37:97-104. Buechley G and Shaner G. 1994. Effect of fungicidal seed treatments on wheat, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:297. Cambron SE, Patterson FL, Ohm HW, Ratcliffe RH, and Safranski GG. 1995. Genetic analysis of Hessian fly resistance in eight durum wheat introductions. Crop Sci 35:(In press). Dweikat I, Ohm H, Mackenzie S, Patterson F, Cambron S, and Ratcliffe R. 1994. Association of a DNA marker with Hessian fly resistance gene H9 in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 89:964-968. Dweikat I, Patterson F, Ratcliffe R, and Ohm H. 1994. Identification of RAPD markers for several Hessian fly resistance genes in wheat. Plant Genome II Proceedings. 24-27 January, San Diego, CA. Hu XY, Ohm HW, and Dweikat I. 1994. Identification of a RAPD marker linked to a gene for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat. Agron Abstr 86:203. Larkin PJ, Banks PM, Lagudah ES, Appels R, Xiao C, Zhiyong X, Ohm HW, and McIntosh RA. 1995. Disomic Thinopyrum intermedium addition lines in wheat with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistance and with rust resistances. Genome 38:(In press). Lehman JS. 1994. Variation among populations of Puccinia recondita on partially resistant winter wheat cultivars. PhD Thesis, Purdue University, 174 p. Mercure PS. 1994. Fungicidal control of Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat. MS Thesis, Purdue University, 99 p. Ohm HW, Sharma HC, Patterson FL, Ratcliffe RH, and Obanni M. 1995. Linkage relationships among genes for resistance to Hessian fly associated with wheat chromosome 5A. Crop Sci 35:(In press). Ohm HW, Shaner G, Buechley G, Ratcliffe RH, Patterson FL, Bostwick DE, and Aldridge WG. 1995. Registration of Grant wheat. Crop Sci 35:(In press). Patterson FL, Maas FB III, Foster JE, Ratcliffe RH, Cambron S, Safranski G, Taylor PL, and Ohm HW. 1994. Registration of eight Hessian fly resistant common winter wheat germplasm lines (Carol, Erin, Flynn, Iris, Joy, Karen, Lola, and Molly). Crop Sci 34:315-316. Ratcliffe RH, Safranski GG, Patterson FL, Ohm HW, and Taylor PL. 1994. Biotype status of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) populations from the eastern United States and their response to 14 Hessian fly resistance genes. J Econ Entomol 87:1113-1121. Shaner G and Buechley G. 1994. Effect of foliar fungicides on control of wheat diseases, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:229. Sharma HC, Ohm HW, Goulart L, Lister RM, Appels R, and Benlhabib O. 1995. Introgression and characterization of barley yellow dwarf virus resistance from Agropyron intermedium into wheat. Genome 38:(In press). Sharma HC and Waines JG. 1994. Inheritance of leaf pubescence in diploid wheat. J Hered 85:286-288. Sharma HC, Ohm HW, Lister RM and Benlhabib O. 1994. Reaction of wheat x Agropyron derivatives to BYDV. Barley Yellow Dwarf Newslet 5:10. Shukle RH and Stuart JJ. 1995. Physical mapping of DNA sequences in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. J Hered 86:169-173. Shukle RH and Russell VW. 1995. Mariner transposase-like sequences from the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. J Hered (Accepted). Sharma HC, Ohm HW, Goulart L, Lister RM, and Appels R. 1994. Introgression of BYDV resistance from a wheatgrass into wheat. Plant Genome II Proceedings. 24-27 January, San Diego, CA. Sharma HC, Ohm HW, Lister RM, and Benlhabib O. 1994. Reaction of wheat-Agropyron derivatives to BYDV. Barley Yellow Dwarf Newslet 5:10. Sharma HC, Benlhabib O, Ohm HW, and Lu CS. 1994. Anther culture response of wheat and wheat x wheatgrass hybrids. Congress on Cell and Tissue Culture Research. Zaitlin M, Anderson JM, Perry KL, Zhang L, and Palukaitis P. 1994. Specificity of replicase-mediated resistance to cucumber mosaic virus. Virology 201-205.