Department of Genetics

Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,

Martonvasar 2462, Hungary.

J. Sutka, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, B. Koeszegi, G. Linc, and J. Kissimon.

Frost resistance.

To map the location of gene Fr1, single recombinant lines were developed from a cross between substitution lines Chinese Spring (Cheyenne 5A) and Chinese Spring (T. spelta 5A). Based on RFLP data, although a close genetic linkage exists between the loci Fr1 and Vrn1, they are, nevertheless, separable (cooperative research with J.W. Snape from Cambridge Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK). Three RFLP loci (Xpsr426, Xwg644, and Xcdo504) have been localized between Fr1 and Vrn1.

Drought tolerance.

Wheat substitution lines of Cappelle-Desprez in Chinese Spring were used, under three different water stress conditions, to estimate the genetic variation of the physiological characters related to drought and to analyse phenotypic stability. Moderate estimates of heritability and high genetic advance were observed for leaf water potential (LWP), relative water content (RWC), and relative water loss (RWL). Results indicated that most of the genes controlling LWP,

RWC, RWL, and chlorophyll fluorescence (CHF) are located on chromosomes 3A, 5A, 6A, 3B, 4B, 7B, 1D, 2D, 6D, and 7D.

The regression coefficient (b, phenotypic stability), the mean yield performance of substitutions across three stress environments (Y), and deviations from the regression (s2d) were used together to characterize genotype-environment interactions and to identify dryland-adapted substitutions. Chromosomes 5A, 3B, 4B, and 5B produced high yield, their b values were close to unity, and the s2d did not differ significantly from zero; hence, they were stable for stressed and nonstressed environments. Chromosome 7A, with high yield, a b value less than unity, and s2d not significantly differing from 0, showed specific adaptation for a stressed environment. Chromosomes 6D and 3D showed almost the same picture as 7A. Chromosomes 3A, 4A, and 4D gave low yield, had b values less than unity, and an s2d significantly different from zero; therefore, they were sensitive and could not be considered as stable genotypes. These considerations indicated that most of the genes controlling phenotypic stability are located on chromosomes 5A, 5B, 3B, and 4B, but the roles of chromosomes 1A, 1B, 7B, 2D, 5D, and 7D should not be ignored. With regard to osmoregulation, yield, and phenotypic stability, chromosomes 5A, 5B, 3B, 2D, 5D, and 7D are the most important in increasing the genetic base of adaptability.

A combined analysis of variance revealed that a highly significant difference for grain yield exists among the disomic lines Chinese Spring/Imperial rye, Chinese Spring/Agropyron elongatum, and wild species. The genotype-environment interaction was significant, indicating different responses of genotypes to different environmental stresses. Because the genotype-environment interaction was significant for all the plant genetic material under investigation, the analysis was continued in order to estimate the phenotypic stability parameters according to Eberhart and Russel (1966).

Disomic addition lines of Chinese Spring/Imperial rye for chromosomes 5R and 7R had regression coefficients not differing significantly from b = 1, high yields, and no significant deviation from regression. Therefore, they had general adaptation and stability across different water stress conditions. The disomic additions 2R and 4R and the Chinese Spring/Imperial rye amphidiploid had significant regression coefficients above b = 1, high yields, and no significant deviation from regression. They had specific adaptation, were not stable across different environmental stresses, and were suitable for favourable environments. Chromosomes 1R, 3R, and 6R had regression coefficients significantly different from b = 1, low yields, and no significant difference from regression. Therefore, these chromosomes had specific adaptation, were not stable across different environments, and were suitable for drought-prone conditions.

The alien disomic addition lines Chinese Spring/A. elongatum 3E, 5E, and 7E have regression coefficients not significantly different from 1, high average yields, and no significant deviation from regression, giving them general adaptation and stability across the different water-stress environments. The 2E and 6E additions had a b > 1, high yields, and no significant deviation from regression. These lines are not stable across different environmental stresses and have specific adaptation, i.e., they are suitable for favourable environments. The 1E and 4E additions had regression coefficients significantly less than 1, low yields, and no significant difference from regression; they have specific adaptations and are suitable for drought-prone conditions.

Genetic diversity.

The genetic distances (GD) among three cultivated wheat (T. aestivum) varieties (Martonvasari 9, Martonvasari 15, and Amor) and a Martonvasari 9 line possessing the crossability gene kr1 (Mv9kr1) and 21 genotypes of T. timopheevii ssp. timopheevii Zhuk. and T. timopheevii ssp. araraticum Jakubz. were estimated based on agro-morphological, physiological, and biochemical data. Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 values was applied. All 21 ssp. timopheevii and ssp. araraticum genotypes could be classified into eight clusters. Clusters I and II consisted of all the ssp. timopheevii genotypes, whereas the ssp. araraticum genotypes could be divided into six clusters. Discriminant analysis was applied to test the significant differences between cluster pairs. The genetic distance based on the electrophoretic data of gliadins indicated that two types of electrophoretograms in ssp. timopheevii distinguished two

groups, A and B. Subspecies araraticum genotypes were variable with regard to the spectra of the gliadin compounds. Mean, minimum, and maximum GD were estimated within and between different wheat groups based an Ac-PAGE. The GD between parents and F₁s was calculated and exhibited highly significant differences. The GD between the F₁ parents and their reciprocal crosses significantly differed, indicating the presence of cytoplasmic genes and maternal effects.

Publications.

Balla L. 1994. Wheat growing in Hungary. Hung Agric Res 2(3):8-13.

Barnabas B and Kovacs G. 1994. Storage of pollen. Noevenytermeles 43:447-456 (in Hungarian).

Barnabas B, He GY, Takacs I, and Kovacs G. 1994. Gametophytic cell and organ cultures to produce genetically modified plants in cereals. In: Frontiers in Sexual Plant Reproduction Research (Heberle BE, Hesse M, and Vicente O eds), 13th International Congress on Sexual Plant Reproduction 1994, Vienna. Abstract Book, p. 65.

Barnabas B and Kovacs G. 1994. Pollen storage. In: Pollen Biotechnology for Crop Production and Improvement (Sawhney VK and Shivanna KR eds), Cambridge University Press, England. (In press).

Barnabas B, Kovacs G, and Bedoe Z. 1994. Biotechnological methods in wheat breeding. Bot Koezlem 81:50-51 (in Hungarian).

Bedoe Z. 1994. Improvement in the genetic basis for breadmaking quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Proc Eucarpia Congress, Landquart, Switzerland. pp. 95-96.

Bedoe Z, Karsai I, Lang L, and Vida Gy. 1994. Breadmaking quality of doubled haploid lines of wheat. In: In Vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants (Jain SM ed), Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, Netherlands. (In press).

Belea A, Kissimon J, Hassan A, and Sutka J. 1994. BFONT SIZE=2 FACE="WP MultinationalA Roman"dza fajtagyFONT SIZE=2 FACE="WP MultinationalA Roman"djtemeny a genetikusok es nemesFONT SIZE=2 FACE="WP MultinationalA Roman"Xtoek szolgalataban. Noevenytermeles 43:355-360.

Farshadfar M, Molnar-Lang M, and Sutka J. 1994. The crossability of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with Triticum timopheevii Zhuk., under two types of conditions. Cereal Res Comm 22:15-20.

Galiba G. 1994. In vitro adaptation for drought and cold hardiness in wheat. In: Plant Breeding Reviews. (Janick J ed), John Wiley & Sons, Vol.12. pp. 115-162.

Karsai I, Bedoe Z, Kovacs G, and Barnabas B. 1994. The effect of in vivo and in vitro aluminum treatment on anther culture response of triticale x wheat hybrids. J Genet Breed 48:365-370.

Karsai I and Bedoe Z. 1994. Breadmaking quality improvement by anther culture in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) In: Food Industry: A Challenge to Biotechnology. Proc 4th Hungarian-Korean Seminar. BalatonfFONT SIZE=2 FACE="WP MultinationalA Roman"2 red. Pp. 61-64.

Karsai I, Bedoe Z, and Hayes PM. 1994. Effect of induction medium pH and maltose concentration on in vitro androgenesis of hexaploid winter triticale and wheat. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 39:49-53.

Kovacs M, Barnabas B, and Kranz E. 1994. The isolation of viable egg cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sexual Plt Reprod 5:311-312.

Kovacs M, Timar I, Barnabas B, and Kranz E. 1994. Isolation isolation of viable egg cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) In: Frontiers in Sexual Plant Reproduction Research, 13th International Congress on Sexual Plant Reproduction, 1994 (Heberle BE, Hesse M, and Vicente O eds), Vienna, Austria. Abstract book, p.127.

Lang L and Bedoe Z. 1994. Genetic background of the Martonvasar wheat breeding programme. In: Evaluation and Exploitation of Genetic Resources Pre-Breeding. Proceedings of the Genetic Resources Section Meeting of Eucarpia. 15-18 March, 1994. Clermont-Ferrand, France. p. 117-122.

Langne-Molnar M and Sutka J. 1994. Fertilis bFONT SIZE=2 FACE="WP MultinationalA Roman"dza x arpa amfiploidok eloe<llitasa. Bot Koezlem. 81:83-87 (In Hungarian).

Limpert E, Lutz J, Remlein EJ, Sutka J, and Zeller FJ. 1994. Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) III. Hungarian and Croatian cultivars. J Genet Breed 48:107-112.

Michel BE, Kovacs G, Barnabas B, and Lelley T. 1994. The whole 1B/1R substitution and the 1BL/1RS translocation improves the efficiency of androgenesis in wheat. In: Frontiers in Sexual Plant Reproduction Research, 13th International Congress on Sexual Plant Reproduction, 1994 (Heberle BE, Hesse M, and Vicente O eds) Vienna, Austria. Abstract book, p. 144.

Millard MM, Veisz OB, Krizek DT, and Line M. 1994. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of water during cold acclimation and freezing in winter wheat. Plt Cell Env (In press).

Molnar-Lang M and Sutka J. 1994. The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of wheat and barley. Euphytica 78:53-58.

Pan A, Hayes PM, Chen F, Chen THH, Blake T, Wright S, Karsai I, and BedFONT SIZE=2 FACE="WP MultinationalA Roman"t Z. 1994. Genetic analysis of the components of winterhardiness in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Theor Appl Genet 89(7-8):900-910.

Shelton DR and Vida Gy. 1994. The improved pressuremeter: a first look. National Notes 1:(3)16-17.

Sutka J. 1994. Genetic control of frost tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Euphytica 77:277-282.

Szakacs I and Barnabas B. 1994. Relationship between in vitro pollen embryogenesis and microspore division symmetry. Bot Koezlem (In press).

Szakacs E and Barnabas B. 1994. The effect of colchicine treatment on microspore division and pollen embryoid differentiation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture. Euphytica (In press).

Szunics L and Szunics Lu. 1994. Race composition of wheat powdery mildew and changes in its virulence in Hungary. 3rd Cereal Mildew Workshop. Cost 817. Zurich/Kappel am Ablis, Nov. 5-10. 1994. Abstracts, p. 17.

Szunics L and Szunics Lu. 1994. Race composition of wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis tritici) and resistance of the varieties in Hungary. Symposium on Prospectives of Cereal Breeding in Europe, 4-7 September 1994. Plantahof, Landquart, Switzerland. EUCARPIA Abstracts Pp. 159-160.

Takacs I, Kovacs G, and Barnabas B. 1994. Analysis of the genotypic effect on different developmental pathways in wheat gametophyte cultures. Plant Cell Rep 13:227-230.

Veisz O. 1994. Effect of the CO₂ concentration of the air on the frost resistance of cereal varieties. XXIst Congress of the Hungarian Biological Society, PFONT SIZE=2 FACE="WP MultinationalA Roman"Pcs 7-9 July. 1994. Abstract p. 66.