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ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
Volume 40
Edited by J. S. Quick, Department of Agronomy, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO, USA: Financial arrangements made by Ian B. Edwards, Treasurer,
Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Johnston, IA, USA. Carolyn Schultz, Senior
Secretary, CSU Department of Agronomy, typed and collated the information for
the printing of this volume. Facilities and assistance during manuscript
editing were kindly provided by Colorado State University.
Additional regional editing and manuscript solicitation were done by:
J. S. Noll, Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
R. A. Fischer, CIMMYT, Mexico, D. F., Mexico
R. H. Maich, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina
T. E. Miller, Plant Sci. Res., Cambridge Laboratory, Norwich, England
H. A. van Niekerk, Small Grain Center, Bethlehem, South Africa
B. C. Curtis, Former CIMMYT Wheat Director, Retired
This volume was financed by voluntary contributions - list included. The
information in this Newsletter is considered as personal contributions.
Before citing any information herein, obtain the consent of the specific
author(s). The Newsletter is sponsored by the National Wheat Improvement
Committee, USA.
1 June 1994
90 copies and 350 diskettes printed
Publications Services, Colorado State University
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
H. HARRISON
R. E. HEINER
C. F. KONZAK
I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes - Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
Minutes - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Members - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
Grain Genes and Triticea Database
II. CONTRIBUTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES
Joe Smith, Blake Cooper, Barb Cook, Jerry Betz, John Moffatt, Steve
Askelson, Jerry Brick, Scott Seifert, Paul Griess, Jim Reeder, Bobby
Talley, Berthoud, CO
Barton Fogleman, C. Taylor - Jonesboro, AR
Koy Miskin, Curtis Beazer, E. Glover, D. Scruggs - Brookston, IN
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, INC.
Nestor Machado, Pedro Paulucci, Hector Mertinuzzi - Argentina
S. W. Perry, Sallly R. Clayshulte, Jill Handwert,
D. P. Shellberg - Fort Collins, CO
R. Daniel, D. Donaldson, Lyn Hockings, Garry Lane, Michael
Materne, Michael Nowland, Chris Tyson, Jane & Peter Wilson,
Tamworth, N.S.W.
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Karolyn Ely, Dennis Delaney,
Bud Hardesty, Jerry Wilson - Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar -
Lafayette, IN;
Hal Lewis - Corvallis, OR; Dudley Leaphart - Billings, MT
HYBRINOVA
A. Gervais - Les Ulis Cedex, France
Stephen D. Sunderwirth, Christian Quandalle, Laurent Batreau
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
June Hancock, Craig Allen - Bay, AR
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Johnston, IA - I. B. Edwards
Windfall, IN - G. C. Marshall, W. J. Laskar, K. J. Lively
St. Mathews, SC - B. E. Edge, P. L. Shields
Frouville, France - G. Dorlencourt, R. Marchand, O. Vanderpol
Sevilla, Spain - J. M. Urbano, M. Hidalgo, M. Peinado
Sissa (Parma), Italy - M. Tanzi
Northampton, England - Paul Wilson and Ian Edwards
Buxtehude Germany - H. Schoenwallder, Ian Edwards
Pandorf, Austria - G. Reichenberger
TRIGEN SEED SERVICES
Robert Romig, Bloomington, MN
TRIO RESEARCH, INC.
J. Wilson - Wichita, KS
ARGENTINA
G. E. Tranquilli, E. Y. Suarez, S. M. Lewis, M. L. Appendino,
N. Fatta, J. P. Ortiz, M. I. Reggiardo, S. Altabe, G. D. Cervigni,
M. A. Spitteler, R. H. Vellejos, S. E. Feingold, H. E. Hopp,
A. Acevedo - Castellar
D. Avalos, A. Ordonez, N. La Porta, M. Cerana, S. Gil, A. L.
Pascualides, M. R. Zaninetti, D. Igarzabal, A. A. Rollan, N. A.
Buteler, O. A. Bachmeiet, A. Barchuk, E. Allessandria, J. Zamar,
S. Lugue, R. M. Roldan, F. Salvagiotti, D. Opovin, G. Manera, R.
Maich, N. Contin, W. Londero, D. Bonelli, C. Ferraris, B. Pantanoi,
C. Principi, F. Bidinost, B. Ferro, G. Alemano, N. Guzman, C. Olmos,
M. Bianchi, M. E. Dubois, Z. A. Gaido, G. A. Manera, M. Conles, M. C.
Salvadores, M. Barrientos - Cordoba
AUSTRALIA
Queensland
Paul Brennan, Phillip Banks, John Sheppard, Peter Keys, Lloyd Mason
Martin Fiske, Peter Agius, Jamie Ross
Meryl Fordyce, Paul Brennan, Ian Delacy, Mark Cooper, David
Butler, Ian Haak, Gay McKinnon, Robert Henryk, Wendy Lawson,
Ma Wujin, Ian Godwin, S. J. Kammholtz, P. M. Banks, D. J. Martin,
M. W. Sutherland, R. Ramage, R. Marshke
G. B. Wildermuth, R. B. McNamara and T. M. Sparks
New South Wales
R. A. Hare, Tamworth
K. Adhikari, J. Bell, A. M. Bennet, L. W. Burgess, G. N. Brown,
C. Zhao, H-S Hwang, S. Johnson, R. A. McIntosh, D. R. Marshall,
J. D. Oates, R. F. Park, J. E. Roarke, P. J. Sharp, F. Stoddard,
D. The, M. Turner, C. R. Wellings, Dept. of Crop Science,
University of Sydney and PBI, Cobbitty
I. A. Watson, F. W. Ellison, D. J. Mares, S. G. Moore, K. Mrva,
L. O'Brien, R. M. Trethowan
C. W. Wrigley, Sydney
AUSTRIA
H. Brausgruber, H. Burstmayr, M. Lemmens, P. Ruckenbauer, Vienna
S. Groger, H. Bistrich, T. Lelley
BRAZIL
J. C. S. Moreira, C. N. A. de Sousa, E. P. Gomes, L. J. A.
Del Duca, J. F. Philipovsky, P. L. Scheeren
W. I. Linhares
L. J. A. Del Duca, R. S. Fontaneli, J. F. Philipovsky,
O. Rodriguez, G. R. Cunha - Passo Fundo
A. C. P. Goulart, F. de A. Paiva, P. J. M. Andrade - Dourados
CANADA
MANITOBA
J. Gilbert and A. Tekauz - Winnipeg
P. L. Dyck
J. A. Kolmer
J. A. Kolmer and J. Q. Liu, O. M. Lukow, R. I. H. McKenzie,
Taing Aung, E. R. Kerber
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
H. W. Johnston, H. G. Nass
SASKATCHEWAN
R. M. De Pauw, J. M. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, R. B. Irvine
CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Zhaosu Wu, Shirong Yu, Xizhong Wei, Quimei Xia, Youjia Shen,
Jiming Wu, Yong Xu, Xhaoxia Chen, Guoliang Jiang - Nanjing
Shi-Jia Liu
Zhong-hu He and Zhen-hua Du
F. W. Zhao, H. M. Ki, Z. Y. Liu, Y. Z. Shen, F. C. Liu,
Z. Q. Li, Z. Z. Bai, C. S. Guo, L. Z. Sun
CROATIA
Slobodan Tamasovic, P. Javor, B. Koric - Zagreb
CZECH REPUBLIC
P. Martinek, Z. Nesvadba, J. Mikulcova - Havlickova
P. Bartos, E. Stuchlikova, R. Hanusova
J. Kosner
Z. Stehno, M. Vlasak, I. Faberova - Prague
K. Vacke, V. Sip, M. Skorpik
ESTONIA
O. Priilinn, T. Enno, H. Peusha, K. Jarve, L. Timofeyeva,
T. Tsimbalova - Tallinn
M. Tohvar
GERMANY
J. von Kietzell and K. Rudolph - Grisebachstr
R. Schlegel, U. Vahl, G. Muller - Gatersleben
A. Borner, J. Plaschke, I.M.B. Amer, V. Korzun - Gatersleben
HUNGARY
B. Barnabas, G. Kovacs, E. Szakacs, I. Takacs, M. Kovacs
J. Sutka, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, B. Koszegi, E. Farshadfar,
M. Arshadfar, O. Veisz, G. Linc
T. Janda, G. Szalai, J. Kissimon, E. Paldi
J. Matuz, Z. Kertesz, L. Bona, B. Beke, A. Mesterhazy
J. Falusi, Cs. Kertesz, J. Matuz, L. Cseuz,
M. Papp, A. Mesterhazy, L. Purnhauser - Szeged
INDIA
R. N. Sawhney, et al. - New Delhi
S.M.S. Tomar, et al. - Wellington
J. G. Bhowal and G. Guha - Wellington
D. Singh - New Delhi
J. G. Bhowal, G. Huha, R. Brahma and R. Singh
P. Bahadur, K. Srivastava, D. Singh, R. Aggarwal
Neelam Vir, Mandip Kaur, R. G. Saini - Ludhiana
Harjit Singh, H. S. Dhaliwal, Khem Singh Gill, Ludhiana
R. Asir, V. R. K. Reddy, P. Viswanathan
Aloka Saikia and V. R. K. Reddy
J. S. Bijral, et al. - R. S. Pura
R. N. Brahma
ISRAEL
Sem Atsmon, Udi Meidan - Hazera
ITALY
M. Pasquini, L. Sereni, F. Casini, F. Casullil - Via Cassia
N. E. Pogna, R. Redaellil, S. Pagliaricci, P. Cacciatori,
R. Castagnal et al.
V. Vassilev, P. Lavermicocca, N. S. Lacobellis
C. Rubies-Autonell
V. Vallega
M. G. D'Egidio, B. M. Mariani, S. Nardi, P. Novaro
M. Cattaneo
G. M. Borrelli, S. Travella, N. Di Fonzo, E. Lupotto
et al.
JAPAN
Ichiko Nishimura and N. Watanabe - Gifu University
H. Nakamura - Kannondai
MEXICO
R. A. Fischer, G. Varughese - CIMMYT
R. L. Villareal, G. Hernandez, S. Rajaram
K. D. Sayre, M. Van Ginkel, S. Rajaram, I. Ortiz-Monasterio
A. I. Morqunov, M. Albarran, S. Rajarm
MOROCCO
M. Mergoum et al. - Settat
PAKISTAN
Munawar Husain - Islamabad
ROMANIA
N. N. Saulescu, Gh. Ittu, Mariana Ittu, Mustatea - Fundalea
M. Moldovan, et al. - Turda
RUSSIA
N. S. Vassiltchouk, V. I. Kassatov, S. N. Gaponov - Saratov
S. V. Tuchin, Yu V. Italianskaya, T. I. Dyatchouk
S. P. Martynov, T. V. Dobrotvorskaya
Alexandr Fedorov - People's Friendship University
Book Review
S. N. Sibikeev, S. A. Voronina, Y. E. Sibikeeva, V. A. Krupnow
SOUTH AFRICA
G. F. Marais, R. Prins, A. Antonov, H. S. Roux, M. Horn,
A. S. Marais - Stellenbosch
Z. A. Pretorius, F. J. Kloppers, A. L. Vorster - Bloemfontein
H. A. van Niekerk, M. C. B. Coetzee, H. A. Knobel, D. J.
Exley, W. Miles, Riana Pretorius, et al. - Bethlehem
J. Purchase, A. Barnard, C. Burbridge, J. deWet, T. Walsh, et al.
H. Smit, D. Scott, E. Lubbe, J. Smith, S. Smith, D. van Neikerk,
K. Wilken, L. Visser, C. de Villiers
H. Smit, G. Prinsloo, V. Tolmay, J. Hatting, J. du Toit,
H. Knobel, C. Pool,, R. Lindeque
Lombard, Du Toit, Malan, Engelbrecht, Boonzaaier, et al. - Sensako
R. de V. Pienaar, D. Lesch - Stellenbosch
F. du Toit, S. S. Walters, A. Brummer, P. Thorpe - Pannar, Ltd.
SYRIA
S. K. Yau, J. Ryan, M. Nachit, G. Ortiz-Ferrara, J. Hamblin - Aleppo
TURKEY
Hans-Joachim Braun, Thomas Payne - Ankara
UKRAINE
L. A. Zhivotkov, et al. - Mironovka
UNITED KINGDOM
NORWICH, John Innes Centre, Colney
T. E. Miller, S. M. Reader, K. A. Purdie, R. P. Dunford
A. J. Worland
G. Galiba, S. A. Quarrie, J. Sutka, J. Snape, et al.
R. Koebner, P. Martin, J. Flintham, J. Hewslop-Harrison et al.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ARKANSAS
R. K. Bacon, E. A. Milus, et al.
CALIFORNIA
C. A. Curtis, Bahman Ehdaie, K. Knio, A. Lukaszewski,
R. Tayyar, J. Waines, Xitang Xu - Riverside
COLORADO
J. S. Quick, G. H. Ellis, R. Normann, A. Saidi,
J. S. Stromberger, H. Doug, Q. Khan
GEORGIA
J. W. Johnson, B. N. Cunfer, J. J. Roberts
G. D. Buntin, D. E. McMillin, J. P. Wilson
IDAHO
R. S. Zemetra, E. Souza, S. Guy, et al. - Moscow & Aberdeen
ILLINOIS
F. L. Kolb, E. D. Nafziger, W. L. Pedersen, et al.
INDIANA
H. Ohm, H. Sharma, I. Dweikat, S. Mackenzie, D. McFatridge,
F. Patterson, G. Buechley, D. Huber, R. Lister, G. Shaner,
F. Maas, R. Ratcliffe, R. Shukle, G. Safranski, S. Cambron
KANSAS
O. Chung, G. Lookhart, V. Smail, J. Steele, W. McGaughey,
I. Zayas, D. Bechtel, A. Dowdy et al.
B. S. Gill, T. S. Cox, R. G. Sears, W. J. Raupp et al -
Kansas State University
T. J. Martin, T. L. Harvey, T. S. Cox et al. - Wheat Genetics
Resource Center - Kansas State University
Jingxian Zhang and M. B. Kirkham - Evapotranspiration Lab
Xu Gu, George Liang - Dept. of Agronomy - Kansas State Univ.
T. J. Byram - Topeka
KENTUCKY
D. A. Van Sanford, et al.
LOUISIANA
S. A. Harrison, C. Clark, P. Colyer, S. H. Moore, C. Hallier et al.
MINNESOTA
A. P. Roelfs, D. L. Long, M. E. Hughes, D. H. Casper, J. J. Roberts
Cereal Rust Lab - St. Paul
R. Busch, D. McVey
R. Busch and Jochum Wiersma
MISSOURI
A. L. McKendry, J. P. Gustafson, K. D. Kephart et al.
MONTANA
C. F. McGuire, S. P. Lanning, R. l. Burrows, et al.
H. B. Chen, J. M. Martin, L. E. Talbert
NEBRASKA
P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson, D. R. Shellton, R. A.
Graybosch,
D. D. Baltensperger, L. A. Nelson, D. J. Lyons, G. L. Hein, et
al.
NEW YORK
M. E. Sorrells, A. Neiss
G. C. Bergstrom, J. E. Carroll et al.
NORTH DAKOTA
J. A. Anderson, C. R. Riede
G. A. Hareland
Cereal Science Department
OKLAHOMA
R. M. Hunger, J. L. Sherwood - Oklahoma State University
C. A. Baker, J. D. Burd, N. C. Elliott et al. - ARS
Stillwater
OREGON
W. E. Kronstad, R. S. Karow, D. K. Kelly, R. W. Knight,
W. D. Moore, S. E. Rowe, S. Rezgui
SOUTH DAKOTA
J. C. Rudd, G. Buchenau, et al.
S. D. Haley, R. A. Schut
M. A. Langham, D. J. Gallenberg
H. Woodard, A. Bly
TEXAS
Mark Lazar, J. Hu, G. L. Peterson, et al. - Texas A&M
UTAH
R. S. Albrechtsen
David Hole
VIRGINIA
C. A. Griffey, D. E. Brann, E. Stromberg, E. C. Jones
J. M. Johnson - Virginia Polytechnic & State University
WASHINGTON
R. E. Allen, S. S. Jones, R. F. Line, et al. - USDA-ARS
S. S. Jones, M. M. Cadle, L. M. Rayfuse, A. Yildirim
M. K. Walker-Simmons, E. Cudaback, A. Galvez, et al.
C. F. Morris, H. C. Jeffers, A. D. Bettge, D. Engle, et al.
Roland F. Line, Xianming Chen, Stephen Jones
T. D. Murray, . C. Pritchett, C. A. Blank, et al.
SERBIA (formerly YUGOSLOVIA)
Desimir Knezevic, Miroslav Kuburovic, et al.
Miroslav Kuburovic, Desimir Knezevic et al.
III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM
H. E. Bockelman, D. M. Wesenberg, S. Nieto, A. Urie, B. J. Goats
- Evaluation of National Small Grains Collection Germplasm
J. S. Quick - CSSA Cultivar and Germplasm Registration
IV. CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS, 1994 SUPPLEMENT
R. A. McIntosh, G. E. Hart, M. D. Gale
V. ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND
VI. VOLUME 41 MANUSCRIPT
VII. MAILING LIST
VIII. FAX/TELEPHONE
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HOWARD HARRISON
Howard Harrison, retired since July of 1989 from his position as senior and
oat breeder, Northrup King Seed Co (formerly Coker's Pedigreed Seed Company of
Hartsville, South Carolina) since 1989, died on May 25, 1993. He was a small
grain breeder with Coker's for more than 30 years, and released over 30
improved wheat and oat varieties that substantially contributed to smalll
grain and livestock production throughout the southern U.S. He was also very
active in his church and community.
Howard Harrison was born January 4, 1924, in Crafordville, Georgia, where he
was raised on a farm. After serving in World War II, he entered the
University of Georgia, where he received a B.S. and M.S. in 1952 and 1954,
respectively. He began his long and successful career as a plant breeder in
1954, at the headquarters of Coker's Pedigreed Seed Company in Hartsville. He
and his predecessor/co-worker released 'Suregrain' oats in 1957 and
'Moregrain' in 1958.
In 1958, Howard was employed as an peanut Agronomist at the University of
Georgia's Coastal Plains Station in Tifton, Georgia. He returned to Coker's
Pedigreed Seed Company in 1961 and assumed sole leadership of the small grains
breeding program. Howard had an extremely successful career as a wheat
breeder, releasing 19 improved varieties of soft red winter wheat. These
varieties did much to revitalize wheat production in the southeastern United
States. Varieties he developed accounted for 57, 35, 79, 80, 66, 38, and 27%
of the total wheat acreage in Georgia, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, respectively, in 1984. His
varieties and lines have been widely utilized as parental material regionally
and globally. He also released 11 oat varieties, including 'Coker 227' and
'Coker 234', the first U.S. varieties with crown rust resistance from Avena
sterilis.
He was recognized as "Man of the Year in Southern Agriculture" by Progressive
Farmer Magazine in 1982, in recognition of his contributions toward improved
agricultural production. He was also named "Distinguished Agronomist of the
Year" by the Agronomy Society of South Carolina in 1982 and received the Gamma
Sigma Delta Award of Merit for Distinguished Service to Agriculture from the
University of Georgia in 1983. He also received recognition from the
Carolina-Virginia chapter and national groups of the national Agricultural
Marketing Association in 1985. In 1989 he was given a "Certificate of
Appreciation" by the North Carolina Crop Improvement Association, and was also
awarded the "Drug and Science Foundation of South Carolina Award for
Contributions to Science" in 1989. Howard was recognized with an "Award for
Distinguished Service to Oat Improvement" in the 1989 Annual Oat Newsletter.
He is survived by his wife Louise, of Hartsville; two sons: Stephen, small
grain breeder with Louisiana State University, Howard Jr., weed scientist -
physiologist with the USDA-ARS Vegetable Research Station in Charleston, SC;
two daughters: Beth, a journalist in Charleston, SC; and Celia, a teacher in
Charlotte, NC; and five grandchildren.
ROBERT E. HEINER
Dr. Robert (Bob) E. Heiner recently retired from his position as Vice
President of Plant Research and Development for AgriPro Biosciences Inc. His
extensive contributions to the science and art of wheat breeding make Bob one
of the all-time elite contributors to applied wheat improvement.
Bob started his long and distinguished wheat career as ARS-USDA Regional
Coordinator of the North Central HRS Region from 1968-77. During this time,
he also coordinated the Winter Increase Nurseries in Obregon Mexico for the
spring wheat breeders of the US and Canada. He established strong ties with
CIMMYT breeders during those years and fostered free germplasm exchange which
eventually resulted in many of the improved U.S. wheats we enjoy today. Many
of the "Green Revolution" wheats released by CIMMYT had parents developed by
Bob during this period of time.
During his twelve years at Minnesota, seven improved wheat varieties were
released. The most important of these varieties was Era. It was the first
semidwarf hard red spring wheat released in the US, and was 25% higher
yielding than any variety grown in that region at that time. Needless to say,
the impact was extraordinary. This landmark variety was a primary contributor
for a four-fold increase in the wheat acreage in Minnesota from 1970 to 1976.
It was the dominant variety in the Red River Valley for 11 years, generating
an estimated $30 million of genetically derived extra income annually for the
producers of that region.
The impact of Bob's dedication continued at NAPB/AgriPro Biosciences Inc. top
science position in 1985. As Vice President of Plant Research and
Development, Bob was responsible for corporate performance, policy, and
strategic planning as well as directing the activities of 85 researchers.
Scientific ethic was always the foundation that Bob relied on as he fulfilled
these important functions for the corporation.
Bob's no-nonsense dedication to germplasm development and the resulting
improved varieties has resulted in significantly improved agricultural
production world wide. Bob earned his recognition through his skilled plant
breeding and consummate interpersonal and managerial skills.
Bob is looking forward to continuing his contributions to wheat improvement as
a wheat specialist consultant for AgriPro Biosciences Inc. He and his wife
Marilyn have recently relocated to Sandy Utah.
CALVIN F. KONZAK
Dr. Calvin Konzak retired from Crop and Soil Sciences Department of Washington
State University (WSU) in December 1993 after an exemplary career of 37 years
as professor, agronomist and spring wheat breeder. A native of North Dakota,
he obtained his B.S. in Agriculture from North Dakota State University (1948)
and his Ph.D. in Plant Breeding and Genetics from Cornell University (1952).
Prior to coming to WSU he was an Associate Geneticist at the Brookhaven
National Laboratory from 1951 to 1957.
The scope and impact of his scientific discoveries, plant breeding
accomplishments, teaching, and advising graduate students have been
extraordinary. He developed 24 cultivars including spring oats, durum wheats,
soft white spring wheats and hard red spring wheats. His variety Penawawa is
currently the most widely grown spring wheat in the Pacific Northwest. He
advised 14 PhD. and 14 M.S. students in their graduate studies in genetics and
agronomy. He taught several genetics and agronomy courses and had numerous
post doctorates and visiting scientists that collaborated with him on
research. Many of his former students have gone on to become nationally and
internationally recognized scientists, educators and CEO's.
Throughout his career C.F. Konzak has directed his genius and energy toward
facilitating plant breeding. To that end, his efforts include: contributing
over 300 scholarly papers on cereal genetics research; conceiving innovative
germplasm evaluation procedures; designing standardized ways for data
collection, processing, and analysis; outlining methods to enhance genetic
variability and reduce genetic vulnerability; and writing in depth reviews of
important topics in cereal breeding and genetics. Dr. Konzak and his
coworkers have contributed valuable landmark publications on the genetic
diversity for semidwarfism, wheat quality and mutation breeding strategy.
More recently he and his students have focused on double haploids in wheat,
and on wheat transformation.
Among the most notable accomplishments for which he was instrumental include
developing a standard-computer friendly pedigree system; a one-person plot
combine/data acquisition system; the first procedure for embryo rescue via
tissue culture (1951); a decimal code for cereal growth stages; a staining
procedure to detect A1. toxicity; and developing dual-purpose pastry and bread
wheat varieties. He pioneered modern mutation breeding and conducted
exhaustive studies to improve the efficiency of mutagenesis and to identify
effective mutagens. His strategies for exploiting mutation breeding to
augment conventional breeding have been adopted worldwide. Because of his
broad expertise he served as consultant to numerous organizations including
FAO, the National Research Council, International Atomic Energy Agency and
several private companies. He has received many honors including U.S. Public
Health Senior Scientist Fellow, the O.A. Vogel Plant Breeding Award and Fellow
in AAAS, ASA and CSSA.
Cal remains actively involved in research. He began a private mutation and
plant breeding program in 1982, focusing mainly on oats and durum wheats.
This program has produced a wide range of semidwarf and other mutants in oats
and several valuable semidwarf durums. He and his wife, Margaret will
continue to make their home in Pullman.
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I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes of the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
November 18, 1993
El Batan, Mexico
Committee members in attendance were T.S. Cox (Chairman), R.F. Line (Vice-
Chairman), G. Waines, J.S. Quick, D.V. McVey, R.H. Busch, B. Skovman, I.B.
Edwards, O. Anderson, S. Jones, S. Leath, and H.E. Bockleman (ex-officio).
Stephen S. Jones and Steven Leath were introduced as new members. The by-
laws permit 16 committee members. There are now 14 members. No new members
were proposed.
In addition to the WCAC members, many of the members of the National Wheat
Improvement Committee also attended the meeting.
Minutes of the 1992 meeting, as published in the 1993 Annual Wheat
Newsletter, were approved by voice vote.
Germplasm Collections. G. Waines reported on the proposal to collect
germplasm in S.E. Turkey before a large irrigation project is installed and
reported that C. Sterling did not think that it is necessary. Other areas
that were considered for future collection were Albania, N. Iraq, Syria,
Kurdistan, Ethiopia, Niger, China, and Tibet. Waines will be in contact
with ICARDA regarding future collection in the Middle East. Dave Marshall
and L.R. Nelson, Texas A&M, collected wild cereals from Turkey on a proposal
"Exploration for Fungal Endophytes in Wild Cereals". That collection is
being evaluated for a number of traits. It will be increased and deposited
in the National Small Grains Collection. There was concern that some
germplasm from active breeding programs may be lost when current wheat
breeders retire. H. Bockleman will maintain contact with those people
regarding their material. Limited funds are available to help prevent the
loss of valuable germplasms.
Germplasm Protection. The Wheat Advisory Committee was greatly concerned
about recent developments regarding the distribution of germplasm. They
voted unanimously to support the current USDA-ARS policy regarding seed held
by the National Plant Germplasm System; recommended that a letter be sent to
Dr. Shands expressing our concern, and recommended that the topic be
discussed at the National Wheat Improvement Committee Meeting. The letter
to Dr. Shands is included at the end of the minutes.
Germplasm Evaluation. H. Bockleman provided a detailed report on evaluation
of wheat accessions in the National Small Grains Collection. Evaluation of
the accessions is showing great progress and considerable new data are being
added to the GRIN system. A letter from Dr. Eberhart regarding "Core
Subsets" was distributed to the committee. Considerable discussions of the
definition of a core, how it should be constructed, and the need for a core
subset followed. The general conclusion of the group was that a random
sample would not be useful. An elite set for a specific purpose may be
useful. A subcommittee to study the details of the subject will be
appointed.
Wheat Nomenclature. G. Waines reported on the results of a workshop on
Triticum systematics. The last taxonomic revision was in the 1960's. They
concluded that the present state of taxonomy and nomenclature in Triticum is
confusing for people who collect germplasm and maintain germplasm and for
breeders and geneticists. They proposed that a monographic revision is
necessary.
Wheat Databases. B. Skovman reported on the Genetic Resources Information
Package (GRIP) and a planning meeting that occurred on July 22, 1993 at
Beijing, China. The data will be available on CD-ROM. O. Anderson
discussed progress in developing the Wheat Genome Database that is part of
the USDA Plant Genome Project. Wheat is one of four species used as models
for a database that will be in the National Agricultural Library. Major
emphasis is in gathering wheat data from numerous sources. Some of the the
data included in the database are mapping data, information on genetic
stocks, data on disease and insect resistance, and historical data on
cultivars and lines. It is accessible by phone using various methods. They
are looking for more data and other types of data to add to the database.
Quarantine Update. There were no major changes in the quarantine situation
for seed coming from Mexico to the United States. CIMMYT has developed a
system of producing and treating their seed to prevent the distribution of
karnal bunt.
-------------------------
Dr. Henry Shands
Associate Deputy Administrator
Genetic Resources, USDA-ARS
Bldg. 005
BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Dear Dr. Shands:
I am writing on behalf of the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee (CAC), which
voted unanimously on Nov. 18, 1993 in support of the current USDA-ARS policy
regarding seed held by the National Plant Germplasm System. Specifically, we
support the USDA's unrestricted distribution of germplasm. (Cultivars
registered under Plant Variety Protection Act, while not distributed by the
NPGS, are by law available as parental germplasm.) By maintaining its
current policy, USDA-ARS is demonstrating to the world's agricultural
community a strong commitment to the free exchange of plant germplasm; this
free exchange is, as you know, the foundation upon which plant breeding
progress worldwide has been and continues to be built.
As a committee, we are well aware of the changes occurring in the seed
distribution policies of other countries. To ensure that the NPGS can
continue to play a key role in protection of genetic diversity of the
world's crop plants in the face of political, economic, and environmental
disruptions, it may become necessary to hold collections from abroad at the
National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL) with restrictions on their
distribution. However, this necessity - one that the United States
government at times may have no choice but to accept - should not lead our
nation to abandon its own commitment to the free exchange of germplasm.
There are more accessions of wheat than of any other crop held by the
NPGS. Our CAC recommends the following actions, intended simultaneously to
provide maximum protection of crop diversity and to foster germplasm
exchange to the greatest extent possible:
(1) When it is necessary, in the interest of national and world
agricultural security, for USDA to enter into agreements with foreign
governments to store plant germplasm at NSSL with restrictions on
distribution, we support such action.
(2) However, we strongly oppose restrictions on distribution of germplasm
deposited at NSSL by private firms or by public institutions within the
United States. By holding such germplasm, USDA would be lending its
considerable prestige to, and in effect endorsing, the commercialization of
germplasm exchange within our own system. The function of NSSL is to ensure
the long-term viability of germplasm; this is often a concern regard to seed
collections representing the genetic diversity of a region, but not ones
that are of current commercial value as parents. We support the storage of
the latter class of germplasm within NPGS only after restrictions on
distribution have expired and long-term preservation becomes an issue.
We hope the above comments will be a helpful contribution to the
continuing discussion of national germplasm policy.
Sincerely, T.S. Cox, chair
CC: Dr. Dean Plowman
Dr. Steve Eberhart
--------------------------
Minutes of the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) Meeting
November 19-20, 1993
CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico
ATTENDANCE
Committee Members: R.G. Sears, Chair; C.J. Peterson, Secretary; H.F.
Bockelman; R. Bruns; R.H. Busch; T.S. Cox; G. Hareland; D. Hole; L. Joppa;
F.L. Kolb; R.F. Line; C. Morris; P. Murphy; D. Porter; D. Van Sanford; W.D.
Worrall; R. Zemetra. Absent: R. Frohberg; Ellen Ferguson, NAWG.
Non-Committee Members: O. Anderson, ARS, WRRC Albany, CA; I. Edwards,
Pioneer, Johnston, IA; S. Jones, ARS, Pullman, WA; S. Leath, ARS Raleigh,
NC; D. McVey, ARS, Cereal Rust, St. Paul, MN; J. Quick, Colorado State
Univ., Fort Collins, CO; B. Skovmand, CIMMYT, Mexico; G. Waines, Univ. of
California, CA.
PRELIMINARIES
Chairman Sears called the meeting to order and members and guests were
introduced. WELCOMES were presented by Dr. Roger Rowe, Deputy Director
General for Research, CIMMYT; and Dr. Tony Fischer, Director of the CIMMYT
Wheat Research Program.
Dr. Rowe discussed current status of CIMMYT programs in light of recent
funding problems. Since 1989, CIMMYT has faced a 25% reduction in funding,
the number of senior staff has dropped from 93 to 63, and the wheat program
has lost 12 people. Efforts have been made to sustain core programs, such
as breeding and related support activities. However, CIMMYT is under
pressure to develop a new research agenda as improving crop productivity is
viewed as a lesser concern at the present time. New focus areas include:
biodiversity, exploiting diversity in plant species; sustainable
agriculture; and natural resource management, including cropping systems
research.
Dr. Fischer indicated that, with passage of the North American Free
Trade Agreement, competition will develop between US and Mexican produced
wheat and quality will be an important consideration. Providing wheats to
the developing world with improved end-use quality is an important goal of
the CIMMYT wheat program. He also indicated that, although improving
productivity is of less concern at present, growth in production is unlikely
to keep up with estimated demand, which is increasing at 3% per year.
Providing free exchange of germplasm and information to developing countries
will continue to be an important function of CIMMYT.
Dr. George Varughese, Assistant Director for the Wheat Project,
indicated that changes were expected in funding of the international
centers. The World Bank will provide a fixed percentage (7%) of funds for
each center, but will no longer reduce support when centers receive special
project funds. Four of the centers will receive fewer funds (including
ICARDA) and four centers more funds from the World Bank than in the past.
CIMMYT will essentially remain even, relative to current World Bank funding.
MINUTES OF THE 1992 MEETING
Peterson asked for a motion to waive reading Minutes, which were
published in the Annual Wheat Newsletter, Vol. 39. Busch made the motion,
motion carried.
RESPONSES TO 1992 LETTERS
Several letters were sent by the NWIC in 1992. Dr. Plowman,
Administrator, ARS, responded by expressing his appreciation for the NWIC
letter supporting the wheat genome database project. A letter to Secretary
Mike Espy, regarding support of FGIS applied research activities, was
received and acknowledged by his office. Dave Galliert, Administrator,
FGIS, responded regarding formation of a working group on wheat test weight
issues. He indicated that FGIS, as a federal agency, was unable to take the
lead in forming the working group and suggested that NWIC or NAWG take the
leadership role. FGIS would, however, be a willing participant in the
working group.
In February, Sears sent a letter to Mr. Glen Lee, Deputy Administrator,
USDA-APHIS, regarding potential impact of relaxing barberry quarantine laws,
allowing for stem rust susceptible barberry plants to be grown commercially.
Mr. Lee responded that budget constraints have caused APHIS to adopt
regulatory procedures to conform to fiscal limitations, implying that black
stem rust (BSR) quarantine enforcement is now up to state plant protection
offices. APHIS is under pressure from nurserymen to make regulations less
restrictive, as their industry bears the regulatory and financial burden for
the BSR program. Sears stressed that the NWIC must be very proactive on
this issue, initiating contacts with state quarantine representatives and
providing information regarding potential impact of stem rust. The need to
communicate with nursery associations also was stressed. Sears will provide
background information on BSR quarantine to NWIC members, to be forwarded to
nursery associations and plant protection offices in each state. A letter
to NAWG and state wheat grower associations will be prepared to develop
additional support.
WHEAT WORKERS WORKSHOP
Sears reported on plans for the North American Wheat Workers Workshop,
sponsored by the NWIC. The workshop is scheduled for March 7-9, 1994 in
Kansas City. Programs and registration forms were distributed in October
and the speakers list is nearly complete.
CROP ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPORT
Cox suggested that a report from the Wheat CAC was unnecessary, as all
the NWIC members also attended the CAC meeting. The CAC minutes are
presented in their entirety in the Annual Wheat Newsletter, following those
from the NWIC.
WHEAT NEWSLETTER
The following reports are included by J.S. Quick, Editor, and I.
Edwards, Treasurer, of the Annual Wheat Newsletter. Cost of preparation and
publication continue to be a problem relative to supporting revenue.
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
1993 Annual Report to NWIC, J.S. Quick, Editor
The editing and publishing of Volume 39 of the Annual Wheat Newsletter
(AWN) followed the format of previous newsletters and was the third volume
directly printed in reduced font size entirely from computer files. There
were 460 copies printed and each copy had 434 pages. Ten copies of Volume
39 and about 15 of Volume 35 are still available. A summary of information
about each volume printed since 1954 (Volume 1) was published in the AWN,
Volume 32 (1986). The number of pages has increased by 240 since 1980, the
number of contributions has increased considerably, and the cost of
publication increased significantly in 1992 and 1993. Due to rising costs,
an effort was made to reduce the number of copies printed by encouraging
multiple use. Cost of production was reduced from about $4500 in 1987 to
about $3900 in 1988, increased to $5416 in 1989, decreased to $4690 in 1991
due to limited distribution, and increased to $7317 in 1993 due to increased
pages per volume (including 44 pages of history of USDA research on wheat
and rye, 1863 to 1972). Cost per copy is about $16.00.
In addition to the total cost of production, Colorado State University
Agronomy Department has contributed part of my time, computer facilities,
and some occasional letter typing. An Agronomy Department secretary,
Carolyn Schultz, has done an excellent job of manuscript preparation since
1983.
All AWN address lists are computerized for mailing and sorting. We are
requesting all workers provide their manuscripts on computer disks if
possible. All text will be entered into computer files and laser printed
with reduced font size to save space. Manuscripts can also be provided
through the BITNET system. About 300 requests for manuscripts and financial
assistance are sent to U.S., Australian, and Canadian wheat workers each
January. The requests for manuscripts and financial contributions from
other foreign scientists are included as an insert in the Newsletter mailing
in June. Additionally, regional manuscript and financial solicitation and
coordination are done by scientists in other countries. Since 1983, 34
scientists have been recognized for their contributions to wheat
improvement.
The cost of producing Volume 40 will probably be similar to that for
Volume 39. I believe it is now feasible and financially necessary to
consider AWN distribution by diskette to all locations. One copy would go
to each location, and it would be included in a folder with photo pages and
a table of contents. Volumes 37, 38 and 39 have been included in the USDA-
ARS Wheat Database. Suggestions from the NWIC would be appreciated. Ian
Edwards, AWN treasurer, has done an excellent job of securing cooperative
and institutional financial contributions allowing us to maintain a sound
financial position.
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER TREASURER'S REPORT
1992 Annual Report to NWIC
I.B. Edwards, Treasurer
ITEM DEBIT CREDIT BALANCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Balance reported
June 1, 1992 AWN $5258.25
2. Mailing request letter 43.84 5214.41
3. Envelopes 11.00 5203.41
4. Photocopy charges 12.00 5191.41
5. Mailing, Vol. 38,
July 1992 1025.70 4165.71
6. Printing and binding 5474.62 <1308.91>
7. Typing and editing, 750.00 <2058.91>
Vol. 38 (Carolyn Schultz)
8. Misc. bank charges 5.00 <2063.91>
9. New contributions
(since June 1) 790.00 <1273.91>
10. Interest on checking 44.18 <1229.73>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comments:
1. The total cost of Volume 39 was $7,317.16. This costs divided by
460 copies printed is about $15.91/copy. Volume 39 is 92 pages longer than
Volume 38 (435 vs 343). The total printed pages of Volume 39 was 27 percent
greater than that of Volume 38, and the total cost was 15% higher. Volume
38 was printed entirely from computer files.
2. Current funding balance, at the present time, is $<1,229.73>
compared with $<506.75> a year ago. It must be noted that there is still an
outstanding balance owing for production costs in the amount of $1267.16.
In the past four years, contributions have not matched the rising costs, and
this is an area of concern.
3. Although corporate contributions have increased in recent years,
this past year showed a decline. A number of institutions and companies
require an invoice in order to make payments. We are encouraging them to
notify your Treasurer as to the amount they wish to donate, and we will
gladly furnish an invoice. Private contributions remain our major source of
revenue. We will need very strong appeal in 1994 to keep the Annual Wheat
Newsletter solvent.
Quick proposed to begin AWN distribution on disk, with accompanying
folder, table of contents, and hard copies of photos and figures.
Distribution of 1 disk copy and folder per location was suggested, with one
individual per site responsible for local copying and distribution. Cost of
producing the newsletter would then be expected to drop to about $2,000 from
the current $7,000 for hardcopies. Distribution by disk appears the only
means to regain financial solvency for the AWN.
Two motions were put forward by Zemetra: 1) Use computer diskette for
primary distribution of the AWN. Motion unanimously approved. 2) Send
diskette and folder to one person per location, then site copy and print.
Motion was defeated; 10 against, 4 in favor. Concern was expressed over
ability to generate funds unless each individual received some type of copy
in hand. Others expressed desire for hard copy, if it could be made
available. Bruns moved that AWN diskette and folder be sent to everyone on
mailing list; and an option to purchase a hard copy be made available, at a
fixed cost per copy, and with a specific deadline for ordering hard copies.
The motion passed unanimously.
Quick indicated that, after 12 years of service to the AWN, Volume 40
would be his last as AWN editor. Edwards also indicated his intent to
relinquish his position as Treasurer after Volume 40. Sears will notify
people of opportunity to take over AWN positions, then NWIC will consider
options in 1994. A resolution of thanks to Quick and Edwards for their
dedicated service will be developed.
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE REPORT
Sears reported on the 1993 NWIC legislative visits. The legislative
teams visited eight Senate offices and 12 House offices. Although the NWIC
Plant Pathology Initiative was not successful, the visits were considered to
have a cumulative positive effect, both in Congress and with ARS
administrators. The visits enhanced recognition of the NWIC and had impact
in terms of presence, resulting in subsequent calls and questions from
legislative aids. Sears indicated the need for more homework prior to
visit, more follow-up, and support from NAWG. He noted the addition of
Bruce Lans, Nebraska Wheat Board Chair, to the team was a significant
benefit. Future visits need grower support and representation from target
states. Van Sanford suggested that the NWIC needs to rethink strategies and
develop corporate partners, such as millers and bakers, in legislative
efforts. We may also need to collaborate with oat or barley workers in
legislative agendas.
USDA-ARS RESEARCH UPDATE
Busch reported that the USDA is currently undergoing an in-depth
reorganization, called for by Vice President Gore and Secretary Espy. The
proposal includes combining ARS, CSRS, Extension Service, and the National
Ag Library into a single agency: Agricultural Research and Education Service
(ARES). The goal is reducing administrative costs and enhancing efficiency
in the USDA. ARS administrators appear positive about the reorganization as
it allows an opportunity for change. The FY94 ARS budget has been
tentatively approved by Congress, with additional funds over what was
requested by ARS inserted by the House and Senate. The Office of Management
and Budget cut $26 million from the ARS budget ($18 million in positions and
funds, 8 million in buildings and maintenance) in November, but this was
later restored in its entirety by the House. Final disposition is unclear
at this time.
Funding levels for the ARS Plant Science Unit at Manhattan remain
critical. The unit, comprised of Stan Cox, Jim Hatchett, and Merle
Eversmeyer, began the fiscal year $15,000 over budget. Approximately
$500,000 new federal money has been targeted for the Grain Marketing
Research Lab at Manhattan. The funds were among those removed from the ARS
budget by OMB, but were subsequently restored. If approved, some of these
funds may be directed to support the Manhattan Plant Science Unit and the
ARS wheat projects in Nebraska.
Kolb provided an update on the three new ARS wheat positions at Purdue
(Dr. Chuck Murphy provided additional clarification in December). Joe
Anderson, ARS, Bozeman, MT, has transferred to Lafayette and is now in the
Barley Yellow Dwarf, Molecular Biology position. Anderson was formerly
working on molecular genetics and biochemistry of barley seed development.
The remaining positions, Molecular Plant Pathologist with focus on fungal
diseases and Molecular Geneticist working on Hessian Fly, have been
advertised and closed and should be filled early in 1994.
Van Sanford discussed the continuing need for Pathology support
position in the southeast. The position was part of the 1992 NWIC
legislative agenda. It was targeted for Arkansas as a good site for
screening and with potential for political support from Senator Bumpers.
The Oat Workers have proposed a position at Raliegh, NC to work half time on
Crown Rust, which is currently written in language of the ARS budget, but
with no supporting dollars. Van Sanford proposed that the NWIC work with
the Oat Workers to establish a Small Grains Pathology position at Raliegh
that can allocate some time to wheat efforts. This was identified as a high
priority need during the 1992 ARS Grain Crops review.
Zemetra reported that efforts to develop a dwarf bunt (TCK) position in
Montana have failed. Some funds were initially allocated for dwarf bunt
work, but were insufficient to fill a position. He also indicated that a
special CSRS grant on TCK has been redirected to support the Portland Grain
Marketing Center. Concerns were expressed over lack of information
available on US and Canadian TCK research projects and lack of a focused
project.
Chuck Murphy provided additional comments on the Montana ARS positions
after the meeting. The Cereal Crop Improvement Research Unit at Bozeman
had 3 SY's prior to retirement of Al Sharen and transfer of Joe Anderson.
Victor Rayboy, Cereal Molecular Geneticist, was left as the sole SY in the
Unit. Rayboy's position has now become secured by tranferring the position
into the Bozeman Range Science Unit for administrative purposes, while
providing technical supervision through the Aberdeen Small Grains Research
Unit.
Morris reported on status of the ARS unit at Pullman, WA which is
composed of four subunits; physiology, quality, pathology, and genetics.
Morris has the only fully funded project in the research unit. Bob Allan is
nearing retirement and is stepping down as Research Leader (RL). Kay
Walker-Simmons will assume the RL position. There is concern over possible
loss of club wheat research in the Northwest and desire to refill Allan's
position with a club wheat/quantitative genetics position. However, chances
of refilling the position are not promising at this time. Rollie Line also
indicated that he could retire at any time and that current funding levels
were likely insufficient to refill his position.
Busch and McVey expressed concerns over status of ARS positions at the
Cereal Rust Laboratory in St. Paul. Alan Roelfs will retire in the near
future. Roelfs' CRIS project has already been eliminated and position will
likely be lost. The position may be included as a priority in the Oat
Workers legislative initiatives. Support from CIMMYT and Canadian
researchers could also be generated.
STATUS OF ARS WHEAT QUALITY RESEARCH
Peterson reported that ARS held a meeting in Fargo, ND in August to
discuss and develop national research priorities for wheat quality research
efforts. Input from the meeting, provided by federal and state scientists
and representatives from the milling and baking industry, will be used to
develop a National Research Initiative for wheat quality research. The long
term goal is to develop more collaborative research efforts among
researchers and emphasize research objectives with potential market impact.
Morris discussed need to deal with hard white wheat quality issues and
develop specific, common, quality goals for U.S. breeding projects. A
upcoming meeting of the CSRS WRCC81 regional committee on 'Improving end-use
quality in small grains' will provide a forum to discuss regional hard white
development issues. The meeting is scheduled for January 6 and 7, 1994 in
Portland, Oregon. Morris also indicated that the western region was not
interested, at this time, in joining the national Wheat Quality Council
organization.
UPDATE ON WHEAT HARDNESS AND CLASSIFICATION
Sears reported that the Wheat Classification Working Group is expected
to hold a meeting this winter. They will review hardness data from the 1992
and '93 crop years obtained with the Single Kernel Hardness (SKH) tester.
Implementation of the new SKH tester for grain classification is still
targeted for 1995 or 1996.
WHEAT TEST WEIGHT ISSUES
Van Sanford questioned whether NWIC could lead a working group on test
weight, now that FGIS indicated it was unable to take leadership in such an
effort. Applications of the SKH tester would be the initial focus for the
group. Edwards was concerned that test weight might not be a viable issue
at this time, without either implementation of the SKH tester or NAWG
support for this as a marketing issue. However, potential may still exist
to form a task force. There is strong support in ARS quality labs to
develop methodology and data to supplant test weight as an indicator of
milling yield. Bruns suggested an opportunity to tie the issue into the
next FGIS wheat grain grading review process, which takes place every five
years. However, the next review, scheduled in four years, will likely be
consumed with implementation of the SKH tester. It was suggested that the
eastern section of the Wheat Quality Council might also provide a leadership
role.
Kolb moved that Van Sanford be named as the official NWIC
representative on wheat test weight issues, and that he make appropriate
contacts and pursue development of a working group. Bruns provided second
and motion was unanimously approved.
PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION (PVP)
Sears discussed the status of legislation to amend PVP laws to meet the
UPOV '91 treaty. Legislation has been introduced in the Senate (S.1406) by
Kerrey (NE) and House (H.R.2927) by de la Garza (TX). Senate cosponsors
currently include Daschle (SD), Kassebaum (KS), Exon (NE), and Pressler
(SD). A bill was introduced to committee on August 6 and subcommittee
hearings were held on September 20. The NWIC provided written testimony
supporting the legislation to Sen. Kerrey, and the 1992 NWIC resolution on
PVP was recorded as written testimony in Congress. Marsha Stanton, ASA
Congressional Fellow located in Senator Kerrey's office, has been working on
the bill, which is expected to receive markup in December and action
sometime after January 1. At this time, there has been little overall
Congressional concern over changes proposed for PVP.
Concern was expressed by Bruns and others regarding a recent decision
by ARS that seed of PVP'd varieties not be distributed from the ARS National
Germplasm Collections. The decision was related to language in the PVP
research exemption that fails to specifically state what agencies can
distribute such seed. Clarification regarding the status of PVP germplasm
appears needed. This may also need to be considered in developing the new
PVP legislation.
Edwards indicated that the version of UPOV that member nations will be
asked to ratify in 1994 includes a clause prohibiting any off farm seed
sales. Even with changes proposed in current PVP legislation, it is
doubtful that the U.S. will be in full compliance with the treaty.
REPORT FROM ASTA SUBCOMMITTEE ON ESSENTIALLY DERIVED CONCEPTS
Edwards gave an update on ASTA efforts to develop definitions and
concepts for essentially derived materials. The key issue is the 'doctrine
of dependency', which applies to PVP'd materials only. If a line is
considered 'essentially derived' from a PVP variety, then there is a legal
issue of dependency in the marketplace. Questions remain as to what is
considered 'essentially derived'; based on breeding methods, thresholds for
genetic distance, and scientific methods of measurement. There is general
agreement that if two lines have less than 75% of segregating traits in
common then they are not essentially derived; if greater than 95% in common
they are essentially derived. Question is in the middle ground. To date,
at least 1 backcross and 75% or more of identifiable traits in common, or 2
backcrosses regardless of number of common identifiable traits, would be
considered essentially derived. Again, there is a question as to minimum
number of traits to be measured, and which technologies would be accepted.
Application of essentially derived concepts to PVP laws would likely require
some type of grandfather clause. Ultimately, these concepts will be
described by case law history and definitions will need to be updated on a
regular basis.
DNA FINGERPRINTS AS PVP DESCRIPTORS
P. Murphy and Kolb brought up potential use of DNA technologies as PVP
descriptors, to get away from more tedious and less useful measures of
varietal differences. It was recognized that some morphological markers
will be needed to facilitate the seed certification process. Edwards
indicated that the PVP office is currently unable to handle this type of
data and information. However, there is increasing interest, especially in
private companies, in use of DNA technologies for varietal protection.
INTERNATIONAL GERMPLASM EXCHANGE SUBCOMMITTEE REPORT
Peterson presented results of a national survey conducted by the
International Germplasm Exchange Subcommittee. The survey was intended to
identify countries/programs which should be priorities for international
exchange efforts and determine current level of exchange activities and
factors that limit access to international germplasm. A total of 50 U.S.
wheat breeders and geneticists responded. Survey results indicated that a
large number of germplasm lines were imported each year by U.S. breeders.
However, when considered on a per program basis, most programs obtained
relatively few new lines each year, generally from 1 or 2 sources. Personal
contacts were the primary means of accessing international germplasm,
followed by international nurseries. Countries or programs which were
identified as high priority for exchange efforts included: 1) Former Soviet
Union; 2) CIMMYT/Mexico; 3) China; and 4) Eastern European countries. The
majority of respondents indicated a willingness to provide imported
germplasm to either the National Small Grains Collection or directly to
other breeding programs on request; assuming that permission of the
originating program could be obtained prior to secondary distribution. All
indicated willingness to participate if some type of reciprocal
international germplasm exchange program could be established. There were
five recurring themes in suggestions to improve international exchange: 1)
need for national coordination and support; 2) need for central location for
increase and distribution; 3) need for either a nationally funded or
contractual quarantine growout system; 4) need for support of international
nurseries; and 5) need to reduce and simplify APHIS quarantine restrictions.
It was recognized that, realistically, there are no funds currently
available for a national coordinating position, for a centralized quarantine
growout system, or for supporting international nurseries. Also, there is
little expected change, near term, in APHIS regulations. Chances of
obtaining new funds for international germplasm exchange efforts were
considered nonexistent. However, the general willingness of breeders to
exchange germplasm they have imported (once approval of originating program
is obtained), may provide an opportunity to increase overall germplasm
availability.
The Subcommittee proposed that USDA-ARS develop a program for breeders
to submit international germplasm as a temporary introductions to the
National Small Grains Collection, and then NSGC provide for small scale
distribution of seed. Individual breeders would be responsible for
importation of seed and quarantine increase. It would also be their
responsibility to obtain written permission from the originating programs to
allow NSGC to distribute the germplasm. Once increased, seed of each line
(approximately 500 grams) would be provided to the NSGC, with copy of
permission to distribute. The NSGC would assign a temporary introduction
number (i.e. TI# series to differentiate from PI) to each line and
distribute 10 gram samples, on request, for up to 3 years or until the seed
supply is exhausted. After 3 years, remaining seed would be discarded and
the introduction would be unavailable. The NSGC would need to provide an
annual newsletter, or list of available entries, for distribution to U.S.
breeding programs (Regional Secretaries could help with distribution). NSCG
would also need to provide formal guidelines and appropriate information
that could be used to obtain written permission from originating
institutions. The NWIC Germplasm Subcommittee and CAC could help to
organize breeders to obtain germplasm from key target countries/programs.
The Subcommittee recognized that some funds may be needed for seed increase
of specific international nurseries, or small collections, to facilitate
entry into the program.
Based on general approval and concensus of the Committee, NWIC will
send letter to Shands endorsing the proposal, with draft prepared by the
Subcommittee.
UPDATING THE WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
Kolb expressed concern that the current Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
fails to address impact of new technologies. Language should be included to
prohibit production of somoclones, transgenic plants by recombinant DNA
techniques, and induction of mutations without permission of the originator.
A committee of Kolb, Cox, and Edwards was assigned to develop specific
language for consideration. The revision was later tabled for future
consideration. It was generally agreed upon that language and concepts in
the Code of Ethics should match those used for definitions of essentially
derived materials in PVP, which have not yet been agreed upon. The NWIC
will reconsider revision in 1994.
GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION BY NPGS
Cox brought forward a letter from the Crop Advisory Committee to Henry
Shands, regarding germplasm distribution policies of the National Plant
Germplasm System. The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) Board of
Directors has requested that USDA-ARS change its policy of free distribution
of germplasm in NPGS collections to allow for deposition and storage of
germplasm with restricted distribution. The CAC letter opposes any
restriction on distribution of germplasm deposited in the NPGS that may be
established by private firms or public institutions wishing to deposit
materials. Cox proposed developing a joint letter to Shands from the NWIC
and CAC. Bruns indicated a need to broaden awareness regarding the NWIC
position on NPGS distribution policies and suggested sending an appropriate
resolution to experiment station directors, ASA executive committee, and ARS
administrators. A motion was approved to develop a resolution supporting
free exchange of germplasm in the NPGS, similar to the letter developed by
the CAC. Cox and Bruns later presented the resolution to the NWIC, which
was unanimously approved as written.
STATUS OF CIMMYT GERMPLASM EXCHANGE AND SEED HEALTH EFFORTS
CIMMYT will use Mexicali as a primary site for seed increase prior to
distribution of international nurseries in 1994. The Mexicali nursery will
be located near the California border in a Karnal Bunt (KB) free area. Few
international wheat nurseries were distributed in 1993 due to presence of KB
at the Hermosillo seed increase site.
Larry Butler provided additional background on the CIMMYT Seed Health
Unit and related KB work, including a tour of seed treatment equipment and
inspection methods. Samples of seed lots used for international shipments
are extensively screened for presence of KB spores using washing and
filtration techniques and microscopic evaluation. CIMMYT is using a sodium
hypochlorite bath for all wheat seed prior to packaging and distribution to
eliminate potential KB spores on seed surfaces. In addition to a standing
bath, nicknamed the 'killer jacuzzi', CIMMYT has recently developed a
mechanized system for seed treatment. Seed is also treated with Vitavax 300
and chlorothalonil prior to distribution. However, a guarantee of 0 spores
is unrealistic and a rational limit still needs to be established. CIMMYT
continues to work with APHIS as new seed health and KB screening procedures
are developed.
STATUS OF CIMMYT PLANT PATHOLOGY EFFORTS
Gene Saari provided an update on activities in the CIMMYT Crop
Protection Unit, which currently has seven staff members. Improving
resistance to the three rusts remain the #1 priority in pathology efforts,
although stem rust is more on a maintenance status. Other priorities
include Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum, KB, bunts and loose smut.
Second generation problems, related to cropping systems and residue
management, are receiving increased attention. These include tan spot,
Helmenthosporium sativum, and BYDV; root rots, scab and mildew also are
important, but fewer funds are available for these diseases. Paraguay had
been a focus for scab screening, but support has been reduced. Minor
element deficiencies and predisposition to disease also receive some effort.
Global monitoring and surveillance continues as a priority. Concern exists
over durability and diversity of resistances in light of sustainable
agriculture issues and practices.
CIMMYT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
Paul Fox and Bent Skovmand gave an impressive demonstration of the
CIMMYT Wheat Database. The database provides an extensive pedigree
management and information system, cross referencing variety names and
designations, varietal performance information, and agronomic descriptions.
Also underway are efforts to combine data files from long-term International
Nursery results for analyses. However, reductions in CIMMYT funding have
severely affected database development efforts. It was anticipated that
Paul Fox would not be retained unless additional outside funds could be
identified. Canada, Australia, and U.S. agencies have each been contacted
about contributing funds, and each has expressed interest. Busch moved that
the NWIC send a letter to Henry Shands expressing our support for the CIMMYT
database effort and encouraging ARS to provide support as possible. Motion
passed unanimously.
UPDATE ON GENE MAPPING AND WHEAT TRANSFORMATION EFFORTS
Olin Anderson reported on funding and genome mapping efforts of ITMI.
An ARS competitive grant and an ARS/DOE/NSF coordination grant were received
last year. There is increasing evidence of similarity in genome
organization across grass species, suggesting the possibility to use all
grasses as a genetic unit in gene isolation. Anderson also reported on
progress in ARS wheat transformation efforts. Transformation has now been
confirmed as stable through five generations of reproduction. Using a gene
gun, they have inserted a herbicide resistance gene in the variety Bobwhite.
Multiple transformation events have been obtained, at the rate of 1 per 500
embryos. Other laboratories are using similar approaches and have either
achieved transformation, or are very close.
THE 1993 SCAB EPIDEMIC
Busch gave an update on scab (Fusarium head blight) disease losses in
1993. In Minnesota, average yield was reduced by 30%, with an estimated
$400 million loss to producers. Approximately 300,000 acres were destroyed
or burned prior to harvest. In the Great Plains region, there was an
estimated $1 billion loss. In contrast, there is one position dedicated to
scab research, in Minnesota, with total investment of $90,000 per year.
Prior to 1993, it was anticipated that this position would be lost.
Vomitoxin levels over 30 ppm were found in 1993, and less than 50% of the
Minnesota crop met the 2 ppm maximum acceptable level for human consumption.
After milling, 1/2 of initial grain vomitoxin levels have been found in
straight grade flour and three times the initial levels in bran.
Busch discussed the scab screening and inoculation techniques developed
in Minnesota. There is no known genetic source of resistance to scab,
however a range in tolerance has been identified. Hundreds of Chinese
lines, reported to possess tolerance, have been screened. Two varieties,
Sumai #3 and Fan #1, were identified with less susceptibility than any other
germplasm. Sumai tolerance appears more of a qualitative than quantitative
trait. However, associated agronomic characteristics and poor baking
quality of the Chinese wheats will make their use difficult.
Kolb indicated that scab was a severe problem in the SRW wheat region
in 1990 and '91. Increasing incidence appears related to minimum till and
eco-fallow cropping trends. Gene Milas, Arkansas, has formed an ad hoc
committee for evaluation of germplasm. Greg Shaner is trying to develop a
North Central Region Committee for coordinating scab research, but the
committee has no funding.
Busch stressed the need to upgrade scab research as a national
priority. A long-term, focused effort on methodology, screening, and basic
research will be required to reduce scab incidence. Impact of the '93
epidemic provides an opportunity to rally support in the wheat industry,
collect information on disease losses, and develop a legislative initiative
for new funding. Support of the Wheat Quality Council, milling and baking
industry, and NAWG will be critical. Morris suggested exploiting food
safety issues to help garner support. However, care must be taken that the
publicity does not adversely affecting grain marketing. Goal may be to
obtain ARS monies and support similar to that obtained for the Russian Wheat
Aphid work. The scab issue was moved forward as a key item in the
legislative agenda.
NEW RESEARCH ON BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID LOSSES
Porter discussed new research evidence that non-viruliferous Bird
Cherry-Oat Aphids were just as damaging as the Russian Wheat Aphid and
Greenbug. As little as 10 aphids/plant can cause a 50% yield reduction.
The damage is chronic, with little symptom expression. Control with
chemical pesticides is currently the only option. A symposium on the aphid
will be held at the national entomology meetings in December, 1993.
Research from Hungary suggested that some level of genetic tolerance may be
available, with yield losses of 30% expressed in tolerant lines compared to
60% in susceptible. The tolerance is not genetically related to other aphid
resistances.
Busch indicated that previous threshold levels recommended for chemical
control were not adequate. In 1992, Minnesota had a severe aphid influx.
Untreated plots averaged 31.8 bu/a compared with 50 bu/a for treated. Busch
estimated that 1.7 million acres could have been economically sprayed that
year. The concern is potential for major insecticide applications over wide
acreages. New threshold levels for treatment are 1 aphid/stem on 85/100
stems. Kolb questioned the role of BYDV in yield losses as BYDV infections
may show little visual symptomology. Porter indicated that several tests
documenting yield loss have used certified non-viruliferous aphids. Leath
indicated a new seed treatment, documented and used in Europe, may provide
short-term control, but it is very expensive. Some resistance also may be
available in SRW wheats due to long-term natural selection under aphid
infestations.
SUPPORT FOR CSRS WHEAT RESEARCH
Bruns brought forward communication with Stephen Baenziger, Nebraska,
requesting the NWIC increase its efforts to promote increased CSRS/Hatch
funding for wheat and wheat pathology. Worrall also expressed concern that
the NWIC each year focuses on ARS programs and need to increase ARS funding,
while numerous CSRS wheat research problems are not addressed. However,
lack of mechanisms to increase specific CSRS funding for wheat are a primary
problem. Baenziger suggested pursuing a combined ARS/CSRS funding program,
similar to the STEEP II program in the Pacific Northwest, with competitive
funding and peer review. Targeted CSRS special grants might be pursued with
appropriate congressional support. However, CSRS special grants are
considered as 'pork barrel' and difficult to obtain in todays political
climate. They are also renewed annually and require substantial political
investment to maintain. An alternative proposed would be to develop a
permanent pool of ARS funds and use ARS as a granting agency for
collaborative/competitive ARS and CSRS projects. This has been done
effectively for the oat germplasm enhancement program. Merging of ARS and
CSRS into a single USDA agency may provide additional and more effective
mechanisms in the near future.
Committee members agreed that the NWIC needs to more actively pursue
means to enhance CSRS wheat funding. A motion was approved that established
a subcommittee comprised of Worrall and Van Sanford to study CSRS funding
options and report to the NWIC next year. The committee will also be in
communication with Stephen Baenziger regarding options and directions.
NAWG ISSUES
Zemetra indicated that a $1.1 million dollar National Research
Initiative on jointed goatgrass control has recently been obtained with NAWG
support. The program is targeted for western and plains states. Goals and
objectives are unclear and there is no proposal draft available at this
time. Contact person is Jim Zuiches, Washington State University.
Zemetra brought forward a resolution from the Idaho Wheat Commission
for input from the NWIC. The resolution has been circulated to state wheat
commissions and grower associations and is expected to be considered by
NAWG. It recommends that the American Association of Seed Certification
Agencies require milling and baking quality information, based on nine
location/year of testing, be provided and made available as a matter of
public record prior to inclusion of a new or existing wheat variety in a
certified seed program. It was noted that this was, in essence, similar to
initial proposals in the Grain Quality Incentives Act developed by Senator
Daschle. That bill currently requires that quality data be provided on
state variety trials, an requirement which is largely not met at this time.
Bruns explained the role of the AOSCA Small Grains Variety Review Board,
which requires data only when needed to substantiate claims made on a
variety. Edwards noted the resolution was interesting in light of lack of
interest of western states in joining the National Wheat Quality Council
organization, which could provide quality information and uniform testing
procedures. A straw poll was conducted to determine support for the Idaho
resolution. No support was indicated. Sears will respond to the Idaho
Wheat Commission, and NAWG as appropriate, indicating lack of support for
the resolution. Background information also will be provided, based on
testimony developed by Fred Cholick for congressional hearings on the Grain
Quality Incentives Act.
REGIONAL ITEMS AND UPDATES
Peterson reported on status of the USDA-ARS wheat virology research in
Lincoln. Two ARS scientists, Roy French and W. Langenberg, currently work
on molecular genetics of wheat streak mosaic, soilborne wheat mosaic, and
BYDV. Langenberg is expected to retire in the near future. Without
additional funds, his position will not be replaced. Local ARS and UN-L
administrators hope to refill Langenberg's position, but state and national
support will be needed to obtain additional funds. An
epidemiologist/molecular geneticist is desired with primary research
emphasis on wheat streak mosaic virus. Consideration as a possible
legislative agenda item was proposed.
Kolb indicated that there is continuing interest and need for the
International Septoria Screening Nursery, which was discontinued upon
retirement of Al Sharen. Basic need is to identify a coordinator. Leath
indicated that he was willing, if support (i.e. 1/2 technician position)
could be found. After consideration of possible actions, it was decided
that the issue would be brought up informally, as a point of information,
with C. Murphy.
Personnel changes and pending retirements from each region were
discussed. Zemetra indicated that, in addition to changes in the Montana
ARS positions, the Aberdeen ARS wheat germplasm/physiology position of S.
Ramagopal has been transferred to Beltsville, along with supporting funds.
Washington State University is anticipating the retirement of Clarence
Peterson and Cal Konzak in the next year, and Bob Allan in 2 to 3 years.
Filling of the O.A. Vogel endowed chair position at WSU is currently on
hold. Van Sanford indicated that John Roberts, Pathologist at Griffin GA,
is nearing retirement. Gordon Kimber, cytogeneticist at Columbia, MO, will
retire in May of 1994. Bruns reported that Merle Eversmeyer, ARS
Pathologist and Research Leader at Manhattan, KS could retire at anytime.
Ed Smith, Oklahoma State University wheat breeder, may retire in the next
few years. Busch indicated that two thirds of the ARS Cereal Rust
Laboratory researchers could retire within the next three years; Allan
Roelfs will retire shortly. Several retirements are anticipated in the ARS
unit at Fargo, including Norm Williams, Cytogeneticist and Research Leader;
Jim Miller, Pathologist; and Leonard Joppa, Geneticist. Retirement of S.S.
Maan, Fargo, also is eminent.
MISSION STATEMENT FOR THE NWIC
Sears and Peterson proposed a mission statement to clarify goals and
function of the NWIC. The statement is to be used in correspondence with
legislators, industry, and press, to explain the role of the NWIC as a
standing expert Committee. After discussion and consideration of
appropriate language, Worrall moved for acceptance. The revised mission
statement was unanimously approved. It is included with the 1993
resolutions and letters.
1994 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA
Sears lead discussion on plans for the NWIC legislative initiative and
Congressional visit, scheduled for late March. Membership of the
Legislative subcommittee was discussed. It was emphasized that the NWIC
legislative team should be expanded outside of NWIC members; include NAWG
representatives, growers from key states, and representatives from the
milling and baking industry. The Wheat Quality Council Board of Directors
should be approached for representation. Glenn Weaver, ConAgra, is
currently Chair of the Board.
The 1992-93 Legislative Initiative included requests of support for
five ARS positions/units: Plant Science Unit, Manhattan; Plant
Pathology/Germplasm position in Southeast; Wheat Pathology, Pullman; Cereal
Rust Lab, St. Paul; and Smut position, Bozeman. Sears recommended that the
1993-94 initiative focus on a single, high priority item, such as the
Manhattan Research Unit, then present others as informational items. Van
Sanford concurred that primary focus should be the ARS Manhattan unit; with
additional funds, their research efforts could be expanded to include work
on all wheat classes. He also recommended supporting the Oat Workers
initiative for a pathology position at Raleigh, NC. Busch reminded the
Committee that growers lost $1 billion to disease in 1993, which could be
powerful focus for this years lobbying efforts, especially for scab
research. Morris suggested that food safety and security could also be an
effective focus.
P. Murphy suggested that the Oat Workers Strategic Plan could be an
effective concept and model for the NWIC. It was agreed that a strategic
plan for pathology could provide an effective background for the legislative
initiative. Target of a long-term strategic plan would then be diseases,
rather than people or programs. Specific annual legislative initiatives
would then focus on individual disease impact and losses, and take advantage
of opportunities for Congressional support.
Sears proposed the NWIC organize a subcommittee to develop a long-term
strategic plan for wheat research needs, with focus on pathology issues.
However, due to the short time frame for planning, this years initiative
would combine current regional pathology issues into a package with a single
item as high priority focus. Bruns indicated that last years initiative
would be an effective base, with slight modifications in language and focus.
It was agreed that Sears, as NWIC Chair, would head the Legislative
Subcommittee, enlisting aid from NWIC members and others as needed. Sears
also will contact C. Murphy and W. Martinez for advice and direction on
strategies and funding targets. Regional Chairs will provide a list of
regional disease priorities to Sears by December 15. Sears will then work
with NWIC members to develop appropriate documents and a legislative
information packet during December and January. The information packet will
be provided to key congressional staff, ARS administrators, NAWG, and
industry groups such as the Wheat Quality Council. The Manhattan Plant
Science Unit will remain the primary focus for the funding initiative and
the other key pathology positions will be included as appropriate. Regional
Chairs will serve as members of a Strategic Planning Subcommittee for the
NWIC. During the next year, the Subcommittee will develop list of regional
and national wheat research priorities to be presented and considered at the
1994 NWIC meeting.
NWIC INTERACTIONS WITH PRESS
Sears reported that a news article, loosely based on a draft developed
by several NWIC members in February, was released through the AP wire
service in May. The article expressed NWIC concerns over reduced funding
for pathology research in light of increasing disease losses. The article
was published in several national newspapers. Sears received several calls
and favorable comments on the article and he believed it was beneficial in
increasing visibility of the NWIC. It was suggested that copies of the
legislative information packet be provided to key members of the
agricultural press to increase awareness of our national research concerns.
This would serve to increase recognition of the NWIC as an expert committee,
and show willingness to provide testimony regarding national wheat issues.
MISC. RESOLUTIONS AND LETTERS
Sears proposed that two resolutions be developed, acknowledging 12
years of dedicated service by Jim Quick and Ian Edwards in publication and
distribution of the Annual Wheat Newsletter. Busch moved that appropriate
resolutions be drafted, expressing the appreciation of the world wheat
community. Motion was approved and Peterson will write resolutions.
Drafting of resolution expressing appreciation to CIMMYT personnel for
serving as excellent hosts of the 1993 NWIC meeting also was approved.
NEXT MEETING
Sears proposed that the next NWIC meeting be held on November 4 and 5,
1994 at, or near, Beltsville, MD. Peterson and Sears will identify an
appropriate location and facility. The 1994 CAC meeting will then be held
on the evening of November 3, prior to the NWIC meeting. Motion was
approved. The meeting was then adjourned by Sears.
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
NOVEMBER 19-20, 1993, EL BATAN, MEXICO
SUBJECT: MISSION OF THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
The National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) is a non-profit,
independent organization representing public and private wheat researchers.
It is composed of scientists which represent each of the four major U.S.
wheat growing regions. The NWIC addresses issues that have direct, or
indirect, effect on U.S. wheat; including areas of research, production,
marketing, and end-use. The Committee provides information and counsel to
Congressional leaders and U.S. agricultural policymakers, with the long-term
goal of improving wheat production and marketing opportunities. The NWIC is
an expert committee and is willing to provide either written or verbal
testimony regarding wheat research issues in the United States. The NWIC
meets annually. Minutes of Committee meetings, resolutions, and letters are
published each year in the Annual Wheat Newsletter.
SUBJECT: GERMPLASM EXCHANGE POLICY OF THE NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM
TO: Shands; Plowman; Eberhart; Exp. station directors; CSSA Executive
Committee
WHEREAS, the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) Board of Directors has
requested that USDA-ARS change its policy of free distribution of germplasm
in National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collections to allow for
deposition and storage of germplasm with restricted distribution, and
WHEREAS, the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) has consistently
supported free exchange of germplasm as the cornerstone of wheat
improvement, and
WHEREAS, the National Plant Germplasm System is a critical source of genetic
material and an integral part of free germplasm exchange in the United
States and the world, and
WHEREAS, the NWIC strongly supports the current USDA policy of unrestricted,
free distribution of germplasm from the NPGS to continue the legacy of wheat
improvement, and
WHEREAS, the NWIC recognizes that extreme political, economic, and
environmental pressures may necessitate the acceptance by NPGS of certain
critical international collections with restrictive distribution (a
compromise to ensure the protection of genetic diversity of world stocks
that should not be allowed to affect our domestic germplasm exchange
policies),
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the National Wheat Improvement Committee
strongly opposes restriction on the distribution of germplasm deposited with
the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System; international collections accepted
under crisis situations would be the sole exception. If a policy of
restricted germplasm distribution were accepted, the USDA-ARS would, in
effect, be endorsing a policy of germplasm commercialization. This implied
endorsement would undermine a long-standing USDA-ARS commitment to the world
wheat community of free germplasm exchange and would irreparably damage
wheat improvement efforts.
SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF HOSTS
WHEREAS, CIMMYT has served as an excellent host of the 1993 National Wheat
Improvement Committee and Wheat Crop Advisory Committee, and
WHEREAS, our hosts provided superior meeting facilities and have expended
much time and effort to ensure that the meetings were successful, and
WHEREAS, our hosts provided NWIC members with an impressive tour of current
CIMMYT research efforts and facilities,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the members of the NWIC and WCAC sincerely
thank our hosts from CIMMYT: Dr. Roger Rowe, Deputy Director General for
Research; Dr. Tony Fischer, Director of the Wheat Research Program; Dr. Bent
Skovmand, Head, Wheat Genetic Resources; and Linda Ainsworth, Head, Visitor
and Conference Services. Appreciation also goes out to Larry Butler, Paul
Fox, Gene Saari, George Varughese, and Diego Gonzalez de Leon for their
presentations and participation in the meeting.
SUBJECT: RECOGNITION OF DR. JIM QUICK'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL WHEAT
NEWSLETTER
WHEREAS, Dr. Jim Quick has provided twelve years of dedicated and able
service to the world wheat research community through his position as Editor
of the Annual Wheat Newsletter, and
WHEREAS, the Annual Wheat Newsletter has provided a unique and extremely
valuable resource for international wheat researchers, and
WHEREAS, he has expended much time and effort in editing, publication, and
distribution of the Newsletter,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that members of the NWIC express their collective
appreciation to Dr. Quick for his distinguished service and contributions to
the International and National Wheat Improvement efforts.
SUBJECT: RECOGNITION OF DR. IAN EDWARDS'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL WHEAT
NEWSLETTER
WHEREAS, Dr. Ian Edwards has provided twelve years of dedicated and able
service to the world wheat research community through his position as
Treasurer of the Annual Wheat Newsletter, and
WHEREAS, the Annual Wheat Newsletter has provided a unique and extremely
valuable resource for international wheat researchers, and
WHEREAS, he has expended much time and effort in raising funds and handling
accounts to provide for publication and distribution of the Newsletter,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that members of the NWIC express their collective
appreciation to Dr. Edwards for his distinguished service and contributions
to the International and National Wheat Improvement efforts.
-------------------------
LETTERS OF THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE,
APPROVED NOVEMBER 19-20, 1993, EL BATAN, MEXICO
February 18, 1994
Dr. Henry L. Shands
Genetic Resources
USDA-ARS, NPS,GR
Bldg 005, BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Dear Dr. Shands,
I'm writing to report on the NWIC's impression of the CIMMYT germplasm and
database program being developed by Dr. Paul Fox and Dr. Bent Skovmand. The
entire committee was very favorably impressed, and we would make the
recommendation that the USDA contribute to funding the database until it can
be completed in the next year or two.
We feel as a group of wheat researchers, that the database could very easily
be utilized by other self-pollinated crops. In fact, we understand that
IRRI is presently examining the database for
utilization within their system. We also feel that this database could be
easily incorporated for use with inbred lines in either corn or sorghum.
In summary, the NWIC would encourage USDA to support the funding of the
CIMMYT database program until it can be finished. Thank you for allowing us
to comment on this critical issue involving wheat.
Sincerely, R.G. Sears, Chair
-------------------------
MEMBERS OF NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
November 1993
Dr. R.G. Sears, Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-7245
FAX: (913)-532-6094
Dr. C.J. Peterson, Secretary
USDA-ARS, Dept. of Agronomy
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583
(402) 472-5191
FAX: (402) 437-5254
Eastern Wheat Region
Dr. Fred Kolb, Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
Univ. of Illinois
Urbana, IL 61801
(217) 244-6148
FAX: (217) 333-9817
Dr. H.E.Bockelman, Secretary
USDA-ARS, 1691 So. 2700 W.
P.O. Box 307
Aberdeen, ID 83210
(208) 397-4162
FAX: (208) 397-4165
Dr. Paul Murphy
Dept. of Crop Science
North Carolina State Univ.
Raleigh, NC 27607
(919) 515-3281
FAX: (919) 515-5657
Dr. D. Van Sanford
Dept. of Agronomy
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506
(606) 257-5811
FAX: (606) 258-5842
National Assoc. of Wheat
Growers
Ellen Ferguson
Director, NAWG Foundation415
Second St. NE Suite 300
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 547-7800
FAX: (202) 546-2638
Great Plains Spring Wheat
Region
Dr. Gary Hareland, Chair
USDA-ARS, Northern Crop
Science Lab
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7728
FAX: (701) 237-7713
Dr. R.H. Busch, Secretary
USDA-ARS, 411 Borlaug Hall
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, MN 55108
(612) 625-1975
FAX: (612) 625-1268
Dr. Leonard Joppa
USDA-ARS, Northern Crop
Science Lab
1307 N 18th St
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 239-1339
FAX: (701) 237-7713
Dr. R. Frohberg
Dept. of Crop and Weed
Science
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7971
FAX: (701) 237-7973
Great Plains Winter Wheat
Region
R. Bruns, Chair
Agripro Bioscience, Inc.
806 N. Second St., P.O. Box 30
Berthoud, CO 80513
(303) 532-3721
Dr. T.S. Cox, Secretary
USDA-ARS
Throckmorton Hall, Rm.
421Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-7260
FAX:(913) 532-5692
Dr. W.D. Worrall
Texas A&M, P.O. Box 1658
Vernon, TX 76384
(817) 552-9941
FAX: (817) 553-4657
Dr. David Porter
USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western St.
Stillwater, OK 74075
(405) 624-4212
FAX: (405) 372-1398
Western Wheat Region
Dr. R.S. Zemetra, Chair
Dept. of Plant, Soil & Ent. Sci.
University of Idaho
Moscow, ID 83843
(208) 885-7810
FAX: (208) 885-7760
Dr. R.F. Line, Secretary
USDA-ARS, 361 Johnson Hall
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3755
FAX: (509) 335-7674
Dr. David Hole
Dept. of Plant and Soil Sci.
Utah State Univ.
Logan, UT 84321
(801) 750-2235
FAX: (801) 750-3376
Dr. Craig Morris
USDA Western Wheat Quality lab
E-202 FSHN Fac. East
Washington State Univ.
Pullman, WA 99164-6394
(509) 335-4062
FAX: (509) 335-8573
-------------------------
WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
"This seed is being distributed in accordance with the `Wheat Workers
Code of Ethics for Distribution of Germplasm' developed by the National
Wheat Improvement Committee 10/27/76. Acceptance of this seed
constitutes Agreement."
1. The originating breeder, station or company has certain rights to
the unreleased material. These rights are not waived with the
distribution of seeds or plant material but remain with the
originator for disposal at this initiative.
2. The recipient of unreleased seeds or plant material shall make no
secondary distributions of the germplasm without the permission
of the owner/breeder.
3. The owner/breeder in distributing unreleased seeds or other
propagating material, grants permission for use (1) in tests
under the recipient's control, (2) as a parent for making crosses
from which selections will be made, and (3) for induction of
mutations. All other uses, such as testing in regional nurseries,
increase and release as a cultivar, selection from the stock, use
as parents in commercial F(1) hybrids or synthetic or multiline
cultivars, require the written approval of the owner/breeder.
4. Plant materials of this nature entered in crop cultivar trials
shall not be used for seed increase. Reasonable precautions to
insure retention or recovery of plant materials at harvest shall
be taken.
5. The distributor of wheat germplasm stocks may impose additional
restrictions on use or may waiver any of the above.
-------------------------
PROGRESS ON GRAIN GENES, THE TRITICEAE GENOME DATABASE
David E. Matthews and Olin D. Anderson
A genetic database for Triticeae, oats, and sugarcane is being
assembled as part of the United States Department of Agriculture, National
Agricultural Library's Plant Genome Program, directed by Jerome P. Miksche.
The project includes the creation of a comprehensive database at the
National Agricultural Library incorporating data from all plant species.
The data are available for public access and distribution, and cooperation
with the international research community is encouraged. Additional support
for the Triticeae database is provided by ITMI, the International Triticeae
Mapping Initiative, through a grant from the USDA/DOE/NSF Joint Program on
Collaborative Research in Plant Biology.
The Triticeae database project, "GrainGenes," is coordinated by Olin
Anderson (USDA, Albany, CA). The master database is currently running at
Cornell University (David Matthews and Mark Sorrells) and is accessible via
Internet. The main efforts in this program are to establish the hardware
and software systems to construct and maintain a database, and coordinate
the loading of all available and useful data. Kinds of information being
loaded include:
genetic and cytogenetic maps,
genomic probes, nucleotide sequences,
genes, alleles and gene products,
associated phenotypes, quantitative traits and QTLs,
genotypes and pedigrees of cultivars, genetic stocks, and other
germplasms,
pathologies and the corresponding pathogens, insects, and abiotic
stresses,
a taxonomy of the Triticeae and Avena,
addresses and research interests of colleagues,
relevant bibliographic citations.
The retrievable information includes images (photographs and drawings) as
well as text and numeric data.
DATA COORDINATORS
Needless to say, compiling and curating all this information is a very
large project. We have identified specific areas that require data assembly
and organization, and have formed a committee of coordinators. As is
inherent in such databases many areas are overlapping and will require input
from several areas of expertise. As the need becomes apparent,
'subcommittees' will form around broad topics. The following individuals
have agreed to serve as the coordination committee for the wheat portion of
the database.
Database coord., Olin Anderson, USDA, ARS, WRRC, 800 Buchanan,
probe repository Albany, CA 94710, Tel: 510-559-5773 FAX: 510-
559-5777
Email:oanderson@wheat.usda.gov
Cytogenetics, Bikram Gill, Department of Plant Pathology,
stocks, mapping Kansas State University, Throckmorton Hall,
Manhattan, KS 66506 Tel: 913-532-6176 FAX: 913-
532-5692
Email:raupp@matt.ksu.edu
Proteins, gel Bob Graybosch, USDA, ARS, Department of Agronomy,
322 Keim patterns, wheat quality Hall, University
of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
Tel: 402-472-1563 FAX: 402-437-5234,
Email:agro100@unlvm.unl.edu
Genetic stocks Perry Gustafson, USDA, ARS, Department of
Agronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
65211 Tel: 314-882-7318 FAX: 314-875-5359,
Email:agro1375@mizzou1.missouri.edu
Genetics, Gary Hart, Department of Soil & Crop Sciences,
nomenclature Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,
Tel: 409-845-8293 FAX: 409-845-0456,
Email:ghart@zeus.tamu.edu
Germplasm, Ken Kephart, 214 Waters Hall, University of
pathology (temp.), Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Tel: 314-882-2001
traits FAX: 314-884-4317
Email:kephart@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu
Data entry, David Matthews, Dept. of Plant Breeding &
coord., maint., Biometry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel:
database design 607-255-9951 FAX: 607-255-6683,
Email: matthews@greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
Taxonomy Pat McGuire, Genetic Resources Conservation
Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, Tel: 916-757-
8923 FAX: 916-757-8755,
Email:grcp@ucdavis.edu
Data entry, Mark Sorrells, Dept. of Plant Breeding &
coordination Biometry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel:
607-255-1665, FAX: 607-255-6683,
Email:mark-sorrells@qmrelay.mail.cornell.edu
Anyone with interests in participating in database design, data
contributions, data assembly in any of these or other specific areas should
contact the appropriate coordinator or Olin Anderson.
GRAINGENES RELEASE 1.3
The first demonstration of a functional prototype of the database was
in September 1992, at the ITMI Third Public Workshop in Mexico. The current
version of GrainGenes is 1.3, released 12 Jan 1994. An overview of its
contents is as follows.
Data class Number of records
------------- -----------------
Map 11 Wheat, T. tauschii, barley, diploid
oat, sugarcane
Linkage-Group 120
Locus 1500
Probe 2000
Polymorphism 80 With images of autoradiograms
Sequence 100 End sequences of probes
Gene 560
Allele 550
Germplasm 11000 Wheat, rye, triticale
Species 370 Including plants, pathogens and insects
Trait-Scores 14000 24th International Spring Wheat Yield
Nursery
QTL 4
Pathology 380 With images of symptoms
Image 150
Colleague 900
Paper 1300
Additional data are being added on a continuing basis. New data in this
release since the previous version include:
- Genes, alleles and stocks, part of the "Catalogue of Gene Symbols
for Wheat," from Gary Hart
- Wheat chromosome group 2 and 3 maps of Devos et al.
- Updated Triticum tauschii map, from Bikram Gill
- Barley maps
- IGRI x FRANKA, from Andreas Graner
- VADA x H. spontaneum, from Andreas Graner
- Proctor x Nudinka, from Mark Sorrells
- Summary of the rice/maize/wheat comparative map of Ahn et al.
- CIMMYT list of wheat cultivar abbreviations, from Bent Skovmand
- Trait evaluation data, CIMMYT's 24th International Spring Wheat
Yield Nursery, from Paul Fox
- QTL study of wheat sprouting, from Jim Anderson
- Pathologies (diseases, insects, abiotic injuries) of wheat,
barley and oats,from Ken Kephart
- Polymorphisms of BCD and CDO probes on barley, rice, oat, wheat
and sugarcane, from Mark Sorrells
- Address information for additional colleagues, from the Oat
Newsletter mailing list
By the time you read this report there will be more data added.
USER INTERFACES TO GRAINGENES AND ASSOCIATED DATASETS
The database is currently available in three formats: ACEDB, Gopher,
and World Wide Web (WWW). The ACEDB interface supports more powerful query
strategies and provides interactive graphical displays of the genetic maps.
On the other hand, for many people the Gopher and WWW formats are easier to
access, as well as easier to use.
In addition, the Gopher and WWW formats include not only all the data
described above (the core GrainGenes dataset) but also an equally large
amount of information that is in free text format or in structures other
than that of ACEDB. These additional datasets are searchable online, and
some are also available for downloading in their entirety. They include
Annual Wheat Newsletter, volumes 37 and 39 (38 and 40 to come)
Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat, 1988 and 1993
Commercial Wheat Cultivars of the US, an electronic monograph by Ken
Kephart
HMW-glutenin subunit data for 1500 wheat cultivars, from Bob Graybosch
Wheat quality evaluations, from Bob Graybosch
CIMMYT list of abbreviations for 8700 wheat cultivars, from Bent
Skovmand
The Gopher/WWW datasets are also updated more frequently than the official
releases of the ACEDB version of the database. The following data have been
added to the Gopher server in the six weeks since the current (1.3) release
of GrainGenes.
GrainGenes database
- Wheat chromosome arm map, from Mark Sorrells
Chromosome and chromosome-arm locations of homologies to 210 BCD,
CDO, and WG probes, with the sizes of the 800 mapped restriction
fragments.
- 120 species of Triticeae and Avena, and all their synonyms, from Ken
Kephart and Gordon Kimber
- Germplasm records for the 500 wheat cultivars that have been
evaluated in the 1st through 27th CIMMYT International Spring Wheat
Yield Nurseries, from Bent Skovmand
Images from the GrainGenes database
- 450 new pathology-related images, from Ken Kephart
NABGMP Steptoe X Morex dataset
- Barley quantitative trait mapping dataset, from Pat Hayes 8 traits
x
16 environments x 150 doubled haploids, with QTL analysis.
Grains files to browse
- "Barley IGRI x FRANKA mapping data", from Andreas Graner
Segregation data, including substantially more markers than are on
the 1991 published map
ACCESS METHODS
For sites that are connected to the Internet, the Gopher and WWW
formats of GrainGenes are the easiest to access, requiring only
- a direct network connection from your personal computer to the
Internet (no password needed),
or
- a modem connection to a Unix or other Internet host running Gopher
or WWW software.
The ACEDB format of GrainGenes provides its graphical, mouse-based user
interface via the "X11" network protocol. ACEDB access requires
- a Unix machine running the ACEDB software,
or
- a direct network connection (as opposed to a modem connection) to
such a machine and an account to use it, and X11 software for your
personal computer.
Gopher
For enhanced reliability, identical copies of the GrainGenes Gopher
server are maintained at two independent sites, one at Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, and the other at the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville,
MD. If one is unavailable, due to unforeseen but over the longer term
inevitable circumstances, simply switch to the other one:
host greengenes.cit.cornell.edu, port 70
host probe.nalusda.gov, port 7002
The NAL has also established a Gopher server that allows searching a
merged database of all the USDA-supported plant genome databases:
GrainGenes, AAtDB (Arabidopsis), Mace (maize), Soybase, and TreeGenes. This
Gopher server is listed in the GrainGenes Gopher menu "Other plant genome
Gophers", or it can be accessed directly at host probe.nalusda.gov, port 70.
WWW
The World Wide Web is a kind of super-Gopher system, with all the
features of the Gopher plus many more. For those who have direct access
(TCP or SLIP) to the Internet, WWW can be accessed using the "Mosaic"
software which can be obtained by anonymous ftp from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu.
Those who have dialup access to a Unix host can use the Unix WWW client
program "Lynx".
Access to GrainGenes via the World Wide Web is available from the
Agricultural Genome World Wide Web Server, located at the NAL. The address
(URL) for this server is
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/index.html
From the wheat standpoint, the uniquely useful service offered here is
a hypertext version of the GrainGenes dataset, located at URL:
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/acedbs/acedbs/index.html
In addition, the full GrainGenes Gopher server, including all the Gopher
datasets described above, can be accessed via WWW using URL:
gopher://greengenes.cit.cornell.edu/1
ACEDB
Copies of the ACEDB version of GrainGenes, for running on a Unix host,
can be obtained from the NAL's anonymous ftp server, probe.nalusda.gov.
Copies are currently running at eleven distributed sites:
USDA Western Regional Research Laboratory, Albany, CA (Olin Anderson)
INRA, Clermont, France (Philippe Leroy)
Australian National Genetic Information Service, Sydney (Alex Reisner)
Montana State University (Tom Blake)
Station d'amelioration des plantes, Gembloux, Belgium (Jean Jacquemin)
Weizman Institute, Israel (Jaime Prilusky)
Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston (Leland Ellis)
Texas A&M University (Gary Hart)
Academia Sinica, Beijing (Lihuang Zhu)
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee (Scott Chasalow)
CIMMYT, Mexico (David Hoisington)
Users who have no Unix machine but do have direct network access
(TCP/IP or SLIP) and X11 software for their personal computer may request a
GrainGenes ACEDB account from the authors.
HELPLINE
The NAL has set up a helpline for assistance in accessing and using the
plant genome databases. Help is available either by electronic mail to
pgenome@nalusda.gov, or by telephone at 301-504-6613. GrainGenes-specific
questions should be directed to the authors, at the addresses mentioned
above.
LONG-TERM CONSIDERATONS
Although the USDA is supporting the initial stages of database
development, the success of this program will depend greatly on the
cooperation and participation of laboratories throughout the research
community world-wide. We are particularly interested in cooperating with
members of international community who are recognized, officially or
unofficially, as curators of data. The USDA will concentrate on hardware,
software, assembly of combined databases, database access, and will only
perform minor curatorial functions; each plant community will be called on
to organize and update the data for its own plant system.
All laboratories possessing relevant data are urged to deposit their
data with the database. Any laboratory interested in accessing the
databases or running the databases locally can contact Olin Anderson, Susan
Altenbach, or David Matthews. Users are reminded that this is a developing
database effort, therefore gaps in data should be expected. However, all
users are encouraged to make both suggestions on improvements and new
sources of data.
-------------------------
II. CONTRIBUTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
Joe A. Smith, Blake Cooper, Barb Cook, Jerry Betz
We have an ongoing wheat development program with the United Grain
Growers, Inc. From this program, we have achieved registration of our first
CWRS cultivar in Canada. It has been named Invader and was tested as BW158
in official registration Co-ops over the past three seasons. It averaged 4%
and 7% above the commercial checks Katepwa and Columbus, respectively in the
black soil zones. Invader has late maturity similar to Columbus and
improved leaf rust resistance compared to the checks. It will be marketed
exclusively by the United Growers, Inc. in Canada.
The 1993 season was too cool and too wet for good wheat development in
our primary breeding area, the Red River Valley. A heavy fusarium infection
reduced yields far below what were anticipated. Some differences were
noticed between cultivars. Generally taller and earlier cultivars held up
better. Plots were discarded at our Casselton site due to flooding damage
and fusarium.
In our U.S. program, we will be releasing a new semidwarf durum
cultivar to be named Voss. It has been tested as D87-1534 in 1993 North
Dakota State tests and the 1992 Regional test. This cultivar has exhibited
higher yield and test weight than currently grown semidwarfs.
Dr. Blake Cooper joined the project in early summer. Blake will be in
charge of the U.S. program.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
John M. Moffatt, Steve L. Askelson, Jerry D. Brick, Scott A. Seifert,
Paul T. "Tom" Griess
The 1992/93 crop year was a banner year for foliar disease development.
Leaf rust, septoria glume blotch, tan spot and scab were found in varying
degrees in all of our core nursery sites from north central Oklahoma to
south central Nebraska. Leaf rust and septoria were also problems in our
irrigated nurseries along the Ogallala aquifer. Abnormally high rain-fall
during June delayed harvest, flooded nurseries and resulted in the loss of
most of our core locations. Although foliar diseases caused reductions in
both test weight and yield in the west, we were able to harvest seven
irrigated nurseries with trial means averaging from 66 bu/a at Goodland, KS
to 125 bu/a at Berthoud.
AgriPro Brand Varieties "Ogallala" and "Ponderosa", were released to
our associate system in 1993 and will be available to the farmer in the fall
of 1994.
Ogallala (TX81V6187/Abilene) was formerly tested as WI89-055. Ogallala
has better leaf rust resistance than either parent, has high test weight
patterns and excellent straw strength for irrigated production. Ogallala is
heterogeneous for 1A/1R and has a moderately resistant field reaction to
wheat streak mosaic virus. Ogallala is susceptible to both soil borne and
spindle streak mosaic virus and is being positioned as a western wheat.
Ponderosa (W81-133/Thunderbird) was formerly tested as W87-017-44.
Ponderosa is a daylength sensitive semidwarf similar to Tomahawk in plant-
type. Ponderosa has good protection to prevalent leaf rust races and
powdery mildew and is resistant to the soilborne and spindle streak mosaic
viruses. Ponderosa is adapted to both the core and the aquifer. Ponderosa
has excellent milling and baking properties.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
Jim Reeder, Bobby Talley
Almost 1000 hard red winter wheat hybrids were made in 1993 at
Berthoud, Colorado and Hereford, Texas. Hybridizing agent technology was
used to produce these hybrids. The 500 combinations that produced the most
hybrid seed will be yield tested throughout the Great Plains in 1994.
Performance of previously made hybrids was encouraging with a significant
number exceeding our yield goal. Yield stability of hybrids over locations
and over years continues to be high.
Approximately 650 hard red spring wheat hybrids were made at Berthoud,
Colorado and Casselton, North Dakota. Over 300 of these will be yield
tested in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota. Heterosis
observed in previously made hybrids in this region was again high.
Bobby Talley joined the hybrid development project on February 1, 1994
after spending five years on the hard red winter wheat project on a part-
time basis while going to school.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
Koy E. Miskin, Curtis Beazer, Eugene Glover, Dayna Scruggs.
In contrast to 1992, this year soft wheat research had a crop. In
1992, the entire breeding nursery at Brookston was dead. Fortunately, we
had a good year in 1993. Stem rust was very severe (very unusual)
eliminating a great deal of material from the program. We had not had good
selection pressure for stem rust for many years. Leaf rust and the septoria
diseases were also quite serious this year and it is believed we made good
progress in selection for improved disease resistance.
We conducted a seed treatment study involving Vitavax 200, Baytan,
Dividend and Gaucho (a seed treatment insecticide) and three varieties,
Twain, Pontiac and Sawyer. These were planted in single rep trials at four
locations, Brookston, IN, Carmi, IL, St. Jacobs, IL, and Delphos, OH.
Fungicides alone showed no advantage. However, when combined with Gaucho
yields increased an average of seven bu/A. This was not too surprising as
there was a high population of aphids last fall. Aphids transmit BYDV.
None of the chemicals had any effect on height or maturity.
Agripro Pontiac is the name given to experimental line 88M-3143 (ABI
88-3143 in the UESWN). Agripro Pontiac has very good Rhizoctonia resistance
and performs very well in harsh environments. It has a good disease
resistance package and acceptable milling and baking quality. Test weight
is 1.5 lbs/bu higher than Cardinal and has a very low preharvest sprouting
response. Agripro Pontiac carries the H5 Hessian fly gene. It will replace
Agripro Lincoln and will be available to farmers in the fall of 1994.
Three hundred forty-three hybrids were tested at eight locations. Late
spring freezes caused considerable sterility and hybrid performance was down
from expected. Late spring freeze seems to be one environmental condition
that hybrids do not withstand better than pureline varieties. Probably
because they begin growing more vigorously earlier than the varieties and
are therefore more vulnerable to the frost.
The Shell Oil decision to sell AgriPro resulted in considerable down
sizing of both northern and mid southern hybrid wheat research.
Unfortunately, Dr. Greg Holland, and one technician left AgriPro. Dr.
Holland is now with Asgrow Seed Co. as a corn breeder in Iowa. We certainly
wish him well.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
J. Barton Fogleman, C. Keith Taylor.
Much of the mid south wheat environment was cool and damp making the
season about two weeks later than normal. Leaf rust and stem rust were very
severe and some lines with LR9 and LR24 showed considerable susceptibility.
This may be the result of a sudden race change or a temperature sensitivity
response.
Hybrid wheat performance was again exceptional. Twenty-one percent of
our new hybrids met or exceeded our goal of eight bushel per acre above the
average of three best check varieties. The checks were the Coker 9877,
Wakefield and the new Agripro Hickory.
Our research on wheat in rotation with rice was presented at the 1993
Midsouth Association of Wheat Scientists in Memphis. The purpose of this
study was to examine the yield and agronomic responses of several commercial
SRWW cultivars when grown in rotation with rice. Paired yield trials were
grown at Fisher, AR and at Cleveland, MS. These two-replication yield
trials were planted in silty-loam soil in rotation with rice and in rotation
with soybeans at each location. Responses of SRWW cultivars in rotation
with rice showed the following average effects when compared with
corresponding SRWW cultivars in rotation with soybeans: Grain yields were
reduced 16.5 bu/ac; Heading dates were delayed 2.8 days; Plant heights were
reduced 2.5 inches, Test weights were essentially unaffected (increased 0.3
lbs/bu). Five commercial cultivars had yields that were not significantly
different from the highest yielding cultivar (Lsd. 10) in each of the rice
rotation trials: AgriPro Hickory; Freedom; AgriPro Sawyer; NK Coker 9543
and AgriPro Mallard.
ABI experimental line 88D-1903 has been named Agripro Hickory. It is
best adapted to the midsouth, coastal plains and southern Ohio Valley. It
has demonstrated very high yield, medium early maturity, and moderate levels
of resistance to nearly all major wheat diseases in these areas including
Xanthomonas. It performs very well behind rice and carries the H6 gene for
Hessian fly resistance. Agripro Hickory has excellent milling and baking
properties and its test weight is two pounds heavier than FL 302.
-------------------------
CARGILL ARGENTINA HYBRID WHEAT PROGRAM
N. Machado, P. Paulucci, H. Martinuzzi
Normal weather conditions were present at planting time. Long maturity
and intermediate cultivarewere planted in June and short maturity were
planted in July.
After planting, a long drought period affected the production level
depending on the area and the plot qualityincluding rotation and cultural
practices applied. In someareas, there were no rains for 140 days. Just
before flowering it started to rain, and diseases were favored by humidand
warm conditions. Tillering was delayed but compensated for some of the
yield potential. Different genotypes reacted differently. The final result
was a general reduction in yield with a severe
Fusarium (FHB) damage in the Northern areas that affected seriously the
farmer economy due to discounts in prices when referred to hectoliter weight
and FHB. The seed produced in areas with high infections will be a poor
quality seed and many preventions will have to be taken.
Yield trials. Some trials were affected due to irregular germination
and consequently bad stand. Other were partially flooded at heading time
with plant losses. In spite of the highf variation, the recorded data
related to yields and grain quality is very valuable considering the
Fusarium head blight infection. We have selected a group of 10 advanced
experimental hybrids with acceptable performance under the described
conditions.
Experimental hybrids. The seed set was acceptable but the plants could
not get their normal development, so the hybrid seed production was less
than expected. Nicking was not affected by environmental conditions.
Ninety experimental hybrids were obtained for testing during 1994. A new
hybrid was released for 1993 season named TRIGOMAX 206, making a total of
seven commercial hybrids. This new release is an intermediate maturity
hybrid but flexible for its planting time, competing well with short
maturity hybrids when planted in July. We think this trait must be present
in any intermediate maturity hybrid to avoid complications when the weather
conditions are not good enough in June. At the time this report is
submitted, negotiations are being under way for the sale of all the wheat
operation. Cargill Argentina has decided to interrupt the wheat business
including production and research. The germplasm developed during 25 years
produced very well adapted hybrids and valuable knowledge was obtained to be
effective for profitable commercial production. We hope to have the chance
to continue with the production of better spring CMS hybrids for our country
and other areas.
-------------------------
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, Fort Collins, Colorado
Sid Perry, Sally Clayshulte, Jill Handwerk, Dana Shellberg
1992-93 Season. F1 hybrids, F2s and inbred lines were evaluated at 2
locations. Four locations were discarded due to the persistent wet weather
at harvest. The same conditions provided excellent selection for leaf rust,
stem rust, leaf blotch and powdery mildew.
F1 Performance. Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas was
37.9 bu/A. Twenty-four percent of the hybrids tested were economically and
agronomically acceptable. Best average performance in central Kansas was
118% of Karl.
F2 Performance. Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas was
41.7 bu/A. Fifteen percent of the F2s tested were economically and
agronomically acceptable. Best average performance in central Kansas was
125% of Karl.
Inbred Performance. Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas
was 35 bu/A. Twenty-one percent were selected for retesting. Best average
performance in central Kansas was 107% of Karl.
Acquisitions. Cargill has merged the research operations at Ft.
Collins, Colorado, with Goertzen Seed Research of Haven, Kansas. The
specialty grain and identity preserved focus of Goertzen Seed Research will
diversify the existing Cargill research program, and complement various
divisional needs within Cargill. Cargill has acquired Goertzen Seed
Research of Haven, Kansas. Under Cargill ownership, Goertzen Seed Research
will continue its research and breeding operations to develop specialty
grain. Goertzen Seed Researh will become part of Cargill's efforts to apply
its diverse skills to the changing, more demanding needs of the marketplace.
Goertzens will continue research into wheat and other cereals with end user
characteristics increasingly desired by millers and other grain users.
Kenneth and Betty Goertzen, the previous owners of the company, will remain
as consultants. Roy Lanning and Kevin Goertzen will continue as employees
with Goertzen Seed Research. The Goertzens hope to bring many of their long
term breeding projects to fruition in the next few years. Dr. Sid Perry
will be in charge of Goertzen Seed Research activities.
-------------------------
CARGILL, AUSTRALIA
Richard Daniel, David Donaldson, Lyn Hockings, Garry Lane, Michael
Materne, Michael Nowland, Chris Tyson, Jane & Peter Wilson - Tamworth,
N.S.W., Australia.
Cargill Seeds, based in Tamworth N.S.W., is currently selling two
hybrids, Meteor and Pulsar. These hybrids are recommended in the northern
half of N.S.W. and Queensland. Sowing takes place from April until the end
of July depending mainly on moisture availability.
To cope with this range in sowing times, farmers use varieties with
different maturities. This ensures that flowering does not occur too early,
with risk of frost damage to the developing inflorescence, or too late, when
moisture stress and high temperatures during grain fill reduce yield.
For some time Cargill Seeds has been aware that our current hybrids,
which both fit into an early sowing time slot, left us vulnerable to low
seed sales if rain did not fall for sowing in late April to mid-May. This
fact was reinforced in 1993 when much of Queensland received no sowing rain
and sowing rains in northern N.S.W. did not occur until late May. This
meant that the area which accounted for 60% of our seed sales in 1992 only
accounted for 40% of sales in 1993.
To combat this problem our breeders have been working to produce
hybrids whose ideal sowing time is from late May until July. Below are
Trial Results of our best quick maturing hybrids compared to the highest
yielding quick maturing inbred variety - Hartog.
Table 1: Mean yield of advanced Hybrids vs Hartog in Northern N.S.W. 1992-
93
1992 (6) 1993 (9) 1992-93 (15) Flowering
relative to
t/ha % Htg t/ha % Htg t/ha % Htg Hartog
(days)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH34 5.628 118 5.215 118 5.380 118 +2
CH30 5.349 113 5.396 122 5.377 118 -7
CH31 5.469 115 5.067 114 5.228 115 -3
HARTOG 4.749 100 4.436 100 4.561 100 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH30 and CH31 are undergoing final quality testing in May 1994 and will
hopefully be approved for release in October.
Although much emphasis has been placed on increasing the maturity range
of our hybrids we are also developing higher yielding, disease resistant
hybrids of the same maturity as Meteor and Pulsar.
Table 2, below, compares our current hybrids with our best experimental line
and Miskle, the highest yielding inbred variety of the same maturity. (1992-
93)
Table 2 : Mid-season hybrids vs Miskle in Northern N.S.W. (1992-93)
1992 (6) 1993(9) 1992-93 (15)
t/ha % Mkl t/ha % Mkl t/ha % Mkl
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH27 5.250 108 5.007 122 5.104 116
PULSAR 4.872 100 4.817 118 4.839 110
METEOR 4.754 98 4.648 113 4.690 107
MISKLE 4.852 100 4.097 100 4.399 100
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) ( ) = No. sites
We are hopeful that CH27 will be approved for release in October and
that it will replace both Meteor and Pulsar. The encouraging results
obtained over the past two seasons suggest that hybrids consistently
performing 15% more than the better varieties of similar maturity can be
developed, and could form the basis of a viable hybrid wheat seed industry.
This is particularly relevant to Australian timopheevi hybrid growing areas,
where we have relatively low seeding rates (30-40 kg/ha), high yields (3-6
t/ha dryland) and high hybrid seed production yields (up to 6 t/ha
irrigated).
Unfortunately most currently available F1 hybrids produced using the
timopheevi sterility restoration system have decreased spike fertility at
higher latitudes and hence reduced yield advantages compared to the better
varieties. Different hybridisation systems, such as chemical hybridising
agents, may be an advantage for higher latitudes in Australia.
-------------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Karolyn Ely, Dennis Delaney, Bud Hardesty,
Jerry Wilson-Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar - Lafayette, IN; Hal Lewis -
Corvallis, OR; Dudley Leaphart - Billings, MT.
Hybrid Development. We have been testing HRW hybrids developed with
CHA technology in USDA regional nurseries for a couple of years. Several
new hybrids have been entered into state trials for 1994 evaluation.
Hybrid performance in the 1993 SRPN regional nursery was excellent,
with ranks of 1,3,4,6, and 9 out of 45 wheats tested. Three of the top four
wheats in the 1992 SRPN trials also were our hybrids. A soft white winter
hybrid was the top entry in the 1992 Western Uniform Regional test conducted
in the Pacific Northwest.
HRW Wheat. 1993 was not a good year for field research. Only six of 23
test sites produced excellent yield data. Another four sites were average
and the remainder were suspect in one manner or another. Heavy rains after
planting in the fall of 1992 caused crusting and poor seedling emergence in
nursery sites at Wichita and Medicine Lodge in Kansas, and at Dumas, Texas.
Hail destroyed the nursery sites at Blackwell, Oklahoma and Hugoton, Kansas
while causing a 20% loss at Alliance, Nebraska. Continuous rainfall
prevented harvest at Linn, KS; Salina, KS; Hoxie, KS; and Hastings, NE.
Combines at WaKeeney, KS at times had to be pushed by hand to get through
the mud.
We finished reroofing and siding of the greenhouses at the Wichita
farm. The new plastic has allowed our plants to grow more quickly, and to
mature on time. The old discolored plastic seemed to delay plant maturity
and tiller development. We added a badly needed plot planter and two Hege
combines to our machinery list in 1993. One of the combines went to the
Billings, MT research station while the other stayed at Wichita.
HRW Male Project. Eleven new restorer lines were planted in crossing
blocks as males at Wichita, KS in the fall of 1993. At Billings, MT three
new restorers were chosen as crossing block males. These lines have been
tested for line performance as well as for combining ability. Using the
Genesis hybridizing agent, male lines in early stages of development have
been sterilized and used as females in hybrid combination with several
testers . Since seed quantities in the early stages of male development
are limited, this has allowed us to evaluate the potential combining ability
of the lines before putting them into large crossing blocks.
The performance of Genesis in our research crossing blocks continues to
be favorable. Hybrid seed yield levels at the Mt. Hope, KS station over the
last three years have consistently exceeded 80% of their respective
pollinators.
Female yield potential and compatible nicks are two of the most
important factors in a commercial hybrid production field. We use a visual
score (1-9) to record nicks in our crossing blocks. With 1 as the most
desirable nick, each succeeding number represents about one day more (or
less) in flowering date of the females vs the males. The following table
represents more than 3000 data points from our 1993 Mt. Hope and Wichita
crossing blocks.
Nick Hybrid Seed Yield
Score (% of male)
------------------------------------
1 100
2 92
3 72
4 66
5 50
HRW Female Project. In our southern region (south of I-70), we had
breeding nurseries at Mt. Hope, KS and Hugoton, KS. Good notes were
obtained for leaf rust and powdery mildew at Mt. Hope, however the nursery
at Hugoton was lost to hail. North of I-70 Nebraska (central region), we
had breeding nurseries at both Hastings and Grant, NE. Good leaf rust and
stem rust notes were collected at Hastings in 1993, however continuous rains
during harvest were a problem. Yields at the irrigated site near Grant, NE
were quite good and differences among the lines were detected. Breeding
efforts for our northern region are headquartered in Billings, MT. Grain
yields
were very good at several of the Montana selection and testing sites in
1993. From the three testing regions, 87 new females were advanced to
crossing blocks from the southern, 98 from the central, and 120 from the
northern.
A number of our lines were screened for stem rust at the University of
Nebraska in 1993. An excellent infection of the disease occurred, and
meaningful notes were obtained. We have initiated an in-house seedling stem
rust screen to test our lines and early generation materials as well.
SRW Wheat Project. Wheat research remains focused on delivering a
commercially viable soft wheat hybrid into the U.S. marketplace within the
next several years.
After a complete loss of our nursery the previous year (1992), we
recovered nicely in 1993 with the production of 2400 experimental hybrids
using Genesis CHA technology. Average hybrid seed yield on all
combinations was 29.3 bu/A. An array of our better females had seed yields
in excess of 40 bu/A. This yield (29.3 bu/A) was very near our long-term
average hybrid seed yield of 28.1 bu/A.
Average best-parent heterosis for 148 hybrids having P(1), P(2) and the
F(1) in the 1993 trials was 108%, which slightly exceeds our long term
average of 105%. In our germplasm the standard deviation of this
distribution is around 9 to 10%.
HybriTech has released a new pureline soft red winter wheat variety
under the name of Spencer , Spencer was tested in the Uniform Eastern Soft
Red Winter Wheat Nursery as LB63 . Spencer has a robust plant phenotype
with a large stem and a blocky, awned spike. Test weight is excellent,
being superior to most commercially available cultivars. Maturity is equal
to Cardinal, and plant height is three to four inches shorter than Cardinal.
Spencer is resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew. Tolerance
to the leaf blight complex of Septoria and tan spot is good, as is tolerance
to wheat spindle-streak and wheat soil-borne mosaic virus.
Spring Wheat Project. The spring project was reestablished in 1992
with Billings, MT being our main breeding and testing location. The 1993
Billings nursery had very good infections of leaf rust and stem rust, which
helped in the selection work of the early generation lines. The late
planted nurseries were hit hard by wheat streak mosaic virus.
The hybrids that were tested showed very good tolerance to the leaf and
stem rusts. The yields of the initial hybrids were encouraging as they out-
yielded the checks and the parents of the hybrids.
Approximately 200 HRS hybrids were produced in 1993 using the Genesis
compound. Excellent sterility was obtained on all of the females.
Quality Lab. Quality testing for the 1992 crop was completed with just
under 10,000 samples tested. It appears that the number of samples from the
1993 crop will be down considerably, with only 7500-8000 samples submitted
so far. With the 93 crop, we received samples from our new Hard Red Spring
Wheat program for the first time.
A quality summary for each of our Quantum hybrids was prepared and
distributed to marketing and management. These summaries will be updated
yearly.
We have ordered electrophoresis equipment and are setting up to run
SDS-PAGE gels to assist the breeding program.
One of our staff members, Sharon Pudden, was elected Chairman of the
local Section of the AACC (American Assoc. of Cereal Chemists).
-------------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Dennis Dunphy, Sam Wallace, Richard Evans - Lafayette, IN; Kent Baker,
Kevin Jackson - Perryton, TX; Sally Metz - St. Louis, MO
Performance of Genesis in 1993. Genesis hybridizing agent was used to
produce seed of experimental hybrids in a wide range of environments in the
U.S. in 1993. Excellent male sterility was obtained in all regions. Seed
yields of long term check lines averaged 65% of the untreated check in the
SRW region, and 83% for the SRW and HRW regions, respectively.
Commercialization. Monsanto expects to receive an Experimental Use
Permit for Genesis for the 1994 season, which will allow pre-commercial seed
production of SRW and HRW hybrids for this year. We plan to have limited
amounts of seed of several high yielding hybrids available for on-farm
testing for the fall of 1994.
-------------------------
HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
Alain Gervais
Since last year Annual Wheat Newsletter, there has been no change in
the organization of HYBRINOVA. Development of our Chemical Hybridizing
Agent program has been crowned with success. Our product has been granted a
"Provisional Authorization for Sale" and consequently we are now authorized
to use it on a large scale for the production of hybrid wheat seeds in
France. Hybrid wheat breeding program went on as scheduled. The overall
news are centered around the different parts of our project and are
described below.
-------------------------
HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
Northern Breeding Station
Stephen D. Sunderwirth (Fax: 33-44-41-95-34)
1992-1993 Season: Low rainfall during autumn favored sowing of the
nurseries and trial fields. A mild and dry winter prevented early disease
development and frost damage. Favorable weather in spring allowed for good
application of our CHA on all the wheat crossing blocs. Summer storms and
warm temperatures caused heavy lodging in the nursery and trials fields.
Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita), powdery mildew (Erysphe graminis) and
Septoria nodorum developed rapidly on susceptible cultivars, thus creating
favorable conditions for breeding in the nursery. Harvest was delayed for
one week on account of heavy rainfall at maturity. Sprouting occured in the
more susceptible and early maturing lines. Yields of 7,5 tons/ha were
significantly lower than those of the past three years for this region of
France.
Varietal Development: Two hybrid winter wheats were accepted into the
second year of registration: OSHE54.22 AND OSHE534.22. These hybrids
yielded respectively 109,9% and 110,9% of the official check Mesnil with C1
and B2 quality. Both hybrids are shorter than Sideral, have similar
standing power and have good levels of resistance to powdery mildew and leaf
rust.
A third hybrid wheat, HA280.68 went into first year of registration in
1993. This hybrid combines a good quality with interesting levels of
resistance to leaf rust, strip rust, powdery mildew, Septoria nodorum and
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides.
Development in Northern Europe: Numerous contacts have been
established with other breeding firms in England, Germany, Belgium, Holland
and Austria. Several hybrids are being tested for adaptation to each
country. The more advanced hybrids are in seventeen locations.
-------------------------
HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
Southern Breeding Station
Christian Quandalle (Fax: 33-62-28-82-11)
Three hybrid wheats went into first year of registration for Southern
France. They proved a very good hardiness in 1993 results, under leaf rust
pressure, Fusarium, and bad planting conditions and dry winter.
Other hybrids are in being bred for southern Europe. Each year we
expand our trial fields and network with new countries.
Tissue culture laboratory produced,in 1993, about 12,000 dihaploid
plants by androgenesis (10,000 wheat - 2,000 barley), directly used in our
breeding program.
-------------------------
HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
Central Station: Seed Producion and Agronomy
Laurent Batreau (Fax: 33-37-99-93-04)
Saint Germain Station's team: (Beauce region): In 1993, we have
developed two new activities with one person in charged of the parental
lines increase and another that follows the off-site hybrid pilot
productions program. The on-site team has remained the same.
Hybrid production: Last year our program, which included 20 outsite
hybrid pilot productions (from 0,2 to 1 ha), was set up to test feasibility
and field technics.
Results of our two "top" hybrids were very encouraging. Subsequently
we are planning to increase the number of sites for 1994. Our hybrids,
entering into French registration, have been used for these out-site
experiments.
On-site, we also test the productivity of many new hybrids originating
from northern and southern breeding programs.
A new step in hybrid wheat program is being reached with the first
hybrid registration scheduled for september of 1994. We are now focusing
our efforts in developing knowledge on cross fertility and field production
technics.
-------------------------
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
June Hancock and Craig Allen
Production Season: A cool, wet spring in the Mid-South region delayed
our maturities by approximately 1.5 to 2 weeks. This delay fostered ideal
conditions for a stem rust outbreak much more severe than our typical
infestations. In early April, leaf rust was observed on Coker wheats in
Louisiana that normally are very resistant. Coker 9877 was completely
overcome by leaf rust. Coker 9024 and Coker 9766 also expressed moderate
susceptibility to this new race which moved throughout the Mid-South.
New Release: Coker 9474 (tested as L880437) was released to TGN (Two
Great Names) seed growers/dealers in the fall of 1993. Certified seed will
be available in the fall of 1994. The variety which has an excellent test
weight and disease package will be positioned for the Northern Mid-South and
the Southern Cornbelt.
Staff: Dr. Fred Collins announced his retirement effective December
31, 1992. His expertise in wheat breeding and management have been greatly
missed. He has made significant contributions to our program and we wish
him success in his future endeavors.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Ian B. Edwards
Wheat research operations remain focused on the Soft Red Winter and
Soft White Winter wheat classes in North America, while in Europe varietal
development is aimed at the following market classes:
1. Soft Red Winter: France, U.K., Germany, Belgium, Austria/Central
Europe.
2. Hard Red Winter: France, Spain, Italy, Austria/Central Europe.
3. Hard Red Spring: Spain, Portugal, Greece.
4. Hard White Spring: Spain.
5. Durum: Italy, Spain, Greece, France.
In addition, research and product development operations are underway
in the Middle East/North Africa, Southern Africa, and Australia.
Two years ago, Pioneer ceased using chemical hybridizing agents as a
delivery system for hybrid wheat development in Europe, and we have changed
to a proprietary genetic system for the following reasons:
* Higher production efficiency (higher and more consistent seed set)
* Pure seed production
* Lower production costs
* No regulatory concerns
Field testing of the new system commenced in 1993-94. Previous
research has already identified superior hybrid combinations and the primary
focus at this time is on inbred development and improved production
efficiency. Matching of parents with complementary and favorable HMW
glutenin subunit combinations has enabled us to produce hybrids with
breadmaking quality superior to that of either parent.
Varietal Releases:
1. U.S.A.: Soft Red Winter Wheat: 2552 is a U.S. corn belt variety
with with exceptional fungal leaf blight and powdery mildew
resistances. 2684 is an early-maturing variety for the south
with very high yield potential and tolerance to Hessian fly.
2. Spain: Moro is a spring wheat with excellent yield potential,
high drought tolerance, and good overall disease resistance.
3. Portugal: Milfo is a medium-early spring wheat with high yield
potential, strong straw and powdery mildew tolerance. Mercero is
a spring wheat of excellent yield potential, resistant to lodging
and leaf blight, and of medium baking quality.
Staff: Steven Bentley will join Guy Dorlencourt and the staff of
Pioneer Genetique as wheat breeder at Frouville, France, commencing in April
1994.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Gregory C. Marshall, William J. Laskar and Kyle J. Lively, Windfall,IN
The 1992-93 Season. The fall of 1992 wheat planting season was
somewhat challenging due to late corn and soybean harvest and subsequent wet
weather. Despite a late start, all our testing locations were planted
within the optimum time period. Favorable weather following planting
resulted in generally good emergence and early growth. Mild winter
temperatures, combined with the absence of drastic temperature swings, kept
winter damage to a minimum. As the wheat began to break dormancy, many
fields began showing the yellowing symptoms associated with soil borne
viruses and/or Barley Yellow Dwarf Mosaic Virus (BYDV). Warm weather brought
recovery from all but the most severe soil borne virus symptoms, but the
BYDV persisted and reached epidemic levels in many areas such as the
southern corn belt.
Growing conditions were favorable through flowering, and it appeared
the crop in many areas possessed a high yield potential. However, several
days of abnormal heat during grainfill shortened the growing season and,
more than any other factor, significantly reduced yields especially in the
central and northern portions of our testing area. Leaf rust, stem rust,
the usual mix of fungal leaf blight pathogens, and head scab were present
but usually not above an economic threshold. Timely harvest was hampered by
periodic showers, but all yield tests were eventually harvested before the
loss of grain quality.
Varietal Development. We planted twelve yield test sites throughout
the northern corn belt in the fall of 1992. One was discarded due to a
combination of herbicide carryover damage and heaving. A late spring freeze
caused significant early season lodging at our Ft. Branch, IN, location. As
a result, only selected tests were harvested from that site. This was the
second year in the past four that we have experienced a damaging spring
freeze in this area. Our yield tests at Windfall were affected by severe
Soil Borne Mosaic Virus infection. We believe we have seen an increase in
the soil borne viruses in fields that have been in a continuous
wheat/soybean rotation for a number of years. We are taking steps to rotate
into "new" fields for our Windfall nurseries.
Our two breeding nurseries remain located at Windfall and Ft. Branch,
IN. Lodging due to the spring freeze hindered selection somewhat in the F4
and F5 bulk plots at Ft. Branch. Moderate levels of leaf blight, leaf rust,
scab, and virus combined to provide severe selection pressure in the headrow
nursery. Conditions at Windfall were similar with the complex of viruses
and heat induced pre-senescence making selection particularly challenging.
In spite of the various problems, we managed to keep and advance a near
normal percentage from each generation of breeding material.
Germination Study to Detect Level of Harvest Dormancy. In 1992 we
initiated a germination test to observe the level of harvest dormancy
present among released varieties and our advanced breeding lines. Results
from the 1992 experiment were promising, but incessant rainfall at harvest
cut the experiment short. The experiment was repeated in 1992-93 and
successfully completed. Several random heads were harvested from headrows
at approximately physiologic maturity. The heads were allowed to dry at
room temperature and then stored in a freezer (to preserve the amount of
dormancy present) until they could be hand-threshed. Once threshed, two
replications of 50 random kernels for each entry were placed in petri dishes
with 5 ml of distilled water added. These were kept in the dark and at room
temperature. The percentage of germinated kernels (radicle and rootlets
visible) was recorded after four and seven days. The results of our
commercial test, presented below, illustrates that quite a range of harvest
dormancy exists among this small number of released cultivars. The data
generally agrees with the amount of preharvest sprouting we observed in the
field in 1992.
1993 Germination Test Results
(percent germinated)
Cultivar 4 Days 7 Days
----------------------------------------------------
Caldwell 30.6 71.4
Cardinal 78.9 92.4
Clark 26.3 41.8
Freedom 11.1 50.0
Howell 1.0 9.0
Madison 5.0 8.0
Wakefield 2.0 9.1
2510 11.1 48.5
2545 25.6 58.3
2548 4.0 21.0
2552 11.0 49.0
2555 28.1 63.9
2571 10.1 23.7
----------------------------------------------------
New Releases. In August of 1993, we released 2552, a soft red winter
wheat variety which will be sold commercially in the fall of 1994. 2552 is
an awned, medium-maturing variety with excellent yield potential and
outstanding test weight. It also has very good resistance to the soil borne
viruses and is resistant to powdery mildew in the corn belt. 2552's
exceptional leaf blight tolerance adds to its strong defensive package which
gives it a greater yield advantage in high disease years. In addition, 2552
seemed to thrive in the heat shortened season of 1993. In over years data
across all testing locations, 2552 holds a 3 bushel/acre yield advantage
over 2548.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
St. Matthews, South Carolina, Benjamin E. Edge and Phil Shields
The 1992-93 Season. Heavy rains in the southeastern US caused much
wheat to be planted past the optimum planting date and in less than ideal
conditions. Emergence was slow in the cool, compacted, and waterlogged
soils, and severe erosion occurred in some areas. The winter was mild, but
rainfall was excessive, so many fields showed symptoms of nitrogen stress
early. Aphids had little cold weather to inhibit their activity, and as a
result, barley yellow dwarf virus caused considerable yield reductions.
Hessian fly infestations were light for the second year in a row. Increased
use of insecticides and resistant varieties may have had an effect. Head
scab was present again in the mid South, but not as severe as in some recent
years. Also, there was more powdery mildew, leaf rust, and stem rust than
usual in the mid South.
In April, the rains stopped, and it turned hot and dry in the
Southeast. Yields were limited by the combination of severe waterlogging
early, followed by severe drought stress. The long cool spring probably
kept yields from being reduced more. Early varieties that filled out before
the moisture became limiting were favored somewhat.
Varietal Development. We planted breeding nurseries in Statesboro, GA,
and St. Matthews, SC. Excessive erosion hindered headrow selection at St.
Matthews. It also ruined some of our yield tests at Statesboro. Leaf rust
and leaf blights were present in the selection nurseries in moderate to
severe amounts, but powdery mildew infection was light. We planted twelve
yield test locations along the US East Coast. We also had four locations in
the Mid South that were maintained by our agronomists. We lost a couple of
locations due to uneven fertility or drought conditions. Yields on the
remaining locations were average to slightly above average.
New Releases. We released a new variety, 2684, in August of 1993. It
is a soft red winter variety with very early maturity, 7-9 days earlier than
Pioneer 2548. In four years of yield testing, 2684 has a 10.4 bu/ac yield
advantage over 2548 in the Southeast. The area of adaptation for 2684 is the
eastern US soft wheat growing area south of the Ohio River. Pioneer variety
2684 is awned, it has good straw strength, and it has very high test weight.
It has good levels of resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew, soil borne
mosaic virus, and spindle streak mosaic. It has excellent tolerance to most
of the leaf blight diseases that occur in the Southeast. In the field, 2684
has shown tolerance to Hessian fly. Pioneer 2684 has acceptable soft wheat
milling and baking quality.
Miscellaneous Items. We constructed a front-mounted hydraulic-powered
fertilizer spreader for our tractor, for topdressing our nurseries and yield
plots. A nice feature is that it has infinitely variable rate adjustment.
We added winches to our primary trailer for ease of loading and safety
reasons. We also developed some computer programs to aid in preparation of
our nursery books.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Frouville, France
Guy Dorlencourt, Robert Marchand and Quitterie Vanderpol
The 1992-93 Season. The main nurseries and test locations were planted
late due to continual rains at the normal planting time, with the final
planting being completed on December 15th. Fortunately, the winter was mild
and dry, followed by a cool, wet spring with good conditions for regrowth
and tillering. Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) appeared as early as March,
and a strong spring infection of Septoria tritici caused leaf firing and
reduced yields in susceptible varieties. The latter is uncommon in central
France. Leaf rust continued to develop strongly during the season and
susceptible checks such as Soissons and Thesee had their yields reduced by
as much as 50% in untreated plots. Good rains at the end of May and during
June helped ensure good average yields in France, but harvest conditions
were very poor, particularly in the north where some high-yielding varieties
were badly affected by sprouting in the heads.
Varietal Development: Four new varieties were entered into first-year
registration trials in France in 1992-93 and three of these passed into
second-year registration for 1993-94. Both 2282 and 2254 (tested in the
north) had a yield advantage of 4% over the official checks, while 2256
(tested in the south) out-yielded the official check cultivars by 19%. 2256
has entered the northern trials in 1993-94 and has also entered official
registration trials in the U.K. and Belgium. Two new varieties have entered
registration for 1993-94 - 2268 is a very early, excellent baking wheat with
good overall disease resistance, while 2246 is a medium-early, good baking
wheat with excellent overall disease resistance.
Other Items. The Frouville station is now supplying seed and
observation nurseries for a number of other countries in Europe. The
quality laboratory is also routinely handling thousands of SDS sedimentation
tests, protein, milling, and mixograph evaluations. The laboratory at
Aussonne, France, analyzes several thousand lines per year for HMW glutenin
subunit composition. Commencing in 1994, a new European laboratory located
in Buxtehude, Germany, will provide additional quality support for our
different programs. In our greenhouse operations three generations per year
of single seed descent are routinely accomplished. Extra greenhouse space
is being made available to accommodate the increased hybrid wheat effort.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Sevilla, Spain
Jose-Maria Urbano, Maximiliano Hidalgo, and Manuel Peinada
The 1992-93 Season. Relatively good rains occurred in the fall of 1992
but by early spring conditions were extremely dry in both Spain and
Portugal. The drought caused severe damage to spring wheat grown under dry
land conditions following the main planting season of November and December.
In Spain we lost 50% of the dry land trials and losses in Portugal were
100%. In general, the irrigated trials gave good results. Winter wheat
planted in the coldest regions of Spain fared better during the drought,
since the crop had lower water demands in early spring, and the rains that
occurred in April and May resulted in excellent yields.
Spring Wheat and Durum Wheat Breeding. Results of the dry land trials
were seriously confounded by drought. Early-maturing lines had their growth
cycle further shortened by drought and late spring frosts caused injury to
some lines. Results were more consistent from the irrigated trials.
Septoria spp and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) appeared too late for
satisfactory screening but good infections of powdery mildew (Erysiphe
graminis) were obtained. Stripe rust (P. striiformis), which can cause
severe attacks in certain seasons, came too late for any significant
screening. Overall, 4500 yield test plots of spring wheat and durum wheat
were grown. The second breeding cycle was planted in July at our summer
location and was harvested by the end of October. We had a very good crop,
and heavy leaf rust infection allowed us to discard the most susceptible
lines.
Winter Wheat Breeding. Winter wheat testing in northern Spain is
linked with our southern France program, and 1100 yield test plots were
grown at locations in northern Spain. Excellent yields were obtained in
1993, and good infections of leaf rust and powdery mildew occurred at Burgos
and Navarra. The third location, Jaca, has good yields but lower disease
pressure.
Varietal Development. Spring Wheat: Our new release, Estero, again
showed an overall yield advantage of 19% over Yecora Rojo (40.2 versus 33.8
quintals/hectare) while at the same time maintaining a quality level
slightly superior to Yecora Rojo (Alveograph W-value around 400).
- Mulero and Mercero performed at the same level as the checks
(Anza and Cartaya) in 1993.
- Caro was our top yielder overall, with a 20% yield advantage
over Anza and Cartaya.
- Moro confirmed its top yield potential in the Official
Registration trials, with a 14% advantage over the official
checks. (This resulted in it receiving provisional
registration).
- Torero, a full dwarf variety (height: 69cm) for the irrigation
areas again consistently out-yielded the check cultivars.
Durum Wheat: Although drought and late frosts affected the yield
data, our first Pioneer durum wheat significantly out-yielded the checks. -
Elio, Rocio, Dedalo and Mambo were submitted for first-year registration in
1993-94. Elio and Rocio have excellent gluten strength, with Alveograph
W-values of 370 and 300, respectively.
Winter Wheat: 2268 and 2282, two winter wheats from our breeding
program in France, were submitted for registration following excellent
yields in northern Spain.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Sissa (nr Parma)
Mauro Tanzi
Durum Wheat: Four experiments were grown during 1992-93, testing a
diverse germplasm base against the official check varieties. The elite
(preregistration) test was grown at three locations in northern Italy, and
at three sites in south-central Italy. Complete quality tests were
conducted on the top lines while new lines were screened for SDS
sedimentation values. The quality collaboration has been with the main
pasta manufacturers (Barilla and Agnesi) and also with the Instituto
Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura (a public institute working on cereals).
The quality traits evaluated were:
Protein content Alveograph (W, P/L)
Gluten content Semolina color
Gluten quality Semolina ash content
SDS sedimentation value Overall technological value
Gliadin and glutenin electrophoresis
Six new varieties with significant yield advantages over the
official check cultivars plus high protein contents and semolina color entered
first-year registration in 1993-94. They are: Vero, Tempo, Colorado Bracco,
Olimpo, Preco.
Bread Wheat: A large experiment was grown at three locations in
northern Italy. Six varieties have been advanced to preregistration trials
in 1993-94. The bread wheat program is being expanded and is linked with
our operations in southern France and northern Spain.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Northampton, England
Paul Wilson and Ian Edwards
The 1992-93 Growing Season. After a bad start when fall plantings
were delayed by wet weather, growing conditions improved and remained
favorable for most of the season. An unusually mild winter was followed with
little frost after March but sufficient rain in April and May to keep crops
growing. The year's main pest scare was the orange wheat blossom midge,
which reappeared after an absence of nearly 10 years. Damage was, however,
much less than expected. Harvest conditions were generally good during the
second half of August and the first week of September.
Varietal Development. 1992-93 was our third season of varietal
development work in the U.K. Screening nurseries, preliminary and
preregistration trials were grown at three locations, and the work has been
well-integrated with the main breeding station in France. Our leading elite
line, Victo, entered first-year National List trials in 1993-94 and is also
being evaluated by the British Society of Plant Breeders at 9 normal input
and 6 low input sites around the U.K. Victo is also being compared at
normal and late sowing times at a further 6 sites covering a range of soil
types. It is a quality wheat, 6 cm shorter than Beaver and 13 days earlier
at flowering.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Buxtehude, Germany
Heidemarie Schoenwalder and Ian Edwards
Varietal Development. The main selection nursery was grown at
Wulfshagen in northern Germany and the southern observation nursery was
grown at Neuenstein-Kirchensall. The elite (preregistration) trial was grown
at three locations and an additional test was included in eastern Germany.
Comparisons of high versus low management inputs (2 reps. of each) showed
significant differences among the cultivars in the response to fungicide
treatments. Seed purification is underway on the leading varieties.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Parndorf, Austria
Guenther Reichenberger
The 1992-93 growing season: Relatively dry conditions during
planting were followed by a cool, rainy period. Germination was slow and
poor, mainly at locations in western Austria. Temperatures in December and
January were above average, but heavy snowfall occurred in mid February and
remained until mid March, even in eastern Austria. Lower stands were
encountered and five weeks of above average temperatures from mid March
until early May caused slight water stress. Heavy rains and cool
temperatures in July delayed harvest at our Pioneer test locations. Yields
were average to above average in western Austria, but average to below
average in eastern Austria. The quality of bread wheat followed the
downward trend of the past years, partly due to reduced inputs and partly
due to sprouting, which was noticeable after prolonged rain in western
Austria. Hagberg Falling Numbers of sprout susceptible varieties were as
low as 62 (Hubertus), while Apollo (248) and Ikarus (224) performed better.
General disease pressure was especially high in western Austria, with
Septoria and Fusarium being significant.
Varietal Development. The Austrian wheat growing region is
traditionally divided into the so-called milling/feed wheat region of
northwestern Austria, and the more arid quality wheat region of eastern
Austria. Testing was conducted at two locations in each region, with
replicated elite and preliminary trials at all locations, plus a screening
nursery in eastern Austria. In the eastern quality wheat region four
varieties in the elite test out-yielded the official checks, while in the
western region seven lines out-yielded the checks.
Our first variety, PVM0008 completed registration, two others (2258
and 2259) have entered second year registration in 1993-94, and a further
three (2246,2256 and 2282) have entered first-year registration. In general
these varieties are shorter than the Austrian check cultivars, with better
lodging resistance and good disease tolerance.
Wheat Quality. The question of baking quality criteria, growing
regions and bread wheat contracts are currently undergoing revision in
Austria. As the country moves closer to entry into the EEC further changes
may be expected, and it is likely that quality will come more into line with
existing EEC criteria.
-------------------------
TRIGEN SEED SERVICES
Robert W. Romig, Bloomington, MN
TriGen Seed Services was founded in 1993 as a sole proprietor
enterprise focusing initially on providing successors to the Northrup King
Co. developed dual purpose hard red winter varieties 812, 814, and 822.
Subsequently, the mission was expanded to include the opportunistic
development of hard common wheats for markets other than the Southern
Plains. To these ends, we made a series of hard red wheat crosses, of
spring x winter, winter x winter and spring x spring combinations. The
first crossing cycle was conducted in Chile during May to November at the
Catholic University agronomy farm, just south of Santiago.
The F1 seed from these crosses, certain F2 populations, and other
materials were planted in a winter nursery near Yuma, AZ. In addition, a
germ plasm collection, spring x winter F2's, and segregating materials from
spring x winter wheat crosses were planted at Victoria, TX for observation
and selection in this initial target environment.
The operational strategy is to shuttle segregating materials derived
from winter wheats between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres so as to
obtain two generations per year in the field and to optimize the selection
for winter types. In some cases, the initial stages of selected winter
wheat increases will likewise be shuttled between hemispheres to compress
the development time of seed production.
Wheats with spring growth habit from spring x winter crosses will
be sorted out in the U.S. by alternating generations between Minnesota and
Arizona. Selection for spring types from these crosses also will be
conducted in the Southern Hemisphere to supplement that made in the U.S.
Current plans call for the Southern Hemisphere nursery to be grown this year
in Argentina.
The present breeding strategy is to make combinations that could
provide useful heterosis or that should provide complementary traits with
adaptation to target hard common wheat markets. The 1994 crossing cycle will
be conducted again in Chile.
-------------------------
TRIO RESEARCH INC.
James A. Wilson-Wichita, KS
Three winter wheat cultivars were released in 1993. Two of the
cultivars, T814 and T408, are soft red wheats, while the other, T67, is a
hard red wheat. All three cultivars are being released and utilized under
contract terms with seedsmen and farmer-growers.
814 has been evaluated across the eastern soft red winter wheat
region of the U.S. It appears to be best adapted to the north central and
northeast areas of the SRW region. 11 is a short semidwarf with outstanding
straw and high yield potential. It is generally resistant to mildew and soil
borne viruses. It is susceptible to Hessian fly. rhough resistant to some
races of leaf and stem rust, it has shown susceptible reactions in recent
years.
T408 is similar to Caldwell in regard to disease and insect
resistance, but it is 1 and 1/2 to 2 days earlier than Caldwell and 5 cm
shorter. It is generally superior to Caldwell in leaf rust reaction and yield.
It will be distributed in areas where Caldwell has been grown.
Evaluation of T67 across the southern Great Plains region reveal
that it is limited in adaptation to the eastern half of Kansas. The area of
its adaptation is restricted due to genetic limitations in drought tolerance,
winter hardiness and shattering resistance. It is a tall, awned, semidwarf
with strong straw, medium early maturity and relatively high yield. It has a
broad level of resistance or tolerance to the diseases and viruses found in
Kansas. It is heterogeneous in reaction to the GP race of Hessian fly and
susceptible to greenbugs.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ARGENTINA
Institute of Biological Resources, CIRN- INTA Castelar
G.E. Tranquilli and E.Y. Suarez.
Host and Pathogen Allelic Dosage Effects on Specific Host - Pathogen
Interaction. Previously (A W N, 1992) we reported changes in host -
pathogen interaction at seedling stage, by increasing allelic dosage for a
"resistant" gene in Sinvalocho MA. Here we give a further insight of the
interaction expression when host allelic dosage are increased from 0 to 4
and in different combinations (Table 1).
Table 1. Dosage allelic effects on specific host - pathogen
interactions.
Genotype Pathogen Genotypes
Clone 20 Clone 66 New Clone
Line or cross PoPo Popo Popo
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese Spring (CS) A1 A1 1 1 1
Sinvalocho Nulli 6B - - 1 1 1
Sinval. Mono 6B Ao - 0 1 1
CS x Sinval. A1 Ao 0 1 1
CS Tetra 6B x Sinval. A1 A1 Ao 0 1 1
Sinvalocho (eupl.) Ao Ao 0 0 1
CS x Sinval.Tet. 6 A1 Ao Ao 0 0 1
CS Tet. 6B x
Sinval Tet.6B A1A1 AoAo 0 0 1
Sinval. Trisomic 6B AoAoAo 0 0 X- X+
Sinval. Tetra 6B AoAoAoAo 0 0 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
E. Y. Suarez, L. Bullrich and G. E. Tranquilli
Rye Introgression into Argentinian Wheat Cultivar: Developing of
Isogenic Lines to Evaluate Its Effects. Rye-wheat translocation 1Rs/1Bl has
been employed since '70s in wheat breeding programs provided that the rye
segment carries genes for resistance to wheat pathogens, such as mildew and
rusts. In some cases, rye introgression was also associated with better
yields.
The major disadvantage of this introgression is the detrimental
effect that it has on the bread making quality, producing a "sticky dough",
unsuitable to make bread.
In Argentina the first cultivars with the 1Rs/1Bl translocation were
released in 1986 by INTA, and they have shown resistance to a wide spectrum
of leaf rusts.
Twenty families of isogenic lines for the translocation have just
been developed in order to evaluate the influence on agronomical features of
the 1R segment in different backgrounds.
Families were derived from a triple cross: (Chinese Spring x
Sinvalocho MA) x Don Ernesto INTA. Sinvalocho MA and Don Ernesto INTA are
Argentinian cultivars; the later carries the 1Rs/1Bl translocation.
During six generations heterozygous individuals were cytologically
selects (chromosome 1R doesn't express its satellite in a wheat background)
and selfed. Homozygous lines were obtained from each family at the last
generation.
It was observed that the background could affect the 1Rs/1Bl
chromosome transmission, since the homozygous translocated genotype frequency
fluctuated between families since 7.5% up to 34.3%. It could be another
disadvantage of this kind of materials, when included in breeding programs,
because as the translocation is favorably selected, the background will
remarkably reduce its variability.
-------------------------
S. M. Lewis and E. Y. Suarez.
Meiotic Behavior of Monosomics and Monotelosomics in Wheat: The
existence of monosomics in the hexaploid wheat have facilitated the
construction of many substitution lines allowing the gene mapping and the
introgression of interesting agronomic characteristics.
The transmission of deficient female gametes (n-1) from a monosomic
(2n-1) in wheat is in average 75% (Sears, 1954).
The mitotic analysis of different substitution lines of chromosomes
6B,5D and 1D of 'Sinvalocho' in 'Chinese Spring' showed that for chromosome 6B
the female transmission of the monosomic vs. monotelosomic was not
significative different although it was observed a relative higher
frequency of 6BS transmission (Table 1.a). For 5D chromosome the
transmission of the whole chromosome in the monosomics was significatively
lower than the telocentric chromosome (5DS) in the monotelosomics (Table
1.b). These observations show that the transmission of either the complete
chromosome or one arm seems not to depend on the size of the chromosome.
However the literature suggest that short chromosomes have more tendency to
be lost even in disomic individuals.
Aneuploidy transmission was significatively different between the
chromosomes 6B and 1D (Table 1.e), and 6B and 5D (Tables 1.c and 1.d),
meanwhile there were not significative differences between chromosomes 5D
and 1D (Table 1.f).
The knowledge derived from these analyses allow to plan the
cytogenetics studies taking into account the frequencies of aneuploidy in
wheat. Also the particular behavior among chromosomes or between whole
chromosome and chromosome arm suggest the presence of genetic information
related to meiotic behavior just as the case of 5D vs. 5DS. Results suggest
the existence of specific genetic information in the 5DL which would
decrease the transmission frequency with respect to the normal one.
Table 1. Aneuploidy female gamete transmission
a) 6B CHROMOSOME b) 5D CHROMOSOME
n=20 n=21 n=20 n=21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lines Lines
Monotelosomics 54 50 Monotelosomics 109 59
Monosomics 116 69 Monosomics 47 4
chi-sq = 4.4912* chi-sq =16.2344**
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
c) 6B vs. 5D d) 6B vs. 5D
n=20 n=21 n=20 n=21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
6B monotelosomics 54 50 6B monosomics 116 69
5D monotelosomics 109 59 5D monosomics 47 4
chi-sq = 4.4912* chi-sq = 16.2344**
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
e) 6B vs. 1D f) 5D vs. 1D
n=20 n=21 n=20 n=21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
6B monotelosomics 54 50 5D monotelosomics 109 59
1D monotelosomics 60 21 1D monotelosomics 60 21
chi-sq = 9.4474** chi-sq = 2.1181 ns
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
a) 6B CHROMOSOME B) CHROMOSOME
n=20 n=21 n= n=21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lines Lines
Monotelosomics 54 50 Monotelosomics 109 59
Monosomics 116 69 Monosomics 47 4
chi-sq = 4.4912* chi-sq = 16.2344**
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
S. M. Lewis and E. Y. Suarez
Recombinant Substitution Lines in Wheat: We havdeveloped the
recombinant substitution lines of the 6B, 5D and 1D chromosomes of
'Sinvalocho' / 'Chinese Spring' in a 'Chinese Spring' background. These
lines are very useful to analyze the direct and pleiotropic gene effects for
agronomical characters in different environments. These chromosomes carry
important genetic information related to leaf rust , aminopeptidases,
response to vernalization, glutenins, plant height, awns, fertility, ear
emergence, etc.
The material has been developed to monosomic recombinat stage.
Molecular characterization is in progress. After disomic extraction,
agronomical characterization will be performed.
-------------------------
Cathedra of Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos
Aires.
Avenida San Martin 4453 - CP 1417, Buenos Aires
M. L. Appendino and N. Fatta.
Unexpected photoperiodic response in Argentinian wheats. Six
Argentinian wheat cultivars of actual diffusion and Sonora 64, all of them
known to be insensitive to vernalization, were subjected to short (SD) and
long (LD) day treatments, 8 and 24 hours, respectively., from sowing until
heading.
Taking into account ear - emergence time differences between short
and long day treatments for Sonora 64, an index ,
I (Son. 64) = SD - LD (CV X)
SD - LD (Son.64)
was calculated, where (CV X) means any of the Argenti-
nian cultivars. Sonora 64 was chosen as control because it has been reported
as being one of the less sensitive cultivars to day length.
Table shows the results so obtained.
Cultivar Index Group
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sonora 64 1 A
San Agustin INTA 1.04 A
Buck Manantial 3.64 B
Thomas Aconcagua 3.45 B
Cooperacion Cabildo 3.35 B
Buck Napuca 7.94 C
Chaqueno INTA 8.29 C
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Three groups were clearly differentiated. Amongst those cultivars
showing day length response, two groups (B and C) differing in about 50 days
in short day treatment, were observed. This behavior was unexpected, since
these cultivars growing at field conditions have shown similar ear -
emergence time, even after Autumn or Spring sowing (Experiments carried out
at 34 south latitude).
This unequal behavior between the groups B and C suggests different
genetic bases for this character that is expressed in extreme environmental
conditions like in this experiment. Whether these bases affect grain
production is not known.
Ortiz, JP; Reggiardo, MI; Altabe, S; Cervigni, GD; Spitteler, MA and
Vallejos, RH. Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos, CEFOBI
(CONICET - F.M. Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Rosario) Suipacha 531, 2000
Rosario - Argentina.
Transgenic wheat: Rapid and efficient method for stable
transformation. Since the first transgenic tobacco plants were obtained using
the Agrobacterium tumefaciens system many other important species have been
transformed. However, monocots, including the major cereals crops were no
amenable to Agrobacterium manipulation. Particularly, cereals have been very
recalcitrant to genetic manipulation in vitro. Only after the development of
direct methods for plant transformation, the stable transformation of rice
and maize was informed. Wheat transformation has been achieved recently in
several laboratories including our own.
In this work we describe a rapid and efficient method to obtain
fertile stable transgenic wheat plants, employing a gun powder device built in
our laboratory following the Sanford concept.
Immature embryos of spring wheat were used to obtain embryogenic
calli. Calli were bombarded with microparticles coated with one of five
plasmid constructions. We have used as selectable marker either bar or hpt
genes, which confers resistance against the herbicide glufosinate and the
antibiotic hygromycin respectively. Also we employed the reporter uidA gene
that encodes for the B-glucuronidase enzyme. Bombarded calli were cultured
in the dark on selective pressure. After a short period of selection, calli
were transferred to regeneration medium with a photoperiod of 14 h (10
W.m2). Resistant plants were rusticated in a Percival growth chamber.
Screening to detect Ro transgenic plants were made by PCR assay. Results
were confirmed by slot and southern blots of genomic DNA.
Transgenic plants were recovered in about 30 weeks. About a 37% of
them were fertile and produced seeds. In some cases, embryo rescue of
transgenic plants was carried out to accelerate the next generation while
others seeds were allowed to mature.
In 5 experiments where the bar gene was used as a selectable marker,
we have obtained 27 Ro transgenic plants with an efficiency of 0.5 - 2.6 % of
plant per calli bombarded. But when we used the hpt gene, we obtained 12 Ro
transgenic plants with an efficiency as high as 4.7%. Slots and southern
blot assays of genomic DNA confirmed the presence of the heterologous gene
in the wheat genome.
Further evidence of transgenesis was obtained applying the herbicide
glufosinate (0.005%) to the R1 generation. Control wheat plants were
affected while transgenic ones were not. Most of these experiments were
carried out using a commercial cultivar as source of explants, but a
commercial hybrid was also employed with similar results. Thus, the
transformation method is not genotype dependent. With this procedure, wheat
can be rapid and efficiently transformed. Moreover transgenic plants could
be obtained from many independent transformations events. Thus, it is
suitable for studying gene expression and regulation in monocots, as well
as to introduce in wheat genes of agronomic interest.
-------------------------
Cervigni, GD; Ortiz, JP; Altabe, S and Vallejos RH.
Early segregation analysis of the heterologous bar gene in
transgenic wheat
Transgenic fertile Ro wheat plants were allowed to selfpolinize and
their R1 progeny was obtained either by embryo rescue or by normal seed
maturity. Seed set in transgenic Ro plant was frequently low probably due to
the diminished vigor of the in vitro plants. Seeds were germinated in a
Petri dish and plantlets were grown in a Percival growth chamber under a 16
h photoperiod, a light intensity of 260 uEm2s-1 and at day/night temperature
of 22 degC and 19 degC respectively, with a constant 65% relative humidity.
The morphology, vigor and seed production of R1 plant were quite normal.
DNA was extracted from small pieces of leaf tissue to an early
detection of transgenic R1 plants. PCR amplifications of the heterologous
bar gene were performed with two or three DNA extractions to avoid eventual
inhibitors or contaminations. PCR assay showed the presence of the transgene
in the progeny. Several of these results were confirmed by southern blot of
genomic DNA. The proportions of transgenic R1 plants in four families
studied were: 9/14; 6/8; 4/4 and 7/9 respectively adding up to 26/35, which
correspond to the segregation expected and suggests a single or linked
insertion site for the bar gene.
To detect in vivo resistance, R1 plants were exposed to 0.005% of
commercial herbicide glufocinate (Basta). Serious damage was observed in
control plants while transgenic plants were not affected. These results were
later confirmed by enzymatic activity of the bar gene showing unequivocally
the heterologous gene expression.
Presently we are carrying out the molecular analysis of the R2
generation in order to evaluate the stability of the bar gene and analyze
its segregation
-------------------------
College of Agriculture, Cordoba National University, Cordoba.
D. Avalos, A. Ordonez and N. La Porta.
Population Fluctuation of the Aphids on Wheat. Preliminary results
1993. Aphids play a very significant role amongst pests afecting wheat
crops. Within the scope of the Agroecosistems Interdisciplinary Proyect a
survey was carried out in experimental plots of wheat in Cordoba
(Argentina). The following results were obtained: Rhopalosiphum padi (L.),
R. maidis (Fitch) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) were found on seedlings.
Metopolophium dirodum (Walker) was found upon tasseling plants. Sitobion sp.
was present after flowering. Singnificant levels of parasitism by
Hymenoptera of the genus of Aphidius and Diaeretiella were observed during
the whole study.
-------------------------
M. Cerana, S.Gil and A.L. Pascualides
Epidermical studies in commercial and experimental bread wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) lines. A survey was made using the epidermis of
the flag leaf-blade from four bread wheat lines (Triticum aestivum L.).
Two are commercials (Las Rosas INTA and PROINTA Oasis) and the other ones
are experimentals. The varieties were sown at two different row distances
(15 and 30 cm). Temporary slices of the abaxial and the adaxial leaf
epidermis were made to characterize them and to calculate the Stomatal
Frequency (SF) and the Stomatal Index (SI). The analysis showed the
following characteristics: the adaxial epidermis presented elongated long
cells, with slightly undulating horizontal anticlinal walls, small prickles
and bulliform cells between the stomatal files, while in the abaxial
epidermis only the elongated long cells with moderately undulating to
omega-shaped horizontal anticlinal walls were observed. They were more
constant in shape but their length is variable. There were stomata and
silico-suberose couples in both faces. The subsidiary cell shape of the
stomata were rounded with flattened tops, and the silica bodies were
crescent-shaped. On the other hand, the SF and the SI showed the following
tendencies: the adaxial face has more SF than the abaxial face, and in the
first one, the plants growing in rows separated by 30 cm had more SF. The
inverse occurred in the abaxial face. The main difference in SF is related
to row distance was observed in the experimental lines. The SI was
relatively constant for row spacings but a slight ascendent tendency at the
wider are in the adaxial face was noted. The inverse occurred in the abaxial
one. The next stage will be to correlate the obtained result with the grain
yield in the field.
-------------------------
Zaninetti, M.R. and D. Igarzabal.
Preliminary results 1993. The functions describing the response on
the crop yield according to different weed densities have been broadly
studied. Nevertheless, there is little documentation about the effect of the
crop on the weeds; this could be one of the focus point to perssue new
strategiesto integrated weed management programs in this crop. This study
analizes the response of some reproductive and morfological characters of the
Wedeliaglauca in competition with wheat. We worked with an experimental line:
T14 (long cycle) grown at 15 and 30 cm between rows and with 2 commercial
cultivars, Prointa Oasis-Oa (short cycle) and Las Rosas INTA (long cycle)
evaluated at 15 cm rows appart. The materials were grown at seeding rate of
150 seeds per square meter. Two random samplins were done. One in the milk
stage (Zadok 70) and the other before harvesting. In the first sampling we
observed: number of stems/sm and number of branching of the W. glauca stem
along the first 5 cm of the stem per square meter . For both characters it
is evident the depressing effect of the wheat crop on the weed. The results
show that the T14 produced a major decrease in the number of stems, not
significantly affecting the number of branches. The data showed that T14
line had more effect on this character than the other wheat cultivars. The
growing at different distances betweem rows for T14 did not showed a
significant influence on none of the Wedelia's characters. In the second
sampling, we measured the total number of capitula/m2 , number of closed
capitula, number of open capitula and number of ripe capitula/m2 .The wheat
crop produced a significant decrease on these four characters. For T14 line,
the distance between rows affected only the total number of capitula. The
data obtained suggest that during the competition process between wheat and
W. glauca, the later is affected on its morfological structure, its capacity
to produce inflorescence and showed a delay in the flowering stage. This
first approach is a contribution to the integrated management of the W.
glauca, hopping to develop in a near future other researchs directed to
study the competition below the soil.
-------------------------
Rollan A.A., Buteler N.A. and Bachmeier O.A.
Wheat cultivar, planting density, and soil fertility. A study was
conducted to determine the evolution of soil fertility testing two cultivars
of wheat cultivated, at two plant arrangements. The cultivars tested were
"Las Rosas INTA" and "Pro INTA Oasis", planted at interline distances of 15
and 30cm. The soil properties evaluated were organic matter, pH, mineral
nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The initial values
detected (on samples from 0-25 depth) in the Typic haplustoll used in this
experience were: organic matter = 21.4 g/Kg; pH= 6.9 ; NO3-N= 5mg/Kg;
P=35mg/Kg.; Kexch = 2.1 cmol/Kg. Neither phosphorus nor exchangeable
potassium varied along the growing season. On the other hand, NO3-N shows
only significant diminution in the Las Rosas INTA plots at the flowering
stage of soil sampling.
-------------------------
Barchuk A.; Alessandria E.; Zamar J. and Luque S.
The weeds community structure in wheat crops. The crop spatial
arrangement and the biological cycle influence affect its competition
ability and differentially affect weeds community. In the presentessay were
considered two commercial varieties, one of short and the other of long
cycle, and two experimental lines, with the same characteristics. The lines
were sown at two row spacing, 15 and 30 cm. of row separations. Contiguous
surfaces, whithout crop and with the same characteris tillage were
considered control. The weeds community was embossed on october 6th with
quadrats; the communities were ordered through multivariate analysis and was
made curves of range-abundance.
The preliminary results showed: a- A total of 20 weeds species
recorded, that included 4 Brasicaceae, 4 Aseraceae, and 3 perennial Poaceae.
b- The control (without crop) had greater specific richness (18 species). In
all cases the dominant was Descurainia argentina with relative cover between
60 and 70%. c- The weeds community cover was significantly different between
the witness (37,71%) and the crops at 30 cm. (5.85%) and at 15 cm (2.83%).
d- If we consider the absolute cover per species the weed community of the
control was discriminated clearly from treatment with crop and between this,
the crop at 15 cm was the most different. e- The configuration of relative
cover was similar for the three treatments.
-------------------------
R.M.Roldan, F. Salvagiotti, D. Opovin, G. Manera, and R. Maich.
Visual and Indirect Selection for Yield in Wheat. Selection Criteria
x Year of Testing Interactions. Our objective was to study the response to
visual and indirect selection for grain yield ( GY) using the biological
yield (BY), harvest index (HY) and earweight (PSP) as selection criteria.
During 1990 a random sample of 800 S1 plants was characterized through BY,
HY and PSP. From each selection criteria two groups (superior and inferior)
of fifteen S1 plants each one were constituted. Simultaneously, the best
fifteen were selected according to the phenotypic value. The 105 derived
line were evaluated in three (1991) and two (1992) sowing dates. For GY, not
significant difference between groups within each selection criteria were
observed; however, group x year interactions for PSP and HY selection
criteria were significants. The response to indirect selection for grain
yield, when measured under variable environmental conditions, affected the
reationship between GY and PSP or HY.
-------------------------
N.Contin, W. Londero, A.Ordonez, and R. Maich.
Indirect Selection for Grain Yield Using One or Several Characters
Simultaneously in Wheat. The grain yield potential could be increased
selecting simultaneously for several characters. The objective of this study
was to compare the efficiency of the indirect selection for grain yield
utilizing one or several traits. During 1991 a long cycle segregating
population of wheat was cultivated under three dates and three densities of
seeding, and two spatial arragements. From each experimentals unit two
plants were selected for each one of following selection criteria:
phenotypic, biological yield, earweight, harvest index and an index
contituted by the later three characters. The progenies were evaluated in
two sowing dates during 1992. For grain yield not significant differences
between means corresponding to the selections criteria used were observed.
In the other hand, for densities and spatial arrangements significant
differences were found. Indirect selection for grain yield using more than
one character simultaneously did not improved the efficiency of selection
when compared with the visual selection or one character founded on.
-------------------------
C. Ferraris, B. Pantano, C. Principi, and R. Maich.
Manipulating the Environment in Wheat Breeding. To determine the
effect of selection environment on the genetic progress under marginal
conditionsof evaluation (Center Semiarid Region of Argentina), during 1990
six segregating populations of wheat with different biological cycles were
cultivated in three locations (L) (Ferreyra, Marcos Juarez and Casilda) and
three sowing dates (SD) per site. From each experimental unit two plants
were selected, wich progenies were tested in three (1991) and two (1992)
dates of seeding in Ferreyra. For grain yield not significant differences
were found between L or SD; but, significant L x SD existed. In the
marginal environmental conditions of selection the genetic progress was
higher when the visual selection was accomplished in the later sowing date
(July),while for the optimal ones (Marcos Juarez and Casilda) the derived
lines selected in May (the earlier sowing date) performed better.
-------------------------
F. Bidinost, B. Ferro, G. Alemano, N. Guzman, and R. Maich.
The Effect of Density and Spatial Arrangement on the Efficiency of
Visual Plant Selection in Wheat. Among Factors Interactions. The objective
of this study was to determine the effect of plant density- D (25, 50 and
100 seeds/ m2) and planting arrangement- S (equidistant: 10 x 10, 15 x 15
and 20 x 20 cm; and rows: 5 x 20, 20 x 20 and 10 x 40 cm within and between
rows respectively) on response to selection in three segregating populations
of wheat with different biological cycles -C (early-, intermediate- and
long-maturing crosses) and cultivate in three locations- L (Ferreyra, Marcos
Juarez y and Casilda). Two S1 plants from each experimental units were
selected, wich S1- derived lines were tested at Ferreyra for grain yield in
three and two sowing dates during two years-Y(1991 and 1992 respectively).
Taking account that the thrird degree interactions were significant,
comparison between means were made according (CxL) x (DxS) and (LxY) x (DxS)
graphics, wich reflected the distinct efficiency of densities used during
visual plant selection on the genetic gaine according to the environmental
condition under it was measured.
-------------------------
D. Bonelli, C. Olmos, M. Bianchi and R. Maich.
Grid Selection in Wheat. The Effect of the Environmental Condition
of Evaluation on the Genetic Gaine. To determine the effect of the micro-
environmental variations on the efficiency of phenotypic selection, during
1989 a bulk of F3 seeds constituted by 40 crosses was cultivated on a area
of 900 m2 devided into 80 grids. A plant was selected from each grid. During
three years, 1990 (annual rainfall: 696 mm), 1991 (annual rainfall: 806 mm)
and 1992 (annual rainfall: 1357 mm) (historical mean: 791 mm), in two
contrasting environmental conditions per year, two groups (superior and
inferior) of 13 F3 derived lines each one were tested. The classification of
the lines were performed on the baises of the agronomical characteristic of
the grids from wich they derived. Grain yield (GY), biological yield (BY)
and harvest index (HI) were recorded for each plot. Not significant
differences among groups were found for none character measured. The
environmental variation (years) caused a significant increase in the source
of variation due to years, wich may over-ride the advantage of
characterizing the field after gridding.
-------------------------
M.Bianchi
Preliminary Studies of the Screening Effect under Laboratory
Controlated Conditions on the Field Response in Wheat Drought tolerance is
an important feature in wheat breeding. Several constraints may delay the
genetic progress, namely annual climate variations. This finding has led to
use controled or semi controled environmental conditions and to select those
seedlings with higher vigor within segregating populations. In 1991 wheat
seed from three segregating populations were sown in lab, under different
osmolites (polietilenglicol and manitol), and those seedlings wich grew
earlier were selected. They were trasplanted in the greenhouse so as to
harvest their seeds. In 1992 their progenies were sown in the field and the
biological yield, grain yield and harvest index were assessed. Data were
variance analized but no significant differences were detected between
treatments. Based on this result, it may be reported that the trait
(seedling vigor) evaluated under polietilenglicol and manitol osmolite
effects was of relatively little importance on the field response of the
derived lines when cultivated under the semiarid environmental conditions of
the Center Argentina.
-------------------------
Dubois M.E., Gaido Z.A., Manera G.A.
Response to selection for proteins in early generations selection on
yield in wheat. There is a preoccupation in the world in obtaining high
protein contents and high yield in wheat. There are bibliographical
documents that show that in a breeding programme in wheat, it is possible to
select for yield and protein content simultaneously. The objetive of this
work was to study the effect of early generation selection for total grain
protein percentage on grain yield in wheat apt for the semiarid region in
the center of Argentina (31* 12' latitude S, 64* 11' longitude W). One
hundred F2:3 lines of wheat in three enviromental conditions were sowed, and
a disruptive selection for high and low protein percentage was done, with a
selection pressure of 15%. On the F2:4 lines evaluated, four characters
associated to yield were measured. The groups selected for high and low
protein percentage differed significatively. For the two proteic classes
established, not significant influence on the gran yield characters studied
were observed, supporting the hypothesis which says that there isn't an
association between protein contents and grain yield in wheat cultivars apt
for the semiarid region.
-------------------------
Maich R. and Bianchi M.
Improvement of Cereal Crop Grain Yield in Semiarid environments.
Agricultural vs. Breeding "in loco" Impact. To promove the socioeconomical
development of the center semiarid region of Argentina is necessary to test
different agricultural and genetics strategies and to establish priorites
between them. During 1993 at Ferreyra (Cordoba) five experimental lines and
two commercial varieties were evaluated. Two sowing dates were used (May and
June). The experimental units (3.300m2) were constituted by 72 rows (15 cm
appart) and 36 rows (30 cm appart). In both cases 150 seeds/m2 were used,
nearly 50kg/ha. Grain yield (qq/ha) was determinated. The individual
testment means were analized in a three factor experiment. The interaction
involving genotypes, sowing dates and spatial arrangements were used as an
error term. Significant difference between sowing dates (June better than
May) and between spatial arrangements (15cm better than 30cm) were found,
but not among genotypes. In the socioeconomical developing context of the
unfavorable environment (semiarid region), admitting that the priority
should be given to the agricultural practices rather than to the plant
breeding "in loco", greater emphasis on genetics stress resistance are
required to make yield improvement in this sense evident.
-------------------------
Conles M. and Salvadores M.C.
Presence of Plant Diseases in the Semiarid Region of Argentina. This
study analizes and compares the presence of diseases in wheat crop
cultivated in the Center Semiarid Region of Argentina.In 1993, we studied 5
experimental lines (T5, T7, T14, T24 and T38) and 3 commercial cultivars
(Las Rosas INTA, Klein Cartucho and Prointa Oasis), sown in May and June.
Various random samples were taken: during the emergence, tillering,
flowering, grain filling period and maturity. For T14 experimental line,
were faund, not significant number of plants with symptoms of
Helmintosporium sp. In the commercial cultivar, Prointa Oasis, we observed
not significant presence of Ustilago nuda. The environmental conditions of
1993, normal for the region, did not promove the presence of diseases.
Howeverlooking for in the future to develop through our plant breeding
programme similar experimental lines to T14 type, is necessary to take
account these pleriminary results abaut Helmintosporium sesibility.
-------------------------
Barrientos, M.
Rent increase for double cropping associated with wheat. In
semi arid regions wheat crop can be an important link of the rotation chain.
Besides diversification autputs, its inclusion allows an adequate control of
pests and it may become an important contribution to the improvement of soil
structure with its subsecuent economic profits (e.g. to diminish pesticides
costs, fertilizers, etc.). Although it is necessary to do a fallow allowing
water accumulation (summer and autumn rains), from an economic point of
view, it is not advisable to assing a plot of land exclusively to this
single crup throughout the whole year. Experimental results showed that
delaying seedtime has not had negative impact on the final yield (19.4 qq
for 15/16 May sowing vs. 21.4 qq when sowing 19/20 June). This fact allows
us to conclude that from January to May we could sow another crop which,
with the sole condition of not significantly affecting water storage within
the soil (e.g. fallow by overgrazing for rainwater accumulation in subsoil),
would allow us to notably increase land rent.
-------------------------
Catedra de Cereales. Facultad de Agronomia. Universidad de
Buenos Aires, Instituto de Recursos Biologicos-CIRN and Instituto de
Biologia Molecular-CICV. INTA-Castelar.
Sergio E. Feingold, H. Esteban Hopp and Enrique Y. Suarez
Breadmaking quality in Argentinean wheats: Its relationship
with HMW glutenin subunits and other grain protein fractions. The following
abstract represents the tesis work presented by the former author at the
Escuela de Posgrado de la Facultad de Agronomia (UBA) in partial fulfillment
of his M. Sc. degree in Plant Production.
Breadmaking quality variation is related to differences in
protein content and protein type. Among storage proteins, it has been
reported that variation in the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunit
composition can explain about 50% of breadmaking quality in European and
North-american varieties.
In Argentina, breeding started early in this century, and traditional old
wheat varieties were well known for their ability to raise breadmaking
properties of poor quality flours after mixing.
Analysis of nine representative argentinean wheat varieties
(ranging from 1912 to 1984) showed no relationship between protein
concentration and breadmaking quality estimated by the SDS sedimentation
test. HMW glutenin subunit composition (and its calculated Glu-1 quality
score) was in agreement with SDS sedimentation volumes in six varieties.
However, high sedimentation volumes were found in low Glu-1 scored genotypes
and viceversa. Thus, the Glu-1 quality score cannot be used alone to predict
breadmaking quality in this type of materials. Klein 32 showed a good
quality despite having the same HMW glutenin subunits than Chinese Spring, a
poor baking quality genotype. Genetic analysis performed using the F1
monosomic reciprocal method showed that the higher SDS sedimentation values
of Klein 32 flour were associated to the presence of 1B and 1D chromosomes
and not to the homeologous group 6 chromosomes. Therefore, low molecular
weight glutenin and/or g and w gliadin composition can be responsible of the
observed variation in breadmaking quality, and are being furtherly
investigated to associate particular subunits of these protein fractions
with this trait.
-------------------------
Genetics Institute, INTA, 1712 Castelar, BS. As.
A. Acevedo
Isolation of a gibberellic acid sensitive mutant in the wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Leones INTA. A mutagenic treatment was
performed in the Argentine bread wheat cultivar Leones INTA, which carries a
gene for semidwarfism (Rht2). Seeds were soaked overnight in ethylmethane
sulphonate (EMS, 2%) solution and planted in the field. Four spikes/M1
plant were individually harvested. Next M(2) seeds were planted, and tall
and short M(2) plants corresponding to 39 independent spikes were selected,
and their M(3) progenies cytologically analyzed. Aneuploidy explained the
tall phenotypes observed in 35 out of the 39 segregating spikes.
Electrophoretic analyses performed in the 4 euploid M(3) progenies revealed
that only one progeny had the patterns of several isozymes and storage
proteins (gliadins and glutenins) identical to Leones INTA. To further
examine this progeny, hydroponic tests (1x10-(5) gibberellic acid) and
seedling height measurements were determined. A 1:2:1
(Rht2/Rht2:Rht2/rht2:rht2/rht2) segregation ratio was demonstrated, which
correlated precisely with the adult M(2) height phenotypes observed. Taken
together, these data indicate that an homocygous (rht2/rht2) gibberellic
acid sensitive mutant has been isolated in the wheat cultivar Leones INTA.
Sedimentation test: a useful tool to evaluate nutritional and
bread-making quality in wheat progenies. The Triticum aestivum L. wheat
mutant Gama 1R (high lysine content, low sedimentation value) was crossed
with its motherline Sinvalocho M. A. (low lysine content, high sedimentation
value). The material was genealogically conducted and the linear
correlation coefficient calculated in F(3) progenies between these genetic
traits was r=0.45** (N=61). Based exclusively upon sedimentation values,
disruptive selection was applied in F(3) progenies using a 18% selection
intensity. Two distinct groups composed of several selected lines each were
evaluated separately. In F(7) seeds the following nutritional and bread-
making quality tests were determined: protein and lysine content, humid and
dry gluten, flour and seed humidity, 1000 seed weight, sedimentation test,
water absorption, Chopin's alveogram, and loaf volume. Data analyses
demonstrated that associations among these genetic traits were statistically
significant, and that sedimentation value was positively correlated with
each tested trait, whereas lysine content was negatively correlated. These
results underscore the utility of the sedimentation test to indirectly
characterize wheat genotypes with good nutritional balance and bread-making
quality.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM AUSTRALIA
QUEENSLAND
QWRI Toowoomba
Paul Brennan, Phillip Banks, John Sheppard, Peter Keys, Lloyd
Mason, Martin Fiske, Peter Agius, Jamie Ross
Wheat Breeding. Wheat breeding activities for the north east wheat
growing region of Australia are, in the near future, to be the
responsibility of a closely coordinated program involving the wheat breeding
groups at the Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri (NSW) and the Queensland
Wheat Research Institute. The combined group will endeavour to produce high
yielding better quality varieties with resistance/tolerance to as many of
the following diseases as possible: stem, leaf and stripe (yellow) rust,
flag smut, yellow (tan) spot, root lesion nematode, crown rot and common
root rot. Emphasis will also be directed towards the incorporation of
Russian wheat resistance into a number of varieties although this pest is
not, as far as we are aware, in Australia.
Seasonal Conditions. The drought conditions that prevailed in northern
Australia in 1991 and 1992 continued and intensified in Queensland in 1993.
The estimated production for 1993 was 400 000 tons which is 1 million tons
less than average. This drought is thought to result from the El Nino
effect due to an abnormal pattern of surface water temperatures in the
southern Pacific Ocean. The most common period of the year for these
patterns to revert to normal is March/May.
While Queensland experienced severe drought in 1993, northern NSW
experienced an exceptionally good year with about 37 cm of growing season
rainfall in many places.
Varieties Released. Three varieties were released from the QWRI
program but seed of only two of these will be made available to growers in
1994. The third, Tasman, was found at the last moment to have lower water
absorption than required on the export market. However, there are strong
indication that some domestic flour millers may wish to source substantial
quantities of this variety.
The general features of these varieties are:
Pelsart (Potam 70/4*Cook; QT4639)
The primary reason for release is its high level of tolerance to the
root lesion nematode which was obtained from Potam 70.
Pelsart has resistance to stem, leaf and stripe rust, flag smut, crown
rot and common root rot. It has excellent milling quality and its yield is
about the average of the current commercial varieties of similar maturity .
Rowan (QT2338/4*Hartog; QT4636)
This variety was bred by removing the awns (beards) from Hartog. The
purpose in this was to improve the animal utilisation of failed crops in a
region where growers take more risk with frost than is normal in Queensland.
Other effects of the awn removal breeding are:
- higher yield
- later maturity
- low, but useful level of yellow spot resistance.
Tasman (Torres Gaboto/Siete Cerros Bluebird CIANO; QT4546)
This is a high yielding quick maturing variety with high dough
extensibility, good flour yield and colour and lower farinograph water
absorption. It also has a high level of tolerance to the root lesion
nematode though not as good as Pelsart. It was seen as a competitor to
Hartog for main season plantings. However, seed will not be released to
growers until the requirements for this variety by the domestic milling
industry are clarified.
Breeding Activities. The drought conditions prevailing in 1993
severely restricted pre-release evaluation particularly in central
Queensland where one trial only was obtained after supplementary irrigation.
Almost a full program of Preliminary Yield Evaluation Trials (F(4)/F(5)
level) and Strain Trials (F(6)\F(7)) were obtained largely through the
application of supplementary irrigation. Consequently, there will be only
minimal dislocation to our breeding program.
The particular features of the 1993 season were:
- the development of approximately 200 Janz/Cunningham backcross
derivatives with apparent weathering resistance derived from Transvaal.
- the high yields of a number of backcross derived lines with yellow
spot resistance.
- a number of promising common root rot resistant lines have reached
later generations.
Staff. Dr Phillip Banks is spending 3 months at INRA, France, where he
will be working with French scientists on the exploitation of inter-specific
translocations for barley yellow dwarf resistance he developed.
Ms Meryl Fordyce has joined the program to work on the transfer of
genes for stem rust resistance from Thinopyron sp to wheat.
Visiting Scientists. The following have or are spending time at QWRI
to work in the wheat breeding program:
- Mr Kenji Yagasaki (Japan)
- Mr Ma Wujun (China)
- Mr Jan Mulder (Netherlands)
- Ms Elka Krammer (Germany)
Research Activities
Wheat/Rye Translocations
Meryl Fordyce, Phillip Banks, Paul Brennan
Ms Fordyce identified a number of lines containing SR31 on IRS but
lacking the Sec 1 locus. The population she worked on was derived by
pollinating Oxley with pollen from an Oxley backcross derivative containing
IBL/IRS which had been irradiated with gama rays.
These lines will be assessed for surface dough stickiness. The work
constituted Ms Fordyce's undergraduate project.
Genotype x Environmental Interactions
Ian Delacy, Mark Cooper, John Sheppard, David Butler, Paul Brennan
Funding has been obtained for a project headed by Mr Ian Delacy and Dr
Mark Cooper of the University of Queensland with Dr Frank Ellison of Sydney
University and Mr David Butler (DPI Toowoomba). This project aims to
examine the ge interactions for the whole north east wheat growing region
with a view to rationalising wheat varietal evaluation in Queensland.
Molecular and Other Markers for Weathering Resistance
Wendy Lawson, Ma Wujun, Ian Godwin, Mark Cooper, Paul Brennan
The objective of this study is to locate molecular and/or other markers
for the two genes for weathering resistance. This is being accomplished
using random inbred lines derived by single seed descent to develop a low
and a high weathering resistant bulk and examining these for polymorphisms.
Ms Lawson had identified a RAPD marker closely linked to one gene at the
termination of the funding. Mr Ma Wujun has assumed responsibility for this
project.
Transfer Of An alpha-amylase Inhibitor Gene From Barley To Wheat
Ian Haak, Paul Brennan, Gay Mckinnon and Robert Henry
One of the main results of rain on harvest ready grain is the
degredation of the endosperm starch by alpha-amylase. The barley asi gene
produces a protein which is capable of inhibiting wheat alpha-amylase.
Transfer of this gene to wheat was accomplished using tissue culture.
Crosses were made between the addition line CS+2H and the cultivar Hartog.
Immature embryos were used as the explant source. Regenerated plants were
selfed and the R1 progeny were screened for the presence of several PCR
markers. The PCR markers utilised were the gene itself, several annomyous
markers and two repeat sequence markers. The screening results from several
families indicated that they had retained the asi gene but were missing some
of the other markers. One of these families has been studied in more
detail. Plants in this family carried a normal compliment of 42 chromosomes
and backcrossing to Hartog revealed that the translocation was transmitted
through pollen. The rate of transmission through pollen is currently being
determined. Further investigations will examine other families to determine
how useful these translocations will be in a practical breeding situation.
-------------------------
Markers For Wheat Quality Attributes.
S J Kammholz, P S Brennan, P M Banks, D J Martin, M W Sutherland, R
Ramage, R Marshke and D Butler
The aim of the project is to identify easily selectable markers for
genes controlling several wheat quality attributes including flour yield,
flour colour, dough extensibility and dough development time. It is
intended that inbred lines will be rapidly developed which can be evaluated
for the target attribute and then used in a bulked segregant analysis. At
present, doubled haploid lines are being developed through wheat x maize
crosses followed by colchicine-induced chromosome doubling. Wheat plants
are being emasculated just prior to anthesis and the heads covered with
glassine crossing bags. Wheat heads are pollinated 4 - 5 days after
emasculation. One day after pollination a dilute solution of 2,4-
dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid is injected into the last internode and onto
each floret. Embryos are rescued within 21 days post-pollination and grown
"in vitro". Fertilisation (embryo production) rates range from 0 - 70% with
the mean level of fertilisation being around 40% in winter and dropping off
to less than 20% in summer. Over one thousand haploid plants have been
produced at QWRI in the 9 months since this stage of the project was
initiated. Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling is currently being
undertaken and many doubled haploid lines have been produced. Colchicine
rates of 0.05 - 0.1% are used in conjunction with 2 - 4% dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO). Chromosome doubling rates to date are low and indicate the need for
further investigations.
Raechelle Ramage from the University of Southern Queensland has been
using SDS-PAGE to separate reduced, whole-protein extracts from the seed of
cultivars selected for high or low performance with respect to the quality
attributes; flour yield, whiteness index, short dough development time and
dough extensibility. The technique has proved to be quick and reliable and
will be employed by Steven Kammholz. Our aim is to identify protein markers
tightly linked to the above mentioned quality characters. The usefulness of
these protein markers will be compared with molecular markers developed by
PCR/RFLP.
-------------------------
Crown Rot Research in Queensland
G. B. Wildermuth, R. B. McNamara and T. M. Sparks
Although the area planted to wheat in Queensland was lower than average
in 1993, crown rot (CR) still affected many crops particularly in the
southern part of the wheat area. Judges in the RAS Wheat Crop Competition
(Inglewood Society) indicated that CR was widespread in crops that they
judged, particularly in crops near the Queensland-New South Wales border.
As in previous years, reports have shown that CR is occurring in wheat crops
as early as the fourth crop after clearing.
A new cultivar, Pelsart, was released from the Queensland Wheat
Breeding Program in 1993. This cultivar has a degree of partial resistance
to crown rot. Amongst 16 cultivars recommended for growth in Queensland,
there are now three with partial resistance to this disease. Those with
this form of resistance are all quick maturing cultivars. Cultivars with
resistance to the disease particularly in mid or long season cultivars are
needed. Currently, seven cultivars/lines with partial resistance to the
disease have been identified. In collaboration with Dr P Brennan,
resistance is being incorporated into the cultivars, Vasco, Hartog,
Cunningham and Batavia.
Twenty two cultivars and advanced lines from the Queensland and
University of Sydney Wheat Breeding Programs were tested for susceptibility
to crown rot in a field test. One cultivar and one line showed levels of
partial resistance to the disease.
Durum cultivars have been found to be very susceptible to crown rot.
Losses of up to 51% have been found in naturally infected plants. A search
for sources of resistance to crown rot in durum cultivars will be initiated
in the next 12 months.
Common Root Rot. In spite of the dry winter during 1993, the level of
common root rot was high and more severe than in the previous two years.
Amongst the 16 cultivars recommended for growth in Queensland, six have
partial resistance to this disease. The backcross program to incorporate
resistance into adapted cultivars is continuing with some advanced lines
being currently tested in yield trials.
-------------------------
NEW SOUTH WALES
Agricultural Research Centre, Tamworth
R.A. Hare
Durum Wheat. The 1993 Australian durum wheat harvest realised 150,000
tonnes, a new record. Excellent growing conditions in northern New South
Wales, and an average season in South Australia gave farmers yields well
above average. Commercial dryland yields in the range of 5 to 6 tonnes per
hectare were not unusual. There was a complete turn around in the domestic
supply situation, from a shortage of millable grain in 1993 and the
importation of 10,000 tonnes, to a substantial surplus to domestic needs in
1994. This surplus will be exported onto a world market where prices are
rather high, due to poor harvests in the northern hemisphere. Despite the
increased yields, grain quality was generally good, although grain protein
levels were down by about 0.5 to 1.0%.
While most durum wheat is still produced in northern New South Wales
and South Australia, more growers are trialling durum wheat in Queensland,
Central/Southern NSW, Victoria and Western Australia.
Growers are keen to diversify from mainstream cereal production to
niche grain types.
Durum Cultivar Improvement. A new high quality cultivar "Wollaroi" was
released on 20th October 1993 at the Agricultural Research Centre, Tamworth.
Wollaroi is a bearded, free-threshing, short to medium statured durum wheat
of early maturity. It displays adequate resistance to Australian field
pathotypes of stem rust, leaf rust, stripe rust, yellow leaf spot, stinking
bunt, flag smut, septoria leaf blotch, black point and root lesion nematode
but is susceptible to crown rot. Wollaroi has consistently produced grain
with at least 0.5% more protein than the check cultivars, Kamilaroi and
Yallaroi, without significant loss of grain yield. Dough strength (strong)
is equivalent to Yallaroi, and combined with the increased protein results
in reduced loss of solids during pasta cooking. Semolina colour is
excellent with increased yellow pigment levels over the checks.
-------------------------
The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute
K. Adhikari, J. Bell, A.M.Bennet, L.W. Burgess, G.N. Brown, C.Zhao, H-S
Hwang, S.Johnston, R.A. McIntosh, D.R. Marshall, J.D. Oates, R.F. Park,
J.E. Roake, P.J. Sharp, F.Stoddard, D.The, M.Turner, C.R.Wellings,
Department of Crop Sciences, Sydney and PBI Cobbitty, NSW
National Wheat Rust Control Program
Pathogenicity Surveys: A threatened stem rust epidemic following high
levels of inoculum increase on self-sown cereals during an unusually wet
harvest and summer of 1992/93 in South Australia did not eventuate. An
active public awareness campaign and a dry period, which delayed planting of
the 1993 crop, led to an increase in the use of rust resistant cultivars and
fungicide seed dressings to reduce early infections. Continued drought
conditions in Queensland meant few leaf and stem rust samples from our
normally most rust-prone environment.
Leaf rust was widespread in western and southern regions, but was not
as severe as in 1993. Pathotype 122-1,2,3,(6),(7),11, an Lr2a-virulent
mutant of the previous dominant pathotype 104-2,3,(6),(7),11, increased in
frequency in South Australia despite the absence of Lr2a in the host
population.
Although widespread, stripe rust became damaging only in a small area
of South Australia. It continues to be absent in Western Australia. A
project investigating an apparent increase in the occurrence of stripe rust
on barley grass, (Hordeum leporinum and H. glaucum) has established that
pathogenic variation occurs on this species complex. Increased virulence on
barley grass may account for the preferential survival of pathotypes with
the lowest range of virulence on wheat. The most frequent isolates from
wheat and barley grass were pathotyped as 104 E137 A+ and 104 E137 A- on the
wheat differential set.
Host Genetics and Cytogenetics: A non-designated gene for stem rust
resistance in Norin 40 is closely linked (but not allelic) with the Sr5
locus. A gene (SrX) for stem rust resistance present in chromosome 1D from
T. tauschii, but having the same specificity as Sr21 in chromosome 2A of T.
monococcum, is located proximal to Sr33. The gene order is Lr21-Gli-Sr33-
SrX-centromere-Glu-D1. A leaf rust resistance gene in the Japanese rye
derivative, ST-1, was located in chromosome 2A. According to Kansas State
University workers, the Lr24 Sr24 genes, that we previously reported in
Amigo, are located in the chromosome 1BS satellite. A number of cultivars
and experimental recombinant individuals with Lr13 and Lr23 in coupling were
shown to carry Ne2m suggesting that Ne2m and Lr23 are on opposite sides of
Lr13 in chromosome 2BS, or that Ne2m is much closer to Lr13 than is Lr23.
A monosomic series in a selection of Australian cv Avocet is nearing
completion. This series is being developed for genetic and cytogenetic
studies of APR to stripe rust. The Avocet selection is very susceptible to
Australian isolates of P. striiformis. We hope this series will be useful
for international work and in this respect, Dr.R.P. Singh has reported that
it is very susceptible in Mexico. Single gene segregation for APR in a Joss
Cambier/Avocet cross has validated the genotype Yr11Yr11 for Joss Cambier -
the gene is not located to a chromosome. Seedling genes for stripe rust
resistance were tentatively located in chromosome 1B (derivative of durum
K733) and chromosome 2B (Ciano 79 - the Selkirk gene which occurs at
moderate frequency in CIMMYT wheat populations).
Germplasm Screening and Enhancement: Good epidemics at our two
Cobbitty sites infected with different pathotypes of the three rusts enabled
screening of more than 30,000 breeders' lines. Two further VPM1
derivatives, Sunvale (a Cook derivative) and Trident (a Spear derivative)
were selected by breeders from backcross populations developed by the
enhancement program.
Tan (yellow) Spot Program. Tan spot was widespread in central and
northern NSW due to favourable seasonal conditions in 1993. Approximately
40 isolates were collected for pathogenicity tests. Field screening
activities were enhanced by the establishment of a tan spot disease nursery
remote from rust screening areas. Breeding lines were identified with
adequate levels of tan spot resistance and these were retained for further
selection at Narrabri. Greenhouse screening continues to be based on
pathogen response and the correlated effects of toxins derived from culture
filtrates.
Biotechnology Laboratory. Progress has been made in the 1-D
electrophoretic separation of wheat "waxy" proteins. The so-called waxy
proteins or granule-bound starch synthases of wheat are associated with
amylose level in wheat starch, as in other cereals. Workers in Japan have
been able to separate one of the three homoeo-proteins from the other two by
1-D SDS/PAGE, and can separate all three of the proteins by the use of 2-D
SDS/IEF electrophoresis of starch granule proteins. They also showed that
these three proteins are encoded by genes on chromosome arms 7AS, 4AS, and
7DS.
We have developed a modified 1-D SDS/PAGE system which clearly
separates these three homoeo-proteins. The system relies on using thin gels
as well as changes to the concentration of acrylamide, and to the pH of both
the gel and running buffers, followed by silver staining of the gel. This
more rapid procedure (compared to a 2-D gel method) is enabling wheat
germplasm to be screened for null variants, as well as variants with low
expression levels of the waxy proteins. Preliminary results suggest, as the
Japanese workers found, that null alleles of the loci located on chromosomes
7A and 4A are relatively common, while nulls at the 7D locus are extremely
rare.
-------------------------
I.A.Watson Wheat Research Institute, Narrabri, NSW, F.W.Ellison,
D.J.Mares, S.G.Moore, K.Mrva, L.O'Brien, R.M.Trethowan
Wheat Improvement Program. Two new prime hard quality wheat varieties
were released for commercial production. Sunmist, a mid-season maturing
cultivar, has improved stem and stripe rust resistance compared with Miskle,
the cultivar it is intended to replace. Sunstate, a main season maturing
cultivar, represents a significant improvement over Hartog, the cultivar it
is designed to replace, due to improved milling quality and extensibility,
and shorter bakery development time. Sunstate has been protected by Plant
Variety Rights because its adaptation and quality attributes could suit
spring wheat production zones of other wheat growing countries. It is
currently being evaluated in Spain under a reciprocal agreement.
This past year has seen the joint release of a stem, leaf and stripe
rust resistant feed grade wheat with the NSW Department of Agriculture.
Warbler is a high yielding cultivar which gives growers a new option in
wheat production. A new prime hard quality rust resistant wheat with good
field tolerance to root lesion nematode was named Sunvale. Three advanced
lines, SUN224A, SUN190A and SUN234A were approved for release by the Uniform
Quality Testing Committee.
Late Maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) in Wheat: Some wheat cultivars
develop unacceptably high levels of alpha-amylase in the grains during the
later stages of ripening in the absence of rain or preharvest sprouting.
Initial work focussed on two cultivars, Spica and Lerma 52, which
consistently produce high alpha-amylase grain (falling number 180-280 sec)
in a wide range of environmental conditions. In these cultivars the enzyme
activity is highest in grains near the centre of the spike and in the 1st
and 2nd grains in each spikelet. Within grains the activity was distributed
evenly in proximal and distal portions and appeared to have originated from
the aleurone. In contrast to germinated grains, where the activation
stimulus is produced by the embryo, there was no marked gradient of
activity. This suggests that the LMA response involves a general activation
of the aleurone system or a specific activation of the alpha-amylase genes
in the aleurone tissue. Analysis of populations derived from test crosses
between these high amylase lines and Chinese Spring, a low amylase genotype,
provided clear evidence that LMA is controlled by a single gene which is
inherited in a recessive manner. Thus in segregating populations there were
25% of lines homozygous for high alpha-amylase, 25% homozygous for a low
alpha-amylase and 50% of lines which were heterozygous but had a low amylase
phenotype. Lines in the latter group were LMA carriers, but were
indistinguishable from the low amylase homozygotes on the basis of alpha-
amylase phenotype.
Other genotypes which consistently produce LMA include Reeves (WA) and
Veery #1, #5 and #7. The phenomenon appears to be relatively widespread in
breeding programs in southern Australia, Mexico and northern Japan. In
addition, a number of genotypes have now been identified which exhibit LMA
on an irregular and unpredictable basis. These include the advanced
breeding lines BD159 (Victoria) and W1113 (WA) and the Septoria resistant
stock Cleo/Inia. In these genotypes the LMA appears to be triggered by a
period of low temperature, possibly in association with high humidity,
during the early to mid-stage of grain development. The response can be
duplicated in cultivars such as BD159 and Cleo/Inia by transferring plants
from the field to a cool greenhouse (e.g. 10deg night to 20degC day)
approximately 10 days after flowering. The specific environmental
conditions required and the location of the sensitive phase in grain
development has not been established.
-------------------------
CSIRO Grain Quality Research Laboratory,(formerly Wheat Research Unit),
Division of Plant Industry, North Ryde (Sydney)
C. W. Wrigley
A fuller account of our research activities and a list of publications
is provided in our Annual Report, available on request. During 1993, two of
the staff at Sydney (Dr J. Skerritt and Ms A. Hill) transferred to the
Canberra laboratories of our CSIRO division. Dr F. MacRitchie was awarded
the F. B. Gutherie Medal of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute s Cereal
Chemistry Division.
Better testing of wheat quality. Australia has always confined
commercial production to white-grained wheats. With the limited release of
some red-grained varieties of wheat for commercial cultivation, there is the
urgent need for efficient procedures to distinguish red- from white-grained
varieties. We have developed visual and instrumental procedures for this
purpose, including a viewing box that accentuates colour differences. This
viewing system is being used by several breeders to assist in the
segregation of red from white progeny.
Grain hardness is a major distinguishing factor determining quality
type. We have been studying the biochemical basis of grain hardness,
focusing on a "grain softness protein" of Mr 15,000 as a possible means of
chemically detecting and genetically manipulating grain hardness.
In practice, Australian wheat is segregated according to quality type
on the basis of variety. Our ability to identify varietal efficiently is
thus important and it has been the focus of study using electrophoretic
methods and HPLC. The full range of methods of identification of food
grains is being described in a book which has just been edited for the
American Association of Cereal Chemists.
The level of treatment of grain with chemical protectants has become a
very important factor in grain marketing. To simplify the task of
monitoring residue levels in grain, we have developed a series of test kits,
based on the use of antibodies, to provide efficient analysis of multiple
samples in the laboratory or rapid (15 minutes) detection in the field.
These studies have involved the development of new chemical procedures for
coupling the pesticide to proteins to produce a satisfactory immunogen and
careful monitoring of the specificity of the antibodies. Most of the
initial work has centred on wheat grain and derived products, but it has
also included other grain species, including aspects specific to barley.
Many of the grain-protectant test kits developed are now being manufactured
and marketed by the Millipore Corporation. More recently, we have been
asked to extend this research to include the development of similar testing
methods suited to the requirements of the cotton and irrigation industries.
Dough quality in wheat. Dough properties are the main factor
distinguishing wheat from all other grains in its utilisation potential and
in its market value. The small-scale series of direct-drive Mixographs
developed in our division has proved valuable for analysing dough properties
for small samples of flour or wheatmeal in breeding programs and in research
applications. The two-gram version has been manufactured for sale by the
holder of the Mixograph trade mark, TMCO-National Manufacturing (Lincoln,
Nebraska, USA).This equipment has permitted direct observation of the
effects of isolated gluten polypeptides, providing evidence that is largely
confirmatory of previous and current observations based on correlative
studies Our biochemical and genetic studies have concentrated on the gluten
polypeptides (both high- and low- molecular-weight classes) in bread wheats
and durums, and the manner of their aggregation to form the gluten matrix.
Study of interaction with lipids has also been necessary to understand the
functionality of gluten proteins. The use of antibody probes has provided
information about the amino-acid sequences most likely to modify dough
strength (resistance to extension). The results of those studies are
providing the basis of a model of how the various components of dough
interact, leading in turn to an understanding of deficiencies in dough
properties for wheat genotypes containing the addition of rye chromatin.
Biochemical testing for dough properties. The emerging picture of how
the components of dough interact provides a sound basis for devising more
reliable tests for dough properties, or at least for understanding their
potential limitations. For example, a direct testing system has now been
devised to identify the presence of genes for the high-molecular-weight
subunits of glutenin, even using DNA from a sample of wheat leaf. Antibody-
based testing has been applied to the evaluation of dough strength in
breeding lines and to the identification of specific chromosome
substitutions. More conventional electrophoretic and chromatographic
methods also have a place in the research or breeding evaluation of dough
properties and a computer program (Gene Jar) has been developed to provide
access to gluten-protein-allele information.
In parallel with our analysis of the genetic determinants of dough
properties, we have obtained evidence about how genetic potential is
modified by growth environment during grain filling, particularly by heat
stress, carbon dioxide supply and sulfur deficiency.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM AUSTRIA
Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural University
Vienna
H. Grausgruber, H. Burstmayr, M. Lemmens, and P. Ruckenbauer
Investigations on head blight (Fusarium spp.) of wheat. Head blight
(scab) caused by Fusarium spp. (FHB) is a wheat disease of increasing
importance In Austria the most common pathogens causing FHB are F.
graminearum and F. culmorum. The presence of mycotoxins in diseased kernels
is of considerable concern in wheat growing areas, and their occurrence in
food and feed was found to be associated with chronic or accute
mycotoxicoses in man and livestock. Research activities on FHB carried out
at our institute focus on the following topics:
1) A reliable artificial inoculation method is a prerequisite for FHB
investigations. Experiments to optimize inoculation methods are being
carried out, their objective is the reduction of the genotype by environment
interaction.
2) Currently the introduction of resistant varieties seems to be the most
promising way to control FHB. A resistance breeding program in cooperation
with commercial breeders started in 1991. FHB resistance of current wheat
lines was investigated. Although a considerable variability in
susceptibility was detected, no highly resistant genotypes were found.
Highly resistant genotypes were collected from all over the world. Their
resistance was tested and confirmed under Austrian conditions. Crosses
between agronomically well adapted Austrian and resistant genotypes were
carried out. The progenies of these crosses are further examined and put at
the breeders disposal.
3) A winter wheat nursery of 25 genotypes has been investigated during three
years in cooperation with four European research institutes (INRA Rennes,
France; LSA Hohenheim, Germany; CRI Szeged, Hungary; CPRO-DLO Wageningen,
The Netherlands) at six different locations all over Europe. The genotypes
were artificially inoculated with several isolates of F. graminearum, F.
culmorum and F. nivalis. The results prove the horizontal non-species
specific character of resistance to FHB in wheat.
4) Studies on the genetics of FHB resistance are carried out with the
backcross reciprocal monosomic analysis. In addition existing substitution
lines (susceptible acceptor and resistant donor) which were obtained from T.
Worland (IPSR Norwich) are investigated. Another approach is the analysis of
double haploids (anther culture) resulting from crosses between susceptible
and highly resistant genotypes.
5) Currently a simple laboratory test based on Fusarium toxin containing
media is being developed to predict FHB resistance on the seedling level.
Correlation coefficients between data of this test and visual scoring data
of the field experiments range from 0.6 to 0.7.
Publications.
Lemmens, M., Burstmayr, H. and Ruckenbauer, P. (1993) Variation in Fusarium
head blight susceptibility of international and Austrian wheat breeding
material. Die Bodenkultur 44, 65-78.
Van Eeuwijk, F.A., Mesterhazy, A., Kling, C.I., Ruckenbauer, P., Saur, L.,
Burstmayr, H., Lemmens, M., Keizer, L.C.P., Maurin, N. and Snijders, C.H.A.
1994. Assessing non-specificity of resistance of wheat to head blight caused
by inoculation with European strains of Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum
and F. nivale, using a multiplicative model for interaction. Plant Breeding,
submitted.
Lemmens, M., Reisinger, A., Burstmayr, H. and Ruckenbauer, P. 1994. Breeding
for head blight (Fusarium spp.) in wheat: development of a mycotoxin-based
selection method of seedlings. In Acta Horticultura (ISHS) 355, 223-232,
Eds: Van Bockstaele, E. and Heursel, J. .
-------------------------
S. Groger, H. Bistrich, T. Lelley
Breeding for bread making quality of wheat using protein
electrophoresis. After establishing a protein electrophoresis unit in our
institute and introducing the techniques of SDS-PAGE and APAGE, we started
to investigate the Hungarian and Austrian wheat material - at present in the
official trials in both countries - for their HMW-glutenin subunit
genotypes. The investigation revealed a relative frequent occurrence of the
1BL/1RS translocation (approx. 15% in the Austrian and >50% in the Hungarian
material). The Austrian cultivar "Ferdinand" turned out to be a complete
1B/1R substitution with the HMW glutenin subunit composition of Glu-A1: 1,
Sec-3, Glu-D1: 5+10. This variety is considered as one of high bread making
quality. Some of the lines showed heterogeneity for both the HMW glutenin
subunit composition and for the presence of the translocation. These lines
were subdivided into the different components, they will be compared as pure
lines for their bread making quality and for other characteristics. After
determining SDS sedimentation values and total protein content of the
genotypes, the effect of HMW subunits and that of the 1BL/1RS translocation
on bread making quality in the Austrian and Hungarian material will be
estimated.
Crosses were made between genotypes of Austrian and Hungarian origin
with the intention to combine HMW subunits giving the highest possible score
value according to Payne et al. (1987 J.Sci.Food Agric. 40, 51-65). DH and
SSD techniques are being applied to obtain pure lines in the fastest
possible way. Conventional handling of the progeny will be made by co-
operating breeding stations in Austria and in Hungary. Some crosses were
done between sublines of cultivars heterogeneous for the 1BL/1RS
translocation to study the effect of the translocation on quantitative
traits especially on yield and adaptation.
APAGE is applied to determine the gliadin genotype of the above
described material. Moreover, we established the technique of extracting all
non glutenin proteins from the extraction sample by 70% ethanol and DMSO
(Gupta and Shepherd 1990 Theor Appl Genet 80, 65-74) to investigate the
effect of LMW glutenin subunits on bread making quality. This technique will
be used especially in cases where cultivars having identical HMW glutenin
subunit composition differ in their bread making quality.
We applied to the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) for financial
support of a co-operative project on the effect of storage proteins on bread
making quality. In this co-operation the Austrian Research Institute of the
Food Industry in Vienna is going to investigate the quantitative aspects of
the different protein fractions including differences of x and y subunits of
HMW alleles using HPLC technique as well as different physical properties of
the dough of genetically specified material. A further co-operator in this
project is the private plant breeding station "Edelhof" (Zwettel) which is
mainly responsible for the field testing of the material.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM BRAZIL
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo/EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo
C.N.A. de Sousa, E.P. Gomes, J.C.S. Moreira, J.F. Philipovsky, L. de
J.A. Del Duca, and P.L. Scheeren
Wheat breeding in Passo Fundo, Brazil
Resistance to scab. This disease is important in wheat areas in
Southern Brazil. Over the last 10 years a severe incidence of scab in the
spike was observed in the experimental field in five years. Japanese and
Chinese cultivars remain as the best sources of resistance to this disease.
However, due to the poor adaptation of this material under Brazilian
environment, the progress in incorporating the resistance using such sources
is reduced. The lines PF 859114 (CNT 10//LD*3/Nyu Bay), PF 88455
(Encruzilhada/PF 79768//PF 80284), Encruzilhada and Toropi from Brazil
besides the lines from Japan (GW 2 and GW 3) and China (Ning 8331 and Wuhan
3) have been used as the main sources for scab resistance.
Resistance to soil borne mosaic virus. In spit of a severe incidence of
the virus in the experimental area in five out of the last 10 years,
breeding for soil borne mosaic virus (SBMV) resistance is not an easy task
because of the lack of uniformity of the SBMV incidence in the experimental
area and the consequent escapes. Evaluations of the behavior of wheat
cultivars to SBMV were made. EMBRAPA 15, EMBRAPA 16, RS 8-Westphalen, and
TRIGO BR 32 are the resistant cultivars on recommendation in the state of
Rio Grande do Sul now. These cultivars and the lines PF 84316 (PF 7650/NS
18-78//CNT 8/PF 7577), PF 8545 (PF 6632/2*IAS 58), PF 85489 (LD*6/KVZ //
LD*6/AGENT /3/LD*6 /KVZ//LD*6/WTP), and PF 9052 (PF 8237//LAP 689/3*CNT 10)
were used as the main Brazilian sources of resistance to SBMV in the
crossing block in 1993.
Survey for leaf tip necrosis. The old Brazilian cultivar Frontana
presents a leaf tip necrosis associated with the gene Lr 34 for resistance
to leaf rust, according R.P. Singh (Crop Sci 32:874-878, 1992). A survey was
made to detect this necrosis in the entries of the crossing block in 1993.
This leaf tip necrosis was found in several Brazilian entries such as: BH
1146 and descendants (PF 84198, PF 88106, PF 89316, PF 92348, and TRIGO BR
25), IAC 5-Maringa and descendants (OCEPAR 10-Gar‡a, OCEPAR 11-Juriti, PF
889300, PF 89326, PF 89327, PF 92349, and TRIGO BR 35), Jacui and
descendants (PF 92326, and RS 8-Westphalen), and TRIGO BR 23 and descendants
(PF 91605, PF 9210, PF 9219, PF 9224, PF 9234, PF 9241, and PF 9253).
Release of EMBRAPA 24. This wheat cultivar was selected from the cross
Sel Tifton 72-59/PF 79763/3/Nobeoka Bozu/3*Londrina//B 7908 made in 1982,
bulked as a line (PF 87128) in 1987 and released for cultivation in the
state of Rio Grande do Sul in 1993. It is tall but a lodging resistant
cultivar. EMBRAPA 24 is resistant to all races of Puccinia recondita and
Puccinia graminis tritici found in Brazil. This cultivar is resistant to
Stagonospora nodorum and tolerant to aluminum toxicity.
Personnel involved in the wheat breeding program in 1993. Ariano M.
Prestes (Septoria resistance and interspecific hybridization), Aroldo G.
Linhares (Seed multiplication and germplasm bank), Cantidio N.A. de Sousa
(Breeding), Edar P. Gomes (Breeding), Eliana M. Guarienti (Industrial
quality), Gabriela E.L. Tonet (Aphid resistance), Joao C.S. Moreira
(Breeding-yield trials), Joao F. Philipovsky (Breeding), Joao F. Sartori
(Stem rust resistance), Jorge L. Nedel (Seed multiplication and germplasm
bank), Leo de J.A. Del Duca (Breeding), Maria I.B. de M. Fernandes
(Cytogenetics and biotechnology), Milton C. Medeiros (Leaf rust resistance),
Pedro L. Scheeren (Breeding, leader), Sergio D. dos A. e Silva
(Breeding-biotechology), and Walesca I. Linhares (Powdery mildew
resistance).
-------------------------
W.I. Linhares
Resistance to powdery mildew and physiological specialization
Powdery mildew has occurred in most years over the last decade in
southern Brazilian wheat growing areas. The disease becomes established in
winter and develops early in spring, persisting into the grain filling
period and sometimes up to nearly the end of the season.
Forty-one isolates of the pathogen were collected in 1989 and 37 in
1990 from different climatic regions in Brazil. These isolates were
inoculated on isogenic lines, on some cultivars having single genes or
combinations of powdery mildew resistant genes (Pm1 through Pm8), on several
lines from Dr. James Mac Key's collection. Only 0.5 % of isolates had
virulence on Pm2 gene, and 4.0 % on Pm2 + Mld gene combination; no virulence
was identified on Pm6, on Pm4a + ... (Khapli), and on isogenic lines
IGV(1)-455 (CI 10904/7*Prins) and IGV(1)-461 (CI 13399/7*Prins) from Dr. Mac
Key, which have unidentified resistance genes.
Obviously the powdery mildew population, in Brazil, is complex and has
an unlimited capacity to overcome single gene sources of resistance. Many
commercial Brazilian cultivars possess a good level of resistance. The newly
released cultivars EMBRAPA 15 and EMBRAPA 16 were resistant up to 1991.
Since 1992, they changed their reactions under greenhouse conditions, when
tested for a mixture of inoculum, showing a moderately susceptible reaction.
These cultivars were considered moderately susceptible, showing a new
alteration on the powdery mildew population, in evaluations carried on CNPT
experimental fields, in 1993.
It is interesting that Pm6, Pm4a, the combination's Pm2 + Pm 6 and Pm2
+ Mld are being incorporated in CNPT breeding lines, sometimes combined with
overcome genes like Pm 8, Pm 3 (alleles), etc. These lines have been widely
and successfully tested for at least five years.
-------------------------
J.C.S. Moreira and C.N.A. de Sousa
1993 Wheat Cultivar Yield Trials in Passo Fundo, Brazil
About 480 wheat genotypes were tested in 18 yield trials in the
National Research Center for Wheat of EMBRAPA in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil, during 1993. The process for releasing a new cultivar in Rio
Grande do Sul, the Southern State in Brazil, was described in the 1986
Annual Wheat Newsletter, 32:38-39.
The climatic conditions during the wheat cycle in Passo Fundo (June to
November) were not good for wheat. Drought occurred from tillering to stem
extension while excess rainfall occurred at ripening stage. The plant had a
poor growth and the yield was less than in 1992. The excess of rain induced
sprouting. The main diseases were leaf rust, powdery mildew, soilborne
mosaic virus, and septoria/helminthosporium complex in the leaves.
The trials were carried out in a rotation area (2 years without wheat)
and the fertilizer application was 12,5 kg/ha N, 63 kg/ha P2O5, 50 kg/ha K2O
and 45 kg/ha N as top-dressing. No fungicide was use in most trials.
The checks used in 1993 were BR 23, BR 35 and EMBRAPA 16. BR 23
continues to be the main cultivar in Rio Grande do Sul occupying about
290,000 ha ( 50 %) of the wheat growing area in this State in 1993.
No entries exceeded the yield of the three local cheks in the 29th
International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery and in the 14th Elite Selection
Wheat Yield Trial received from CIMMYT.
Cultivars having outstand yield in trials carried out in Passo Fundo
- RS are shown below.
CULTIVAR CROSS YIELD
(kg/ha)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Cultivar state trial and south Brazilian trial.
PF 886 ENC/PF 79768//PF 80284 2718
PF 88566 AMIGO/JACUI//PF 7673/CDA 2702
CEP 24-INDUSTRIAL BR 3/CEP 7887//CEP 7775/CEP 11 2502
EMBRAPA 15 CNT 10/BR 5//PF 75172/SEL TIFTON 72-59 2417
EMBRAPA 16 (check) HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3037
2. Regional yield trial
PF 86242 HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3119
CEP 90191 SPN/NAC//CEP 8386/3/CEP 19 2792
PF 904 BR 35/PF 84386//AMIGO/BR 14 2778
EMBRAPA 16 (check) HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3063
3. Multilocated preliminar trials (five locals with lines in 2nd year
of test). Data from Passo Fundo.
1st M.P.T.
PF 9192 CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/CNT
10*6//LD*3/HST 13471/4/ 3162
PF 85906
PF 9157 BR 35/PF 85946/3/PF 772003*2/PF 813// 2975
PF 83899
PF 9122 PF 82341/BR 15//BR 35/PF 839197 2893
EMBRAPA 16
(check) HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3142
2nd M.P.T.
PF 9190
PF 772003*2/
PF 813//PF 813/4/ENC/
PF 79768// 2895
PF 80284/3/PF 84482
EMBRAPA 16 HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 2928
(check)
4. Preliminary trials (1st year trial).
Wheat genotypes out of 264 lines yielded more than 3000 kg/ha.
PF 917 BR 8/BR 25//CEP 11/BR 14/4/CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/ 3810
CNT 10*6//I AS 54-21*2/CI 1 4123
PF 9160 PF 82252/BR 35//IA 7998/PF 8550 3298
PF 9162 BR 8/BR 25//CEP 11/BR 14/4/CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/ 3819
CNT 10*6//I AS 54-21*2/CI 1 4123
PF 918 PF 83743/PF 8545 3854
PF 91113 BR 8/BR 25//CEP 11/BR 14/4/CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/ 3698
CNT 10*6//I AS 54-21*2/CI 1 4123
PF 91114 COKER 762/CEP 82114//BR 14 3158
PF 91216 PF 84409/PF 84172 3317
PF 91220 PF 839102/3/BR 35*2//BR 14*2/LARGO 3055
PF 926 OASIS/BR 5//BR 5/COKER 762 3246
EMBRAPA 16 HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3046 to
3874
(check)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trego/EMBRADA, Passo Fundo
L.J.A. Del Duca, R.S. Fontaneli, J.F. Philipovsky
Response of wheat and other Small Grains to Plant Clipping. The need
for crop rotation and to fatten cattle necessitates integration of these
activities with agriculture, which results in better land use by the farmer.
In the southern states of Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do sul
wheat fits well in a double-crop system with soybeans and corn. To prevent
soil and nutrient losses after soybean and corn harvest and to allow
substantial quantity of forage production during a critical period of the
year, wheat must be sown in April/May. It would appear that wheat and other
small grains having a long vegetative period would produce greater
quantities of forage. To test this hypothesis a clipping trial was carried
out at Passo Fundo comprising four wheat cultivars and lines having longer
vegatative period, two wheat checks adapted to grain production, and
cultivars of two common oats and one Avena strigosa, one barley, one rye and
one triticale. The trial was sown on May 3, 1993, using a split-plot
design.
Effects of both early and late clippings, compared to the corresponding
checks without clippings considering dry matter and grain yield are shown
below.
Dry Matter (kg/ha)
Cultivars and lines One clipping(1) Two clippings(2) Unclipped
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Common oats - 1566 2066 1327
UPF 14 - UPF 15 1514 2805 973
Avena strigosa 1808 2765 127
Rye - BR 1 2297 2856 1991
Barley - MN 599 1726 2389 935
Triticale - BR 4 1519 2502 2030
Wheat 1068 2354 3073
1PF 41004 1050 2572 2359
1PF 55204 1339 2512 2473
1227 2572 2794
1441 2258 1703
1452 2477 2724
Means 1501 2511 1876
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Grain Yield
(kg/ha)
Cultivars and lines One clipping(1) Two clippings(2)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Common oats - 924 553
UPF 14 - UPF 15 2082 359
Avena strigosa 651 379
Rye - BR 1 843 562
Barley - MN 599 688 221
Triticale - BR 4 2030 173
Wheat 2230 592
1PF 41004 2276 230
1PF 55204 2194 77
2450 442
791 97
2170 92
Means 1544 315
-------------------------------------------------------------------
July 16, 1993(2) July 16 and August 13, 1993
Breeding Activities aiming at Wheat for Double Purpose Use. In an
attempt to select wheat cultivars adapted to both grazing and grain
production, collections, larger plots, and segregating populations were sown
on May 21, 1993, at Passo Fundo. The 253 collectins were grown in double
2.5 m rows and the 27 and 71 segregating populations in 7 row, 5 m plots
(lines and cultivars). all plots were evaluated under a grazing condition
of one day of grazing under a high stock rate.
The plots with uniform genotypes included preferentially winter and
facultative wheats from a number of countries or Brazilian cultivars with
intermediate or late types. General adaptation was observed and the grain
yield as a response measure to the technology used was evaluated. The best
plants in the segregating populations were selected for resistance to
prevailing diseases and for agronomic type. Cultivars, lines, and selected
plants will be further evaluated through the sedimentation test considering
actual quality requirements established by the industrial sector.
Outstanding cultivars and lines (Plots having 7 rows of 5 m) after grazing
Cultivars/lines Grain yield Cultivars/lines Grain yield
---------------------------------------------------------------------
C 80.33 1367 C 97.33 1056
PF 87451 1411 PF 89244 1069
IPF 55204 1429 C 762 1387
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Outstanding cultivars and lines (Plots having 2 rows of 2,5 m)
after grazing
Cultivars/lines Grain yield
(kg/ha)
---------------------------------------------------
ABE 2010
C 747 1380
C 762 2340
C 80.33 1980
C 97.33 1350
D. QUEEN 1350
IPF 60686 1820
OASIS 1110
PF 87451 1640
PF 87452 1480
PF 90132 1130
STACY 1120
VOGEL/5 ANDERSON 1170
GA 80599-5-1-4 1200
GA 84134-1-7-1 1150
GA 831270-10-4-2-5 1820
GA 841465-2-1-1-3 1190
GA 841465-2-1-1-4 1690
IPF 55204 1180
--------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
L.J.A. Del Duca, O. Rodrigues, G.R. Cunha
Wheat Yield Trials in Anticipated (Early) and Normal Dates of Sowing.
A list of wheat lines and cultivars having outstanding performance under
early sowing at Passo Fundo was previously detailed in Annual Wheat
Newsletter 39:102-103. Considering their good yielding performance, some of
these cultivars with longer vegetative period and some new introductions (27
genotypes) were tested in a randomized block design at Passo Fundo during
1993 in both anticipated (May 3) and normal date of sowing (June 15). Wheat
checks, BR 23, BR 35, and EMBRAPA 16, used for normal sowing trials were
included.
Outstanding lines and cultivars in two dates of sowing,compared with
the best check (EMBRAPA 16), are detailed below. Superior performance of
the 30 genotypes in the anticipated sowing is clearly shown by their yield
means as compared with normal period of sowing means.
Line/ Yield % EMB 16
Cultivar Cross (kg/ha) (check)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
IPF 37379 3544 94
IPF 41004 3944 105
IPF 55204 FL 301/C 762 3826 101
PF 86245 HLN/CNT 7/AMIGO/CNT 7 3778 100
PF 86247 HLN/CNT 7/AMIGO/CNT 7 3526 93
CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/CNT
PF 87410 10*6/LD*3/HST 3418 91
PF 87451 C 762/BR 14 3763 100
CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/CNT
PF 89422 10*6//IAS 54-21*2 Cl 14123 3970 105
CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-
BR 23 20/COP//CNT 8 2670 71
IAS 5*2/3/CNT 7*3/LD//IAC
BR 35 5/HADDEN 2744 73
HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/
EMB 16 CNT 7 3774 100
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Means of the 30 genotypes tested 3020
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Early sowing (May 3) Normal sowing (June 15)
Height Flowering Yield %EMB 16 Height Flowering
(cm) (kg/ha) (check) (cm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
70 Sept 8 1611 57 65 Oct 5
85 Sept 8 2789 98 75 Oct 5
70 Aug 30 1898 67 60 Oct 5
95 Aug 24 1708 60 80 Sept 18
95 Aug 26 1694 59 85 Sept 20
75 Aug 23 2406 84 80 Sept 19
75 Aug 30 2972 104 65 Sept 21
85 Aug 29 2676 94 85 Sept 27
90 Aug 22 1861 65 80 Sept 19
95 Aug 20 1922 67 85 Sept 14
95 Aug 24 2848 100 80 Sept 20
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean 1869
-------------------------
EMBRAPA/CPAO - Dourados
A.C.P. Goulart; F. de A. Paiva and P.J.M. Andrade
Chemical control of brown spot (Helminthosporium sativum) in wheat,
1992
The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of several fungici-
des in the control of wheat brown spot, their effect on yield, kernel
weight, test wt. and on incidence of Helminthosporium sativum on the harvest
seeds. The experiment was carried out under field conditions, during
1992, at Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Oeste (CPAO) using the cultivar
IAPAR 6-Tapejara. Wheat was sown in 11-row plots (2.2 x 7.0 m) as a
randomized complete block with ten treatments replicated four times on April
28. Fungicides were applied with CO(2) - pressurized sprayer with rate of
low adjusted to 240 1/ha. Two applications were applied, once at the growth
stage 54 and the second at sage 68 (Zadock's scale). The field was
fertilized with 300 kg/ha of 4-30-10 (N-P-K) applied at planting.
The treatments were (g a.i./ha): mancozeb (2,000); propiconazole
(125); tebuconazole (187.5); flutriafol (94 and 125); cyproconazole (20 and
30); prochloraz (450); cyproconazole + prochloraz (30 + 360) and untreated
control.
Best control of brown spot was tebuconazole and propiconazole, with
control efficiency of 95 and 90%, respectively, compared to untreated
control. Flutriafol (94 and 125 g a.i./ha) and prochloraz and
cyproconazole + prochloraz gave 80 to 85% control. Mancozeb showed 71%
effective control. The least efficient chemical was cyproconazole, each
dose giving 43% control.
Best yields were obtained with tebuconazole and propiconazole, with
increases of 43.6 and 35.4%, respectively, over the untreated control. Test
and kernel weight were increased by all chesmicals, however, best results
were obtained with tebuconazole, propiconazole, prochloraz,
cyproconazole + prochloraz and flutriafol. The incidence of H. sativum on
harvested seeds was significantly reduced with tebuconazole and
propiconazole as the best treatments.
The objective of this experiment was to select fungicides for
controllingling of stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and leaf
rust (P. recondita f. sp. tritici), their effects on yield, kernel and test
weight. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at
CPAO/EMBRAPA. Wheat, cv. IAPAR 6-Tapejara was sown May 19 in 11-row plots
(2.2 x 7.0 m) arranged in a randomized complete block with ten treatments
and four replications. Fertilization consisted of 300 kg/ha of 4-30-10
(N-P-K) applied at planting. Applications of fungicides were applied with
CO(2) pressurized sprayer (rate of flow - 240 1/ha). Sprays were applied
at Zadoks's growth stage and at stage 68. Plots were harvested on Sept.
15. Treatments included were (g a.i./ha): mancozeb 2,000; propiconazole 125;
tebuconazole 187.5; flutriafol 94 and 125; cyproconazole 20 and 30;
prochloraz 450; cyproconazole + prochloraz 30 + 360 and control.
Stem and leaf rusts were better controlled with tebuconazole, propico-
nazole and cyproconazole (30 g a.i./ha), which averaged 96.7% effective
control of both diseases. Flutriafol (in both doses), cyproconazole (20 g
a.i./ha) and cyproconazole + prochloraz, controlled these diseases from 86
to 92%. Mancozeb and prochloraz were the least efficient treatments, less
than 70% of control. All treatments resulted in yield increases over the
untreated control with best results obtained with tebuconazole (increase of
110.6%), propiconazole (110.1%) and cyproconazole (109.6). Improved test
and kernel weights were obtained with all chemical treatments.
Fungi incidence in wheat seeds produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State.
The objective was to determine the fungi associated with wheat seeds
produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State during 1992. From the 9 countries of
Ponta Pora, Dourados, Rio Brilhante, Aral Moreira, Itapora, Maracaju,
Fatima do Sul Amambai e Caarapo a total of 637 seed samples from 16
cultivars were analyzed in the Plant Patholoby Lab at EMBRAPA. Seed health
was determined using the blotter test, without pre-treatment. Two hundred
seeds/sample were placed into gerboxes containing three layers of filter
paper previously sterilized and soaked in 0.02% 2,4-D solution and incubated
for 7 days at 22-24øC in cycles of 12 hours darkness and 12 hours light
(day and NUV lights). Each seed was examined under a stereoscopic microscope
and the incidence of each fungus was recorded.
Twenty-six genera of fungi were detected. The most prevalent, detected
in 100% of the analysed samples, was Helminthosporium sativum, followed by
Aspergillus sp. (96.5%), Alternaria tenuis (93.9%), Penicillium spp.
(66.4%), Fusarium spp. (56.4%), Cladosporium sp. (52.4%), Phoma sp.
(47.8%), Rhizopus stolonifer (39.6%), Curvularia lunata (36.4%), Nigrospora
oryzae (33.7%) and Epicoccum sp. (31.4%). Pyricularia oryzae was observed in
16.6% of the samples, at relatively low levels. Storage fungi
(Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.) were registered at relatively high
levels. Helminthosporium tritici-repentis, was observed in 8.8% of samples
and Helminthosporium avenae, at a frequency of 24.1%, were detected by the
first time in wheat seeds produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State. The
results showed that H. sativum was the most important pathogen associated
with wheat seeds produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State, with an average
incidence of 13.7 %. Frequency data from this experiment are shown below:
Fungi Frequency
---------------------------------------------------------------
Helminthosporium sativum 100.0
Aspergillus spp. 96.5
Alternaria tenuis 93.9
Penicillium spp. 66.4
Fusarium spp. 56.4
Cladosporium sp. 52.4
Phoma sp. 47.8
Rhizopus stolonifer 39.6
Curvularia lunata 39.4
Nigrospora oryzae 33.7
Epicoccum sp. 31.4
Helminthosporium avenae 24.1
Mucor sp. 20.2
Pyricularia oryzae 16.6
Helminthosporium tritici-repentis 8.8
Chaetomium sp. 6.6
Streptomyces sp. 4.0
Pithomyces sp. 3.3
Colletotrichum sp. 2.8
Monilia sp. 1.5
Paecilomyces sp. 0.7
Rhizoctonia solani 0.4
Ulocladium sp. 0.2
Stemphylium sp. 0.07
Pestalotia sp. 0.07
Trichoderma sp. 0.07
---------------------------------------------------------------
Wheat seed chemical treatment for controlling of Pyricularia oryzae and
Helmlnthosporium sativum, 1992. The effect of fungicides on the control of
Pyricularia oryzae and Helminthosporium sativum, associated to wheat seeds
was compared in trials carried out in the laboratory (blotter) and in the
field, using seeds of the wheat cultivar "Anahuac" with 16.5% and 24.0% of
natural contamination with H. sativum and P. oryzae, respectively. Seed
treatments were applied just prior to planting by shaking seeds and
chemicals in erlenmeyers. In laboratory experiments, ten replications of 20
seeds/treatment were placed into gerboxes (20 seeds/gerbox) and maintained
for 7 days at 22-24øC in cycles of 12 hours darkness and 12 hours light (day
and NUV lights). Each seed was evaluated and the incidence of both pathogens
was recorded. In the field, plots were sowed on May 9 using a randomized
complete block design consisting of 19 treatments and four replications.
Plots were Plots were six rows x 1.5 m with a row spacing of 0.2 m and
fertilized with 240 kg/ha of 4-30-10 (N-P-K) at planting. Field emergence
percentage and disease were recorded 1 week after planting. The evaluated
fungicides and doses are in Table 1 below:
All chemical treatments reduced the incidence of both pathogens in lab
(blotter) test. H. sativum was erradicated when the seeds were treated with
iprodione + thiram, iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%, iminoctadine and te-
buconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50%. Guazatine, flutriafol 10.0 and triadime-
nol + iprodione presented good control of this pathogen, followed by
prochloraz, NF 128, NF 114 and difenoconazole. The least efficient
treatments were thiram and tebuconazole. In the field, iprodione + thiram,
iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%, guazatine, iminoctadine, tebuconazole 150
FS + iprodione 50% and triadimenol + iprodione were the best in controlling
the transmission of H. sativum. The most efficient control of P. oryzae in
the seeds was obtained with tebuconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50% and
iminoctadine, which presented the same levels of control, followed by
iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%, iprodione + thiram and prochloraz. Good
control of this pathogen was obtained with carboxin + thiram PM, NF 128,
iprodione and triadimenol + iprodione. The least efficient treatments were
flutriafol 7.5, difenoconazole, triadimenol, thiram and tebuconazole.
Transmission of P. oryzae by wheat seeds was detected in the field. Passage
of this pathogen from infected seed to seedling was best controlled by
carboxin + thiram PM, iprodione + thiram, iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%,
prochloraz, iminoctadine and tebuconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50%.
Significant differences in emergence due to fungicide treatments were
observed. In spite of increased stand, no significant yield differences were
observed among treatments.
Fungicide Dose
(g a.i./100 kg of seeds)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Carboxin + thiram PM 94 + 94
Carbo~in + thiram SC 50 + 50
Iprodione + thiram 50 + 150
Iprodione 25 % + tebuconazole 2.5% 50 + 5
Flutriafol 7.5
Flutriafol 10.0
Guazatine 75
Prorhloraz 50
NF 128 (triflumizole + methyl thiophanate) 30 + 90
NF 114 (triflumizole) 45
Iminoctadine 62.5
Difenoconazole 30
Triadimenol 40
Thiram 210
Tebuconazole 5
Tebuconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50% 5 + 30
/Iprodione 50
Triadimenol + iprodione 30 + 30
Testemunha -
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Pyricularia grisea.
Losses in wheat yield due to infection by Pyricularia grisea regardless of
the effect of other diseases, under natural conditions and without fungicide
spraying, were determined during the 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991 growing
seasons for the cv. Anahuac. Commercial fields and experimental plots at Rio
Brilhante, Dourados and Itapora counties were used. The losses were
determined using the following formulas:
GWHS
PY = ---- x NTS PY = Potential yield
NHS GWHS = Grain weight of health spikes/m2
NHS = number of health spikes/mZ
NTS = total number of spikes/m7
AY = GWHS + GWIS AY = Actual yield
GWHS = Grain weight of health spikes/m2
GWIS = Grain weight of infected spikes/m
L = PY - AY L = losses
PY = Potential yield
AY = Actual yield
In 1988 and 1989, at Rio Brilhante, the yield losses were 10.5% of the
estimated yield. An average of 48% white spikes was observed. In 1990,
at Dourados, the losses were greater than those recorded in 1988 and 1989,
reaching 40% of the estimated yield, with 93% average incidence of white
spikes. In the same year at Itapora, losses reached 32% with 86% of
white heads. The losses in the next year (1991), at Itapora, were 53% of
the estimated yield with 86% infected spikes. In the four years, the
spike weight loss caused by early infection was greater (53%) than late
infection (30%), regardless of the locality. It was observed that grains
below the infection point in the rachis were larger than normal ones, thus
compensating in some extent the presence of empty spikelets. Because white
spikes were more visible, the disease incidence may have been overestimated.
% of
infected Loss
County Year spike Kg/ha %
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Rio Brilhante(1) 1988 51 274 11
Rio Brilhante(2) 1989 45 270 10
Dourados(3) 199O 93 892 40
Itapora(4) 1990 86 1,034 32
Itapora(4) 1991 86 1,842 53
-------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)Average of 2 replications.
(2)Average of 3 replications.
(3)Average of 6 replications.
(4)Average of 5 replications.
Grain weight/spike (g)
Early Late
County Year Healthy infection infection
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Rio Brilhante(1) 1988 0.77 0.56 0.66
Rio Brilhante(2) 1989 0.96 0.50 0.78
Dourados(3) 1990 0.77 0.31 0.55
Itapora 1990 1.30 0.53 0.81
Itapora 1991 1.26 0.33 0.60
------------------------------------------------------------------
Losses in relation to
County healthy spikes (%)
Early Late
infection infection
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Rio Brilhante(1) 27 14
Rio Brilhante(2) 47 18
Dourados(3) 59 27
Itapora 60 39
Itapora 73 52
------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Average of 2 replications.
(2) Average of 3 replications.
(3) Average of 6 replications.
(4) Average of 5 replication.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CANADA
Statistics Canada's November estimate of 1993 wheat production on the
prairies:
Hectares Seeded Metric Tonnes Produced
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Manitoba - common 2,023,400 3,576,100
- durum 46,500 92,500
- winter 6,100 6,800
Saskatchewan - common 6,353,700 12,668,800
- durum 1,214,100 2,721,600
- winter 18,200 35,400
Alberta - common 2,751,900 7,212,100
- durum 202,300 544,300
- winter 36,400 81,600
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The Prairie Wheat Variety Survey is no longer available from the three
Prairie Wheat Pools.
-------------------------
MANITOBA
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg Research Centre.
J. Gilbert and A. Tekauz
Effects of Fusarium Head Blight (SCAB) on Seed Quality and of Seed
Treatment on Wheat Germination, Vigor, and Emergence:
Producers in the Red River Valley north and south of Winnipeg
experienced the worst epidemic of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on record in
1993. Glume blotch, caused by Septoria nodorum, was also severe. The
combination of the two diseases resulted in 7% of the Manitoba crop being
graded sample account tombstone, and 36% being graded feed. Producers are
now faced with difficult decisions and need to know what effects the disease
will have on a subsequent crop if 1993 seed from FHB-affected fields is sown
in 1994.
Methods: Cleaned and uncleaned fractions of two samples of five
varieties of wheat, Glenlea, Katepwa, Roblin, Sceptre, and AC Taber, were
evaluated. Seed treatments included dressings of Vitaflo 280 (carbathiin
and thiram) and Vitavax S (carbathiin) applied to cleaned seed for
germination and emergence tests. In addition Vitaflo 280 was applied to
uncleaned seed for germination trials. Cleaned 1992 seed free of tombstone
kernels was used as a check. Cleaned and uncleaned seed was sent to the
Canadian Grain Commission (CGC) for grading and tombstone analysis. Seed
was germinated in warm temperatures (20/15øC), subjected to a cold-germ
vigor test at 5øC, and tested for emergence from soil. Fusarium species
were identified from the seed.
Results and Comments: Cleaning did not improve the grades assigned
by CGC, or the percent tombstone kernels in the Sceptre and AC Taber
samples. Cleaning reduced levels of tombstone and raised grades of Glenlea
from CW Feed to #1 CW Extra Strong. Cleaning did not change grades of
Katepwa samples, but significantly improved grades of Roblin. Little
difference in germination and emergence was observed between uncleaned and
cleaned samples; disease reduced these to an average of 65% and 39%,
respectively. Vitavax S was less effective than Vitaflo 280. Vitaflo 280
improved germination at warm temperatures and enhanced emergence of
seedlings in soil, especially in Glenlea, Katepwa, and Roblin. Glenlea and
Katepwa also responded positively to Vitaflo 280 in the cold germ-vigor
test. In this test germination in untreated Roblin was higher than in the
warm test suggesting that inhibition of the Fusarium fungus at cold
temperatures permitted higher germination. However, seed treatment improved
germination in only one of the Roblin samples. Seed treatment did not
improve germination in AC Taber. The improvement in germination of Sceptre
was not relevant as the seed was of extremely poor quality.
Fusarium species: Fusarium graminearum was the principal species
isolated from the seed, followed by F. avenaceum. These were also the
predominant species isolated in the 1993 survey of 129 Manitoba wheat fields
for FHB incidence and severity.
Summary: On the basis of these tests, Manitoba producers would be
advised to treat 1993 seed to be used for field planting in 1994,
particularly if this was grown in the Red River Valley. Of the products
registered and tested, Vitaflo 280 gave the best response. Maneb DB-Green
L, and Dithane M45 may be useful, but tests have not been completed.
-------------------------
P.L. Dyck
Genetics of Resistance to Leaf Rust and Stem Rust on Wheat: The
genetics of leaf rust and stem rust resistance has been studied in a number
of wheat cultivars. The results are listed here in table form and may be
useful to plant breeders who have or are currently using some of these
cultivars in their program. Some of the cultivars have been studied by
others. No attempt is made here to review the literature.
The rust resistant accessions were crossed and backcrossed with
Thatcher, susceptible to leaf rust, and/or RL6071, susceptible to stem rust.
The backcross F(2) families were tested with selected rust races. Resistant
plants from families that segregated in a 1-gene ratio were grown to
maturity and progeny tested with a group of rust races. Their reaction was
compared to that of lines with known single genes for resistance. Genes
identified in this way are listed in the column "infection type". In other
cases, the resistant selections were crossed with known single gene lines
and F(2) populations were tested with the rust fungus. If no segregation
was observed, the lines had the same gene and the genotype is listed in the
column "genetic study". APR in the column "infection type" means that the
cultivar had a gene for adult-plant leaf rust resistance that was not
identified, while LrIT 1+ indicates the presence of an unidentified seedling
effective leaf rust resistance gene for a 1+ infection type. The cultivars
listed may have additional genes for rust resistance.
PROBABLE GENOTYPE FOR RESISTANCE TO LEAF RUST
AND STEM RUST IN A GROUP OF
WHEAT CULTIVARS OF DIVERSE ORIGIN
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Possible
Cultivars Origin
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
00914 Pin 39 China
00234 Da Bai mang China
00613 Ma zha du China
Argentine 48 Argentina
PATO Argentine Argentina
BT 2288 Tunisia
Ke-chun 17 China
Cooperation 2 China
VT 1551 France
VT 2064 France
VT 1595 France
VT 2222 France
NEAC 78-4708
NEAC 120
Bezostaja 1 USSR
Long Miai 10 China
Ke Feng No. 2 China
Ke Han No. 7 China
Ke Han No. 8 China
82 PC Hari0779
Betta Argentina
Karee South Africa
Wilge South Africa
12th IBWSN459
Jiong Hong 3.2 China
Zhong 7605R China
Zhong 7606W China
Zhong 7725 China
F60049
F60125
Renshou Wu China
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROBABLE GENOTYPE FOR RESISTANCE TO LEAF RUST
AND STEM RUST IN A GROUP OF
WHEAT CULTIVARS OF DIVERSE ORIGIN
Rust Resistance Genotype
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivars Genetic Studies Infection Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------
00914 Pin 39 Lr33 APR
00234 Da Bai mang Lr33 APR
00613 Ma zha du Lr33 Lr34
Argentine 48 Lr11, Lr34
PATO Argentine Lr3bg, Lr34
BT 2288 Lr34
Ke-chun 17 Lr34
Cooperation 2 Lr1, Lr3bg, Lr33 Lr34
VT 1551 Lr1 Lr34
VT 2064 Lr16 APR
VT 1595 LrIt 1+, APR
VT 2222 Lr37/Sr38, Sr30
NEAC 78-4708 Sr8a, Sr30
NEAC 120 Lr33
Bezostaja 1 Lr34 Lr3, APR
Long Miai 10 Lr16 LrB(?)
Ke Feng No. 2 Lr33, Lr34 Lr16
Ke Han No. 7 Lr16 Lr34
Ke Han No. 8 Lr33, Lr34
82 PC Hari0779 Lr26/Sr31 Sr8a
Betta Lr3bg Lr11
Karee Lr3bg, Lr24/Sr24 Sr8A, lr11
Wilge Sr8a, Lr11, Lr24/Sr24
12th IBWSN459 Lr16 Sr9e, Sr11, Sr36, LrIt 1+
Jiong Hong 3.2 Lr3bg Lr34
Zhong 7605R Lr26/Sr31
Zhong 7606W Lr3, Lr16, Lr26/
Sr31
Zhong 7725 Lr26, Sr31 Sr5
F60049 Lr26, Sr31
F60125 Lr1, Lr26/Sr31 Sr6, Sr8a, Lr11
Renshou Wu Lr33 Lr34
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
J.A. Kolmer
Wheat Leaf Rust in Canada in 1993: Wheat leaf rust was first detected
in 1993 during the second week of June, in winter wheat plots at Portage MB.
However, the lack of southerly winds in June and July reduced the initial
amount of inoculum and slowed the general rate of leaf rust increase. By the
first week of July, leaf rust was present only in trace amounts at scattered
locations throughout southern Manitoba. Leaf rust levels were very low in
fields of the resistant cultivars Roblin, Columbus, Pasqua, and Grandin.
The severity of leaf rust infection on susceptible cultivars was
significantly lower in eastern Saskatchewan. Only trace levels of rust could
be found north of Regina. Losses due to leaf rust were not expected in
1993.
Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia recondita on Wheat in Canada in
1993:
Table 1. Frequency (%) of the most common virulence phenotypes as
identified on the Prt(1) differentials.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Phenotype Quebec% Ontario% Man./Sask%
----------------------------------------------------------------
FBM-B 12.9 1.5 0
KBG-14a,10 0 0 5
MBG-14a,10 19.4 15.4 3.7
MBR-14a,10 0 1.5 18.6
MFB-14a,10 0 0 7.5
MFB-14a,10 0 4.6 18.6
NBB-B,18,10 0 0 0
PBD-14,10 0 0 0
PBL-B,10 45.2 55.4 0
TBG-14a,10 0 0 11.8
TDG-14a,10 3.2 0 12.4
Total number of
isolates 31 65 161
----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
Phenotype Alberta% Brit. Col%
-----------------------------------------------
FBM-B 0 0
KBG-14a,10 10.7 0
MBG-14a,10 10.7 0
MBR-14a,10 0 0
MFB-14a,10 7.1 0
NBB-B,18,10 0 0
NBB-B,18,10 10.7 20
PBD-14,10 0 60
PBL-B,10 0 0
TBG-14a,10 32.1 0
TDG-14a,10 10.7 0
Total number of
isolates 28 5
-----------------------------------------------
Table 2. Frequency (%) of isolates of Puccinia recondita virulent to Thatcher
isogenic lines with leaf rust resistance genes in 1993
---------------------------------------------------------------
Gene Quebec% Ontario% Man/Sask%
---------------------------------------------------------------
Lr1 87.7 98.5 92.5
Lr2a 16.1 0 41
Lr2c 77.4 70.8 41.6
Lr3 100 100 100
Lr9 0 3.1 0.6
Lr16 0 0 0
Lr24 19.4 7.7 54.7
Lr26 6.5 4.6 34.2
Lr3ka 61.3 73.8 44.7
Lr11 25.8 23.1 60.2
Lr17 0 0 0
Lr30 16.1 13.8 41
LrB 61.3 69.2 1.9
Lr14a 54.8 32.3 99.4
Lr18 16.1 4.6 0
Lr10 96.8 96.9 99.4
--------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
Gene Alberta% Brit Col%
-------------------------------------------------------
Lr1 85.7 100
Lr2a 64.3 0
Lr2c 78.6 80
Lr3 85.7 80
Lr9 0 0
Lr16 0 0
Lr24 32.1 0
Lr26 10.7 0
Lr3ka 0 0
Lr11 67.9 0
Lr17 0 60
Lr30 0 0
LrB 14.3 40
Lr14a 85.7 80
Lr18 10.7 40
Lr10 100 100
--------------------------------------------------------
Reference
Long, D.L. and Kolmer, J.A. 1989. A North American system of nomenclature
for Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici. Phytopathology 79:525-529.
-------------------------
J.A. Kolmer and J.Q. Liu*
*Present address, Dept. of Plant Pathology and Physiology, Clemson
Univ., Clemson SC, USA.
Association Between Virulence and Molecular Phenotypes in Puccinia
recondita f.sp. tritici in Canada:
Materials and Methods: DNA from 44 single pustule isolates of P.
recondita collected from in 1992 in Canada, was extracted and subjected to
random amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. Arbitrary
decamer primers were obtained from the University of British Columbia. Nine
primers were chosen for repeatability of polymorphism from approximately 100
primers screened. Urediniospores from each of the isolates were also tested
on Prt(1) differential sets to determine the virulence phenotypes.
Results and Discussion: RAPD markers separated the molecular
phenotypes into two distinct clusters of virulence phenotypes. The largest
cluster had 36 isolates, with 18 different virulence phenotypes. The
average molecular difference between isolates within this cluster was 2.4.
Virulence phenotypes in the largest cluster were all virulent or avirulent
to both resistance genes Lr2a and Lr2c. These virulence phenotypes are
found predominately in the prairie region (Manitoba and Saskatchewan) of
Canada. A second cluster of six isolates, with three different virulence
phenotypes was found using the RAPD markers. The average molecular
difference between isolates in the second cluster was 2.0. Virulence
phenotypes in the second cluster are all avirulent to resistance gene Lr2a
and virulent to Lr2c. These virulence phenotypes are found only in eastern
Canada (Ontario and Quebec), and are predominately collected from winter
wheat. Isolates in the two RAPD clusters differed by an average of 6.4
molecular differences. An isolate of Race 9 (Prt phenotype SBB), which was
collected in 1954, had a distinct RAPD phenotype and did not fit into either
of the two clusters. Race 9 was a common phenotype in both the east and
prairie populations in the 1930's, prior to the introduction of resistance
genes in wheats grown in the prairie region. A second isolate, virulence
phenotype PBD, also had a unique RAPD phenotype, and did not fit into either
of the two clusters. This phenotype is regularly collected from British
Columbia. These preliminary results indicate that there are currently two
distinct groups of P. recondita on hexaploid wheat in Canada. Two different
introductions of P. recondita may have occurred in North American. An
alternative hypothesis is that differential host selection between the east
and prairie populations since 1937 may have separated the isolates from one
large RAPD cluster into the two distinct clusters observed in the current
population. We are currently testing an additional 20 isolates collected in
1993 for RAPD phenotype.
Reference
Long, D.L. and Kolmer, J.A. 1989. A North American system of nomenclature
for Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici. Phytopathology 79:525-529.
-------------------------
O.M. Lukow and R.I.H. McKenzie
Quality and Yield of 1BL/1RS Wheat-rye Translocation Lines: Near-
isogenic wheat lines derived from Veery 3 and Ata 81 were developed to test
the effect of genetic background on breadmaking quality of lines, with and
without the 1BL/1RS translocation. Regardless of their HMW glutenin subunit
composition, there were significant differences between the 1BL/1RS
translocation and the control lines in dough extensibility and SDS-
sedimentation volume. All translocation lines were less extensible and had
lower SDS-sedimentation volume than the controls. Poorer dough properties
of the 1BL/1RS lines did not necessarily translate into lower loaf volumes.
Not all lines containing the 1BL/1RS translocation were characterized by
sticky doughs. Genetic background significantly affected 1BL/1RS quality.
In field evaluation trials conducted at 2 sites for three years, there
appeared to be no consistent difference in yield between lines with or
without the 1BL/1RS translocation.
-------------------------
J. Procunier, F. Townley-Smith, E. Czarnecki, S. Prashar, M. Gray, W. Kim
and P. Dyck
PCR-based DNA Markers for Leaf Rust Resistance Genes: Successful wheat
production in the rust area of Western Canada continues to depend on the use
of rust resistant cultivars. Cultivars with specific combinations of adult
and seedling leaf rust resistance genes (Puccinia recondita) have a greater
durability of resistance. PCR-based markers allow the pyramiding of these
genes into wheat cultivars. Pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs) have been
used to identify the markers. By combining the random amplified polymorphic
DNA (RAPD) technique with the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)
method of fragment separation, two putative markers for Lr 22a, 25 and 29
and single markers for Lr21 and Lr34 have been identified.F2 populations
segregating for the Lr29 gene showed that both markers are tightly linked to
the resistance gene (no recombinants/50 F2 plants). Linkage analysis is
currently being completed for the other Lr genes. For applications
requiring high throughput (breeding programs), high level of
accuracy/reliability and universal use, the RAPD/DGGE markers are being
converted to SCARS (sequence characterized amplified region). By cloning
and sequencing these markers, wheat specific designer primers are being
constructed for their use in diagnostic testing.
------------------------
Taing Aung and E.R. Kerber
Incorporation of Leaf Rust Resistance from Wild Tetraploid into
Cultivated Hexaploid Wheat: Due to the continual evolution of new virulent
leaf rust races identification of new sources of resistance and to transfer
these genes into common wheat has become a necessity for wheat breeding
programs in north America. This would significantly increase the diversity
of genetic resistance in common wheat germplasm. There is a growing
evidence that leaf rust resistance genes (Lr21, Lr22, Lr32 for example)
extracted from wild diploid species of wheat Aegilops squarrasa (= Triticum
tauschii) are now being in use in several advanced breeding lines in Canada.
A tetraploid genotype, Ae. triuncialis (= T. triunciale), 2n=28 with
its genome designated as CU is highly resistant to leaf rust tested under
field conditions. This genotype was hybridized to the common wheat cultivar
Marquis as pistillate parent. Seven F1 plants were generated through embryo
rescue procedures and were treated with colchicine to produced amphiploids.
Only one amphiploid (2n=70 chromosomes) plant was established and was
partially female fertile. Backcrossing this plant to Marquis as pollen
parent resulted 14 shrivelled seeds which later give rise to 3 plants that
were partially self fertile and produced a few selfed seeds. Resistant
plants were identified from this selfed progeny and were used as pollen
parents to backcross to Marquis. A total of nine lines, backcross three
times to the common wheat, were isolated for their resistant reaction to
leaf rust. From these lines two homozygous and one heterozygous resistant
lines were selected for their acceptable agronomic characters, fertility and
high resistance reaction (0,;,1 ) to leaf rust. One homozygous line has
2n=44 chromosomes, the second line has 2n=42 chromosomes and the
heterozygous line has 2n=43 chromosomes and it segregated 3R:1S ratio.
These results indicated that a new source of resistance has been
incorporated or transferred into cultivar Marquis genetic background. As
far as we know there is no previous report regarding the transfer of rust
resistance genes from CU genome of Ae. triuncialis into common wheat.
Additional backcrosses are being made to the cultivar Marquis. A genotype
of Marquis with this new source of resistance incorporated into its genetic
background would increase the diversity of genetic resistance in the common
wheat germplasm.
-------------------------
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Agriculture and Agri-Fooc Canada, Charlottetown Research Centre.
H.W. Johnston and H.G. Nass
Disease Resistance Levels Required for Registration of new Wheat
Cultivars in Atlantic Canada: In several of the last few years, Fusarium
head blight (FHB) has been quite destructive, not only in Atlantic Canada,
but in other areas of Canada as well. Hence, registration of new wheat
cultivars will require data showing that the level of resistance to FHB
meets certain criteria. In Atlantic Canada, multiple year data based on
percentage of spikelets and heads displaying symptoms of Fusarium infection
plus the Index [(% infected spikelets x % infected heads)/100], must show
that candidate lines have greater resistance to FHB than the worst of three
disease check cultivars for spring wheat (Algot, Belvedere and Max) and of
two check cultivars for winter wheat (Borden and Ruby).
Cultivar Registration and Recommendation Tests: It is imperative that
cereal cultivar testing be conducted more efficiently than in the past,
because of a reduced level of funding for both Recommendation and
Registration Tests. Beginning with the 1994 growing season, Recommendation
and Registration Tests will be combined into one test. Thus, all
recommended cultivars will be included in the Registration Test. In the
past, Recommendation Tests had several levels of management, but only one
level of management will be applied in the combined test. Other recent
changes to this test are that no fungicide seed treatment will be used, and
no foliar fungicides nor growth regulators will be part of the management
protocol so that negative traits of a cultivar can be assessed.
--------------------------
SASKATCHEWAN
R. M. De Pauw, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Station, Swift
Current
New cultivar. AC Eatonia (=BW642), hard red spring, has higher grain
yield potential, more resistance to the wheatstem sawfly and better
resistance to common root rot than Leader. AC Eatonia has the potential to
replace the majority of other solid stemmed cultivars. The rights for
promotion, multiplication and distribution have been awarded to Proven
Seeds, UGG.
-------------------------
M.R. Fernandez*, J.M. Clarke and R.M. DePauw
Variation in the response of leaves at different growth stages and
kernels of durum wheat genotypes to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Fourteen
durum wheat genotypes were evaluated for reaction of leaves at different
growth stages, and kernels, to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (causal agent of
tan spot and red smudge in wheat) under controlled conditions. Percent leaf
area with tan spot symptoms at the seedling stage was not correlated with
that on the flag leaf, or with field leaf spot ratings. Field leaf spot
ratings were correlated with both percent leaf area with symptoms and lesion
length on the flag leaf of artificially-inoculated plants. Percent
incidence of red smudge in kernels of artificially-inoculated plants was not
correlated, or was negatively correlated, with tan spot reaction at the
seedling or adult stages, and field leaf spot ratings. Different resistance
mechanisms to P. tritici-repentis seem to be operating in different organs
of the plant, and resistance to tan spot observed at the adult stage was not
expressed at the seedling stage. (Manuscript to appear in Plant Disease).
-------------------------
M.R. Fernandez*, J.M. Clarke, R.M. DePauw and R.B. Irvine
Leaf spots in wheat in southern Saskatchewan in 1993. Severity and
fungal composition of leaf spots were analyzed in 6 durum and 7 common wheat
cultivars (2 CWRS, 3 CPS and 2 CWSWS) at Swift Current and Outlook, in
southern Saskatchewan. Leaf spot ratings in 1993 were similar for the durum
and common wheat cultivars but higher at Outlook than at Swift Current.
Compared to previous years, leaf spot severity in the common wheat cultivars
was higher than in 1991 or 1992 at Swift Current, and higher than in 1992 at
Outlook. For the durum wheat cultivars, the severity of leaf spots at
Outlook was higher than in 1992.
In 1993, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was isolated at a lower frequency
(about 45%) and Septoria nodorum at a higher frequency (about 48%) from leaf
spot lesions than in the two previous years (average of about 63% for P.
tritici-repentis and 26% for S. nodorum for 1991 and 1992). S. tritici was
also more frequent in 1993 than in previous years, particularly in the CWRS
wheat cultivars (<5% in 1991-1992, 26% in 1993).
Black point and red smudge in durum and common wheat cultivars in
southern Saskatchewan in 1993. Black point was observed at lower levels in
1993 than in 1992 at Swift Current, Sask. The incidence of this kernel
discoloration was higher in the durum (mean of 16%) than in the common wheat
cultivars (mean of 5%). The incidence of red smudge was in turn higher than
in 1992, and higher for the common wheat (mean of 8.4%) than for the durum
wheat cultivars (mean of 4.1%). Among the wheat classes, red smudge in the
CWRS, CPS and CWAD was similar (4.1 to 7.5%) but lower than in the CWSWS
wheat cultivars (13.6%).
Publications
Bailey, K.L., Duczek, L.J., Jones-Flory, L., Kutcher, R., Fernandez, M.R.,
Hughes, G.R., Kaminski, D., Kirkham, C., Mortensen, K., Boyetchko, S.,
Burnett, P. and D. Orr, 1994.
Saskatchewan/Central Alberta Wheat Disease Survey, 1993. Can. Plant Dis.
Surv. (in press).
Clarke, J.M. and DePauw, R.M. 1993. Residue production of semidwarf and
conventional wheat genotypes. Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:769-776.
Clarke, J.M., Howes, N.K., McLeod, J.G. and DePauw, R.M. 1993. Selection for
gluten strength in the F(2) of three durum crosses. Crop Sci. 33:956-958.
Clarke, J.M. and McCaig, T.N. 1993. Breeding for efficient root systems.
In Plant Breeding - Principles and Prospects., M.D. Hayward, N.O. Bosemark,
and I. Romagosa (eds), Chapman Hall (pub), Chapter 28, 485-499.
Clarke, J.M., T.N.McCaig and R.M. DePauw. 1993. Relationship of
glaucousness and epicuticular wax quantity in wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci.
73:961-967.
Clarke, J.M., McCaig, T.N. and DePauw, R.M. 1994. Inheritance of
glaucousness and epicuticular wax in durum wheat. Crop Sci. 34:(in press).
Clarke, P., J. B. Thomas, R.M. DePauw. 1993. Bluesky red spring wheat. Can.
J. Plant Sci. 73:(in press).
Clarke, P., R.M. DePauw, and J. B. Thomas. 1993. Wildcat red spring wheat.
Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:(in press).
DePauw, R.M., Knox, R.E., Morrison, R.J., McCaig, T.N., Clarke, J.M. and
McLeod, J.M. 1994. Registration of 'AC Taber' hard red spring wheat. Crop
Sci. 34: (in press).
Fenn, D., Lukow,O.M., Bushuk, W. and DePauw,R.M. 1994. Milling and baking
quality of 1BL/1RS translocation wheats. I. genotype and environment
effects. Cereal Chemistry 71: (in press).
Fernandez, M.R., Clarke, J.M., DePauw, R.M., Irvine, R.B., McLeod, J.G.,
1993. Evaluation of durum wheat for resistance to tan spot and pink smudge,
pp.28-32. In: Proceedings of the Second International Tan Spot Workshop.
(Francl, L.J., Krupinsky, J.M., McMullen, M.P. eds.) NDSU, Fargo, ND, 142
pp.
Fernandez, M.R., J.M. Clarke and R.M. DePauw, 1994. Response of durum wheat
kernels and leaves at different growth stages to Pyrenphora tritici-
repentis. Plant Dis. (in press).
Fernandez, M.R. J.M. Clarke, R.M. DePauw, R.B. Irvine, and R.E. Knox, 1994.
Black point and red smudge in irrigated durum wheat in southern Saskatchewan
in 1990-1992. Can. J. Plant Pathol. (in press).
Kruger, J.E., Hatcher, D.W., and DePauw, R.M. 1993. A whole seed assay for
polyphenol oxidase in Canada Prairie Spring wheats and its usefulness as a
measure of noodle darkening. Cereal Chem. (in press).
McCaig, T.N., R.M. DePauw, and P.C. Williams. 1993. Assessing seed coat
colour in a wheat breeding program with an NIR/VIS instrument. Can. J. Plant
Sci. 73:535-539.
McCaig, T.N., and Morgan, J.A. 1993. Root and shoot dry matter
partitioning in near-isogenic wheat lines differing in height. Can. J.
Plant Sci. 73: 679-689.
Morgan, J.A., LeCain, D.R., McCaig, T.N. and Quick, J.S. 1993.
Transpiration efficiency, water relations and carbon isotope discrimination
in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 33: 178-186.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CHINA
Wheat Breeding Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing
Zhao-Su Wu, Shi-Rong Yu, Xi-Zhong Wei, You-Jia Shen, Guo-Liang Jiang,
Ji-Min Wu, Yong Xu, Zhao-Xia Chen, Shi-Jia Liu
Studies on the development of scab-resistant gene pool in wheat III.
Exploration of the establishment of base populations and their recurrent
selection. Three base populations were established with different male-
sterile gene Tal, and different selection procedures and intensities were
adopted in their recurrent selection programs, respectively. For the long-
term gene pool GPO and the short-term gene pool GPIII, the same base
population was developed according to Wu et al.'s scheme, and for the male-
sterile plants, phenotypic mass spike selection was conducted with 15-20%
and about 5% selection intensities respectively. For the short-term gene
pool PI, superior male-sterile plants were selected from the F1 hybrid
populations of 10 desirable combinations and seeds of the selected plants
were bulked in a proper ratio to establish the base population. For the
short-term gene pool GPII, individual plant selection was conducted for 2-3
cycles for male-sterile plants from the F1 hybrids and progeny populations
of 28 desirable combinations and the seeds from selected plants were bulked
in a proper ratio to form the base population. With the male-sterile plants
during recurrent selection of PI and GPII, phenotypic mass plant selection
was carried out for agronomic characters such as plant height and yield
components as well as scab resistance with about 5% selection intensity.
GPO, PI, GPII and GPIII, grown in a 3-replicate randomized layout were
studied in Nanjing during two crop seasons 1989 - 1991. Of these different
recurrent selection populations, mean resistance to scab was higher in GPIII
and lower in GPII. The average or percentage of diseased seeds of superior
plants in GPIII was small, while the resistance of their progenies was
similar to those of the other three populations. The 3 short-term gene
pools were significantly better than GPO in most agronomic characters. Mean
plant height in PI, GPII and GPIII was 12.2, 11.4, and 6.7 cm shorter, and
grain weight per spike and kernel weight were 9.79 - 17.20% and 2.76 - 9.91%
heavier than those of GPO, respectively. More total and seeded spikelets
and grains per spike were observed in the short-term gene pools. For the
superior plants extracted from the short-term gene pools, the average plant
height was 7 - 10 cm shorter, grains per plant and spike were 40 - 70 and 2
- 6 more, and weight of grains per plant and spike was 1.5 - 4.5 and 0.2 -
0.55 g higher than those from the long-term gene pool respectively.
Relatively great genetic variabilities existed and were maintained during
recurrent selection with all of these populations, which meant that
effective selection could be carried on in the further development of the
gene pools.
Studies on utilization of wheat biblends in piebald saline-alkali soil.
The experiments were conducted at Tianwangtang Village (heavy saline-
alkaline soil) and Huimin Agricultural Institute (light saline-alkali soil),
Shandong Province, during 1989 - 1991. Twelve biblends were formed in
incomplete dialleles from 3 slat-enduring and 4 non-salt enduring wheat
pureline cultivars. Correlate analysis of yield and its related characters
showed that the main factor affecting wheat yield was ear number, which was
determined by established seedling number. So established seedling number
was much more important to wheat yield on heavy saline-alkali soil. The
average yield in wheat biblends increased by 351 g kg/hm(2) (9.1%) compared
with that in pure stands and the difference was significant. So the
application of biblends was an efficient way to increase wheat yield on
piebald saline-alkali soil.
Development and study on new maintenance line sources of 5 male sterile
types with easily restoring performance in common wheat. The alloplasmic
wheat varieties Chris with 10 different Aegilops cytoplasms were used as the
cytoplasm donors. A whole series of 1B/1R translocations lines, such as
77(2) and others, and both progeny plants or lines of reciprocal cross with
same sterile nucleus gene but different cytoplasms served as nucleus donors.
Under 5 sterile cytoplasm backgrounds the new maintenance lines with much
easy restoring performance were bred by crossing, repeated substitution
backcrossing and sterile coverting. The results from test cross and
fertility analysis indicated that: 1) the restoring degree in F1 between the
new sterile lines and some varieties or lines exceeded 90%. 2) the male
sterile line with Ae. kotschyi, Ae. variabilis and Ae. bicornis sterile
cytoplasms, namely their 1B/1R sterile lines, is the sterile induced by
interaction between 1Rs fragments and the 4 cytoplasms because of fertility
gene deficiency. 3) no haploid plant was found in the sterile and F1 with
Ae. uniaristata cytoplasm. Haploidy induced by 1B/1R sterile lines with Ae.
ventricosa, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. variabilis and Ae. bicornis cytoplasms is a
side effect caused by sterility induced by special interaction of 1B/1R
translocation chromosome and the 4 cytoplasms above. But their sterile
lines without haploids bred by new maintenance lines showed that the haploid
plants may disappear with different nucleus genetic background of sterile
line. In addition, the 5 sterile lines above not only possess widely easy
restorer performance, but also caused certain interaction relationships. It
supplied a favorable condition to simplify the procedure for producing
hybrid seed.
Comprehensive selection in white wheat resources for pre-harvest
sprouting under different selection intensities. A total of 399 resources
were researched about duration of growth period (A), grain number per car
(B), grain weight (C), scab (D), powdery mildew (E), seed coat color (F),
preharvest sprouting (G), and plant height (H). Genetic parameters were
estimated and the theoretical rates of the resources which accorded with the
criteria in their eight characters were estimated by using approximate
calculation of multiple normal distribution. Computer selection results
showed that one resource accorded with the experiential criterion from 218
in 1991 and five and one accorded with the experiential criterion and the +
Os criterion from 369 in 1992 respectively. The 20074//03256(4)/ Tom Thumb
strain bred by Beijing Agricultural University was good in eight characters
during two years. About 350-400 resources were needed as basic population
to be selected under the + Os criterion and 250-300 as well under the
experimental criterion.
Study on germination characters of wheat seed with different coat
color. Three wheat cultivars with different seed coat color were studies
researching germination characters. Germination percentage and index of
cultivars with red seed coat were lower than those of Siyang 936 with white
seed coat. There was no difference among cultivars in seed absorption rate
of water. Respiratory rate, electric conductivity and alpha-amylase
activity decreased as color level increased. Eight bands were found in every
cultivar and an additional band (No. 9) in Yangmai 5 in the amylase
isoenzyme chart. GA(3) resulted in increasing germination index and length
of sheath and seedlings of Ppzise and Yangmai 5.
Publications
Jiang, Guo-Liang and Zhao-Su Wu. 1993. Studies on the development of scab
resistant gene pool in wheat III. Exploration of the establishment of base
populations and their recurrent selection. Acta Agronomica Sinica,
19(5):441-452.
Jiang, G. L., Z. S. Wu and D. C. Huang. 1993. Phenotypic recurrent
selection for resistance to scab in wheat. Proc. 8th Intern. Wheat Genetics
Symp. Beijing, China. In Press.
Jiang, Guo-Liang. 1993. Review on application of recurrent selection to
improvement of self-pollinated crops. Chinese Agricultural Science
Bulletin, 9(2):6-10.
Jiang, Guo-Liang, Zhao-Su Wu and Zhao-Xia Chen. 1993. A new scab-resistant
wheat germplasm Changjiang 8809. J. of Nanjing Agricultural University,
16(4):28.
Cai, Qing-Sheng and Zhao-Su Wu. 1993. The relations of dry matter
accumulation of grain growth stages to grain weight in wheat. J. of Nanjing
Agricultural University, 16(1):27-32.
Yang, Zhu-Ping, Zhao-Su Wu and Shi-Rong Yu. 1993. Effects of phenotypic
selection for agronomic traits on population improvement by using a wheat
gene pool of scab resistance. J. of Nanjing Agricultural University.
16(2):18-22.
Wei, Xi-Zhong, Ji-Min Wu and Yong Xu. 1993. Comprehensive selection in
white wheat resources for pre-harvest sprouting under different selection
intensities. J. of Nanjing Agricultural University, 16(4):23-28.
Ma, Chuan-Xi and Zhao-Su Wu. 1993. Effect of variation of protein
fractions and HMW glutenin subunits on SDS sedimentation volume in wheat
varieties. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 19(6):562-566.
Fu, Zhao-Lin, Shi-Rong Yu and Zhao-Su Wu. 1993. Studies on utilization of
wheat biblends in piebald saline-alkali soil. J. of Nanjing Agricultural
University, 16(2):7-11.
Zhang, Gai-Sheng, Zhao-Su Wu, Shi-Yong Yu and Hai-Lu Cao. 1993.
Development and study on new maintenance line sources of 5 male sterile
types with easily restoring performance in common wheat. Acta Agriculturae
Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica 2(3):19-24.
Yu, Shi-Rong. 1993. World wheat production and scientific research in
early 90s. World Agriculture, (8):19-20.
-------------------------
Crop Breeding and Culture Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture
Sciences (CAAS), Beijing
Zhong-hu He and Zhen-hua Du
General. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture, Crop
Breeding and Culture Institute serves as coordinator of national wheat
breeding program which includes wheat improvement sections of Academy of
Agricultural Sciences at Provincial level and some agricultural institutes
at prefectural level, Agricultural University or College, and the relevant
institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences. It also coordinates the
cooperative shuttle breeding project between CIMMYT and China. At present,
breeders mostly work on winter wheat, durum wheat (spring and winter)
improvement also receives certain attention. Supported programs such as
wide cross and germplasm enhancement as well as anther culture are closely
linked with breeding program.
Major events. The Eighth International Wheat Genetics Symposium was
held in Beijing in July of 1993 and several papers were presented by our
staff. Four senior scientists of CASS also served on the local organization
committee. About 70 persons from throughout China attended the First
National Wheat Breeding and Genetics Conference for Young Scientists in
November of 1993. A review of the National Wheat Breeding Program by the
Ministry of Agriculture and the National Science Committee concluded it was
in good shape.
New Cultivar. An introduction form ICARDA performed very well in North
China Winter Wheat Region. Maya"s"/ON//II60-147/3/Bb/4/Chat"S" was
introduced and evaluated by the team led by Professor Z. H. Du. It ranked
the first and second in the National Yield Trials in 1991-1992 and 1992-93,
with averages of 6013.5 and 5592.0 kg/ha, respectively. It outyielded the
check Fengkang 8 significantly in both seasons by 3.4%in first season and
4.2% in second season. The highest yield reached 7200 t/ha. Based on data
from Dr. B. Q. Sun of Beijing Agricultural University, it showed good
resistance to powdery mildew and yellow rust in Beijing. It also performed
well in Hebei and Shanxi Province, with good lodging and stress (drought)
resistance. Compared with other Chinese winter wheat cultivars, it has more
grains per spike and higher test weight, is early-medium in maturity and has
good quality, but has lower grain wt. It could be released in Beijing and
Hebei in 1994.
-------------------------
Dry Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences
F. W. Zhao, H. M. Li, Z. Y. Liu, Y. Z. Shen, F. C. Liu, Z. Q. Li
Hybrid Wheat Breeding
CHA research. Two new HCAs Ek and Es, patent No. 92CN103773, have been
successfuly developed and utilized in wheat heterosis research. Seven years
results have shown that sterility and seed set of female plants treated with
both CHAs were over 95% and 80%, respectively.
Hybrid seed production. Hybrid seed production area was 233 ha this
year. The female yield was 4.21 t/ha and 250 tons of hybrids were produced
by CHA which will be planted next season.
Hybrid demonstration. Hybrid wheat demonstrations of 467 ha were
planted/harvested this year covering 9 states in China. Although this was a
bad season for wheat yield because of drought, hybrids gave satisfactory
results. Hybrid vigor, was measured at 15-20% over the checks. Huayou 6, a
new hybrid planted in Zhongtong village in Xinle county by senior
agronomists organized by Hebei Agricultural Bureau, yielded 8.4 t/ha on 7.6
ha which was the best yield for such a large area in Hebei province.
Photo-thermo-sensitive male sterile line research. Two experiments
were done on line 91-1, a photo-thermo-sensitive male sterile/fertile line
arising from previous research.
1. Line 91-1 is a thermal insensitive genotype.
2. Its restoring spectrum is wide, from 8 crosses all gave 85% or
more seeset from bagged main stem heads.
In seed increases line 91-1 plants were half sterile/fertile from
planting made on October 12 last year. The sterile/fertile complex of 91-1
should be further studied in order to utilize this genotype in hybrid wheat
research. About 155 crosses were made by hand this year to identify the
restoring capacity for hybrid combinations of 91-1.
-------------------------
H. M. Li, F. W. Zhao, Z. Z. Bai, C. S. Guo, L. Z. Sun, H. W. Li
Superhigh Yield Breeding
Breeding objective. To develop new genotypes with a yield potential of
7.5-9 t/ha for irrigated land in Huanghuai winter wheat valley. The indices
for this kind of genotype are: 50-60 grains/spike; 38 g kernel wt density of
5,250,000 spikes/ha; semi-winter habit with good disease resistance and
acceptable quality.
Natural resource. Huanghuai winter wheat valley is a major wheat
production region covering more than 1/3 of the wheat growing area in China.
Natural resources are most adequate for wheat production including: 120-130
kcal annual solar radiation, annual temperature summation of 4,500 - 5,000
degC and a annual daily average temperature of 12.5 degC. Breeding
progress in recent years was mostly in promoting improved wheat yield. But
to improve yield further, new approaches and new genotypes with high yield
potential must be adopted. Much effort has been expended on superhigh yield
breeding to develop high yielding cultivarws uisng various approaches.
Breeding progress. Much germplasm has been used in superhigh breeding
and progress has been slow. Particularly, large spikes are always
associated with poor and shrivelled seed and later heading date than for
middle-size spike genotypes preventing release of such types for commercial
production. To attempt a solution to this problem mutation breeding was
established using CO(60).
Characteristics of HS 888, successful mutant from this research, is
shown below.
Plant Spike Spikelet Grain Kernel
Geno- height length # /Spike #//Spike wt Winter
type (cm) (cm) (g) habit
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
HS 888 79.8 19.2 25 58 38 half winter
Jimai 78.4 7.5 17 35 36 half winter
26 (CK)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
From this it can be seen that HS 888 has agronomic characteristics that
met the breeding objective. It is very useful material for superhigh yield
breeding.
Publications
Zhao, F. W., Li, H. W., and Zuen. E. Z. 1993. The Male Sterility in Wheat
Induced by New Gametocides--EK and ES. Acta Agricultural Boreali-Sinica.
8. 16-20.
Zhao, F. W., Li, H. W. and Zuen. E. Z. 1993. Preliminary Research on a
Photo-Thermo-Sensitive Male Sterile Line, 91-1. Seeds. 5. 16-17.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CROATIA
Tomasovic S., Javor P.
Achievements in Recent Wheat Breeding in the Institute for Breeding and
Production of Field Crops -Zagreb
In order to maintain high yield stability Zg-wheat cultivar, breeding
is conducted via several programs against main fungal diseases under
conditions of Croatis Diseases include: powdery mildew, Septoria spp.,
Fusarium spp. and stem and leaf rusts. As the result of long term breeding
work in Zagreb Institute, 49 cultivars of winter wheat are registered.
Their common characteristics are high yielding capacity, considerably above
10, and very good adaptability and yielding stability. In 1993, registered
wheat varieties are: RINA, DARKA, TINA, OLGA, SANDRA, RUGVICA and SUTLA.
Average data from Zagreb trials in 1991-1993 are given below. New varieties
distinguish themselves from the previous cultivars by their better baking
quality. We should point out that water absorption capacity in every
mentioned cultivar is more or less on the same levels as it used to be in
high quality wheats.
Relative 1000
Grain yield to kernel Plant
Yield Sana = weight height
Variety kg/ha 100% (g) (cm)
--------------------------------------------------------------
1. Rina 88,58 99,62 43,5 75
2. Darka 97,40 109,42 47,0 73
3. Tina 88,64 111,77 46,5 72
4. Olga 85,96 109,11 49,5 82
5. Sandr 105,86 47,0 84 0
83,40
6. Rugvica 97,76 106,63 46,5 79
7. Sutla 87,98 95,95 43,5 80
--------------------------------------------------------------
Vegetation Leaf Septoria Fusarium Sedi-
Lodging period (days Powdery rust spp spp mentn.
from 1, mildew (Cobb (leaf (0-5) Value
% January) (0-9) scale) (0-9) (ml.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 133 0-1 OR 1 0 31
0 135 1-2 OR 2 0 29
0 135 2 Tr 2 0 34
0 137 3-4 OR 2-3 0 42
0 137 OR 3 0 0 41
0 138 4 Tr 2 0 20
0 134 4-5 OR 2-3 0 35
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Bogdan Koric, Zagreb
Achievements in Breeding Wheat for Resistance to Diseases in Croatia.
In Croatia, breeding for resistance to diseases has produced satisfactory
results. Exceptional results were achieved by breeding for resistance to
stem rust like the cultivar Zlatna dolina (Golden Valley) and Sanja. On the
other hand many cultivars with adequate resistance to powdery mildew were
developed largely due to a good choice in using sources of resistance from
TP 114 1965 A, CI 12632 and CI 14123 which have effective resistance genes
Pm2, Pm4 and Pm6. Unfortunately, with the passing time, these genes became
ineffective. Today effective resistance genes are Pm4b, Pm9 and Pm2 + M1d.
Poor results have been obtained on the problems of wheat diseases
septoria nodorum blotch and Fusarium spp. Phytopathological investigations
were conducted to determine possibilities of using the seedling stage in the
screening process in breeding for resistance to fungus Leptosphaeria nodorum
and to determine its effects on yield, kernel weight, sanitary condition of
seed and effectiveness of chemical control.
Publications
Koric, B. 1992. Scientific investigations of the most important wheat
diseases in Croatia. Sjemenarstvo, 9(4-5), 269-277.
Koric, B. 1993. Important of septoria nodorum blotch and its chemical
control in seed production of winter wheat. Poljoprivredne aktualnosti,
29(1-2), 193-202.
Koric, B. 1993. Effectiveness of Pm resistance genes to Erysiphe graminis
DC f.sp. tritici March. In Croatia in the period from 1968 to 1991.
Agronomski glasnik, 55(4-5), 305-314.
Koric, B. 1993. Effectiveness of fungicides in protection of wheat attack
with septoria nodorum blotch. Sjemenarstvo, 19(1-2), 25-32.
Koric, B. 1993. Effect of Septoria nodorum blotch on yield and size of
processed wheat seed. WIS, No. 76:32-34.
Koric, B. 1992. Wheat breeding for resistance to Lepthosphaeria nodorum
the cause of septoria nodorum blotch in Croatia. Book of abstracts of
Symposium on durability of disease resistance.
Koric, B. 1993. Investigation into correlative relation of resistance of
wheat stage to Leptosphaeria nodorum in seedling and in adult. Agronomski
glasnik, 55(1-2), 55-61.
Koric, B. 1992. Testing fungicide effectiveness for control of powdery
mildew in wheat. Sjemenarstvo, 9 (2-3) 111-114.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC
P. Martinek, Z. Nesvadba, J. Mikulcova, Cereal Research Institute,
Havlickova
Possibilities in using wheat resources with non-standard spike
morphotypes forincreasing the yield potential.
A collection of wheat gene resources with a changed spike morphotype is
maintained at the Cereal Research Institute (CRI) in Kromeriz. These are
mainly hexaploid wheat forms of Triticum aestivum L. which are enriched with
genes from other wheat species. The genes belong namely to the SFG (spike
fertility genes) group. Depending on the morphological spike structure the
donors are classified into several groups as follows: VSS (vertical sessile
spikelets), TSS (tetrastichon sessile spikelets), forms in which branching
spikes occur - TFS (transitional forms
spikelets), and IRS (indeterminare rachilla spikelets), NS (normal
spikelets), forms with screwedness of spike rachis, large glumes and others.
Considering another method of classification they are divided into
multispikelet, multigrain and heavy grain. The most perspective forms have
markedly increased spike productivity and spike rachis length above 15 cm.
The research at the CRI is aimed at: a) completing the collection with new
resources, b) genetic analyses, c) testing gene
resources for resistance to environmental stress factors, d) developing new
resources with improved grain quality and other properties. Some of the
resources are important with regard to their spike sink capacity which is
directly controlled by genes of high effects with remarkable phenotypic
expression. We suppose these resources could be utilized particularly for
increasing spike productivity, harvest index and aboveground plant biomass
weight. We are interested in expanding cooperation with foreign workplaces
particularly in the field of research and
exchange of seed samples and other enriching our collection. We would like
to join international research projects in this field.
Figure 1: Spike morphological structure of selected gene resources
Photo not included
Spike morphological structure of selected gene resources
A - NS gigas
B - VSS gigas
C - TSS
D - TFS gigas
E - larger glumes
F - spike screwedness - Scr 1 (screwed spike)
G - standard spike size (Hana cultivar)
-------------------------
Bartos P., Stuchlikova E., Hanusova R.
Genes for resistance to rusts and powdery mildew in Czech and Slovak
wheat cultivars (Novel list of registered cultivars -l993)
Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague - Ruzyne
Cultivar Regis. Sr Lr Yr Pm
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Winter wheats:
Agra 1985 31,+ 3,26 9 2,6,8,inh.
Blava 1992 + 3,+ +
Danubia 1984 31 26,+ 9 5,8
Hana 1985 29 3 2
Ilona 1989 11 5
Iris 1983 31,11,+ 26 9 5,8
Kosutka 1981 + + +
Livia 1991 31 26 9 8
Regina 1982 1,2,HeIV 5
Samanta 1993 ++ 3
Selekta 1985 31 26 9,+ 4b,8
Senta 1991 31 3,26 9 8
Sida 1993 31 26 9 4b,8
Simona 1991 Zdar 2,4b
Sofia 1990 31 3,26 9 2,4b,8
Sparta 1988 31 3,26 9 2,4b,8
Torysa 1992 29 M.Marks. 2,6
Vega 1992 3
Viginta 1984 5,+,+ 3 2,3a,4a
Vlada 1990 + + +
Zdar 1983 Zdar 3a,4a,CaV 4b,5
Durum wheats:
Gandur (SW) 1983 + +
Soldur (WW) 1989 + +
Spring Wheats
Jara 1975 Zdar M1k
Linda 1992 +
Maja 1990 + +
Sandra 1984 + + 5,M1k
Saxana 1990 +
----------------------------------------------------------------
Author appologizes for misprints caused by computer transcription in a
similar table published in the last volume of the Annual Wheat Newsletter.
-------------------------
Photoperiodic sensitivity of the wheat cultivars
Kosner J.
Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague - Ruzyne
In the years 1991 and 1992 photoperiodic sensitivity of cultivars of a
Czech and Slovak wheat assortment and relation between the photoperiodic
sensitivity and the total basic earliness were studied ( Kosner, Bromova,
1993).
As the results showed the relation between the photoperiodic
sensitivity and the total basic earliness a similar experiment was made with
the varieties of the world assortment of different geographical origin in
1993. There were tested winter and spring wheat in this experiment as well
as before. The total basic earliness was derived from the number of days
from emergence to heading under natural daylength (more than 14 hrs light
period). Photoperiodic sensitivity was derived from the number of days from
emergence to heading under the short - 10 hrs day. Dependence of the total
basic earliness on the sensitivity to the photoperiod was evaluated by means
of correlation coefficient and regression analysis.
All used materials of spring and winter character were vernalized for 8
weeks at +1 to +3 C, planted on 20th April (at the geographic latitude of
the experiment day longer than 14 hrs starts by that date) on a plot
undarkened and darkened by an automatic device. The 10-hours light period
was from 8 till 18 o'clock. The period from planting vernalized plants to
heading was surveyed.
The control varieties were SONORA 64-insensitive to photoperiod with
the dominant alleles Ppd1 and Ppd2 and ZDAR-sensitive to photoperiod in all
these experiments.
The results in 1993 showed the strong dependence as in previous years.
Correlation coefficient,showing the dependence of basic earliness on a
prolongation of the period from planting vernalized plants to heading under
the short-light day, was 0.645 among the varieties of all the assortment (
it consisted of winter and spring wheat). The influence of Vrn genes (the
reaction of vernalization) was discovered by the fact that the spring wheats
with dominant Vrn alleles were commonly earlier in the case of the same or
similar sensitivity as the winter wheats. Therefore correlation coefficients
for only the winter wheat (0.929) and only the spring wheat (0.794) were
higher. The influence of the geographical origin was exhibited mainly by the
photoperiodic insensitivity in the case of the wheat from Mexico.
Reference:
Kosner, J.-Bromova, P:Photoperiodic sensitivity of cultivars of the
Czechoslovak wheat assortment. Ann. Wheat Newsletter, Colorado St. Univ.,
39, 1993: 142-143.
Results of experiments 1993:
Number of days till heading
Cultivar long day Short day prolongation
(basic earliness) (photoper.sensit.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sonora s MEX 45,86+-1,78 55,60 +-7,25 9,74
Barant 83 s MEX 43,39+-1,23 67,00 +-3,83 23,61
Druzina s SUN 46,50+-1,41 70,50 +-4,87 24,00
Abano w ITA 48,00+-4,26 80,36 +-3,64 32,36
Miron. 28 w SUN 43,00+-1,00 84,67 +-5,62 41,67
Pitonina w YUG 47,33+-1,70 91,40 +-20,24 44,07
Hanno s DEU 53,17+-1,22 140,19 +-7,06 87,02
Zdar w CSK 67,50+-1,85 157,00 +-4,76 89,50
Ventura s FRA 50,86+-1,25 140,73 +-10,6 89,87
Dagon s SWE 51,80+-1,17 143,75 +-8,20 91,95
Veronese s ITA 49,80+-1,11 142,00 +-7,09 92,20
Salut w SWE 71,92+-1,63 166,45 +-0,98 94,53
Tombola w NLD 67,60+-2,50 163,40 +-4,36 95,80
Apollo w DEU 62,73+-3,09 164,63 +-4,42 101,90
Henika s POL 48,47+-1,55 155,87 +-2,01 107,40
------------------------------------------------------------------------
w = winter wheat, s = spring wheat
-------------------------
Structure of wheat genetic resources collection in RICP Prague and
newly released cultivars
Stehno Z., Vlasak M., Faberova, I., Research Institute of Crop
Production, Prague - Ruzyne
Gathering, evaluation and utilization of original wheat land races, old
cultivars, advanced lines, restricted and released cultivars has in Czech
Republic (in former Czechoslovakia) long - term tradition. Since the
beginning of the century till now 5 046 winter accessions and 3 972 spring
ones have been gathered, evaluated and documented.
Table. 1 Portion of wheat species in the winter and spring subcollections
Number of samples Number of samples
Species winter spring Species winter spring
----------------------------------------------------------------------
T. monococcum 10 18 T. araraticum 3
T. boeoticum 10 1 T. militinae 1
T. sinskajae 1 T. timopheevii 1 4
T. dicoccoides 7 T. spelta 28 15
T. dicoccon 6 86 T. macha 2 2
T. karamyschevii 2 T. compactum 17 27
T. turgidum 24 27 T. aestivum 4838 3008
T. carthlicum 13 T. vavilovii 2
T. ispahanicum 1 T. sphaerococcum 11
T. polonicum 16 T. petropavlovskyi 11
T. durum 101 723 T. fungicidum 4
T. aethiopicum 2 T. timonovum 1
T. turanicum 2 2 T. timococcum 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Portion of the most frequent varieties of T. aestivum
Variety winter spring
% %
----------------------------------------------------
lutescens 55,8 27.7
aestivum 23,3 31,8
milturum 5,9 4,2
ferrugineum 4,4 11,3
others 10,6 25,0
----------------------------------------------------
Every season newly obtained genetic resources including newly released
Czech cultivars are included into the collection.
New cultivars released in 1993
'Samanta' (Hana/Viginta) was bred out at the Breeding Station Stupice
SELGEN a.s. Praha. The cultivar of winter habit is mid-early ripening,
having semi-awned, pyramidal, lax spike. Plant height reaches 100 cm on the
average. The 1000 kernel weight is medium (43 g on the average) and baking
quality is good. "Samanta" has good resistance to leaf rust and middle level
of tolerance to powdery mildew, septoria, stem rust and stripe rust. Good
winterhardeness, lodging resistance, and sprouting tolerance.
'Sida' winter wheat bred out at the Breeding Station Stupice SELGEN
a.s. Praha as a result of crossing ST-39-76/Alcedo// ST-104-78, where
ST-39-76 = Weihenstephan 378-132b/Maris Hunstman and ST-104-78 =
Kavkaz/Diplomat. The late ripening cultivar has white, semi-awned,
cylindrical, semi-dense spike. Red caryopsis has elongated shape and 1000
kernel weight reaches average value 48 g. Baking quality is lower (5 - 6).
Resistances to powdery mildew, septoria, leaf rust, stem rust and stripe
rust are good. Winterhardeness and lodging resistances are good, but
sprouting tolerance is middle.
-------------------------
Vacke J., Sip V., Skorpik M., Research Institute of Crop Production,
Prague - Ruzyne
Results of Spring Wheat Testing for Resistance to Barley Yellow Dwarf
Virus.
The degree of resistance (susceptibility) to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
(BYDV) was examined in field trials with 5 Czech registered spring wheat
varieties, 48 advanced breeding lines from the Breeding Stations - SELGEN -
Stupice (ST) and Uhretice (UH), and 22 sources of resistance from the world
collection. Experimental plants (both infected - I and noninfected - control
plants - C.) were grown on two-row small plots 1 meter long, with three
replicates. The genotypes tested were infected with PAV isolate of BYDV at
the stage of 2 to 3 leaves by means of Rhopalosiphum padi aphids obtained
from greenhouse rearing. Visual evaluation of the symptomatic reaction of
infected plants was performed at the time of full flower of particular
experimental materials using the system developed by Schaller and Qualset
(1980). After the harvest, yield characters were determined and the
susceptibility index according to Comeau and St-Pierre (1982) calculated.
The results obtained in the testing have shown that all the Czech
registered spring wheat varieties and most advanced breeding lines were
moderately to highly susceptible to BYDV. Their susceptible response to the
virus infection is illustrated by mean percentages of the reduction in yield
components which showed the highest values in case of grain yield per ear
and per area, and somewhat lower values in case of biomass yield (Table 1).
The relatively highest genotypic difference manifested itself in grain
weight per ear (r = 0.828; MS(A)/MS(e) = 15.41) which, with respect to a
significant positive correlation with grain yield per area unit, can serve
as an indicator of resistance to the virus. The remaining characters (plant
height, 1000 - grain weight, and harvest index) showed lower mean reduction.
Table 1. Average percent reduction (100 - I/C . 100) of plant height and
yield characters in the Czech spring wheat varieties and breeding lines.
Character 1992 1993
n = 23 n = 30
------------------------------------------------------
Plant height 13.11 6.98
1000-grain weight 15.57 16.46
Grain weight/ear 49.10 43.46
Grain yield/ha 53.26 44.66
Biomass yield/ha 47.19 37.22
Harvest index 12.03 11.98
------------------------------------------------------
Among the Czech advanced breeding lines, the lines ST 36 - 91, ST 94 -
91, ST 125 - 91, UH 126, UH 7005, and UH 7035 showed moderate resistance to
BYDV (Table 2). A major part of materials from the world collection have
shown susceptible to moderately resistant reaction to BYDV infection in our
field trials. An outstanding degree of resistance to the virus was recorded
in the Brazilian variety Maringa (Frontana/Kenya 58//Ponta Grossa 1) and in
its near isogenic lines for Rht genes. These materials showed a low symptom
score a low value of the susceptibility index, and their yield components
were not reduced. However, the parental variety Frontana with the Bdv 1
resistance gene did not show, to our surprise, a higher resistance level. Of
the CIMMYT nursery VEE "S"/TRAP 1 appeared to be the most resistant material
in our 2-year trials. The Rht 1,2 and 1+2 lines of the Maringa variety were
included in hybridization programmes aimed at improving BYDV resistance of
Czech wheat varieties.
Table 2. Characters indicating resistance level to BYDV in the selected
Czech breeding lines and sources of resistence in 1993. (Czech variety Jara
represents a susceptible check).
Grain Grain Biomass Harvest Symptom Susceptibity
weight/ yield yield index score* index
ear (g) (t/ha)(t/ha)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jara 0.66 2.55 7.75 0.329 7.5 4.62
ST 36-91 94 4.08 10.41 0.392 5.3 2.51
ST 94-91 0.98 4.35 10.41 0.418 6.5 2.25
ST 125-91 1.06 4.85 11.28 0.430 5.6 1.61
UH 126 1.16 4.00 9.48 0.422 6.5 2.48
UH 7005 1.04 4.23 10.63 0.398 5.6 2.39
UH 7035 1.26 4.48 10.72 0.418 6.0 2.07
Frontana 0.80 3.21 10.42 0.308 5.0 3.92
Marin(MG) 1.22 4.45 11.83 0.376 3.5 2.10
MG Rht 1 1.31 4.82 11.67 0.413 3.5 1.47
MG Rht 2 1.14 4.89 11.73 0.417 3.5 1.38
MG Rht1+2 1.00 4.57 10.36 0.441 3.0 1.33
MG Rht 3 1.05 3.93 8.87 0.443 3.0 1.80
VEE "S"/ 1.51 5.17 11.70 0.442 4.0 1.0
TRAP1
CIMMYT
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*) Scale: 0-fully resistant, 9-fully susceptible
Publications
Comeau, A., C.A. and St-Pierre. 1992. Trials on the resistance of cereals
to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Report no. 4. Research Station,
Agriculture Canada, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada.
Schaller, C.W., and C.O. Qualset. 1980. Breeding for resistance to the
barley yellow dwarf virus. In: Proc., Third International Wheat Conference,
Madrid, Spain. University of Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station
publication MP41. Pp. 528 541.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ESTONIA
Institute of Experimental Biology of the Estonian Academy of Sciences,
Department of Plant Genetics, Tallinn/Harku.
O.Priilinn*, H.Peusha, K.Jarve, L.Timofeyeva, E.Tsimbalova, T.Enno.
Use of alien genetic variation for wheat improvement.
Major genes for resistance to the wheat powdery mildew pathogen,
Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, were analysed in 48 breeding lines
developed from wide crosses between commercial Russian cultivars andrelated
Triticeae species - Triticum timopheevii, T.militinae, T.dicoccum and
Ae.speltoides. Cultivars and advanced breeding lines were screened for their
reaction to a set of differential mildew isolates, which had specific
interaction for each host line. The near-isogenic lines of cultivar
Chancellor with known mildew resistance genes and line TP114, twice
backcrossed to cultivar Starke, possessing the resistance gene Pm6, were
kindly provided by Dr. R.A.McIntosh, Australia. The remaining differential
cultivars were obtained from the germplasm collection of Institut fur
Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzuchtung, Weihenstephan, Germany.
Among the eight Russian wheat cultivars and breeding lines tested three
(Mironovskaya 808, Novosibirskaya 67, Saratovskaya 29) showed
susceptibility-response to all 11 isolates. The cultivars Kutulukskaya and
Zolotistaya appeared to have resistance gene pm5.
The derivatives of T.timopheevii and T.militinae showed a pattern,
that was very similar to that of the phenotypes, which contained resis-tance
genes Pm6 and Pm2+Pm4+Pm6. Among these derivatives, the line CMT34 showed
resistance to all of the differential mildew isolates. From the derivatives
of T.dicoccum and Ae.speltoides, two lines exhibited the reaction pattern of
genes Pm2+Pm9 (Peusha et al., in press). This work has been supported by
Volkswagen-Stiftung, Hannover, Germany.
In order to increase the genetic variation in respect of disease
resistance in wheat wide hybridization was carried out using different
Triticea species. Genes conferring leaf rust resistance have been trans-
ferred to common wheat line 146-155 from T.timopheevii by conventional
crossing and backcrossing. It was ascertained that the rust resistant
derivative, designated as 146-155-T, was protected against leaf rust
pathogen by genes, which differed from effective Lr genes for this type of
resistance and were not identical to known effective genes for resis-tance
of the isogenic set of cultivar Thatcher (Enno, Peusha, 1992; Peusha, Enno,
1992).
Based on a C-banded chromosome analysis chromosomal substitutions and
rearrangements in the introgressive hybrid karyotypes were identi-fied. It
was determined that number of substitutions per genome in hybrid lines
varied from one to three. All five resistant lines under study possessed
6B(6G) chromosome substitution. These results allow us to conclude that
resistance to pathogen is conditioned by the presence of 6G chromosome (or
its segment) of T. timopheevii in common wheat genome (Badaeva et al.,
1993).
Biotinylated total genomic DNA of T.timopheevii was used as a probe in
DNA hybridization experiments to detect T. timopheevii chromosomes or
chromosome segments in spread chromosome preparations from root tips of
hybrid plants (146-155-T). Unlabelled genomic DNA from the other hybrid
parent (146-155) was added as a blocking. A T. timopheevii DNA trans-
location in the disease-resistant hybrid 146-155-T has been located.
A multicopy DNA marker specific to the T.timopheevii genome or, even
more, specific to the chromosome segment trasferred to the disease-resistant
hybrids from T. timopheevii could be used in dot-blotting and would ease the
laborous and time-consuming analysis of hybrid plants. Using the above-
discribed hybridization system and PFGE-separated restriction fragments of
HMW DNA from 146-155-T hybrid we intend to separate T.timopheevii genome
specific DNA fragments. The cloned fragments will be probed by in situ
hybridization to T.timopheevii and 146-155-T root tip metaphase chromosomes.
PUBLICATIONS
Enno,T., H.Peusha. 1992. Introgression of genes for rust resistance from
T.timopheevii to common wheat. Vortrage fur Pflanzenzuchtung, 24: 197-199.
Peusha,H., T.Enno. 1992. Genetical analysis of leaf rust resistance in
introgressive wheat lines. Proceed. Estonian Acad. Sci., Biology, 41, N3:
141-148.
Badaeva,E.D., N.S.Badaev, H.O.Peusha, T.M.Enno. 1993. Transfer of leaf rust
resistance from T. timopheevii to common wheat. Proceed. of the 2nd
Symposium "Trends in Plant Biotechnology", Russia, Moscow-Puschino: 426.
Peusha,H., U.Stephan, S.L.K.Hsam, F.G.Felsenstein, T.Enno, F.J.Zeller.
Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.). IY Breeding lines derived from wide crosses between Russian
cultivars T.timopheevii Zhuk., T.militinae Zhuk. et Migush., T.dicoccum
(Schrank.) Schuebl. and Aegilops speltoides Tausch. Genetika, Moscow: In
press.
-------------------------
Institute of Experimental Biology of the Estonian Academy of Sciences,
Department of Plant Genetics, Tallinn/Harku
M. Tohvar
Breeding for high-yielding and -quality wheat. Correlations between
agronomic and quality data. In wheat breeding programs major emphasis is
usually given to factors that affect grain yield. High yield potential
connected with good grain and flour quality play a significant role in
development of new cultivars. Wheat yield is a complex trait because of the
number of genetic factors that take place in its formation. A total of 24
spring and winter wheat cultivars and mutant lines were tested for agronomic
data. Special attention were given to the most important traits which play
a decisive role in formation of yield: kernel weight, number of grains per
spike, number of productive stems and kernel mass per spike and plant.
Investigations were performed during the period 1989-1992. Plant yield and
its structural elements were dependant on growing conditions. The different
growing conditions in 1989 and 1990 resulted in great variations of yield
and quality data. Therefore, while developing cultivars it is important to
pay attention not only to high yield but to good adaptability as well.
Highly significant positive correlations were observed between yield
and productive stems (r=+0.764) and yield and mass of grains per plant
(r=+0.936). Significant negative correlations were found between mass of
1000 grains and number of grains per ear (r=0.539) and number of productive
stems (r=-0.494). These experiments showed that higher yielding potential
would be achieved on the basis of number of productive stems and mass of
grains per plant. Certain genotypes of spring wheats were determined to
have more advantageous gene background for obtaining high yields. For
example, mutant line A-57 induced form cultivar `Arkas' had better yield and
adaptability than other experimental lines.
Grain quality was estimated in 78 experimental lines. The best mutant
lines of common spring wheat from our collection were compared with
cultivars `Arkas', `Satu', `Dacke', `Heta', and other Finnish and Swedish
cultivars. Protein content, gluten quantity, dry gluten, gluten index and
vitreousness of these lines were estimated in 1990-1992. Genetical factors
determine protein content and breadmaking quality, but the expression of
these factors are affected by environmental growing conditions. Thus, the
average data of protein content in 1990-1992 differed significantly. The
summer of 1992 was hot and dry causing an approximately 2% rise in protein
content compared with 1990 and 1991. ON the whole, the grain protein
content varied form 9 to 15% for spring wheat lines. A significant negative
correlation was obtained between yield and grain protein content (r=-0.61).
Quality tests showed a great variation among growing location for gluten
quantity and quality, e.g., mutant line A-57 had gluten content 33-39%
depending on location. Many lines belonged to quality class I(II)
determined by their protein content (13,0-13.5%) and quality (gluten content
more than 23%).
A significant positive correlation was found between grain protein
content and gluten quantity (r=+0.653). Negative correlations were
estimated between grain protein content and gluten index (r=-0.338) and
gluten quantity and gluten index (r=-0.549). Vitreousness was positively
and significantly correlated with grain protein content (r=+0.305), gluten
content (4=+0.368) and dry gluten (r=+0.352) and negatively with gluten
index (r=-0.147).
Publication
Tohver, M. 1994. Analysis of productivity and quality in chemically
induced wheat mutant lines. Journal of Agricultural Science (Estonia). (in
press).
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM GERMANY
Institut fur Pflanzenpathologie und Pflanzenschutz der Universitat,
Grisebachstr
J. von Kietzell and K. Rudolph
Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens on Cereals in
Germany
The incitant of basal glume rot of cereals, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
atrofaciens (Psa), has repeatedly been detected in several parts of Germany
since 1986.
After monitoring the widespread occurrence of Psa on leaves and glumes
of wheat and barley in different regions of Germany in 1992 (Annual Wheat
News Letter 39), we studied the epiphytic phase of the pathogen in 1993. For
isolation of bacteria we first tested a soaking method. Leaves and glumes
were soaked in an aqueous solution containing 0.85 % of NaCl and 0.01 % of
Tween 20 and stirred continuously at 4 degC Almost the entire population of
pseudomonads and contaminants were found in the solution after soaking at
least 8-10 h. To avoid this time consuming procedure, samples were homoge-
nized instead, and then plated onto agar plates with semiselective medium
KBC containing 0.5 % of boric acid. Psa was identified by colony morphology,
fluorescence on King s medium B, hypersensitive reaction on tobacco and a
specific pathogenicity test on wheat seedlings.
Ten samples each of symptom-free wheat and barley were collected in
three regions of Germany. Two leaves and glumes of each sample were
examined. In these experiments, the pathogen was found in 10 % of the wheat
samples from Aurich, in 30 % from Gottingen, and in 48 % from Braunschweig.
Furthermore, the pathogen was found in 35 % of the barley samples from
Aurich, in 58 % from Gottingen and in 63 % from Braunschweig. The number of
samples with Psa in a region was positively correlated with the number of
Psa in each sample from this region. The highest number of Psa per sample
was more than 10exp7 cfu/barley glume. It thus became very obvious that the
widespread epiphytic occurrence of Psa on symptom-less wheat and barley
plants can easily lead to erroneous diagnosis of the disease when necrotic
symptoms of plant disease are present.
The incidence of the pathogen was further studied by analyzing seed
samples of wheat, barley, rye, and oats from different regions in Germany.
The samples were stirred in soaking soluion for 10 h, diluted threefold,
plated on modified KBC and identified as described above. In these
experiments the pathogen was identified in 35 of 37 barley samples, in 42 of
54 wheat samples, and in 1 of 18 rye samples. Sixteen 16 oat and 7 triticale
samples were pathogen-free.
Unexpectedly, the pathogen could not be differentiated from strains of
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolated from bush bean or lilac. Both
pathogens caused typical symptoms on bean leaves and heads of wheat. They
also showed the same metabolic pattern in the BIOLOG-test.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata, the incitant of bacterial leaf blight of
sugar beet, also caused typical symptoms of basal glume rot on wheat ears.
On the other hand, Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens did not cause
typical symptoms on sugar beet.
Epidemiological experiments are planned with spontaneous mutants of Psa
resistant to Rifampicin and Streptomycin. In preliminary experiments in a
growth chamber we detected the mutants on the first leaf of wheat, barley,
rye and oats after vacuuminfiltration of the seeds. Field experiments will
follow in 1994.
Publications
Toben, H.M., A. Mavridis and K. Rudolph, 1989: Basal glume rot (Pseudomonas
syringae pv. atrofaciens) on wheat and barley in FRG and resistance sreening
of wheat. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 19, 119-125.
Toben, H.M., A. Mavridis and K. Rudolph, 1991: Zum Vorkommen der basalen
Spelzenfaule an Weizen und Gerste, hervorgerufen durch Pseudomonas syringae
pv. atrofaciens, in Deutschland. J. Plant Diseases and Protection, 98, 225-
235.
Von Kietzell, J.M. and K. Rudolph, 1991: Variation in virulence of different
isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens causing basal glume rot of
cereals. Proc. of the 4th International Working Group on Pseudomonas
syringae Pathovars, 117-123.
Von Kietzell, J.M., B. Baharuddin, H.M. Toben and K. Rudolph, 1994: Identi-
fication and characterization of plant pathogenic pseudomonads with Biolog
Microplates and Microlog: Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Plant
Pathogenic Bacteria, in press.
-------------------------
R. Schlegel, U. Vahl* and G. Muller*, Institute of Plant Genetics
and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, *Project Group Biotechnique,
Bernburg-Strenzfeld, Germany
Current list of wheats with rye introgressions of homoeologous
group. After the first reports on spontaneous wheat-rye chromosome
substitutions 5R(5A) by Katterman (1937), O'Mara (1946) and Riley and
Chapman (1958), during the past three decades particularly, 1R(1B)
substitutions and 1RS.1BL translocations were described in more than 200
cultivars of wheat from all over the world (Bluthner and Mettin
1973; Mettin et al. 1973; Zeller 1972; Zeller 1973; Zeller and
Fischbeck 1971). Their most important phenotypic deviation from common
wheat cultivars is the so-called wheat-rye resistance, i. e. the presence
of wide-range resistance to races of powdery mildew and rusts (Bartos
and Bares 1971; Zeller 1973), which is linked with decreased breadmaking
quality (Zeller et al. 1982), good ecological adaptability and yield
performance (Rajaram et al. 1983; Schlegel and Meinel 1994). The origin of
the alien chromosome was intensively discussed by genetic and historical
reasons. It turned out that basically four sources exist - two in
Germany, one in the USA and one in Japan. The variety 'Salmon' (1RS.1BL) is
a representative of the latter (Tsunewaki 1964) and the variety 'Amigo'
(1RS.1DL) is a representative of the penultimate group (Beronsky et al.
1991; the et al. 1992), while almost ll remaining cultivars can be
traced back to one or to the other German origin
(Zeller 1973; Bluthner and Mettin 1977).
There was no doubt so far that the Japanese and the American
derivatives differ from one another and from the German sources. Although
on two places of Germany - Salzmunde near Halle/S (breeder: Riebesel)
and Weihenstephan near Munich (breeder: Kattermann) - wheat-rye crosses
were already carried out since the twenties and thirties and independent
pedigrees could be fragmentally reconstructed by the few reports left
(Bluthner 1992), some authors presumed only one German source (Lein 1975;
Moonen and Zeven 1984). For breeding programmes additional
recombination within the translocated 1RS arm of rye and between the
different wheat genetic backgrounds is wished (Muller et al. 1991a; Lutz et
al. 1992). In order to prevent miscrossings and to review the wheat-rye
introgressions a list of the of various 1RS sources was compiled
including some passport data:
Table 1. A compiled list of wheats carrying homoeologous group 1 wheat-
rye translocations/substitutions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abele ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Abritus ? 1RS.1BL? ? 94
Advokat DEU 1RS.1BL xSt.14/48 WS(2) 103
Agra CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 24,96
Alba POL 1RS.1BL? xWeique 50
Albrecht DEU 1RS.1BL xDisponent 3,9,66
Almus DDR 1RS.1BL ? 8,44,58,94
Alondra 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xWeique Redmace 73
Amadeus AUT 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Amandus DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 78,103
Ambassador GBR 1RS.1BL xForester 9,69
Amigo USA 1RS.1AL xInsave rye 60,83,103
Amika CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 52,80,104
Anza deriv. USA 1R(1D) xtriticale 16
Apatinka YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Apollo DEU 1RS.1BL xClement 35,50,78,62
Arber DEU 1RS.1BL xKronjuwel 3,9,33
Avrora USS 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 59,57,100
Bagula MEX 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 98
Balkan YUG 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 40,72,77
Baron ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Batten NZL 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 31,33
Beaver GBR 1RS.1BL xMildress 34
Benno DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 13,27,103
Beogradjanka YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40
Besostaya 2 USS 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 13,58,79
Bobwhite 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xAvrora 46,73
Bovictus DEU 1RS.1BL xAvrora 84
Branka CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 12,37,51
Burgas 2 BGR 1R(1B) xNeuzucht 13,20,59
Cando deriv. DEU 1RS.1BL xVeery'S' 29
Capriccio ? 1RS.1BL ? 35
Carolus DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 4,53
Cebeco 180 NDL 1RS.1BL ? 94
Cebeco 97 NDL 1RS.1BL ? 8,32
Century USA 1RS.1BL xAmigo 32,49,89,96
Chakwal 86 PAK 1RS.1BL vVeery deriv. 39
Chat 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Chieftain ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Chinese Spring deriv. AUS 1R(1B) xImperial rye 32
Chinese Spring deriv. AUS 1R(1D) xImperial rye 87
Chinese Spring deriv. AUS 1RS.1BL xImperial rye 32
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese Spring deriv. AUS 1RS.1DL xImperial rye 43,87,88,96
Clement NDL 1RS.1BL xSt.47/51 RS(3) 71,73,98
Cordillera PRY 1RS.1BL xVeery 3 sel. 71,73,98
Corinthian ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Csongor HUN 1RS.1BL xPredgornaya 2 9
Custom GBR 1RS.1BL xSt.465/62 WS 34
Damier FRA 1RS.1BL xClement 9
Danumbia CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 11,12,81
Dauntless GBR 1BR.1BL xMMG435/46/3 9
Delta POL 1RS.1BL ? 50
Disponent DEU 1RS.1BL xBenno 8,67,78,103
Donata NDL 1RS.1BL ? 90,103
Donjon NDL 1RS.1BL? xClement 62
Donskaya polukarlikov USS 1RS.1BL xSvereodonskaya 9
Dozent DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 78,103
Druzba 1 USS 1RS.1BL xWinnetou 9
Dukat YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40,41
Est-Mottin 72 ITA 1RS.1BL ? 9
Fatima HUN 1RS.1BL? ? 101
Feldkrone DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100,103
Feldman DEU 1RS.1BL ? 9
Florida DEU 1RS.1BL xDisponent 9,26,28
Fundulea 29 ROM 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Fundulea 4 ROM 1RS.1BL ? 50,107
Gabo deriv. AUS 1RS.1BL xImperial rye 33,43,88
Gabo deriv. AUS 1RS.1BL xImperial rye 33,43,96
Gamtoos ZAF 1RS.1BL xVeery 3 sel. 71,74,77,98
Genero F81 MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery 3 sel. 70,71,74,98
GK Bence HUN 1RS.1BL? ? 101
GK Sagvari HUN 1RS.1BL xAvrora 101
GK Sagvari HUN 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
GK Szemes HUN 1RS.1BL ? 101
GK Tiborc HUN 1RS.1BL ? 101
GK Zombor HUN 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 54,62,96
Glennson M81 MEX 1RS.1BL vVeery 1 sel. 71,72,73,98
Gorbi DEU 1RS.1BL ? 108
G”tz DEU 1RS.1BL xBenno 28,78,103
GR 876 USA 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 15
Granada DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 35,78,94
Granka YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Grebe AUS 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 2,47
Hamlet DEU 1RS.1BL xSorba 27,100103
Hammer NDL 1RS.1BL xline 2019 WB(4) 9.69
Harts ZAF 1RS.1BL ? 65
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Haven GBR 1RS.1BL xMildress 34,108
Hedgehog GBR 1RS.1BL ? 9
Heinrich DEU 1RS.1BL xArkos 3 28,78,103
Helios DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 78,103
Herzog DEU 1RS.1BL xKronjuwel 3,32,64
Holdfast deriv. AUS 1R(1B) xKing II rye 32
Hope deriv. AUS 1RS.1AL xImperial rye 32,88
Hornet GBR 1RS.1BL ? 34,96
Hyderabad 88 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Ikarus DEU 1RS.1BL St.623/65 WS 37,96,62
Iris CSK 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 11,24,51,96
Isidor DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 78,103
Iskra YUG 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 40
Istra CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 12,52,77
Jan. 7770-4 ? 1RS.1BL ? 9
Jedina YUG 1RS.1BL xMacvanka 2 40
Jing-Dan 106 ? 1RS.1BL ? 9
Jugoslavija YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40,77,72
Kaloian BGR 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Kauz MEX 1RS.1BL? xKavkaz 98
Kavkaz USS 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 13,57,100
Kea 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Khyber 87 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Knirps DEU 1RS.1BL ? 3,9,96
Koda POL 1RS.1BL xNaczeiha 9
Kohinoor PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Kolubara YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Kosava YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Kotovcanka USS 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Kozara YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 33,40,72
Kristall DEU 1RS.1BL xCapriccio 35,78
Kronjuwel DEU 1RS.1BL xSt.465/52 WS 28,78,103
Lanca POL 1RS.1BL xNaczeija 9,109
Lesapi ZWE 1RS.1BL xVeery 'S' sel. 71,73,74,98
Licanka YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 32,40,72
Lima 1 PRT 1RS.1BL xVeery 3 sel. 71,73,74,98
Linos DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100,103
Lira 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Livia CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Loeri ZMB 1RS.1BL xVeery 5 sel. 71,73,74,98
Lovrin 10 ROM 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 13,20
Lovrin 12 ROM 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 20
Lovrin 13 ROM 1R(1B)? xNeuzucht 13,20,23,32
Lovrin 14 ROM 1RS.1BL? ? 77,94
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Macvanka 1 YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40
Macvanka 2 YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 32,40,72
Magister NDL 1RS.1BL ? 9
Mamut POL 1RS.1BL? ? 8,77
Marabu DNK 1RS.1BL ? 107
Marina CRO 1RS.1BL? ? 101
Merkur DEU 1RS.1BL xtriticale 8,78,103
Mildress NDL 1RS.1BL xR47/51 RS 59,75,103
Millaleau Inia CHL 1RS.1BL vVeery 3 sel. 71,73,74,98
Mironovskaya 10 USS11R(1B) xwheat-rye48/49 8,58,59,80
Mironovskaya nizkoroz. USS 1RS.1BL xMironovskaya 10 9
Mv 14 HUN 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 6,50,110
Mv 15 HUN 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 50,61,101
Mv 16 HUN 1RS.1BL? xKavkaz 101
Mv 17 HUN 1RS.1BL? ? 101
Mv 20 HUN 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 7
Mv 21...86 HUN 1RS.1BL ? 101
Naczeija BGR 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Nautica NDL 1RS.1BL xMildress 75,90,104
Neuzucht DDR 1R(1B) xSt.14/44 SM5 33,48,99
Niklas DEU 1RS.1BL xG”tz 35,78
Novosadska 100 YUG 1RS.1BL? ? 40,72,97
Novosadska Brkulja YUG 1RS.1BL Skorospelka 35 40
Odesskaya 66 USS 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 77,94
Odilo DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100,103
OH 416 USA 1RS.1AL xAmigo 15
Olymp DEU 1RS.1BL xG”tz 9,28,96
Orlando DDR 1R(1B) xSt.26/47 SM 13,57,79
Pakistan 81 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeer 5'S' sel. 71,73,74,98
Palur DDR 1RS.1BL xAlmus 62,95,96
Partizanka nisa YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Parula MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery 6 sel. 71,73,74,98
Peresvet USS 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Perseus DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100,103
Pirsabak PAK 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Pirsabak 85 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Pitoma YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40,41
PKB Krupna YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Pobeda YUG 1RS.1BL xBalkan 9
Poleskaya 71 USS 1RS.1BL? xBesostaya 2 8
Pomoravka YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Posavka 1 YUG 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 32,40,72
Posavka 2 YUG 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 32,40
Predgornaya 2 USS 1RS.1BL xErythrospermum 13,58,77
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Punjab 85 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Punjnab 88 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
R 47/51 RS DEU 1R(1B) xPetkus rye 59,90,100
Rawal 87 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Requiem BGR 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 9
Ricardo NDL 1RS.1BL? xSt.358/48 WS 90,103
Roseana ? 1RS.1BL ? 9
Rotor DEU 1RS.1BL ? 103
Roxana CSK 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 11,12,24,81
Sabina CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 11,12,81
Saladin DDR 1R(1B) xSt.26/47 SM 32,57,77,94
Salmayo ? 1RS.1BL ? 9
Salmon JPN 1RS.1BL xtriticale 27,93,100
Salzmnder Bartweizen DEU 1R(1B) xPetkus rye 13,14,94,99
Sarhad 83 PAK 1RS.1BL xBobwhrite 'S' 38
Sel. 73/36/9-1 CHN 1RS.1BL xLovrin 10 5
Sel. 79/4045 CHN 1RS.1BL xLovrin 13 23
Sel. 84059-4-2 CHN 1RS.1BL ? 106
Selekta CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 12,51,80,81
Sensor DEU 1RS.1BL ? 35,78,103
Senta CSK 1RS.1BL xBenno 9
Seri 82 MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery5'S' sel. 70,71,73,74
Seric ZMB 1RS.1BL xVeery 4 sel. 71,74,77,98
Shtorm USS 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Sida CSK 1RS.1BL ? 9
Siouxland USA 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 30,49,63,85
Siroka YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40
Skopjanka YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40,62
Skorospelka 35 USS 1RS.1BL xErythrospermum 13,32,58
Sloboda YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40
Sofia CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 9
Solaris CSK 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 12,52,103
Sparta CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 12,51
Stejpner SWE 1RS.1BL ? 9,64,69,96
Stetson GBR 1RS.1BL xBenno 9,69
Stuart ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Sunbird 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 25,33,39
Sutjeska YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40,72,77
Sutlej 88 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
TAM 107 USA 1RS.1AL ? 32
TAM 200 USA 1RS.1AL ? 32,50
Tara GBR 1RS.1BL xClement 34
Tjelvar SWE 1RS.1BL ? 9
Toronto DEU 1RS.1BL ? 4,9,111
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transilvaniya 1 ROM 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Turda 81 ROM 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 50
Urban DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100
Ures T81 MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery 2 sel. 71,74,77,98
Veery 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 56,73,77
Veery 10 MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery 'S' sel. 71,73,98
Viri TZA 1RS.1BL xVeery 5 sel. 71,73,77,98
Voyage FRA 1RS.1BL ? 101
Warigal deriv. AUS 1RS.1DL xImperial rye 33,43,96
Weihenst. St. 1007/53 DEU 1R(1B) xPetkus 4x rye 100
Weique 'Substitution' DEU 1R(1B) ? 10,27,59,82
Weique 'Zchter' DEU 1RS.1BL ? 27,77,100
Wembley GBR 1RS.1BL ? 32
Weneda POL 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Wentzel DEU 1R(1B) xSt.?? SM 77,100
Winnetou DDR 1R(1B) xSB6 59
Winnetou DDR 1RS.1BL xSB 13,20,91,94
Xanthos DEU 1RS.1BL? ? 4,9
Zelengora YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 32,40,72
Zemunka 1 YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Zorba DEU 1R(1B) xtriticale 13,27,100
Zvezda YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40,72
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) probable donor of the rye chromosome/arm
(2) WS = Weihenstephan
(3) RS = Riebesel
(4) WB = Weibull
(5) SM = Salzmnder Bartweizen
(7) cultivar Granda syn. to Sensor
Publications
Anshu D, Mayu Q (1988) Identification of 1B/1R wheat-rye chromosome
translocation. Acta Genet Sinica 15:165-169.
Balla L, Bedo Z, Szunics L, Lang L, Szillagyi G (1986) Untitled
communication. Ann Wheat Newslett 32: 68-69.
Balla L, Bedo Z, Szunics L, Lang L, Szunics Lu, Karsai I (1991). Untitled
communication. Ann Wheat Newslett 37: 61.
Bartos P (1979) Resistenzgenetik unter Berucksichtigung von Art- und
Gattungskreuzung. Arch Zuchtungsforsch 9: 189-194. Bartos P (1993) pers.
comm.
Bartos P, Bares J (1971) Leaf and stem rust resistance of hexaploid
wheat cultivars Salzmunder Bartweizen and Weique. Euphytica 20:
435-440
Bartos P, Stuchlikova E (1986) Untitled communication. Ann Wheat Newslett
32: 65-66.
Bartos P, Stuchlikova E, Hanusova R (1989) Untitled communication.
Ann Wheat Newslett 35: 64.
Bartos P, Valkoun J, Kosner J, Slovencikova V (1973) Rust resistance of
some European wheat cultivars derived from rye. Proc 4th Int Wheat Genet
Symp, Columbia (USA): 145-146.
Bennett MD, Smith JB (1975) Confirmation of the identification of the rye
chromosome in 1B/1R wheat-rye chromosome substitution and translocation
lines. Can J Genet Cytol 17: 117-120.
Berzonsky WA, Clements RL, Lafever HN (1991) Identification of 'Amigo' and
'Kavkaz' translocations in Ohio soft red winter wheats (Triticum
aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 81: 629-634.
Bittel DC, Gustafson JP (1992) Dosage response of rye genes in a wheat
background. Theor Appl Genet 84: 1-5.
Bluthner, WD (1972) Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Einlagerung
genotypischer Variabilitat aus den Gattungen Aegilops und Secale in T.
aestivum. PhD thesis, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg: 1-179.
Bluthner WD, Mettin D (1973) Uber weitere Falle von spontaner Substitution
des Weizenchromosoms 1B durch das Roggenchromosom 1R(V). Arch
Zuchtungsforsch 3: 113-119.
Bluthner WD, Mettin D (1974) Further evidence on the spontaneous
1B/1R wheat-rye substitutions. EWAC Newslett 4: 35-37.
Bluthner WD, Mettin D (1977) Chromosomensubstitutionen
und-translokationen zwischen Weizen und Roggen und deren Bedeutung fur die
Zuchtung. Arch Zuchtungsforsch 7: 15-27.
Berzonsky WW, Clements, RL, Lafever, HN (1991) Identification of 'Amigo'
and 'Kavkaz' translocation in Ohio soft red winter wheats (Triticum
aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 81: 629 - 634.
Bohme T, Muller G, Vahl U (1989) Zur Einlagerung der
1A-1R-Weizen-Roggen-Resistenz in die Winterweizensorte 'Ikarus'. Vortr
Pflanzenzucht 19: 284-286.
Cai X, Liu D (1989) Identification of a 1B/1R wheat-rye translocation.
Theor Appl Genet 77: 81-83.
Cerny J, Sasek A, Kubanik J, Sykorova S (1989) Identification of wheat
varieties by simultaneous electrophoresis of gliadins and
high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenins. Genet a Slecht 25: 125-133.
Dhaliwal AS, MacRitchie F (1990) Contributions of protein fractions to
dough handling properties of wheat-rye translocation cultivars. J Cereal Sci
12: 113-122.
Foroughi B, Zeller FJ (1990) In vitro microspore reaction of different
German wheat cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 79: 77-80.
Friebe B (1976) Beobachtungen zur differentiellen Giemsa-Farbung
mitotischer Metaphasechromosomen in einigen
1B/1R-Weizen-Roggen-Substitutions-und Translokationslinien. Z Pflanzenzucht
77: 304-308.
Friebe B, Heun M, Boshuk W (1989) Cytological characterization, powdery
mildew rersistance and storage protein composition of tetraploid
and hexaploid 1B/1RS wheat-rye translocation lines. Theor Appl Genet 78:
425-432.
Friebe B, Zeller FJ, Kunzmann R (1987) Transfer of the 1BL/1RS
wheat-rye translocation from hexaploid bread wheat to tetraploid durum
wheat. Theor Appl Genet 74: 423-425.
Graybosch RA, Peterson CJ, Hansen LE, Mattern PJ (1990). Relationships
between protein solubility characteristics, 1BL/1RS, high molecular
weight glutenin composition, and end-use quality in winter wheat germplasm.
Cereal Chem 67: 342-349.
Griffin WB, Wright DSC, McEvan JM (1989) Untitled communication.
Ann Wheat Newslett 35: 102-104.
Gupta RB, Shepherd KW (1992) Identification of rye chromosome 1R
translocations and substitutions in hexaploid wheats using storage
proteins as genetic markers. Plant Breed 109: 130-140.
Gupta RB, Shepherd KW (1993) Production of multiple wheat-rye 1RS
translocation stocks. Theor Appl Genet 85: 719-728.
Heslop-Harrison JS, Leitch AR, Schwarzacher T, Aanamthawat-Jonsson K (1990)
Detection and characterization of 1B/1R translocations in hexaploid
wheat. Heredity 65: 385-392.
Heun M, Fischbeck G (1987) Identification of wheat powdery mildew
resistance genes by analyzing host-pathogen interactions. Plant Breed 98:
124-129. Heun M, Kennedy AE, Anderson JA, Lapitan NLY, Sorrells ME,
Tanksley SD (1991) Construction of a restriction fragment length
polymorphism map for barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 34: 437-447.
Hubik K, Hyza V (1989) A relationship between high-molecular-weight
subunits of glutenins and the baking quality of wheat. Rostl Vyroba 35:
1021-1028.
Husain M (1984) Untitled communication. Ann Wheat Newslett 30: 86-87.
Jahan Q, Ter-Kuile N, Hashmi N, Aslam M, Vahidy AA, Mujeeb-Kazi A (1990)
The status of the 1B/1R translocation chromosome in some released wheat
varieties and the 1989 candidate varieties of Pakistan. Pak J Bot 22: 1-10.
Javornik B, Sinkovic T, Vapa L, Koebner RMD, Rogers WJ (1991). A
comparison of methods for identifying and surveying the presence of
1BL. 1RS translocations in bread wheat. Euphytica 54:45-53.
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-------------------------
A. Borner*, J. Plaschke, I. M. Ben Amer, V. Korzun, Institute of Plant
Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben
Progress report on wheat genetics research
Pleiotropic effects of Ppd genes on grain yield. By using single
chromosome recombinant lines (kindly supplied by A. J. Worland, Cambridge
Laboratory, Norwich) the effects of the gene for day-length insensitivity
Ppd1 on yield and its components were studied over three growing seasons
under the field conditions in middle Germany. In each of the three seasons,
Ppd1 significantly accelerated days to flowering by an average of 3.5 days.
Secondary pleiotropic effects are associated with the gene shortening the
growing period. This was seen by a reduction in plant height and in the
number of spikelets developed per ear. The grain setting in each of the
remaining spikelets, however, was always significantly increased. In all
three seasons the improved spikelet fertility more than compensated for the
reduction in spikelet number producing an overall increase in grains per
ear. The grain weight was significantly increased by the presence of Ppd1
only in one season. The combination of both increased numbers of grains
setting in the spikelet and ear, and improved grain weight resulted in
increases in ear yield, that were significant in two seasons. Over three
seasons a yield advantage of around 9% was recorded. For the breeding of
high yielding winter wheats adapted to middle Europe a switch to day-length
insensitive wheats should yield positive benefits by bringing forward
flowering time and permitting the plant to develop and fill grains before
the onset of hot and dry summer conditions.
GA insensitivity in a Libyan Dwarf Wheat. The genetics of the GA
insensitivity of the hexaploid wheat line 'TRI 6964' (Catalogue number, gene
bank Gatersleben), which was collected in 1955 from an isolated area in
Libya, called 'Al-Kufra' oasis was studied. The dwarf was crossed with three
near isogenic lines of 'M. Huntsman', carrying the GA insensitive dwarfing
genes Rht1 (chromosome 4B), Rht2 (chromosome 4D) or the tall allele rht.
About 200 F(2) seedlings per combination were treated with GA(3) at the
seedling stage and scored regarding to their response to the phytohormone.
The segregation patterns gave clear evidence for a monogenic inheritance and
therefore, that the GA insensitivity of 'TRI 6964' is determined by an
allele at the Rht2 locus.
Effect of temperature on the fertility of wheat containing a GA
insensitive dwarfing gene from T. aethiopicum. Six F(4) families, classified
in F(3) as GA insensitive or GA sensitive, from a cross between 'W 6824'
(Triticum aethiopicum JACUBZ., GA insensitive, allelic to Rht1) and
'Castelporziano' (Triticum durum, GA sensitive) were grown together with
three near isogenic lines carrying the genes/alleles rht (tall), Rht1 or
Rht3 in the genetical background of the variety 'Bersee', under controlled
environmental conditions at a day/night temperature of 18/15 degC with
illumination of 18 h per day. About three weeks before ear emergence the
material was divided into two groups and grown either at a temperature of
constantly 18 degC or at a day/night temperature of 30/25 degC till harvest.
The illumination was always 18 h per day. It was found that the fertility of
all the dwarfs carrying either the alleles Rht1, Rht3 or the Rht allele from
T. aethiopicum is more sensitive to high temperatures than their tall
counterparts.
Chromosome substitutions lines for tissue culture response studies. Six
'Chinese Spring/Triticum spelta' substitution lines for chromosomes 1A, 1D
(duplicates), 3D (duplicates), 6D and one 'Chinese Spring/Marquis'
substitution line for chromosome 2B were studied together with 'Chinese
Spring' as control for tissue culture response (TCR), related to seed
weight. The results indicated that chromosomes 2B and 6D were critical for
TCR, whereas chromosome 1D affecting callus weight only. Chromosomes 1A and
3D were found not to be critical, however, these chromosomes may carry genes
with minor effects. Genes that influence seed weight of the donor plant
might be involved in TCR, depending on the influences of other factors.
Screening of a rye DNA library for RFLP mapping. By using, the
methylation sensitive restriction enzyme Pst1 a library of single and low
copy DNA sequences of rye was developed. More than 100 clones were selected.
So far 12 sequences were located on wheat and rye chromosomes by using
nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of wheat and wheat-rye addition lines. Two of
the probes were mapped with respect to known RFLP markers on chromosomes 5R
and 7R.
Dwarfing genes of wheat and rye and its expression in triticale.
Primary octoploid triticale have been produced by crossing a GA insensitive
(Rht3) wheat with a GA sensitive rye as well as a GA sensitive wheat with a
GA insensitive rye (ct2). After colchicine treatment and vegetative
multiplication of the hybrids, grains were harvested and most of the lines
were cytologically checked. Then a GA seedling test was applied. Whereas the
triticale carrying the Rht3 gene of wheat did show the expected GA
insensitivity, the triticale with the GA insensitive ct2 gene were GA
sensitive which suggests that the expression of ct2 may be affected by
intergeneric genomic interactions between wheat and rye.
Publications
Borner, A.; Meinel, A., 1993. The effects of the growth retardant
chlormequat (CCC) on plant height and yield in GA insensitive wheats. Plant
Breeding 110, 255-258.
Borner, A.; Gale, M. D.; Appleford, N. E. J.; Lenton, J. R., 1993:
Gibberellin status and responsiveness in shoots of tall and dwarf genotypes
of diploid rye (Secale cereale). Physiologia Plantarum 89, 309-314.
Borner, A.; Plaschke, J.; Schumann, E.; Knopf, E., 1993: Analyse von
Pleiotropieeffekten halmverkurzender Gene beim Weizen. Tagungsbericht 43.
Tagung der Vereinigung osterreichischer Pflanzenzuchter, Gumpenstein,
Osterreich, 1992, 181-185.
Borner A.; Worland, A. J.; Plaschke, J.; Schumann, E.; Law, C. N., 1993:
Pleiotropic effects of genes for reduced height (Rht) and day-length
insensitivity (Ppd1) on yield and its components for wheat grown in middle
Europe. Plant Breeding 111, 204-216.
Paschke, J.; Borner, A.; Xie, D. X.; Koebner, R. M. D.; Schlegel, R.; Gale,
M. D., 1993. RFLP-mapping of genes affecting plant height and growth habit
in rye. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85, 1049-1054.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM HUNGARY
Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Martonvasar
Production. The 1992/1993 season was again unfavourable in almost
every respect. The autumn was dry and warm. The first half of the optimum
sowing period (October) proved to be favourable, but from 17th onwards it
rained continually, a total of 55 mm falling by the end of the month. The
first half of November was also wet, with a further 42 mm of rain, so wheat
sowing could not be resumed until a month after the optimum sowing date and
was not completed until December.
For these and other reasons, wheat was sown on a smaller area than usu-
al, 992,000 hectares instead of 1.2 million ha.
The winter was dry and relatively cold. The wheat was frozen out in
some northern parts of the country. The water reserves of the soil were not
sufficiently replenished. In early spring the cold dry weather continued,
then in mid-March it suddenly became very warm, but continued to be dry. A
substantial amount of rain did not fall until the end of May, but June was
again dry. The total amount of precipitation from January to August was only
90 mm.
Consequently, the national yield average dropped to 3060 kgs/ha. The
harvest had not been this poor since 1971. In recent years, with the
exception of 1992, the yield average has been between 4800 and 5430 kgs/ha.
Breeding. Four new Martonvasari varieties were state registered in
1993. Mv Koma (Mv 225-90) is an early, high-yielding variety with excellent
frost resistance, good resistance to powdery mildew, excellent stem rust
resistance and medium resistance to leaf rust. It has medium quality, being
classified in farinograph category B(1), but it has a large loaf volume. Its
pedigree is as follows: GT 13A 354/Mv 5//Bara/3/GK Protein.
Mv Optima (Mv 706-90) is a medium early, very high-yielding variety
with excellent frost resistance, good powdery mildew resistance and
excellent resistance to stem and leaf rust. It has good quality (farinograph
category A(2)-B(1)) and has a large loaf volume. Its pedigree is: 762-10-1-
2-3/4/Mv 9.
Mv Magma (Mv 116-90) is a medium early, high-yielding, short-stemmed,
frost-resistant variety with excellent resistance to powdery mildew and stem
rust and good leaf rust resistance. It has medium quality (farinograph
category A(2)-B(1)), but its gluten content fluctuates. Its pedigree is: F
29/3/Mv 3/SKC 1055//Bez. 2/K 1.
Martonvasari 25 (Mv 117-90) is a medium late, very high-yielding,
short-stemmed, frost-resistant variety with excellent resistance to powdery
mildew, stem rust and leaf rust. It is a sibling line of Mv Magma. It has
medium quality (farinograph category A(2)-B(1)) but its gluten content is
relatively low and fluctuates.
The number of varieties developed at Martonvasar has now reached 30,
and 18 of these are currently in cultivation. They are sown on some 60 % of
the growing area. Four of the varieties have also been registered in Turkey,
two in the Ukraine and three in Yugoslavia.
A modified single doubled haploid descent selection method was carried
out, involving the analysis of F(1) populations produced using gametocide,
the selection of F(2) plants following the principles of single seed descent
and the regeneration of dihaploid plants. This method combines the
advantages of early selection, the SSD technique and makes it possible to
shorten the breeding cycle. The more independent the regeneration of
dihaploids can be made from the genotype, the easier it will be to put this
concept into practice. In our experiment 346 green dihaploids were obtained
from the anther of ears isolated from 280 anther donor plants. However, the
number of dihaploids originating from one ear ranged from 0.08 to 7.37,
indicating the genotype dependence of in vitro androgenesis. The
competitiveness of the method with traditional breeding is proved by the
fact that dihaploid lines with a performance equal to that of the best
control varieties were successfully produced despite the small initial
stock.
As a participant in an USAID-PSTC research program it became possible
to establish a molecular marker laboratory in the Wheat Breeding Department.
The aim of it is the direct use of RFLP markers in breeding, partly in
quantitative trait loci analysis and partly in molecular marker assisted
selection. Our first specific objectives together with the US research group
are to precisely determine the location of genes controlling freezing
tolerance, vernalisation, and photoperiod reaction in barley and to
determine the level of orthologous gene expression in diverse accesion of
barley germplasm. Later on we are planning to use the RFLP technique for
studying other quantitative traits, such as breadmaking quality in wheat.
Resistance breeding. Due to the dry, warm, droughty nature of the sea-
son, few diseases appeared in Hungary in 1993. Thus, there was only weak
powdery mildew infection, and very weak leaf and stem rust infection was ob-
served in a few places. Among the insect pests, problems were caused by
cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus), cereal bugs (Anisoplia austriaca),
stink bugs (Eurygaster sp.) and aphids in some regions.
In greenhouse experiments carried out in 1993, 23 powdery mildew races
were identified. The prevalent races and their frequencies are as follows:
72 (25.4 %), 51 (20.9 %), 90 (20.5 %), 46 (14.3 %), 77 (4.8 %). Races 51 and
90 are multiplying very rapidly. Very few races are virulent to genotypes
containing resistance genes Pm 4a and Pm 4b.
In field experiments with artificial infection, the resistance genes Lr
9, Lr 13, Lr 19, Lr 24 and Lr 25 provide adequate protection to leaf rust
and Sr 9b, Sr 11, Sr 21, Sr 24, Sr 31, Sr 36 and Sr 37 to stem rust. The
majority of new Martonvasari wheat varieties owe their resistance to gene Sr
31. Genotypes containing the resistance genes Bt 8, Bt 9 and Bt 10 are
chiefly resistant to bunt. Among the wheat varieties registered in Hungary,
only Mv 17 has good resistance to bunt.
The latest varieties bred at Martonvasar (Mv 22, Mv 23, Mv 24, Mv 25,
Fatima 2, Mv Magma, Mv Koma and Mv Optima) have good disease resistance,
satisfying the demands raised by growers.
-------------------------
Deparment of Cell Biology
B. Barnabas, G. Kovacs, E. Szakacs, I. Takacs, M. Kovacs
In vitro manipulation of the reproductive processes in wheat Continuing
our studies concerning the application of haploid techniques for wheat and
several wild wheat species a highly reproducible cell-plant system had been
established. Regenerable, embryogenic haploid cell suspensions were
initiated from polen calli of three wheat genotypes. After repeated callus
and cell selection during the culture procedure led to stable haploid
suspensions consisting of fine cell clusters each containing 20-50 cells.
These suspensions were able to maintain their regenerative capacity during 2
years of subculture, and several fertile plants had been regenerated from
them during this period. On the basis of these haploid cell suspension
system haploid protolast culture had been established. Although the isola-
tion and culture of the haploid protolast and plant regeneration were
succesfully carried out, no fertile plants were obtained up till now.
Presently the modification of the culture system for getting fertile
regenerants are one of the main object of our study in this field. Another
point of our interest is to compare the effectiveness of somatic and haploid
protoplast-plant systems both in the aspect of regeneration of fertile
plants and the phenotypic stability of the offspring of the regenerants.
The established haploid cell suspensions are the main target of genetic
transformation via particle bombardement. Presently we have some transgenic
cell lines carrying foreign genes such as GUS, hygromycin and herbicide
resistance. The frequency of stable transgenic cell lines on the basis of
cell clusters bombarded are more than 30%. Amog them 6 subcultured cell
lines and 25 plantlets had been regenerated from selective media.
For practical aspects of view the established anther culture systems
are presently used for selection to aluminium tolerance also. Based on the
present results the aluminium toxicity can be well simulated in anther
culture, the 50 and 100 uM/l solution of aluminium applied to the nutrient
medium with low pH reduces considerably the callus induction. The higher
concentrations destroy entirely the microspore population. On regeneration
medium containing the same amount of aluminium fertile plants can be
regenerated. According to the seedling test results of grains originating
from fertile DH plants, an increase had been observed in the variability of
aluminium tolerance even if the aluminium treatment is applied only in the
induction phase. The multiplication of progenies and the testing of their
tolerance are now going on.
The earlier established method for producing gametes to get mature
seeds in in vitro cultured wheat florets had been successfully applied to
several wheat genotypes and wild wheat species. In artificial conditions the
sexual processes proved to be similar to the normal flowering, but the seed
set decreased considerably while the the in vitro fertility of the different
genotypes and species showed significant differences. Each genotype and
species produced sufficient number of funtionable pollen grains for the
successful fertilisation therefore the low seed set can at least partly
attributed to the disfunction of the female reproductive organ. The in vitro
developed seeds had normal morphology althoug they showed considerable
shrinking after drying because of their incomplete endosperm. Inspite of
that most of them germinated under laboratory conditions.
Seven wheat cultivars and one wild subspecies were compared for their
in vitro fertility and androgenic capacity by studying their anther culture
response and in vitro seed production. Both the haploid embryogenesis and
the in vitro seed set showed a very wide genotype dependent variability in
accordance with previous observations. At the same time, an analysis of the
data showed a significant negative correlation between androgenic ability
and the in vitro fertilization potential, which was especially obvious in
the case of highly embryogenic genotypes.
Utilization of the doubled haploid method of breeding usually shortens
the time to cultivar release, and method of haploid production need
evaluation in a breeding programme. Several Triticum aestivum and Triticum
durum genotypes were tested for anther culture response and some improtant
lines found to be recalcitrant. To get haploids from this non-responsive
genotypes wheat x maize crosses had been used applying stored maize pollen.
In our laboratory a successful pollen storage technique had been elaborated
and the combination of this method with the wheat x maize haploid procedure
gives us a very promising technique to introduce the recalcitrant genotypes
to doubled haploid breeding programmes. Using stored maize pollen for
pollination the average percentages of haploid embryo formation in wheat x
maize crosses were 10.7 and 21.6, respectively, while in the case of durum x
maize crosses approximately 10% of haploid embryos can be regenerated from
embryo culture. All plants regenerated from wheat x maize crosses were
haploid. We did not find any defective effect of the pollen storage
procedure comparing with the application of fresh maize pollen, while the
application seems to be more comfortable, because we do not have to care on
the synchronization of the flowering of the two different species.
A method for the isolation of viable egg cells of wheat has been
ellaborated. This technique combined with procedures already developed in
our group for the isolation of viable sperm cells of wheat permits us to use
the gametes for in vitro fertilization experiments and other genetic
manipulations e.g. as targets for foreign gene introduction.
-------------------------
J. Sutka, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, B. Koszegi, E. Farshadfar, M.
Arshadfar, O. Veisz, G. Linc
Genetic studies
Drought tolerance: Six different bread wheat cultivars were used in a
drought-stressed experiment, to estimate genetic variation and heritability
for seven morphological characters related to drought. Path-analysis was
used to partition the phenotypic correlations between some of the characters
into direct and indirect effects. The phenotypic stability of the cultivars
was estimated. Moderate genetic variation was displayed by the root system.
The heritability estimates ranged from 0.30 to 0.94. The expected genetic
advance with selection of the highest 5% was around 0.90 for the root
system. The root system had a high positive significant correlation with
total biomass, and showed the highest direct effect. Shoot heigth had a high
negative significant correlation with total biomass, but exhibited the least
direct effect. A significant difference was found between the root length
and root-shoot ratio of Plainsman compared with those of other cultivars.
All cultivars had average stability and general adaptation. However, due to
its better root system, higher yield and shorter shoot height (plant height)
Plainsman is the most suitable for drought tolerance breeding.
Osmotic and salt stress: Osmotic and salinity-induced polyamine accu-
mulation were compared in callus cultures of drought and salt tolerant wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and in disomic substitution lines.
Putrescine, spermidine and spermine occured in all cultures. Mannitol-
induced osmotic stress increased putrescine in all, and cadaverine in two
varieties, while salt stress increased spermidine titer, the accumulation
rate being higher in sensitive than in tolerant varieties. Specific
chromosome (5A and 7A) involvement in osmotic stress induced spermidine
accumulation revealed that mannitol was the most effective stress agent and
only spermidine titer of Chinese Spring was significantly changed as a
consequence of chromosome substitution. The A genome of Cappelle Desprez
(donor) substituted into Chinese Spring (recipient) appears to carry genes
involved in the control of osmotic stress induced spermidine accumulation,
and the genes controlling cadaverine biosynthesis may be localized in
chromosome 5B.
Frost resistance: During the frost testing of Chinese Spring
ditelosomics, genes responsible for frost resistance were found on the short
and long arms of chromosome 7A and on the long arms of chromosomes 5A, 3B,
5B, 7B and 5D. Since monosomic and substitution analysis indicated that
genes responsible for frost resistance were carried by chromosomes 5A, 5B
and 5D, it can be taken as proved that these genes are located on the long
arms of chromosomes.
The crossability of different wheat genotypes: The crossability of
three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Amor, Martonvasari 15,
Martonvasari 9) and one wheat line, Martonvasari 9 kr1, was assessed with
Triticum timopheevi Zhuk. and T. araraticum Jakubz.. Pollinations were car-
ried out in the field and under controlled environmental conditions
simultaneously. Higher seed set was obtained in the phytotron than in the
field. No significant difference was found in the crossability of the T.
timopheevi x T. aestivum and the T. araraticum x T. aestivum combinations.
A significant difference in seed set was found between the reciprocal
crosses, which indicates the importance of the cytoplasmic effect in these
crosses. The highest crossability was achieved for the Martonvasari 9 line
possessing the crossability gene kr1. Immature embryos were rescued on the
B5 medium. Hybrid plant production efficiency per hybrid seed was 82.02 per
cent with the help of embryo culture.
Cereal Gene Bank: Objectives are to collect, conserve, evaluate and
utilise germplasm, and continue to create wheat genetic stocks for
fundamental research and the breeding of up-to-date wheat cultivars with a
broad genetic base. Wheat genetic resources and stocks will also be used for
the establishment of a premier academic center for training graduate
students and visiting scientists from Hungarian and foreign universities and
institutes. The Cereal Gene Bank in Martonvasar contains not only 1500
common wheat varieties but also other 1300 accessions of the species
belonging to the following genera: Triticum, Aegilops, Agropyron, Secale,
Hordeum, Avena and a considerable range of cytogenetic lines (amphiploids,
monosomic sets, chromosome substitution, addition, recombination and
isogenic lines).
-------------------------
Physiological and biochemichal studies on wheat
T. Janda, G. Szalai, J. Kissimon, E. Paldi
Two types of wheat varieties ( Triticum aestivum L. ) cv. Cheyenne and
cv. Chinese Spring, with excellent and poor frost resistance, were used in
experimens to investigate how the photosynthetic apparatus contributes to
the development of frost resistance.Using a PAM fluorometer, changes in the
photochemical quenching were traced at 2 C and 20 C. Although there was
generally less photochemical quenching at low temperature than at room tem-
perature, in the case of the frost-resistant variety Cheyenne an increase in
Photochemical quenching was observed at low temperature as a function of the
length of the hardening period. This seems to indicate the existence of a
regulating mechanism which ensures that even at low temperature the plant
will be capable of an adequate level of photosynthesis.
During the vernalisation period complex changes take place in the
metabolism of nucleic acids and protein molecules. To study the effect of
changes in the RNA pool on the intensity of protein synthesis different
homologous and heterologous cell-free protein synthesising systems were
constructed with polysome fractions (S(23)) and tRNAs is isolated from
vernalised and non-vernalised wheat seedlings.The homologous cell-free
protein synthesising systems contained polysome fractions from both non-
vernalised and 1, 2, 5 and 7 week vernalised samples of wheat cultivar
Martonvasari 15, together with their own tRNA. Heterologous systems were
constructed with tRNA fractions of vernalised seedlings with S(23) fractions
of non- vernalised ones and vice versa. Cell-free protein synthesis was
carried out at 4 C and 30 C. Our results demonstrate that, independently of
the vernalisation period, the intensity of protein synthesis in homologous
vernalised systems at 4 C was as high as the intensity of homologous non-
vernalised systems at 30 C. Combinations of vernalised S(23) fractions with
vernalised tRNAs were about 30% more effective than vernalised S(23)
fractions with non-vernalised tRNAs at 4 C, while combinations of vernalised
tRNAs with non-vernalised S(23) fractions resulted in only a slight decrease
in activity at 30 C. It can thus be concluded that vernalisation leads to
changes in the protein synthesising system resulting in an optimal
synthesising capacity under the altered conditions.
Publications
Abd El-Maksoud MM., Bedo Z. 1993. Genotypes and Genotype x Medium
Interaction Effects on Androgenetic Haploid Production in Wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) Cereal Research Communications, 21. 1. 17-24.
Abd El-Maksoud MM., Karsai,I. and Bedo Z. 1993. Agronomic traits of wheat
lines developed by the doubled haploid, single seed descent and pedigree
methods after three cycles of selection. Acta Agronomica (in press),
Barnabas,B., Bedo, Z. 1993. Relationship between biology and plant breeding.
Hungarian Agricultural Research, 2. 1:30-33. p.
Bedo,Z., Balla,L., Szunics,L., Lang,L. and Kramarikne Kissimon J. 1993.
Agronomical properties of Martonvasar wheat varieties with 1B/1R transloca-
tion. Novenytermeles, 42. 5. 391-398.
Bedo,Z., Karsai,I., Balla,L. and Lang, L. 1993. Modified single doubled
haploid descent selection in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cereal Research
Communications 21:125-132.
Farshadfar E., Galiba G., Koszegi B. and Sutka J. 1993. Some aspects of the
genetic analysis of drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cereal
Res. Comm., 21, (in press).
Fischl, G., L. Szunics, J. Bakonyi.: 1993. Black point of wheat seeds.
Novenytermeles, 42. 5. 421-434.
Galiba G., Kocsy G., Kaur-Sawney R., Sutka J. and Galston A. W. 1993.
Chromosomal localization of osmotic and salt stress-induced differential
alterations in polyamine content in wheat. Plant Sci., 92: 203-211.
Galiba G., Tuberosa R., Kocsy G. and Sutka J. 1993. Involvement of
chromosomes 5A and 5D in cold-induced abscisic acid accumulation in and
frost tolerance of wheat calli. Plant Breed., 110: 237-242.
He,G.Y., Korbuly,E., Barnabas,B. 1993. High frequency callus formation and
regeneration of fertile plants from haploid cell suspensions derived from
anther culture in wheat /Triticum aestivum L./. Plant Science, 90: 81-87.
Janda,T., Kissimon,J., Szigeti,Z., Veisz,O., and Paldi E. 1993. Effect of
low temperature on photosynthesis of wheat and maize. 11th International
Biophyzics Kongress. July 25-30. Budapest, Abstracts, pp. 109.
Karsai,I., Bedo,Z., Balla,L. 1993. Effect of donor plant growth environment
on in vitro androgenesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Acta Agronomica, in
press,
Kovacs,G., Takacs,I., Barnabas,B. 1993. In vitro pollen maturation and
fertilisation in detached spikelet cultures of wheat. Novenytermeles, 42:
119-126.
Kovacs,G., Karsai,I., Bedo,Z., Barnabas,B. 1993. Effect of aluminium and low
pH on the callus induction and green plant regeneration in anther culture of
wheat. Novenytermeles, 42: 399-408.
Kovacs,G., Barnabas,B. 1993. Long term storage of rye and triticale pollen
in liquid nitrogen. Novenytermeles, 42: 301-305.
Limpert E., Lutz J., Remlein E. J., Sutka J. and Zeller F J. 1993.
Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) III. Hungarian and Croatian cultivars. J. Genet. and Breed.,
(in press).
Szunics, L., M. Sykora, M. Miklovicova, Lu. Szunics, M. Svec.: 1993. Studies
on the virulence of barley and wheat powdery mildew populations.
Novenytermeles, 42, 4, 323-329.
Szunics,L., Lu.Szunics.: 1993. Field stem rust infection of wheat
varieties. Novenytermeles, 42, 3, 221-230.
Szunics,L., Jolankai,M. and Bedo,Z. 1993. Results of wheat resistance
breeding and variety-specific agronomic research in Martonvasar. Hungarian
Agricultural Research, 2 (June), 26-32.
Szunics L. - Jolankai M. - Bedo Z. (1993): Results of wheat resistance
breeding and variety-specific agronomic research in Martonvasar. Hungarian
Agricultural Research, 2, 26-32.
Szunics L. - Sykora M. - Miklovicova M. - Szunics Lu. - Svec M. (1993):
Study of virulence of barley and wheat powdery mildew populations in Hungary
and Slovakia. Novenytermeles, 42. 4. 323-329.
Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. (1993): Stem rust resistance of wheat varieties
under field conditions. Novenytermeles, 42. 3. 221-230.
Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. (1993): Virulence of wheat powdery mildew in
Hungary during 1970-1992. Polnohospodarstvo, 39. 4. 299-303.
Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. (1993): Virulence of wheat powdery mildew in
Hungary during 1970-1992. Proceedings of cereal fungal diseases conference,
March 24-25, 1993, Bratislava. 10.
Takacs,I., Kovacs,G., Barnabas,B. 1993. Analysis of the genotypic effect on
different developmental pathways in wheat gametophyte cultures. Plant Cell
Reports /in press/.
Veisz O. (1993): The effect of winter frost on the yield components of
wheat. Novenytermeles, 42. 3. 205-212.
Veisz O. and Sutka J. 1993. Ditelosomic analysis of frost resistance in
wheat (cv, Chinese Spring) Cereal Res. Comm., 21, (in press).
-------------------------
Cereal Research Institute, Szeged
Matuz, J*., Z. Kertesz*, L. Bona*, B. Beke, A. Mesterhazy and J. Falusi
Wheat breeding program. In this year, our Cereal Research Institute
(CRI) a government research unit is 70 years old, starting its mission in
1924. The wheat breeding program was initiated in 1961 to develop high
yielding common and durum wheats suitable for the Hungarian agriculture. In
the last 25 years 20 wheat varieties were developed by CRI breeders. This
time sixteen researchers are involved in this program. Selection theory,
applied biotechnology, protein analysis, biotic and abiotic stress
resistance highlights the long-term areas of research.
The Wheat Research Unit of the CRI announces the release of 2 Triticum
aestivum and 1 T. durum wheat cultivars in the beginning of 1994. Breeder
seed of all the three cultivars released will be maintained by the Wheat
Research Unit and small quantities (5-10 g) of seed for research/breeding
purposes will be provided upon request to one of the corresponding authors.
GK Pinka is an awned, white glumed, middle tall, very early ripening
winter wheat cultivar. Indeed, this is the earliest one in the present
Hungarian wheat sortiment. GK Pinka derived from a F5 plant selection
(GKT5/GKT6744). GK Pinka has an outstanding yield performance. Average grain
yield for 43 experiments (3 years in the Hungarian National Wheat Trials)
was 6.48 t/ha for GK Pinka. The strong stem with excellent lodging
resistance and the good adaptability to a range of environments will allow a
wide spreading of this cultivar.
GK Zugoly is an awnless, yellow-glumed, short strawed, middle ripening
winter wheat cultivar. GK Zugoly was selected from the cross of GK Kincso (a
powdery mildew resistant) and GK Istvan (p.mildew sensitive) cultivars. GK
Zugoly is resistant to the p. mildew races speared in the Carpathian Basin
region of Europe. It is also resistant to leaf rust and heterogeneous for
reaction to Fusarium ssp. Average grain yield of GK Zugoly was 6.5 t/ha (+
5.1 % compared to the standards, 3 years in the Hungarian National Wheat
Trials).
GK Novodur is a yellow glumed, 85-90 cm tall, winter durum (Triticum
durum Desf.) cultivar with excellent pasta making quality. GK Novodur was
selected from back-cross population of Parus/*2GK Minaret. Among durum
wheats, it has an outstanding winter hardness and frost resistance. The
Parus parent is BYDV resistant and the released GK Novodur is also resistant
to BYDV. The other parent, GK Minaret has the highest pasta quality standard
in the region. The grain of GK Novodur has an excellent wet gluten (35%) and
beta carotene ct (7.5 mg/kg).
-------------------------
Cs. Kertesz, J. Matuz and Z. Kertesz
Comparison of three maintenance systems. Three systems of variety
maintenance i.e. pedigree in spaced planting, pedigree in dense planting and
a mass selection (Jensen method), were compared on two different cultivars
GK Sagvari and Yubileynaya 50 on the basis of superelite (breeder seed) and
elite (foundation seed) yield performance.
All the three methods proved to be suitable for the maintenance of
cultivars. Although the response of the varieties were different. For GK
Sagvari a strict pedigree selection was successful, while for Yubileynaya 50
a mass selection was just enough. The second task examined was, that which
traits should be considered when the pedigree seed were mixed for producing
the breeder seed. It was found that the 1000 kernel mass and the seedling
vigor was extremely important parameters. This traits affected the yield of
breeder seed in booth cultivars. The third question examined was, that how
many and what kind of sublines the pedigree seed should consists of. In the
case of GK Sagvari, the yield of breeder seed was higher when the high-
yielding subline components were included in the pedigree seed. The best
result was achieved when the 7 best lines were blended in the pedigree seed.
At cv. Yubileynaya 50 such tendency was not found. The sublines of this
cultivar showed extreme adaptability to the environment and the years
tested. Our conclusion is, that the number and kind of the sublines blended
depends upon the certain cultivar.
-------------------------
L. Cseuz
Simple field screening methods and water potential measurements in
wheat. Water retention ability of excised wheat leaves and chemical
desiccation tests were done in the nursery to study a wide range of the
breeding material`s cuticular resistance against water loss and
translocation ability of stored stem reserves. Using the measured water
potential and relative water content data, pressure-volume curves were drawn
and osmotic potential, and water saturation deficit at zero turgor were
calculated. Varieties performed well in the field-tests had lower water
potential (osmotic potential) values and reached the zero turgor point at a
higher water saturation deficit. Although, correlation between the rank of
entries in the different tests was low.
Water retention ability was tested by the determination of the fresh
weight of the excised twenty leaves of 78 genotypes harvested from the field
early in the morning. Keeping them in controlled environment room after 24
hours their weight was measured again and after a total desiccation the
leaves` dry weight was determined. From these data the total loss of initial
water content could be defined. Chemical desiccation tests were done to
evaluate the translocation ability of the stem reserves in 114 different
genotypes. Desiccant spraying was done 14 days after anthesis in case of
each entries. Kernel weight depression due to the post anthesis stress was
compared between the treated and control plot at every genotypes. The water
relations characteristics of 16 winter wheat genotypes of different drought
tolerance grown in the field were measured by a Scholander pressure bomb on
flag leaves. As in earlier investigations significant differences were found
among the tested genotypes in both field tests. The water loss of excised
leaves ranged between 35 and 71 % among the 78 genotypes tested. Depression
in thousand kernel mass due to the desiccant spraying was between 15 and 56
% of the untreated control plots. From the pressure-volume technique total
water potential, osmotic potential at zero and full turgor, water saturation
deficit at zero turgor and turgid weight/dry weight ratio (TW/DW) were
calculated. Among the water relations characteristics listed, water
saturation deficit and osmotic potential at 0 turgor showed the largest
difference among the varieties tested. Also, these traits had the highest
correlation with the results of both field tests and earlier field records.
No correlation was found between the TW/DW ratio data and other
characteristics. Genotypes that showed good water retention ability (NE
83/T, Tiszataj m, Mv 8) or resistance to post anthesis drought stress in
field-tests, (OK 84343, Tiszataj m, Pitic 62) had generally lower water
potential (osmotic potential) values and reached the zero turgor point at a
higher water saturation deficit. The pressure - volume technique gave less
variable results than the field screening methods, so in spite of its
relative slowness, it could be a convenient complementary screening tool in
wheat breeding.
Gene Bank Activity. By the financial support of the Hungarian Ministry
of Agriculture the Wheat Department of Cereal Research Institute could start
maintaining a gene collection of cca. 500 entries of valuable lines of bread
wheat, durum wheat and other related species. Large part of the collection
are resistant lines for fungal diseases.
-------------------------
M. Papp
Resistance of winter wheat to cereal leaf beetle. Resistance test based
on estimation of leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus
L.) was carried out on 52 winter wheat genotypes (mainly Hungarian-origin
cultivars) in 1993. Experiments were conducted in two isolated cages covered
by insect nets in the beginning of April. In the first cage chemical control
was used to provide a reliable check. In the other cage about 3000 adult
cereal leaf beetles were introduced on 26 April. Fungal diseases were
controlled in both cages by Bayleton 25 WP. The feeding damage by cereal
leaf beetle was determined on the flag leaf as a percentage of the whole
leaf-surface. The grain yield of 20 heads chosen by random sampling was
measured in each plot, and expressed as a percentage related to the not-
infested (protected) control. Thousand kernel mass was measured from these
samples.
Average leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle in 52 genotypes
studied was 20% on 24 May and 90% on 1 June. There were highly significant
differences in resistance to cereal leaf beetle between genotypes. At the
first estimation the most resistant cultivars (Downy, GK Ambitus, Mv 15, GK
Veka, GK Othalom, GK Reka) had only 6-15% feeding damages, and the most
susceptible ones (GK Kalaka, GK Lili, MM-In, GK Korany) had 29-32%. At
the second estimation the most resistant genotypes (Downy, GK Reka) had 41-
65% feeding damages, and the most susceptible ones (GK Korany, MM-In, GK
Kovasz, GK Lili, GK Kalaka, Mv 8) had 98-100%. Grain yield response to
attack of cereal leaf beetle was more sensitive than that of thousand kernel
mass. Yield was reduced by 31%, while thousand kernel mass decreased only by
22% on average. Yield of the most tolerant cultivars (Downy, Brjk-LixLov34,
MM-Kincso, Kincso-Krp) decreased by 6-16%, while that of the most sensitive
ones (GK Lili, GK Szoke, GK Csuros, Mv 15, Mv 17, GK Ambitus) was reduced by
45-56%. Leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle (second estimation)
exhibited a medium correlation with yield reduction and yield of infested
plots (r = 0.3378, P < 0.05; r = -0.4612, P < 0.001 respectively).
Pubescence of the flag leaf was significantly correlated to feeding damage
by cereal leaf beetle (r = -0.8015, P < 0.001).
-------------------------
M. Papp and A. Mesterhazy
Resistance of wheat to viruses in field tests. In 1993, 120 wheat
cultivars and breeding lines (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) were tested in
three replications at early sowing (late September) and wide spaced
surrounded by grassland. The dominating virus was BYDV beside sporadical
occurrence of BMV and WSMV. Due to the autumn infection only 17% of the
total 25704 plants were killed by the end of April. The most resistant
genotypes were GK Ablanc, T89-92, Jbj 50-SdvS, T101-92, GK 804-Mv 8 and GK
Csornoc (96-99% survival by April), and the most susceptible ones were GK
Minaret, BD 4312xBa-Mi, Brjk-LixLov34 and 5A 24 (40-60% survival). In June
the most susceptible lines (GK Minaret, VIC-Pa3, BD 4312xBa-Mi, 5A 39, 5A
24) had 67-87% virus infection, while the most resistant ones (Zo-F113D, GK
Ablanc, GK Csaba, GK Ambitus, GK Kincso, Mv 17, GK Gobe, GK Csornoc, GK Olt,
Jubilejnaja 50) had only 3-17%. The evaluation carried out in June was
significantly correlated to the percentage of killed plants recorded in the
end of April (r = 0.7338, P < 0.001).
-------------------------
L. Purnhauser
Copper enhanced plant regeneration from somatic and androgenic tissue
cultures of wheat. In our experiments, Cu-ions at concentrations 10 to 1000
times higher than in the original Murashige & Skoog medium (0.1 uM CuSO(4))
strikingly enhanced shoot and root regeneration in somatic callus cultures
of wheat and triticale. In wheat embryoids induced in anther culture,
CuSO(4) was also important for regeneration. With hormone-free 1/2 MS medium
at high (2 æM) CuSO(4) content the shoot and root formation of anther
derived embryoids was significantly higher than that in hormone (0.5 mg l-l
naphtaleneacetic acid + 0.5 mg l-l kinetin)-containing 1/2 strength MS
medium (with 0.1 æM CuSO(4)), which is commonly applied for regeneration.
CuSO(4) pretreatment significantly promoted plant survival when regenerated
wheat plants were transferred directly to potting soil.
A method for crossing non-synchronously flowering parents in wheat,
using cold storage of the female parent. A simple method is developed for
making efficient hand crosses in wheat (Triticum aestivum) parents with
large differences in flowering dates. It involves the cold storage of
emasculated plants at 5 degC between emasculation and pollination. The seed
set of cold-stored females was high when spikes were pollinated 30 days
after emasculation (DAE). Female plants kept only in a greenhouse (30
degC/20 degC day/night temperature) without cold storage showed a poor seed
set when pollinated 10 DAE, and the stigmas had completely lost their
receptivity 15 DAE. Experiments with other species (T. durum x T. aestivum,
wheat x rye and triticale x wheat crosses) likevise revealed the highly
reproducible effect of cold storage of the females on extending the duration
of stigma receptivity.
Personnel. J. Falusi, Wheat breeder has been appointed to Research
Leader of the CRI Research Station , Taplanszentkereszt, West Hungary. He is
countinouing the small grain breeding activity at the Station. L. Cseuz,
Wheat breeder participated at the two month International Postgrad Course on
Biological and Physical Aspects of Crop Production in Arid Zones of the Ben
Gurion University, Israel.
Publications
Barabas, Z., J. Matuz and T. Monostori. 1993. Tomato hybrid seed production
using auxotroph (thiamin dependent) mutants. Annual Meetings ASA, CSSA,
SSSA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 7-12., 1993. Agronomy Abstr. p. 81.
Bona, L., R.J. Wright, V.C. Baligar and J. Matuz. 1993. Screening wheat and
other small grains for acid soil tolerance. Landscape and Urban Planning.
27:175-178.
Bona, L., V.C. Baligar and R.J. Wright. 1993. Soil acidity effects on
agribotanical traits of Triticum durum Desf. and Triticum aestivum L.
genotypes. Third Plant-Soil Interaction at Low pH Int. Symp. Brisbane,
Australia, Sep. 12-16. 1993. Abstr. p. 117.
Bona, L., V.C. Baligar, R.J. Wright and L. Leder. 1993. Acid soil tolerance
of juvenile stage proso millet genotypes. Cereal Res. Commun. 21:83-86.
Carver, B.F., W.E. Whitemore, E.L. Smith and L. Bona. 1993. Registration of
four aluminum tolerant winter wheat germplasm and two susceptible near-
isolines. Crop Sci. 33:1113-1114.
Csosz, M, A. Mesterhazy and M. Papp. 1993. Prospects and retrospects in
resistance breeding of wheat. Hung. Agriculture, 2: 41-46.
Kertesz, Z., J. Pauk and J. Matuz. 1993. Comparison of the traditional
selection with haploid breeding in winter wheat. Proc. 8th International
Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing 20 - 25 July. Abst. p. 154.
Matuz, J., T. Bartok and L. Purnhauser. 1993. The inheritance and aminoacid
content in the F1 hybrids of winter wheat cultivars. Proceedings of the 17th
International Congress of Genetics, Birmingham, 15-21 August. Abst. p.118.
Matuz, J., Z. Kertesz and E. Acs. 1993. Inheritance of bread making quality
in crosses of Hungarian and North-American winter wheats (Triticum
aestivum). Proc. 8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing 20-25
July. Abst. p. 140.
Matuz, J., Z. Kertesz and E. Acs. 1993. Inheritance of bread making quality
in crosses of Hungarian and North-American winter wheats (Triticum
aestivum). Cereal Res. Commun. 21:39-43.
Mesterhazy, A. 1993. Resistance level and toxin contamination: possibilities
for breeding resistance to head blight in wheat. Vienna Workshop on Current
Status of Fusarium Head Blight Research in Europe. Abst. p.7.
Papp, M. 1993. Winter wheat resistance to cereal leaf beetle and bird
cherry-oat aphid. In J. Angyan, J. Kiss and L. Podmaniczky (eds.) Sci. Conf.
New Strategies for Sustainable rural Development, March 22-25. Godollo,
Hungary. Abst. p. 108.
Papp, M., A. Mesterhazy: 1993. Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid
(Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties. Euphytica 67:49-57.
Papp, M. 1993. Resistance mechanism of wheat to aphids (In Hungarian with
English summary). Novenytermeles 42:191-198.
Pauk, J. and L. Purnhauser. 1993. Advances in tissue culture of wheat whit
special regard to plant regeneration and applications in breeding. Hungarian
Agricult. 2:22-25.
Pauk, J., B. Jenes, L. Purnhauser and Z. Kertesz. 1993. Protoplast - plant
system in hexaploid wheat. 6th European Congress on Biotechnology, Firenze,
13-17 June. Abst. p. 369.
Purnhauser, L. 1993. A method for crossing non-synchronously flowering
parents in wheat, using cold storage of the female parent. Cereal Res.
Commun. 21:175-179.
Purnhauser, L. and G. Gyulai. 1993. Effect of copper on shoot and root
regeneration in wheat, triticale, rape and tobacco tissue cultures. Plant
Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 35:131-139.
Purnhauser, L., J. Schulcz, T. Monostory and J. Matuz. 1993. Crossability of
wheat with rye and use of the tissue culture method for wide hybridization.
Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Genetics, Birmingham, 15-
21 August. Abst. p. 118.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM INDIA
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Division of Genetics, New Delhi
Wheat Breeding
R. N. Sawhney, S.S. Singh, H.B. Chowdary, Harsh Mehta, J .B. Sharma and
D. N. Sharma
The use of (i) genetically well defined sources for resistance,
(ii) simultaneous testing of breeding materials under timely sown, both
water stress and adequate irrigation conditions as well as late sown,
irrigated conditions and (iii) through shuttle breeding has led to the
development of a new set of high yielding, widely adapted wheats with
well-defined and diverse resistance. Some of the wheats which have emerged
from the program are endowed with an inherent mechanism of genetic
homoeostasis enabling them to achieve stability of production at higher
levels of productivity both under optimum and sub-optimurn environments over
diverse agroclimatic conditions of the country. These wheats are also likely
to be durable for resistance to rusts.
'Kanchan' (DL 803-3) - an outstanding dwarf wheat. 'Kanchan' (DL
803-3), an aestivum wheat identified by the All India Wheat Research
Workers' Workshop in 1993 for the timely sown, irrigated and high fertility
conditions, is the latest in the series including 'Kundan' (DL 153-2) and
'Vaishali' (DL 784-2) released for the commercial cultivation in the last
decade. This cultivar was derived from the cross HUW 202//K 7537/, a black
point free mutant of HD 2160.
1. Yield potential. The yield figures in Table 1 project that DL 803-3
outclassed the most popular wheat of the zone WH 147 with convincing margins
registering first rank in the three consecutive years. An average yield of 5
t/ha with yield potential of 7 t/ha under good management on large plots in
on-farm tests in Punjab was achieved.
Table 1. Comparative performance of DL 803-3 with WH 147 in the Central
Zone,
AICWIP data
DL 803-3 WH 147
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Yield Rank Yield Rank
(q/ha) (q/ha)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1990-91 46.4 1 41.5 17
1991-92 50.3 1 48.7 4
1992-93 47.2 1 42.5 7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean 48.0 44.2
2. Durable rust resistance. The wheat-rye (lB/1R) translocation that
carries Lr26/Sr31/Yr9 for resistance to leaf, stem and yellow rusts
respectively has been exploited extensively for the development of high
yielding cultivars in different parts of the world. DL 803-3 and DL 802-3
evoIved from two differnt local cross combinations possessing lB/1R
translocation. DL 803-3 is postulated to carry Lr23, Lr26/Sr31 /Yr9 and
Lr34/Yr18. Lr26 alone has become ineffective due to the evolution of new
races of 77 group. However, Lr34, an adult plant partially effective gene,
which is implicated for durability in combination with Lr23 and Lr26
provided higher level of resistance and is likely to be durable for
resistance to leaf rust. Sr31 is still highly effective gene the world over
and suggested to have durable resistance to stem rust. Yr18, a partially ef
fective adult plant stripe rust resistance gene, has been shown to be
closely associated with Lr34 and is likely to provide durable and high level
of resistance to stripe rust in combination with Yr9 which again is a gene
that is still highly effective to stripe rust in the sub-continent.
3. Stability and sustainability. Wheats that are capable of yielding
at higher levels of productivity both under optimum and sub-optimum
environments are Iikely to produce higher average yields because of several
inherent natural and socio-economic constraints encountered by the peasantry
in different parts of the country in the availability of adequate inputs for
higher production. In this context DL 803-3 displays a good degree of
genetic homoeostasis when tested over diverse agronomic situations (Table
2). It outyields WH 147 both in the Varietal Trials (Table 1) and the
Agronomic Trials (Table 2) under normal sown as well as when shown early or
late in Agronomic Trials (table 2). Thus, the cultivar imparts a sufficient
degree of latitude in planting time to the farmer.
The genotype holds sufficient prornise in sustainable agriculture
when planted under a wide range of sub-optimum input conditions of
fertilizer and number of irrigations. The cultivar maintained its edge over
WH 147 even when the fertilizer levels were reduced to 2/3 and 1/3 of the
recommended levels. Similarly, DL 803-3 retained its superiority over WH 147
in water deticit situations. Thus, the genotype fairly meets the
requirements of a subsistence farmer who can ill-afford the use of costly
chemical fertilizer and depends on weather gods to meet the irrigation
requirements. WH 147 again is a wheat known for its better performance under
moderate inputs of fertilizer and water.
Table 2 : Comparative performance of D L 803-3 and WH 147 over varied
agronomic situations in Central Zone, AICWIP data (1992-93)
Yield (q/ha)
Dl 803-3 Wh 147
---------------------------------------------------------
Sowing date Normal 48.3 - 44.8
Early 46.3 - 41.4
Late 39.1 - 33.0
FertiIizer doses N 120 P60 K40 43.6 38.5
N80 P40 K27 40.7 36.4
N40 P20 K14 32.0 2a8
No. of irrigations Adequat 51.0 43.3
Two 34.6 32.8
One 29.6 28.1
---------------------------------------------------------
4. Wide Adaptability. Wheats performing consistently superior across
different agroclimatic regions are likely to be more adapted and stable in
performance. Widespread adaptability of DL 803-3 is implicit in Table 3. The
cultivar performed consistently superior in different zones having a wide
range of environments when compared with the most popular wheat of the
respective zone.
Table 3. Widespread adaptability of DL 803 (Kanchan) under diverse
agroclimatic conditions, AICWIP
Cultivation 1992-93 1991-92 1990-91
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone condition Variety V R Y R Y R
Central TS, IRR DL 803 47.2 1 50.3 1 46.4 1
WH 147 42.5 7 48.7 4 41.5 17
NorWest LS, IRR DL 803 41.2 3 43.0 1 38.4 5
Plain HD 2285 36.0 16 39.3 12 37.9 9
NorEast TS, IRR DL 803 46.3 2 - - -
HUW 206 42.9 21 - - -
TS, RF DL 803 20.1 1 - - -
C 306 17.2 17 - - -
Penin- TS, IRR DL 803 47.1 3 48.3 1 - -
sular NI 5439 38.2 14 48.3 1 - -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Y: Yield (q/ha) R: Rank IRR: Irrigated
TS: Timely sown LS: Late sown RF: Rainfed
Quality features. It has amber (white), hard, well filled and roundish
grains with grain weight of 45 mg. It had the highest protein percentage
(14.0) in comparison to the check wheats.
Publications
Sawhney, R.N. 1993. Kundan - a superior wheat cultivar among the dwarf
wheats. Ind. Fm 9. 43(8): 35-37.
Sawhney, R.N. 1993. Kundan - the ideal chapati and bread wheat. The Indian
Bakers 24(3): 27-31.
Sawhney, R. N. 1993. Genetic strategies for sustaining green revolution in
wheat. Abstr. National Symposium on Plant Breeding Strategies for India 2000
A.D. and Beyond at Aurangabad, December 25-27, 1993 organised by Marathawada
Agricultural University, Parbhani and Indian Society of Genetics and Plant
Breeding, New Delhi. pp 4-6.
Sawhney, R.N. 1994. Breeding for durable resistance to the wheat rusts.
Monograph, IARI, New Delhi 110 012. Publication and Information Directorate
of the CSIR, New Delhi ( i n p ress) .
-------------------------
Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New
Delhi
S. M. S. Tomar* and M. Kochumadhavan
Improvement of Wheat Cultivars: A number of alien genes and genes from
related species have been identified as effective source of resistance
against the Indian stem rust and leaf rust race flora. These genes are
available but in poor backgrounds with regard to Indian conditions. Many of
them such as Sr26, Lr24, Lr28 and Lr9 have been transferred to Indian wheat
cultivars through backcross breeding to improve rust resistance. The yield
potential of the improved cultivars (constituted after 6 or 7 backcrosses)
along with their recurrent parents was assessed in RBD with 6 replications
in a plot size of 5 m X 0.92 m. The crop was inoculated twice (tillering and
boot leaf stages) with a mixture of races of stem and leaf rusts to create
epiphytotic conditions. The leaf rust infection recorded on check varieties
(recurrent parents) ranged from 60S to 90S. Although differences in yield
between recurrent parents and the improved lines were observed (Table l),
the data indicated significant differences in yield only in two cases. It is
also observed that rust appearing at boot stage can cause damage up to 10%
but depends on the time of rust appearance and tolerance of the genotype
against the pathogen. The infection of stem rust was of low magnitude
ranging from TS to 5S at the time of maturity.
Table 1. Relative performance of improved cultivars in comparison to their
recurrent parents
Cultivar/Improved line Gene(s) Average yield in Kgs..per
(Imp.) present plot (5 m X 0.92 m)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sonalika 2.09
HW 2001A (Imp. Sonalika) Lr24 2.17
Kalyansona 2.16
HW 2002A (Imp. Kalyansona) Lr24 2.32
HW 2021 (Imp. Kalyansona) Lr24 Sr26 2.18
WH 147 2.20
HW 2022 (Imp. WH 147) Lr24 Sr26 2.26
HW 2005 (Imp. WH 147) Lr24 2.28
Lok 1 2.26
HW 2006 (Imp. Lok 1) Lr24 2.34
HD 2329 2.19
HW 2007 (Imp. HD 2329) Lr24 2.46
HD 2285 2.18
HW 2008 (Imp. HD 2285) Lr24 2.24
WL 711 2.12
HW 2014 (Imp. WL 711) Lr24 2.48
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
C.D. = 0.25 Sig. at 5% level of significance
-------------------------
IARI Regional Station, Wellington, The Nilgiris
M. Kochumadhavan and S. M. S. Tomar*
Introgression of stem rust resistance gene Sr27 and leaf rust
resistance gene Lr28 in Indian wheat cultivar(s). In continuation of
previous work on improvement of wheat cultivars by incorporating different
genes conferring resistance to stem and leaf rusts, a popular wheat cultivar
Kalyansona was chosen for introgression of the gene Lr28 derived from
Aegilops speltoides . The line CS 2A/2M 4/2 was used as a donor parent for
leaf rust resistance (Lr28). Selection constituted after seven backcrosses
from Kalyansona*7/CS 2A/2M 4/2 were tested under field conditions against a
mixture of leaf rust races. The improved Kalyansona carrying Lr28 showed
resistance under field conditions and also in seedling stage to those races
to which the recurrent parent is susceptible.
The gene Sr27 (WRT: Wheat Rye Translocation) available in Chinese
Spring background, translocated from Imperial rye to CS by Acosta (1963)J
has been found effective against Indian stem rust race flora in seedling as
well as in adult plant stages. This gene had earliar been transferred to
Kalyansona by Prabhakar Rao (1985). Our efforts were to combine Sr27 and
Lr28 and Sr27 and Lr24 in Kalyansona background. The Kalyansona carrying
Sr27 was crossed to Kalyansona carrying Lr28. A number of single plants
looking phenotypically close to Kalyansona and carrying resistance to leaf
rust and stem rust in F(2) generation were carried over to F(3)
generation. Uniform F(3) families resistant to stem rust and leaf rust were
bulked separately. The uniformity and the resistance of the individual bulks
was tested in next generation. Similarly, Kalyansona carrying Sr27 was
crossed to HW 2002 carrying Lr24 (an improved line of Kalyansona) and the
procedure adopted in combining Sr27 and Lr28 was followed. The above method
of combining two specific genes in a single background seems to have merit
for constituting the genotypes with multigenic resistance.
-------------------------
Dalmir Singh
INDUCED TRANSLOCATIONS BETWEEN WHEAT AND RYE
CHROMOSOMES FOR RUST RESISTANCE
The Mexican hexploid wheat variety Kalyansona was crossed with a amber
seeded and self compatible rye mutant. Crossed seeds were irradiated with
35 Kr. of gamma rays (1989-90) with the objective to induce translocation
between chromosomes of wheat and rye. During the 1991-93 season plant
progenies were in M3 and M4 generations. The M3 material was screened under
Delhi conditions while M4 generation was evaluated at Wellington (hot spot
for all the diseases of wheat). The M3 material screened at Delhi segre-
gated for rust resistance except for one plant progeny which produced only
resistant plants (the plant was resistant in M2 generation at Wellington.
The material was then evaluated as M4 at Wellington (Table 1). Plants
possessing rust resistance were also selected for improved fertility. Plant
progenies possessing rust resistance in M3 generation were found to be
resistant in Mr generation also. These plant progenies flowered about 10
days later than the parent variety (Kalyansona). Differences were also
observed in the spike morphology, some spikes were of speloid types. The
mature plants were about 10 to 15 cm taller than the parent. Since the
spike fertility was good, these lines will be evaluated for their yielding
ability. Rust resistant plants have been selected from other segregating
material to improve spike fertility.
Table 1 Rust reactions in variety Kalyansona, Secale cereale and
translocation line (at Wellington).
Rust reaction
Parents Black rust Brown rust Yellow rust
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kalyan sona 60-80 S 60 S 40 S
Secale cereale F F F
Kalyan sona x Secale
cereal translocation F F F
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spontaneously induced early plants in T. timopheevi (Zhula) Zhuk. IN
an attempte to transfer desirable traits, two strains of T. timopheevi are
being used. Both strains are of winter habit (late flowering). At
flowering stage it was observed that one of the strains produced some
exceptionally early plants which flowered about 30 days earlier than the
rest. As a curiosity, one of the early plants was analysed cytologically at
first meiotic metaphase and it was observed that instead of forming regular
14 bivalents, it showed a prevalence of univalents, trivalents and
quadrivalents in most of the cells scored.. Since it happened to be an
unusual phenomenon, the remainder of early plants and some normal plants
were also analyzed cytologically. The data were recorded on the number of
univalents bivalents (ring or rod), trivalents, quadrivalents and chiasmata
per cell. Mean values were calculated and compared with the normal T.
timopheevi observations (Table 1).
Data analysis revealed that the increase in the mean values of the
univalents, trivalents and quadrivalents per cell were significantly higher
in all the plants which flowered early than the mean values of normal
plants.
The mean values of rod bivalents did not differ much but the mean values of
ring bivalents were significantly lower in all the early plants than the
values observed in the late plants. The mean values of trivalents and
quadrivalents on the other hand were significantly higher in all the early
plants except plant number 6, where quadrivalents failed to occur (Table 1).
In general the chiasma frequencies in all the early plants were
significantly lower than the late plants. It certainly could be due to the
failure of chromosome pairing. The partial reduction in the number of
bivalents on the one hand and the increase in the number of univalents on
the other side may be the effect of desynapsis. In the present observations
the increase in the number was not only restricted to univalents but it was
also observed in the number of trivalents and quadrivalents (which could be
due to the supression of Ph gene like system).
In the early flowering (abnormal) plants, there appeared to be three
different events which are common. 1. Decreased ring bivalents and increased
univalents (desynaptic effect). 2. Increased chromosome associations like
trivalents and quadrivalents (mutated Ph gene effect). 3. Early flowering
(vernalization).
Although it is difficult to pinpoint which event took place first and
later on triggered the rest of them but it is likely that the change might
have occurred in the pairing of chromosome (Ph gene system) and then due to
homoeologous chromosome pairing, the other functions got reshuffled. A few
seeds were obtained by crossing hundreds of florets with hexaploid wheat.
Resulting progenies are to be studied.
Table 1. Meiotic chromosome pairing in T. timopheevi (flowered late) and
its abnormal (flowered early) Plants (mean per cell).
No. of
Parents cells
scored Univalents
---------------------------------------------------
T. timopheevi 50 0.42 +/- .01
Abnormal Plant-1 50 8.58 +/- .33
(23.31)
Abnormal Plant-2 25 5.68 +/- .48
(14.61)
Abnormal Plant-3 30 4.40 +/- .40
(15.47)
Abnormal Plant-4 25 4.68 +/- .38
(14.20)
Abnormal Plant-5 30 5.17 +/- .40
(13.97)
Abnormal Plant-6 25 5.40 +/- .48
(13.53)
--------------------------------------------------
Table 1. Meiotic chromosome pairing in T. timopheevi (flowered late) and
(cont'd) its abnormal (flowered early) Plants (mean per cell).
Bivalents
----------------------------
Ring Types Rod Types Trivalents Quadrivalents Chiasmata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.50 +/- .23 3.16 +/- .23 0.06 +/- .22 0.02 +/- .01 25.64+/-.29
3.78 +/- .15 4.70 +/- .21 0.74 +/- .09 0.08 +/- .02 14.34+/-.40
(24.34) (5.03) (7.64) (7.50) (22.60)
5.20 +/- .32 6.68 +/- .19 0.88 +/- .12 0.04 +/- .04 19.08+/-.53
(13.58) (4.47) (9.11) (4.00) (11.92)
5.03 +/- .27 3.83 +/- .22 1.60 +/- .15 0.28 +/- .08 20.37+/-.39
(14.32 (3.10) (12.41) (3.71) (10.75)
4.80 +/- .21 4.04 +/- .26 1.20 +/- .17 0.32 +/- .09 20.00+/-.33
(16.05) (2.31) (10.63) (4.28) (12.00)
4.50 +/- .23 4.50 +/- .19 1.37 +/- .11 0.20 +/- .07 19.57+/-.44
(17.14) (4.20) (14.55) (3.00) (11.90)
5.16 +/- .26 4.20 +/- .25 1.32 +/- .16 -- 19.84+/-.27
(14.43) (2.88) (10.50) (12.60)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figures in parenthesis are "t" values.
Table 2. Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
derivatives (PTD) lines
-------------------------------------------------------------- Culm Ear
Derivatives/ length Tiller length Spikelet
Checks (cm) Number (cm) number
--------------------------------------------------------------
PID 1 83.72 12.60 11.72 20.12
PID 2 104.84 11.65 9.09 17.90
PID 8 94.13 15.05 9.06 18.05
PID 11 98.29 10.25 10.16 17.65
PID 12 86.24 12.85 10.12 22.12
PID 16 81.53 12.35 9.74 22.05
PID 18 81.52 13.60 10.69 20.80
PID 28 81.31 9.95 9.17 22.62
PID 30 87.42 8.35 10.71 21.71
PID 32 108.56 10.20 11.12 18.81
PID 34 82.37 8.10 10.57 23.15
PID 40 102.56 10.55 10.22 20.66
PID 44 86.44 9.65 10.63 21.81
PID 47 76.30 12.80 9.99 19.75
PID 48 88.83 12.20 8.93 20.71
PID 49 78.90 12.75 10.00 20.30
PID 50 84.77 13.40 9.75 19.62
--------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
(cont'd) derivatives (PTD)lines
--------------------------------------------------------------
No days Ear Ear Grain Yield
to Biomass yield grain weight plant
flower (g) (g) No (mg) (g)
--------------------------------------------------------------
98.50 49.75 2.03 60.16 31.72 12.32
125.50 47.75 1.28 40.75 31.42 6.35
115.75 51.30 1.72 39.39 43.17 13.07
107.25 42.25 1.63 46.40 35.17 10.22
108.75 62.35 2.31 58.41 38.80 17.12
111.25 59.50 2.04 53.08 36.35 17.84
108.00 43.00 1.77 57.33 28.00 11.47
109.00 51.75 2.44 54.90 34.20 14.37
109.75 54.50 2.51 68.08 35.02 15.17
103.50 55.75 2.06 46.48 46.70 11.12
106.50 43.50 2.38 62.39 38.90 13.30
119.25 55.75 1.44 38.33 40.85 12.00
111.25 48.25 2.10 52.58 37.32 10.55
110.00 40.75 1.48 62.74 23.40 6.85
112.00 49.25 1.54 53.24 29.77 11.02
111.00 54.75 1.67 67.74 22.82 11.70
113.00 49.50 1.54 72.74 21.75 11.11
--------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
(cont'd) derivatives (PTD) lines
-------------------------------------------------------------- Culm Ear
Derivatives/ length Tiller length Spikelet
Checks (cm) Number (cm) number
--------------------------------------------------------------
PID 61 85.66 13.30 9.86 18.64
PID 64 88.09 14.97 10.71 22.47
PID 65 84.39 10.85 9.97 20.81
PID 76 79.72 12.00 11.03 21.47
PID 83 79.95 12.50 9.72 20.16
Kalyansona 75.27 8.60 10.22 19.95
CM 108-31 93.30 12.30 9.57 19.65
-------------------------------------------------------------
C.V. (%) 6.22 19.42 13.38 7.96
C.D. at 5% 7.6573 1.6066 1.9097 2.296
C.D. at 1% 10.20 8.5253 2.546 3.061
Table 2. Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
(cont'd) derivatives (PTD) lines
------------------------------------------------------------
No days Ear Ear Grain Yield
to Biomass yield grain weight plant
flower (g) (g) No (mg) (g)
------------------------------------------------------------
112.00 55.00 1.98 46.66 40.07 15.22
111.00 48.75 1.54 59.49 26.30 10.10
109.75 38.70 1.50 58.49 22.00 8.06
109.25 44.50 1.99 59.33 31.97 9.65
110.50 41.00 1.41 68.24 21.80 9.30
115.50 51.22 2.63 59.33 31.97 14.87
110.75 68.10 2.41 56.24 41.72 18.17
------------------------------------------------------------
3.96 20.01 17.14 17.95 8.76 22.32
6.1866 14.3885 0.4572 14.146 4.0688 3.1875
8.2489 19.1849 0.6096 18.8617 5.4250 5.0901
Table 1. Field reaction of timopheevi derivatives against rust disease
Deriv/
Checks Pedigree Pusa Brown Rust
88 89 91 92
------------------------------------------------------------------
1 (CM108-3 z x timo.)x Ks(2) R TR R 10S
8 (CM5B X TIMO.) X CM108-31 0 0 0 TR
12 0 0 0 10S
18 TS 10S R 10MS
28 (CM108-31 X TIMO.) X CM108-31(2) 0 10S TR TS
30 0 TS TS 5MR
32 MS 0 TR 10S
34 TMR MR TR 10S
------------------------------------------------------------------
Wellington Brown Rust Wellington Black Rust Lahoul Yellow Rust
88 89 92 88 89 92 88 89 92
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- 0 20MR - 0 10MR - 0 20MS
TR 0 TMS 0 0 0 0 R R
5S 0 10MR 10S 0 5R MR R R
0 20S 40MS 0 0 TR 0 0 R
TS 5R 10S 5MS 0 0 - 50S 80S
TS TMS 10S 0 0 0 0 0 5MS
MR TS 10S - 0 0 MS 4S R
10MS TR 10S TS 0 0 0 50S 20S
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1. Field reaction of timopheevi derivatives against rust disease
(cont'd)
Deriv/ Pusa Brown Rust
Checks Pedigree
-----------------------------------------------------------
40 TR 20S TS 20S
44 (CM 108-31 X TIMO.) X Ks(3) 0 TS R TS
47 TS TS - 10S
48 TR 10S 10S 20S
49 TR TR - 10S
50 MR 10S TR 10S
61 0 MR 20S 20S
64 0 0 R 10S
65 0 TR R TS
83 Ks x (TIMO> X Ks)(3) MR TS TR 20S
KS Kalyansona 80S 80S 100S 60S
CM-31 CM108-31 60S 60S 60S 60S
-----------------------------------------------------------
Wellington Brown Rust Wellington Black Rust Lahoul Yellow Rust
88 89 92 88 89 92 88 89 92
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TS 0 10S 5S 0 0 TS R R
TR 0 20MR 0 0 TMS 0 R R
TMR 0 10S 0 0 0 TS 20S 40S
TR TR - 0 0 0 0 TS 5S
TR 0 5S 0 0 0 - 0 10S
TR 0 10S 0 0 0 TS 5S R
10R 0 10MR TS TS TR 0 0 R
TS TR 1-MS 0 0 0 S 50S 80S
5S 5R - 0 0 0 0 0 30S
- TS MS 40S 40S MS 20S 20S 40S
60S 60S 100S 40S 40S 40S 80S 80S 100S
40S 20S 40S 40S 40S 40S 30S 30S 30S
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Resistance against Multiple Rust Disease and Agronomic Behavior of
Timopheevi Derivatives
Bhowal, J.G., G. Huha, R.M. Brahma and R. Singh.
McIntosh, in 1988 stated that it was not difficult to find or to
produce rust resistant materials but it was difficult to combine high levels
of resistance to multiple diseases with other desirable characters.
Timopheevi derivatives used in the study show a high level of multiple
disease resistance including adult plant resistance to black, brown and
yellow rusts and have desirable agronomic characters. The derivatives were
produced by crossing T. timopheevi as a male or female with aestivum
cultivars and stocks (CM 108-31, CM mono 5B and Kalyansona) and back
crossing the F(1)s one to three times to aestivum cultivars and stocks
followed by repeated selfing and selection. The derivatives are referred to
as Pusa timopheevi derivatives (PTD).
Other desirable characters of PTD are predominantly aestivum like in
habit and other morphological characters. All are earlier than timopheevi
and without small ovate and pressed ear and winter habit. Most are similar
to aestivum parents in culm and ear length, tillering, spikelet and grain
number and flowering time. A few PTD lines have more or less the same ear
grain yield, grain weight, yield per plant and biomass as aestivum parents.
Several lines showed ear grain yield and yield per plant similar to
aestivum parents. Some lines even transgressed the superior parents in
characters like tiller number, flowering time and grain weight. All sources
of germplasm to broaden the genetic base of resistance to rust diseases.
-------------------------
P. Bahadur, K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh, and R. Aggarwal, Mycology
and Plant Pathology
Studies on Wheat Diseases in India
Wheat rusts. A prolonged cold wave for 5 weeks from the last week of
December 91 to four week fo January 92 in Northern India delayed leaf rust
appearance in Indogangetic plains on susceptible cultivars, Sonallika, HD
2285 and HD 2329. Heavy rains in Northern India also reduced the
establishment of stripe rust in Haryana and Punjab. Cultivation of many
CIMMYT and Indian improved varieties in Nepal might have also contributed in
reducing the inoculum spreading to India.
Postulation of genes for stem rust resistance. Evaluation of 79
entries of wheat with 12 pathotypes of Puccinia graminis tritici revealed
the following SR genes were carried by cultivars listed:
Sr9b : HPW 74
SR9e : PDW 232, PDW 233, WH 896
Sr2 + Se31 : K 9000, HUW 391
Sr31 : DL 803-2, DL 803-3, DL 802-3, DWR 187,
DWR 195, HD 2610, HD 2615, HDR 151,
HP 1704, HP 1705, HW 395, VL 719,
WH 585
Adult plant resistandce (APR). Evaluation of cultivars showed APR in
PDW 232, PDW 233, PBW 34, HD 2285, K 9006, K 8962, GW 173, and HI 977 to
pathotype 40A (62G29) of Puccinia graminis tritici and in GW 173, HPW 42,
HUW 391, HUW 395, K 8804, PDW 232, PDW 332, VL 616, VL 719, WH 581, and WH
585 to pathotypes 77-1 (109R63), 77-2 (109R31-1) adn 104 B(29R23) of P.
recondita tritici.
Powdery mildew. Powdery mildew developed in moderate severity in sub-
mountaneous areas of northwest India in rabi 93 and some districts of
Haryana. Virulence analysis of samples revealed the existence of 11
pathotypes from northwest India, 7 from Mahabaleshwar (central India) and 5
from Nilgiris. The pathotypes from Mahabaleshwar are different than those
identified from other places.
Efficacy of fungicide revealed than 1 ppm of folicur, 10 ppm of Tilt
and SAN 619 F, and 100 ppm Bayleton did not permit mildew to develop on the
seedlings in the greenhouse.
Loose smut. Analysis over a period of 3 years, identified 14 entries:
DL(89)-22, DL (89)-28, DL(89)-33, DL(89)-42), DL(89)-62, DL(89)-67, DL(89)-
73, DL(89)-89, DL(89)-91, DL(89)-99, DL(89)-102, DL(89)-112, HW 2004, HW
2004A. Standardization of five different seed coating techniques revealed
that conidial spore suspension of Trichoderma viride prepared in Aloes glue
provided maximum spore attachment, 9.7x10exp8 spores/grain. Minimum spores
were recovered from seed treated with spores mixed with methly cellulose.
Publications
Bahadur, P., D. V. Singh, K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal and S. Nagarajan.
1993. Seeding and adult plant resistance in wheat to Puccinia recondita
tritici. Indian Phytopath 46: 76-77.
Bahadur, P., K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh adn R. Aggarwal. 1992.
Identification of seedling and adult plant resistance in wheat to race 40 A
(62-G29) of Puccinia graminis tritici. Int. J. Tropical Plant Diseases
10:185-188.
Bahadur, P., K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh and J. B. Sharma. 1993.
Postulation of genes for stem rust resistance in Indian Wheat. 21:3-9.
Bahadur, P. and C. P. Khare. 1993. Virulence patttern of powdery mildew of
wheat (Erysiphe graminis tritici) in India. Indian Phytopath. 46:274.
Aggarwal, R., K. D. Srivastava and D. V. Singh. 1993. Note on the efficacy
of Carboxin 40Sc against loose smut of wheat. Seed Res. 20:58-59.
Aggarwal, R., K. D. Srivastava and D. V. Singh. 1993. Raxil a potent
fungicide to control loose smut of wheat. Indian Phytopath. 46: 172-173.
-------------------------
D. V. Singh, K. D. Srivastava and R. Aggarwal
Karnal Bunt of Wheat in India
In post harvest surveys conducted during 1991-93 a total of 1858 wheat
seed samples were collected. Analysis revealed approximately 6.3%
inffection of Karnal bunt [Neovossia indica (Mitra) Mundkur] (KB) in the
wheat growing regions. Percentage of samles with KB in the various states
were Jammu and Kashmir (18.0%) Hiamchal Pradesh (20.9%) Delhi (3.3%),
Rajashthan (1.5%) and Madhya Pradesh (2.6%). The amount of infection in
seed samples was not more than 5%. In addition to highly susceptible
cultivars like Arjun and WL711, some commercial cultivars like Lok1, HD
2285, HD 2329, HD 2204, PBW 175, IPW 72 etc., had KB infection under natural
conditions.
Aerobiological studies conducted, using the Burkard Spore Trap and
flagging methods showed that Allantoid secondary sporidia of N. indica
release was greater during last week of February and 1st week of March. The
maximum number of sporidia were trapped during morning hours from 2.0-6.0 h,
indicating a natural diurnal periodicity in release of secondary sporidia.
Maximum sporidia counts were recorded on lower leaves (30cm) but the counts
reduced with increasing height and at 90 cm only 4-8 sprodoa were found.
This may be due to spatial spread of sporidia in the field. Sporidia
release coincided with the anthesis, the most vulnerable stage for
infection. More sporidia were trapped when relative humidity was above 80%
and leaf wetness was high and while temperatures were 18-20deg with low
solar radiation and wind speed.
Chemical control. The efficacy of three chemicals viz., Folicur 25 EC,
Baycor25 WOP and Tilt 25 EC against KB was evaluated. Post inoculation
sprays of these chemicals at two different dosages were given after 48
hours. Tilt 25 EC @ 500 ml/ha proved highly effective in reducing KB
infection.
Biological control. N. indica being a soil borne pathogen, could be
possibly managed by the application of bio-control agents. Experiments on
biocontrol were conucted under glass house conditions and in vitro on potato
dextrose agar (PDA) medium and the organisms Trichodeima viride Pers Fr:,
T., harzianum Rifai, T. koeningii oudem Gar., Glicladium virens Miller, G.,
roseum Bainier, G., catenulatum Glman & Abboll, G., deliquescens Sopp,
G.penicilloides Corda and Bacillus subtilis Cohn showed that Trichoderma
viride, T. harzianum and Gliocladium deliquescens reduced the teliospore
germination significantly. In paired cultuver on PDA, hyphae of T. viride
and G. deliquescens parasitized the colonies of N. indica without forming a
zone of inhibition and started sporulating over the pathogen colony.
Detailed studies on the mechanism of antagonism are under progress.
Publications
Singh, D. V., R. Aggarwal, K. D. Srivastava and S. Tandon. 1993. Cultural
Variability in Neovossia indica. Indian Phytopath. 46:74-76.
Singh, D. V., K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal, P. Bahadur and S. Tandon.
1993. Sources of resistance to Karnal bunt of wheat. Indian J. Agric. Sci.
63:454-455.
Singh, D. V., K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal. 1993. Frequency and
distribution of Karnal bunt of wheat. Indian Phytopath. 46:274.
-------------------------
Department of Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Neelam Vir, Mandip Kaur and R.G. Saini*
Growth rate of wheat triticum aestivum and lts relationship with leaf
rust resistance. Expression of resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita
Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici) of wheat is reported to be influenced by many
factors like temperature, light, growth stage and genetic background
(Drijpondt and Pretorius, 1991; Pretorius et al., 1988; Rajaram, 1971). Leaf
rust resistance in a majority of wheats tested at the Punjab Agricultural
University is due to as yet undescribed genes many of which express at
adult plant stage (Shiwani and Saini, 1993). These genes confer varying
levels of resistance to leaf rust race 77 and its variants which constitute
the most important race flora of the Indian subcontinent. Since wheats
carrying these new genes vary in growth rate, the relationship of growth
rate with variation for leaf rust resistance in 34 selected wheats was
studied.
Ten to fifteen seeds of each of 34 wheats were sown in two 30 cm x 30
cm earthen pots filled with a l:l mlxture of farm yard manure and sandy
loam. Seedling numbers were thinned to four per pot and were kept in a
glass house maintained at optimum growth conditions.
Each of the 34 wheats was also planted as single 2m long rows in
open experimental area and separately inoculated with a mixture of variants
77-1 and 77-2 of race 77 which knocks down all the known Lr genes which are
expected in the 34 wheats. Two plants of each cultivar from each pot were
uprooted at 40 days and at 100 days. Above ground parts were dried at 45øC
for four days and weight per plant recorded. Relative growth rate over a
period of 60 days was calculated using standard procedures. The terminal
disease severity values were subjected to angular transformation and used
for calculating correlation coefficient of disease severity with relative
growth rate and days to flowering.
Disease severity, days to flowering and relative growth rate for 34
wheats is given in Table 1. The correlation coefficient(r) between disease
severlty and relative growth rate was 0.3035 and that between disease
severity and days to flowering was -0.2580. These observations suggest that
wheats which have higher above ground biomass and flower early are less
resistant.
The relative growth rate and days to flowering are two unrelated
parameters of growth of wheat crop. If the leaf rust resistance of wheats
used for present experiment is conferred only by adult plant resistance
genes, a negative association of days to flowering with disease severity is
unlikely. The resistance to leaf rust in these wheats appear to be a
function of accumulation of some unknown gene product over time. The
concentration of this product per unit weight may be less in genotypes
having higher above ground biomass as well as in genotypes which flower
early. Detailed studies on biochemical characterization of such resistance
may help in elucidating the biochemical basis of resistance to wheat rusts.
Table 1. Disease severity, days to flowering and relative growth rate of
some wheats.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Disease Days to
S.No. Cultivar Severity flowering
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. WG138 Free 87
2. Moncho Free 69
3. CSP44 TR 70
4. CPAN 1796 TR 65
5. VL4 04 TR 62
6. Chris TR 76
7. FKN TR 66
8. Frontana TS 66
9. Flinders TS 57
l0. Nuri 70 TS 68
11. Nainari 60 TS 73
12. Egret TS 85
13. HP1209 TS 61
14. Oxley TS 71
15. CPAN 1676 5S 68
16. Raj 2535 5S 64
17. Mentana 5S 68
18. Raj. 2184 5S 62
19. Girija 5S 68
20. Potam 70 5S 66
21. Pavon 76 55 72
22. Huw 206 10S 66
23. HD2009 10S 65
24. NP 846 10S 73
25. Norteno 67 10S 58
26. IWP72 10S 77
27. HD2278 20S 61
28. Yecora 70 20S 67
29. Leema Rojo 64 20S 63
30. Sandal 73 20S 61
31. CPAN 1922 30MR 66
32. Vicam`S' 71 30S 72
33. HD2329 30S 62
34. HUW234 40S 61
-------------------------------------------------------------------
According to modified Cobb's scale
Acknowledgements. The senior author expresses her gratefulness to the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India,
New Delhi, for providing financial support for this work.
Publications
Drijpondt, S. C. and Z.A. Pretorlus. l991. Expression of two wheat leaf
rust resistance gene combinations involving Lr34. Plant Disease 75 :526-528.
Pretorius, Z.A., F.H.J. Rijkenberg and K.D. Wilcoxon. 1988. Effect of growth
stage, leaf position and temperature on adult plant resistance of wheat
inoculated by Puccinia recondita tritici. Pl. Pathol., 37: 36-45.
Rajaram, S. 1971. Adult plant leaf rust resistance in bread wheat. Indian J.
Genet. 31: 507-509.
Shiwani and R.G. Saini. 1993. Diversity for resistance to leaf rust in
Triticum aestivum. Plant Disease 77:359-363.
-------------------------
Biotechnology Centre, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Harjit Singh, H.S. Dhaliwal and Khem Singh Gill
NOTE: This is a reprinting of the Vol. 39 version which contained
several errors (editor).
A new leaf rust resistance gene other than Lr 9 in Kharchia mutant KLM
4-3B. A leaf rust resistant mutant line KLM 4-3B of tall Indian spring
wheat cultivar Kharchia local (Sawhney et al., 1979), resistant to all the
prevelant races of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. triticii) in India,
has been implicated to possess the leaf rust resistance gene Lr 9 (Sawhney,
pers. commu.). However, tests for seedling reactions of the isogenic line
Lr 9 (in Thatcher background), KLM 4-3B and various generations of the
crosses of these two leaf rust resistant lines with an Indian spring wheat
cultivar WL 711, showed that the leaf rust resistance gene Lr 9 behaved as a
dominant gene in the background of WL 711 whereas the resistance gene in KLM
4-3B segregated as a recessive gene.
Parents, F(1) and F(s) generations of the cross WL 711 x Lr 9 were
tested for seedling reactions to leaf rust pathotype 108 avirulent on Lr 9
as well as KLM 4-3B. The F(1) of this cross was resistant to pathotype 108
and F(2) generation segregated resistant (57) and susceptible (25) plants in
3:1 ratio (chi-sq = 1.31; P=0.25-0.50). This indicated the dominance of the
gene Lr 9. F(3) progenies of resistant F(2) plants were tested with another
leaf rust pathotype 77A-1 avirulent on both Lr 9 (0;) and KLM 4-3B (0;) and
virulent on WL 711 (4-4 reaction on 0 to 4 scale). These progenies were
either uniformly resistant or segregated resistant and susceptible plants in
3:1 ratio, thereby supporting the dominance of the gene Lr 9. The number of
resistant (14) and susceptible (16) plants in BC(1) generation of the cross
WL 711 x Lr 9 with WL711, tested with pathotype 77A-1, did not differ
significantly from 1:1 ratio (chi-sq = 0.13; P = 0.50-0.75). This further
supported the dominance of the gene Lr 9 in the background of WL 711.
However, F(2) of the c4oss WL 711 x KLM 4-3B, tested with pathotype 77A-1,
segregated into 1 resistant (18 plants): 3 susceptible (50 plants) ratio
(chi-sq = 0.08; P=0.75-0.90) suggesting that this mutant line possesses a
recessive gene for resistance. The presence of the recessive gene in this
line was supported by 1:1 proportion of uniformally susceptible and
segregating BC(1) F(2) progenies of this cross tested with pathotype 77A-1
(chi-sq = 0.33; P=0.50-0.75).
The observations presented here showed that the leaf rust resistance
gene in KLM 4-3B was recessive and it was difrerent from the dominant gene
Lr 9. Since, no Indian race of leaf rust virulent on KLM 4-3B or Lr 9 has
been reported so far, the present observation is important with respect to
their use as differential lines. Also, these two lines should be treated as
two different sources of resistance in planning breeding strategies for
control of leaf rust in the Indian sub-continent.
References
Sawhney, R.N, Nayar, S.K., Singh, S.D. and Goel, L.B. 1979. A new source of
resistance to leaf rust of wheat. PI. Eis. Reptr. 63:1048-1049.
-------------------------
Cytogenetics Lab, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University
R. Asir, V. R. K. Reddy* and Pl. Viswanathan
Introduction of Aegilops ventricosa derived gene
complex SR(38) Lr(37) Yr(17) into popular Indian bread wheat cultivars
Aegilops ventricosa derived wheat line RL 6081 is carrying a useful
linked gene complex Sr(37) Lr(37) Yr(17) This stock has been tested for
rust reaction at IARI - Regional station, Wellington (Nilgris). The place
is a `Hot spot' where all the three rusts perpetuate all around the year.
The resistant stock RL 6081 gave immune reaction to brown rust and
moderately trace reaction to black and yellow rusts.
The popular high yielding Indian wheat varieties Sonalika, Kalyansona,
HD 2285 and HW 741 have become highly susceptible for all the three rusts.
In a backcross breeding programme the effective linked gene complex Sr(38)
Lr(37) Yr(17) conferring resistance to the three rusts has been successfully
introgressed into the above four Indian bread wheat cultivars through
backcrossing. Resistant genotypes with desirable agronomic characters were
constituted at BC(2)S(4) generation. The rust reactions of the constituted
lines are given in Table 1.
Table 1. The rust reaction of parents and newly constituted genotypes at
BC(2)S(4) generation
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rust Reactions
Parents/Genotypes -------------------------------------------------------- Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RI 8061(Sr(38) r(37) r(17) 5MS F TMR
Sonalika 40MS 80S 60S
Sonalika/SR(38) r(37) r(17) 5MS F TMR
Kalyansona 60S 80S 60S
Kalyansona/Sr(38) r(37) r(17) 5MS F TMR
HD 2285 40S 60S 60S
HD 2285/Sr(38) r(37) r(17) TMS F TMR
HW 741 40S 60S 60S
HW 741/Sr(38) r(37) r(17) TMS F TMR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
S - Susceptible F - Free
T - Trace infection MS - Moderately Susceptible
MR - Moderately resistant
Publications
Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Transfer of yellow rust resistance
genes into Indian Wheat cultivars. Annual Wheat Newsletter 39:p. 184.
Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Transfer of yellow rust resistant
genes into popular Indian wheat cultivars. Abst.of Proc., National Seminar
on Bio-diversity, strategies for conservation and future challenges held at
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore between 16th and 17th October 1993.
Abstract. p. 16.
Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Incorporation of yellow rust resistant
specific genes into Unnath Kalyansona carrying different gene complexes.
Wheat Information Service, Kihara Memorial Yokohama Foundation for the
Advancement of Life Science, Yokohama 232, Japan. (accepted)
Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Introduction of specific genes for
stripe rust resistant in Indian Wheat Cultivars. Abstr. of Proc. of
National Symposium on Plant Breeding Strategies for India in 2000 AD and
Beyond held at Marathwada Agricultural University, Prabhani on December 25-
27, 1993.
Brahma, R. N., Asir, R. and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Transfer of yellow rust
resistance from C306 into Indian Wheat cultivars through a bridging
technique. Acta Botanica 21:156-157.
Reddy, V. R. K., Asir, R. and Brahma, R. N. 1993. Development of rust
resistance in two Indian wheat cultivars. Crop Research (6):335-36.
Reddy, V. R. K., Brahma, R. N. and Asir, R. 1993. Transfer of Secale
cereale derived SR(27) into Indian wheat cultivar unnath Kalyansona. Crop
Science 8(2)-1994.
Reddy, V. R. K., Brahma, R. N., and Asir, R. 1993. Transfer of yellow rust
resistance to Unnath Kalyansona, Wheat Information Service, Kihara Memorial
Yokahama Foundation for the Advancement of Life Sciences, Yokohama 232,
Japan. 76:20-22.
-------------------------
Aloka Saikia and V. R. K. Reddy
New resistant wheat lines. Four Indian wheat cultivars namely HD 2329,
NI 54439, WH 147 and WL 711 were crossed with each of the 13 exotic stocks
carrying different rust resistance gene/genes. The stocks used were TR 380
14* 7/3 AG 14 (SR(24) Lr24), Agent (Sr24+Lr24), Darf Kite (Sr26+Lr24),
Eagle (Sr26), W 3353 (Sr27), Veery's (Sr31+Lr26+Yr9), combination III (SR
36), Abe (Lr9), Agatha (Lr19), Transec (Lr25), CS 2D/2M/ 3/8 (Lr28), CS
7D/Ag #11 (Lr29) and Compair (Yr8). In addition to these, rye addition
lines 1R(Sr3+Sr26+Yr9), 2R (Lr25), 3R (Sr27) and Agropyron addition lines
Argus/7*Thatcher (Lr19+Sr25), PW 327/8*Thatcher (Sr26) were also used as
donor parents. Genes from exotic stocks were transferred by simple
backcross, while genes from addition lines were transferred via manipulating
5B system (using ph mutant). Lines were constituted at BC(2)S(4) and
BC(5)s(4). Plants showing high degree of resistance to respective rusts and
having good agronomic characteristics including good seed quality were
selected.
Based on the good agronomic characteristics 13 promising backcross
derivatives were obtained. These derivatives were one each from the hybrids
HD 2329/TR 380 14* 7/3 Ag 14; HD 2329/Darf Kite; HD 2329/Eagle; HD
2329/Veery's' WH 147/TR 380 14* 7/3/ AG 14; WH 147/Darf Kite; WH 147/Eagle;
NI 5439/TR 380 14* 7/3 Ag 14; NI 5439/DARF Kite; NI 5439/W 3353; WL 711/TR
380 14* 7/3 Ag 14; WL 711/Darf Kite and WL 711/Combination III.
Publications
Reddy, V. R. K. and Aloka Saikia. 1993. Transfer of rust resistance genes
into Indian wheat cultivars. Proc. Natl. Sem. "Biodiversity: Strategies for
Conservation and Future Challenges", Coimbatore, p. 17.
Reddy, V. R. K., and Aloka Saikia. 1993. Wide hybridization in wheat
improvement. Proc. Natl. Symp. "Plant Breeding Strategies for India 2000 AD
and Beyond. Parbhani.
Aloka, Saikia and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Transfer of stem, leaf and yellow
rust resistance genes to four Indian wheats. Ann. Wheat Newsletter. 39:185-
186.
Reddy, V. R. K., Suganthy, C. P., and Aloka Saikia. 1993. Cytological
effects of different mutagens in Triticale, wheat and barley. J. Rec. Adv.
Appl. Sci. 7:(in press).
-------------------------
Germplasm Enhancement Programme in Jammu Province
J.S. Bijral, K.S. Kanwal and T.R. Sharma. SKJAST
Wild germplasm provides an important reservoir of unexploited genetic
variablility. While diploid and tetraploid primitive forms including
Triticum boeoticum, Triticum araraticum, Triticum dicoccoides provide
valuable genes for disease resistance, high protein content and other
agronomic traits, the utilization of Triticum urartu and Aeqilops ovata
offers promise for the production of high P max, and salt tolerant wheat
germplasm, respectively. Utilization of these and other alien species has,
however, lagged behind collecting, evaluating and conservation activities
primarily due to almost complete lack of pre-breeding programs. With a view
to provide a short list of germplasm stocks, we are currently concentrating
on crossing the local high yielding wheat cultivars, such as WL 711 and C-
306 to selected wild germplasm viz., Triticum boeoticum (acc. 4667),
Triticum arareticum (acc. 4697), Triticum dicoccoides (acc. 4632), Triticum
urartu (acc. 5357) and Aeqilops ovata (acc. 3548), kindly supplied by Dr.
H.S. Dhaliwal, Director, Biotechnology Centre, PAU, Ludhiana, (India).
A good number of wide hybrids developed during 1993 stand planted in
the field and await evaluation. Some of the F(4) derived lines from the
cross, Triticosecale cv. DT 35/Triticum aestivum cv. HD2428, apart from
possessing bold amber grains also shows immune reaction against yellow and
brown rusts of wheat, and are in preliminary stages of testing.
-------------------------
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Wellington
R.N. Brahma
New Wheat Lines - Two new lines HW3006 and HW 3007 were constituted at
BC(2)F(3) using the variety Unnath Kalyansona carrying Agropyron elongatum
derived linked genes Sr 24 and Lr 24 as recipient parent and the line Verry
`S' carrying Sr 31, Lr 26 and Yr 9 as donor parent for stripe rust
resistance. The leaf rust resistance gene Lr 26 is not effective against
the race 77-1 prevalent in the Nilgiri hill. The new lines are resistant to
all the treee wheat rusts (stem, leaf and stripe) under natural condition at
Wellington in the Nilgiri hill. The line HW 3006 is brown glumed, while HW
3007 is white glumed. In both the lines, grains are medium bold and amger
coloured.
Leaf Rust Race - Leaf rust race 16 could be isolated only from the
samba wheat (Triticum dicoccum) cultivated in the Nilgiri hill. The race
appears to be very weak against hexaploid wheats, even the universal
susceptible wheat like Agra Local is highly resistant to the race.
-------------------------
ITEM FROM ISRAEL
Sem Y. Atsmon, Udi Meidan*, Research Department, Hazera
The breeding program. In June 1993, Hazera reinitiated its wheat
breeding program, inactive since the end of 1991, with the same nomination
of Udi Meidan as successor to Atsmon. The present crop year is dedicated to
re-evaluation of all our breeding materials - bread as well as durum wheat,
cold stored since December 1991 - enabling us to redefine at least the
program's short and medium range aims and methods. This re-evaluation and
re-definition is very much needed in view of privatization of the local
wheat market since 2 years, which brings about major changes in the rules of
the game as well as the changing political and hence the economic situation
in the region. We have to adapt ourselves to more severe quality
requirements - first of all protein content - and to take important
decisions about our eventual future role in durum breeding and production.
Cultivars. All the cultivars mentioned in our previous publication as
being released before 1984, (AWN 37, 1991) except SHAFIR, are practically
out of business. We estimate that the 1993-94 reason DARIEL occupies 45% of
total acreage - much of this for early cutting as silage - ATIR 22%, BETH
HASHITA 15% and the new Weizmann Institute cultivar NIRITH 11%.
Official Regional Trials during the past 3 years showed average yields
of ATIR and NIRITH to be more or less equal to BETH HASHITA. DARIEL as well
as the recently launched HAZERA-cultivar YANIV and Exp. Line 555 of Weizmann
Institute outyielded all 3 of them by 6-8%.
Growing conditions in the last 2 years - much precipitation - lowered
protein contents in all cultivars. Under these conditions YANIV seems to be
more marginal for acceptance by millers and bakers than all other cultivars.
Improvement of protein content by means of N headdressings is uncertain,
being heavily dependent on weather - and soil conditions, which leaves an
important task to the breeders.
The present season is very dry. National production will be
considerably lower than in the 2 previous, much more favorable, years.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ITALY
Experimental Institute for Cereal Research, Via Cassia
M. Pasquini, L. Sereni, F. Casini, F. Casullil
Wheat fungal diseases in Italy: population biology and
host resistance. Leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici,
stem rust caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici and powdery mildew caused by
Erysiphe graminis tritici, are important wheat diseases in Italy. The
behaviour of many durum and bread wheat cultivars and of "near" isogenic
lines carrying known resistance genes, is tested yearly in Italian growing
areas and in controlled conditions.
During the last two years the unfavorable environmental conditions
limited the development of regional epidemics. Nevertheless field surveys
were made through the areas where wheat is important and leaves or stems
bearing the diseases were collected.
At the seedling stage the genes for resistance to leaf rust Lr9, Lrl9,
Lr24, Lr25 and Lr29 confirmed their efficacy; a good behaviour in the field
was exhibited by Lr2b, Lrl3, Lrl5, Lrl9, Lr22a, Lr24, Lr2S and Lr29.
Isolates with apparently high levels of pathogenicity were found to be
widespread in Central and Northern Italy.
Only traces of stem rust were found in wheat cultivars during the last
two years. Anyway the most effective resistance genes at the seedling stage
were Sr9e, Srll, Srl3, Sr26, Sr31 and Sr37. As regards powdery mildew no or
low virulence was found in the field to wheat "near" isogenic lines with
genes Pm3a and Pm3b, and to the cultivar Einkorn (T. monococcum) and Vernal
and Khapli (T. dicoccum). In greenhouse low frequencies of isolates with
virulence to Pm3b, Pm4a and Pm8 were found.
Virulence to Pml and Pm3a appeared to decrease in the last years. The
Italian durum wheats Adamello, Belfuggito, Grazia, Ofanto, Valforte, Valnova
and the bread wheats Asiago, Elia, Felino, Maestra and Manital, confirmed a
good behaviour with respect to powdery mildew. Leaf rust severity was low
on the Italian durum wheat cultivars Arcangelo, Belfuggito, Creso, Diaspro,
Messapia, Piceno, Plinio, Ulisse, Vento and on the bread wheats Orione,
Pegaso and Pandas.
25 accessions were screened for resistance to powdery mildew biotype
V4, virulent on Pm4a gene, and biotype A4, avirulent on the same gene, and
for resistance to one biotype of leaf rust virulent on the genes Lr3ka,
Lrl4b, Lrl5, Lrl7, Lr30 and avirulent on Lrl, Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr9, Lrl9, Lr24.
All the accessions resulted resistant to leaf rust. As regards to mildew 18
accessions showed resistance or moderate resistance to both biotypes V4 and
A4, 6 were segregating from high resistance to moderate susceptibility and
only one was completely susceptible.
-------------------------
M. Pasquini, N.E. Pogna, R. Redaellil, S. Pagliaricci, P. Cacciatori,
R. Castagnal.
Transfer of disease resistance genes in durum wheat. Accessions of
T.dicoccoides have been used as a source of powdery mildew resistance genes
as well as of genes controlling quality factors. Lines derived from the
cross between the Italian durum wheat cultivar Valnova and T.dicoccoides
accession GalO753 were selected for earliness, powdery mildew resistance,
white-glume colour and morphological similarity to durum wheat plant.
Selection for white-glumed spikes was applied because of the close linkage
between the Glu-B3 locus coding for low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin
subunits, and the Rgl locus controlling the glume colour character. The
so-called LMW-2 glutenin subunits are primarily responsible for pasta-making
quality and are associated with the white-glume phenotype in cv. Valnova.
Protein fractionation of whole-meal samples from the progeny lines of this
cross suggested that protein content higher than 18% combined with a
glutenin/gliadin ratio superior to 1.0 can be obtained with progeny from
crosses involving T. dicoccoides. Electrophoretic procedures are being
carried out on this material to select "good" gliadin and glutenin alleles.
It will be possible to develop durum lines having superior pasta-making
properties derived from the durum parent as well as high protein content and
powdery mildew resistance from T.dicoccoides.
Chromosome translocation have been used successfully for introgression
of genes from allien species into wheat. Genes controlling useful agronomic
characters and resistance to several wheat fungal diseases (yellow, leaf and
stem rust; powdery mildew) are known to be located on the short arm of rye
chromosome lR. Tetraploid wheat lines carrying the lBL/lRS translocation
were found to have high resistance to powdery mildew (controlled by Pm8) and
poor gluten quality. In order to induce allosyndetic recombination between
the rye chromosome arm and its wheat homoeologues, the phlc mutant of the
durum wheat cv. Cappelli was crossed with two lBL/lRS lines. 19 of the
resulting F3 lines were analysed by Southern blot using the PSR128 probe
which hybridizes to DNA sequences on the long arms of the group 5
chromosomes. The same F3 lines were characterized using storage protein
markers and were screened for reaction to the biotype V4 of powdery mildew,
avirulent on Pm8 gene. The lBL/lRS chromosome showed a reduced transmission
through the male gametes. Translocation mapping of the Glu-Bl locus
indicated a map distance of 33.7=5.6 cM between this locus and its
centromere. Analyses are being carried out in order to clarify if Pm8 is
really located on 1RS.
-------------------------
N.E. Pogna, C. Saponaro, R. Castagnal, M. Pasquini, M. Corbellinil, P.
Cacciatori and M. Mazza.
Storage protein composition, gluten quality and disease reslstance in
Triticum monococcum. The potential of Triticum monococcum as a source of new
genes for the improvement of polyploid wheat is well documented. Two years
ago we set up a research programme aimed at the improvement of T.monococcum
for yield potential and technological quality. The final purpose of the
programme is to develop a new, low-input and industrially acceptable wheat
crop.
A large variability for several characteristics of economic importance
exists in the 1300 accessions of T. monococcum we are now growing in the
field. Most accessions have genes conferring resistance to rusts, Septoria
spp. and virus diseases and show a wide variation for plant height,
earliness and protein content.
Genetic polymorphism for endosperm protein composition is particularly
high as determined by A-PAGE and SDS-PAGE of 58 accessions. Most of them
showed two HMW glutenin subunits encoded by Glu-Al-l (x-type subunit) and
Glu-Al-2 (y-type subunit), only a few genotypes lacking the y-type
subunit.Moreover, T.monococcum spp. laetissimum (accession ATRI 4321/75 from
IGK, Gatersleben, Germany) showed no HMW glutenin subunit even in the
presence of the Glu-Al locus as determined by Southern blot. In total 30
alleles coding for HMW glutenin subunits, 25 alleles at the Gli-Al locus and
44 alleles at the Gli-A2 locus have been found amongst the 58 accessions
analysed. Three accessions of T.monococcum spp. nigricultum, and one
accession of spp. vulgare were found to lack - gliadins whereas some
accessions showed alcohol-soluble monomeric proteins (probably gliadins) in
the HMW glutenin region of the SDS-PAGE pattern. Ten accessions containing
two genotypes with different gliadin or HMW glutenin subunit composition
have been grown in the field and the resulting seed has been submitted to
the SDS-sedimentation test. A significant intra-accession variation for the
sedimentation volume (from 19 to 94 ml) has been found in accessions 1006
and 13190. Moreover T.monococcum sp. nigricultum (accession no.13189) showed
high (90 to 95 ml) sedimentation volume as compared to those of durum wheat
(18 to 49 ml) or bread wheat (45 to 85 ml). The alveograph test on
accessions with high sedimentation volumes indicated that high-quality
alleles coding for protein affecting dough viscoelastic properties occur in
Triticum monococcum.
Publications
Autran, J.C., Pogna, N.E., and Kudryautseu, A.M. 1993. Use of genetic
variation in the improvement of quality in durum wheat. Proc. of "Seminar
on Durum Wheat Quality in the Mediterranean Region", November 17-19,
Saragoza (Spain).
Casulli, F. e M. Pasquini. 1993. Virulenza delle popolazioni di Puccinia
recondita f.sp. tritici e P.graminis f.sp. tritici in Italia. Phytopath.
medit., 32, 115-120.
Dachkevitch, T., Redaelli, R., Biancardi, A.M., Metakovsky, E.V. and Pogna,
N.E. 1993. Genetics of gliadins coded by the group l chromosomes in the
high quality bread wheat cultivar Neepawa.
Theor. Appl. Genet., 86, 389-399.
Metakovsky, E.V., NG, P.K.W., Cerna Kov, V.M., Pogna, N.E. and Bushuk, W.
1993. Gliadin alleles in Canadian western red spring wheat cultivars: use
of two different procedures of acid
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for gliadin separation. Genome, 36,
743-749.
Metakovsky, E.V., Vaccino, P., Accerbi, M., Redaelli, R. and Pogna, N.E.
1993. Polymorphism and spontaneous mutations at the gliadin-coding loci.
Proc. 5th Int. Gluten Workshop, June 7-9,
Detmold (GermanY).
N.G, P.K.W., Redaelli, R., Vaccino, P., Accerbi, M., Pogna N.E. and Bushuk,
W./ 1993. Biochemical and genetical characterization of novel HMW glutenin
subunits and their effects on breadmaking quality. Proc. 5th Int. Gluten
Workshop, June 7-9, Detmold (Germany).
Pasquini, M. e F. Casulli. 1993. Resistenza "durevole" a Puccinia recondita
f.sp. tritici ed Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici in frumenti duri italiani.
Phytopath. medit., 32. 135-142.
Pasquini, M., Casulli, F., Lendini, M., Mameli, L., Impiombato,D., Gallo,
G., Monti, M., Lo Re, L., Padovan, S., Arduini, F., Minoia, C. 1993. Le
malattie del frumento: cosa e successo in Italia durante l'annata agraria
1992-93. L'Inf. Agrario n. 34, 39-46.
Pogna, N.E., Metakovsky, E.V., Redaelli, R., Raineri, F. and Dachkevitch, T.
1993. Recombination mapping of gli-5, a new gliadin-coding locus on
chromosomes lA and lB in common wheat.
Theor. Appl. Genet., 87, 113-121.
Pogna, N.E., Metakovsky, E.V., Redaelli, R., Dackevitch, T. and Chernakov,
V.M. 1993. The group 1 chromosomes of wheat contain several loci coding for
gliadins. Proc. 8th Int. Wheat Genetics
Symp., July 20-25, Beijing (China).
Pogna, N.E., Redaelli, R., Pasquini, M., Curioni, A., Dal Belin Peruffo, A.
and Castagna R. 1993. Inheritance studies of two chromosome translocations
in bread and durum wheat. Proc. 5th
Int. Gluten Workshop, June 7-9, Detmold (Germany).
Vaccino, P., Pogna, N.E., Accerbi, M. and Redaelli, R. 1993. The bread
wheat variety Fiorello contains a 2-type lDx subunit of glutenin. J. Genet.&
Breed., 47, 179-182.
-------------------------
Istituto Tossine e Micotossine da Parassiti vegetali, CNR, V. le L.
Einaudi
V. Vassilev*(1) P. Lavermicocca and N.S. Lacobellis
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens toxins. Basal glume rotand leaf
blight caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv.atrofaciens (PSA) is an
important bacterial disease of cereals in Europe. Different PSA toxins
contributed for the highest virulence of the pathogen, and could be used
for express screening of cereal germplasm and selection of resistant
or tolerant clones to PSA toxins, in plant breeding programmes.
Toxigenic ability of several virulentstrains of the pathogen as well as
the bacterial growth conditions leading to the production of
bioactive metabolites were assessed. Biologically (antimicrobial and
phytotoxic) active preparations have been obtained and sent for more
complete chemical studies to Prof. A. Ballio, Rome, Italy. Necrosis was
induced in tobacco leaves by injection of 60 æl semipurified toxins 1
mg/1ml (after Whatman CM 52 cation exchange chromatography, by the scheme
of Gross and DeVay 1977). The same amount of this biologically active
substances injected in the pseudostem caused symptoms in the leaf of young
wheat plants similar to natural Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens leaf
blight ones.
(1) K. Malkoff Institute of Introduction and Plant Genetic Resources 4122
Sadovo-Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
-------------------------
Instituto Patologia Vegetale, Facolta Scienze Agrarie, Via Filippo
C. Rubies-Autonell
Soilborne wheat Mosaic Viruc (SBWMV) and Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus
(WSSMV are both present in Italy, but their impact on wheat yields has been
recognized only recently. Variation in resistance to these viruses is being
investigated in collaboration with Dr. V. Vallega (Istituto Sperimentale per
la Cerealicoltura, Rome. Various sets of wheats, including thirty modern
Italian cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were grown from
1987-88 to 1991-92 in a field severely infested by both SBWV and WSSMV.
Resistance to the mixed infection was evaluated on the basis of
symptomatology and virus particle counts rerformed using a modified lSEM
technique. Particle counts were made either on extracts from shoots
collected once during the season or on extracts from roots and shoots
sampled at various time intervals from eight cultivars. Most lines presented
very mild symptoms and low amounts of SBWM and WSSMV particles. Cultivars
Latino, Appio, Creso, Quadruro, Nepal, Mito, S. Alberto and Ulisse exhibited
the highest levels of resistance to the mixed infection. Particles of the
two viruses appeared contemporaneously in the roots of a same cultivar, but
on disparate dates in different wheats. Particles of SBWMV augmented
rapidly in wheats susceptible to WSSMV increase, but at a reduced pace in
wheats resistant to fWSSMV increase. Correlations between SBWMV and WSSMV
particle counts in roots and betweenr SBWMVT and WSSM'V particle counts in
shoots were positive and statistically significant throughout all
experiments. Correlations between SBWMV and WSSMV counts tended to augment
as the season progressed.. The close close parallelism found between SBWMV
and WSSMV particle numbers was unexpected, and may be attributed to varioud
causes, including synergism beween SBWMV and WSSMV, defenses directed at
the common fungal vector and close linkage between the genes conferring
resistance to each of the two pathogens.
Publications
Rubies-Autonell, C. 1989. Detection of the rnixed Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic
Virus and Wbeat Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus infection by ISEM. Intern. Symp.
Electron Microscopy Applied in Plant Pathology, Konstanz, 1989, p. 125.
Rubies-Autonell, C. and V. Vallega. 1985. Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic on wheat
crops in Central Italy. L'Inf. Fitopat. 35:39-42 (in Italian, English
summary).
Rubies-Autonell, C. and V. Vallega. 1987. Observations on mixed Soilborne
Wheat Mosaic Virus and Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus infection in durum wheat.
J. Phytopathology 119:111-121.
Rubies-Autonell, C. and V. Vallega. 1990. Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and
Wheat Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus-in Italy. Proc. First Symp. Intern.
Working Group on Plant Viruses with fungal vectors, Braunschweig, Germany,
1990, p. 135-138.
Rubies-Autoriell, C. and V. Vallega. 1991. Studies on tbe development and
interaction of Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and Spindle Streak Mosaic
Virus. In: Biotic interactions and Soil-borne Diseases (Beernster A.B.R.
ed.), Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Arnsterdam, 107-112.
Rubies-Autonell, C. and V. Vallega. 1991. Reactions of diploid wheat
Triticum monococcum to Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and Wheat Spindle
Streak Mosaic Virus. VI Conf. on Virus Diseases of Grarnineae in Europe.
June 18-21. Torino p. 38.
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1985. Reactions of Italian Triticum
durum cultiv.ars to Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic. Pl. Dis. 69:64-66.
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1986. Wheat Soil-borne Mosaic Virus:
results of a three year study on the behavior of our durum wheat cultivars.
L'Inf. Agr. 42:85-86 (in Italian).
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1987. Soilborne Wheat Mosaic in Italy:
distribution and Triticum durum varietal reactions. Proc. seventh Congr.
Medit. Phytcpath. Union. Granada (Spain) 1986, p. 95-96.
Vallega, V., and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1989. Further investigations on the
geographical distribution of Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic in Italy. L'Inf.
Fitopat. 39-57-58 (in Italian, English summary).
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1989. Durum wheat: studies on the
resistance to a complex viral syndrome. Proc. S.l.G.A. Meeting, Alghero
(Italy) 1989, p. 91-92 (in Italian).
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1990. Studies on a complex viral
syndrome caused by Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and Spindle Streak Mosaic
Virus. Proc. Eight Symp. Medit. Phytopath. Union, Agadir, Morocco, 1990, p.
341-342. Instituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Via Cassia 176,
00191 Rome
-------------------------
V. Vallega
Triticum monoeoecum - Diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum L. ("einkorn")
was one of mankind's earliest plant domesticates and, most probably, also
the donor of the A genome to common and durum wheat. Einkorn is presently
grown only in marginal farmlands of Yugoslavia, Italy and Turkey. However,
recent reports suggest that this ancient wheat may still play a significant
role in modern agriculture, not only as a source of useful genes, but also
as a crop in its own right. T. monococcum appears especially valuable for
identifying recessive endosperm mutants as yet unavailable in the polyploid
wheat taxa . Detection of such genes is expected to widen the scope of
utilization of all the cultivated wheats and to enhance their nutritional
value. Some of the main agro-biological and technological attributes of
diploid wheat have been described in the publications cited below.
Collaborative work with Dr. M.G. D'Egidio (Technology Section, I.S.C., Rome)
and Dr. R. Acquistucci (Instituto Nazionale per la Nutrizione, Rome),
allowed to acquire new data, regarding the bread-making qualities of
monococcum and the amino acid composition of lts grains.
Bread-making quality of monococcum. The bread making quality of eight
germplasm accessions of einkorn wheat was compared ith that of four modern
cvs. of common wheat and durum wheat. Loaf volume of monococcums (mean:
798 cc, range 662-871 cc) was analogous to that of the polyploid wheat
checks (mean: 837 cc, range 727-917 cc). Einkorn loaves presented a
relatively fine and uniform texture, similar to that of the two durums.
Flour, dough and crumb colour of monococcum was distinctly yellowish. Crust
clour and confirmation were analogous for the three species. Falling number
values were higher in einkorn flours (324 s) than ln those of the polyploid
controlsc (283 s). Mixogram mixing requirement and mixing tolerance were
markedly lower in monococcum than in polyploid wheats. Farinograph
absorption and stability values were also lowest for diploid wheats.
Relatively high-yielding free-threshing diploid wheats are available, but
more quality-balanced sstrains need to be identified.
Amino acid composition of monococcum grains Wholemeals of fifteen germ
plasm accessions of diploid wheat and of two modern cvs. of common wheat and
durum wheat were analysed. Grain protein content of monococcums ranged from
14.1% to 25.2% (d.m.). Amino acid determinations were made according to
official AOAC methods published in 1984. Results are here expressed as
grams of amino acid per 100 grams of protein corrected to 100% recovery,
protein basis. As can be seen in the table, the average amino acid
composition of monococcum grains was similar to that of the two controls and
to that generally reported for common wheats and durums. However, one of
the einkorns presented a disparate amino acid composition. This wheat is
being studied more extensively. Grain protein content of monococcums was
positively correlated with proline and glutamine content, and negatively
correlated with threonine, cystine, valine, isoleucine, lysine, asparagine,
serine, glycine, and alanine content. Analogous correlations have been
reported for the polyploid wheats. Amino acid composition monococcum and
polyploid wheat grains are given below:
Diploid wheats Polyploid wheats
(n=15) (n= 2)
mean range mean
--------------------------------------------------------------
Thr 2.6 2.3 - 2.8 2.9
Cys 2.9 2.5 - 3.0 2.9
Val 4.1 2.9 - 4.6 4.3
Met 1.8 1.6 - 2.0 1.8
Ile 3.8 2.7 - 4.2 3.6
Leu 6.4 5.2 - 8.1 6.7
Tyr 3.1 2.2 - 4.5 3.0
Phe 5.0 4.1 - 6.0 4.5
Lys 2.6 2.1 - 2.9 2.7
EAA 32.2 26.3 - 34.7 32.7
Asp 5.2 3.9 - 5.9 4.9
Ser 4.0 3.6 - 4.4. 4.4
Glu 31.7 27.8 - 35.4 29.6
Pro 19.3 9.0 - 15.9 11.7
Gly 3.3 2.7 - 3.7 3.7
Ala 3.3 2.7 - 3.6 3.5
His 2.3 2.0 - 2.9 2.2
Arg 4.6 3.7 - 6.7 4.6
% prot. 16.7 14.1 - 25.2 13.0
---------------------------------------------------------------
Publications
Vallega, V. 1977. Validity of Triticum monococcum in wheat breeding. Sementi
Elette 23:3-8 (in Italian abstr. in English).
Vallega, V. 1978. Search of useful genetic characters in diploid triticum
spp. Proc.' Fifth Intern. Wheat Genet. Symp. New Delhi, pp. 156-162.
Vallega, V. 1979. Field performance of Triticum monococcum, T. durum and
Flordeum vulgare grown at two locations. Genet. Agr. 33:363-370.
Val]ega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1952. Reactions of diploid wheat,
Triticum monococcum~ to Soilborne Wheat Mosaic Virus and Spindle Streak
Mosaic Virus. Petria 2:64 (Abstr.).
Vallega, V. 1992. Agronomical performance 2nd breeding value of selected
strains of diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum. Euphytica 61:13-23.
D'Egidio, M.G., S. Nardi and V. Vallega 1991. Quality of diploid wheat,
Triticum monococcum L. Proc. Cereals Intern. Conf., Brisbane, pp. 205-208.
D'Egidio, M.G., S. Nardi and V. Vallega. 1993. Grain, flour and dough
characteristics of selected strains of diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum
L. Cereal Chemistry 70:298-303.
D'Egidio, M.G. and V. Vallega 1993. Bread-making quality of diploid wheat,
Triticum monococcum l.
-------------------------
M.G. D'Egidio, B.M. Mariani, S. Nardi, P. Novaro
The suitability of the equation proposed to predict cooking quality of
pasta dried at 80deg C was verified on two sets of samples of Italian durum
wheats grown during 1989 and 1990. The 1987 sample set used previously to
define the predictive equation was considered as a reference set. Protein
content and gluten quality were measured on grain samples. Cooking quality
of pasta was evaluated as organoleptic judgment (OJ) values to measure a
combination of stickiness, bulkiness and firmness. The 1989 and 1990 pasta
samples, dried with a diagram at high temperature (90degC) different from
that applied to the reference set (80degC), were characterized by a higher
protein content. At 90degC, the OJ observed values were underestimated by
the 1987 predictive equation. A multiphase regression model with two
straight lines was applied on the hypothesis of an interaction between a
higher protein content and a higher drying temperature. This model allowed
the change of the slope between the two regression lines to be detected and
the abscissa value (14% protein content) to be determined. Therefore, two
new equations were proposed to predict OJ for a 90degC pasta drying system
because of the different effect of high temperature on protein content at
14%.
Genotype-environment (GE) interaction of durum wheat varieties, widely
grown in Italy, was evaluated to determine variety response to environmental
improvement for protein content and gluten quality considered as the most
suitable indexes of pasta cooking quality. Protein content and alveograph W
were chosen because of being well associated with spaghetti quality and
previously used to calculate predictive equations for pasta cooking quality.
For each character linear regression of variety performance on environmental
indexes was calculated to estimate stability parameters b and s d. The
stability parameters accomplish the information of genotype behaviour by
defining as the mean performance follows the environmental improvement (b)
and how this response is reliable (s d). Hence these aspects of genotype
must be considered jointly in deciding varietal evaluation and
recommendation and in selecting parents for breeding programs.
Publications
M.G. D'Egidio, B.M. Mariani and P. Novaro. 1993. Influence of raw material
characteristics and drying technologies on past cooking quality: a review of
our results. Italian Food and Beverage Technology. 1:29-32.
P. Novaro, M.G. D'Egidio, B.M. Mariani and S. Nardi. 1993. Combined effect
of protein content and high-temperature drying systems on pasta cooking
quality. Cereal Chem. 70 (6):716-719.
P. Novaro, B.M. Mariani and M.G. D'Egidio. 1993. Genotype-environment
interaction of protein content and gluten quality in Italian durum wheat
varieties. 8th International Symposium of Wheat Genetics, Beijing (China).
-------------------------
Experimental Institute of Cereal Research Section of S.Angelo Lodigiano
Cattaneo M.
Androgenesis response: genes localization in wheats with different
level of response carrying or not 1B/1R translocation. Genetic
investigations were designed in order to study genes localization for
androgenesis in vitro response. A diellelic cross among 7 cultivars with
different level of response was studied to see which genes are tied to
regulation of subsequent steps of growing: from embrioid stage to green
plantlets development.
Last year F1 generation analysis was carried out and it showed high
differences among the different combinations: those with Veery and l 26
appeared the most reponsive, but it must not forget that both varieties
carry the 1B/1R translocation, that usually improves responsiveness.
Otherwise also crosses with Farneto and Oderzo gave good performances but
these two varieties do not carry the rye translocation. Since results till
now reported (also from bibliography) on varieties with 1B/1R translocation
always show a better response in vitro than those without translocation, it
is in this direction that we are now deeping our studies to see which degree
of correlation can be found between genes tied to translocation and in vitro
response. This year we have a large number of varieties under observation
carrying or not the translocation and we are trying to draw a general rule
from their behaviour in relation to androgenesis response. Besides we are
trying to obtain same more data from F2 generation of their diallelic cross.
-------------------------
Borrelli G.M., Travella S., Di Fonzo N., Lupotto E.
Durum wheat varieties show dimorphism in callus culture : results on a
protoplast system in cv. Creso. For a long time durum wheat was included
among the species of agronomical value most recalcitrant to in vitro culture
and cell manipulation, but in the recent years some important improvements
have been obtained. In accordance with results obtained almost at the same
time by other groups, we have been able to obtain highly regenerable
embryogenic callus cultures in various durum wheat Italian varieties (see:
Borrelli et al., Plant Cell Reports 10:296-299, 1991). The successful
application of the basic methodologies for tissue culture, plant
regeneration and cell transformation to durum wheat is a major requirement
for the introduction of advanced technologies into our breeding
programmmes. Specific attention is being payed by our group in
characterizing each durum wheat variety under study in terms of
responsiveness in vitro.
For almost all cereal cultures it is now a common strategy the search
of genotypes in which callus culture is not only inducible, but also
characterized by the production if friable embryogenic callus type,
indicated with the term of type II callus. This strategy was firstly adopted
for maize, and resulted successful for the establishment of suspension
cultures from type II calli, and regenerable protoplast systems obtained
from them. The same results were also attained in hexaploid wheat, and durum
wheat: although the whole procedure is extremely delicate and difficult in
general terms, it seems that it represents the only route for regenerating
plants from protoplasts of cereals. In durum wheat, this procedure was
successful for the variety D6962 as described in the paper of Yang and co-
workers (Plant Cell Rep. 12:320-323, 1993).
We have screened several durum wheat varieties: chosen among the most
commonly cultivated in the Mediterranean regions of Italy. Most of them
produce, as callus culture, a compact nodular callus type, not suitable for
the establishment of suspension cultures. Our best responding variety, also
characterized by high regenerative capability, cv.Ofanto, produces in vitro
this callus type. However, other two varieties, cvs. Plinio and Creso,
besides this primary compact type of callus, produce a second callus type,
friable, lighter in colour, very similar to the described type II callus.
The friable callus lines from cv. Creso satisfied our expectations in that
suspension cultures were started and established from them. About nine
months after the obtainement of type II callus lines, cell suspension
cultures were obtained and grown by weekly subcultures in 1/2 MS salts,
vitamins as in N6 medium, 100 mg/l m-inositol, 200 mg/l L-asparagine, 1 mg/l
2,4-D, 25 g/l sucrose, pH 5.8, filter sterilized. Finely dispersed
suspensions had a cell doubling time of 48 hours. Protoplasts were easily
isolated from mid-log phase suspension cultures of cv.Creso with yield as
high as 5x10exp6 - 10exp7 protoplasts per gram fresh weight of cells.
Protoplast viability reached up to 100%, tested with Evans' blue exclusion.
Although at the time of our experiments the cell suspension were rather old
and not regenerative anymore, and from protoplasts we could only obtain back
friable callus lines, we think that these results altogether deserve some
attention in that, at present, direct gene transfer PEG-mediated into
protoplasts represents the most common and easy tool of transformation, not
depending upon special machines. It is likely that, reducing the time needed
from embryo explant to obtain friable type II callus and inducing very early
suspension cultures, the cells retain regenerative capability. In fact,
respect to other cereal systems, in which the establishment of finely
dispersed cell suspensions is a hard task and takes a long time, in the case
of cv.Creso suspensions are readily established. Work is underway either for
obtaining trasnformed calliclones directly from the protoplast system,
either for establishing fresh cultures and try transformation on early
cultures.
-------------------------
Corbellini M., Perenzin M., Castagna R.
DNA based markers to study genetic variability in Triticum urartu.
Fifty-two T. urartu accessions have been considered to analyse the level of
variability present in this wild diploid wheat species, indicated as the A
genome donor of polyploid wheats.
Preliminary results showed the presence of different strains so that, for a
better understanding of the genetic relationship between diploid and
polyploid wheats, they need to be compared with durum and bread wheat
cultivars.
RFLPs, obtained with both frequent and rare cutter enzymes, and RAPDs will
be used to look for polymorphic fragments to give us informations about the
relationships among the species considered. Pair-wise comparisons will be
used to calculate Jaccard's distances; multivariate analyses will be also
performed.
-------------------------
Corbellini M., Vaccino P., Accerbi M., Metakovsky E., Pogna N.E.
RFLP analysis in T.aestivum. The use of probes for - and -gliadins
allowed the identification of most of gliadins alleles at the Gli-1 and Gli-
2 loci. The DNA analysis was particularly useful in displaying cases of
microdeletion, switching-off of a gene or gene amplification. At the same
time, using the probe pTag 1290, the study of Glu-1 locus, coding for HMW
glutenins, has been performed, with particular interest towards the D-
genome. Further analyses on these complex loci are in progress.
The study on the posibility to predict hybrid wheat vigour by means of RFLPs
is in progress as well. By now, about 50 probes have been tested on 40
parental varieties of about 100 hybrid combinations: one third of the probes
were shown to be polymorphic.
-------------------------
Perenzin M., Borghi B.
Hybrid wheats. As in the previous years in 1993 a total of about 100
bread wheat hybrids produced with CHA technology together with their
parental varieties (chosen among the European material) were evaluated for
agronomic traits in two rows unreplicated plots 1.6 m long.
Moreover a group of 20 hybrids have been in plot trials . The best
three standard and Pandas by 8% and the best cultivar Eridano by
1%.Agronomic trials with different levels of nitrogen plot the hybrids can
compete with the best cultivars in situations of low input. In a block have
bean produced 45 new hybrids. In cases seed setting was very high.
Publications
Ajmone Marsan P., Lupotto E., Locatelli F., Qiao Y.M., Cattaneo M. 1993.
Analysis of stable events transformation in wheat via PEG-mediated DNA
uptake into protoplasts. Plant Sci. (in press).
Annicchiarico P., Perenzin M. 1993. Adaptation patterns and definition of
macro-environments for selection and reccomendation of common wheat
genotypes in Italy. Plant Breed. (in press).
Canevara M.G., Romani M., Corbellini M., Perenzin M., Borghi B. 1993.
Evolution trend of morphological, physiological, agronomical, and
qualitative traits in Triticum aestivum L. cultivars bred in Italy since
1900. European J. of Agron. (in press).
Castagna R., Borghi B., Bossinger G., Salamini F. 1993. Induction and
characterization of Triticum monococcum mutants affecting plant and ear
morphology. J. Genet. & Breed. 47:127-138.
Castagna R., Maga G., Perenzin M., Heun M., Salamini F. 1993. RFLP based
genetic relationships of einkorn wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press).
Corbellini M., Canavara M.G. 1993. Estimate of moisture and protein content
in whole grains of bread wheat T. aestivum by near infrared reflectance
spectroscopy. Italian J. of Food. Sci. (in press).
Gavuzzi P., Delogu G., Boggini G., Di Fonzo N., Borghi B. 1993.
Identification of bread wheat, durum wheat and barley cultivars adaptedo to
dry areas of Southern Ital. Euphytica 68:131.145.
Metakovsky E.V., Davidov S.D., Chernakov V.M., Upelniek V.P. 1993. Gliadin
allele identification in common wheat. III. Frequency of occurrence and
appearance of spontaneous mutations at the gliadin-coding loci. J. Genet. &
Breed. 47: 221-236.
Metakovsky E.V., NV P.K.W., Chernakov V.M., Pogna N.E., Bushuk W. 1993.
Gliadin alleles in Canadian western red spring wheat cultivars: use of two
different procedures of acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for gliadin
separation. Genome 36: 743-749.
Metakovsky E.V., Vaccino P., Accerbi M., Redaelli R., Pogna N.E., 1993.
Polymorphism and spontaneous mutations at the gliadin-coding loci. Proc. 5th
Int. Gluten Workshop. Detmold, Germany (in press).
N.G., Redaelli R., Vaccino P., Accerbi M., Pogna N.E., Bushuk W. 1993.
Biochemical and genetical characterization of novel HMW glutenin subunits
and their effects of breadmaking quality. Proc. 5th Int. Gluten Workshop.
Detmold, Germany (in press).
Pogna N.E., Metakovsky E.V., Redaelli R., Raineri F., Dachkevitch T. 1993.
Recombination mapping of Gli-5, e new gliadin-coding locus on chromosome 1A
and 1B of common wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet., 87: 113-121.
Pogna N.E., Redaelli R., Pasquini M., Curioni A., Dal Belin Peruffo A.,
Castagna R. 1993. Inheritance studies of two chromosome translocations in
bread and durum wheat. Proc. 5th Int. Gluten Workshop. Detmold, Germany (in
press).
Romani M., Borghi B., Alberici R., Delogu G., Hesselbach J., Salamini F.
1993. Intergenotypic competition and border effect in bread wheat and
barley. Euphytica 69: 19-31.
Vaccino P., Accerbi M., Corbellini M. 1993. Cultivar identification in
T.aestivum using highly polymorphic RFLP probes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:833-
836.
Vaccino P., Pogna N.E., Accerbi M., Redaelli R. 1993. The bread wheat
variety Fiorello conteins a 2-type 1Dx subunit of glutenin. J. Genet. &
Breed. 47:179-182.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM JAPAN
Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University
Ichiko Nishimura and N. Watanabe*
Combining ability and heritability of chlorophyll a/b ratios in durum
wheat. It has been suggested that selection for higher chlorophyll a/b
ratios for a given leaf chlorophyll content may provide a feasible surrogate
for selecting higher photosynthetic capacity. We estimated significant
general and specific combining
ablilties of chlorophyll a/b ratios in durum wheat using partial diallell
crosses between two groups of parental varieties for high and low
chlorophyll a/b ratios. In the former experiments the parental varieties had
similar leaf chlorophyll content, however, chlorophyll content of flag
leaves varied significantly among parental varieties in the growing season
of May 1993. Therefore, the benefits from higher chlorophyll a/b ratios were
almost set off. High heritability (h2 = 0.715) was also estimated from F2
genration in a cross between strains for high and low chlorophyll a/b
ratios. Genetic correlation coefficient between chlorophyll a/b ratio and
chlorophyll content per unit leaf area was 0.286.
-------------------------
National Agriculture Research Center, Kannondai
H. Nakamura
Relation between Seed Storage Protein Subunits and Japanese Noodle
Making-Quality in Wheat. Glutenin and gliadin account for about 80% of
total seed storage protein content, and the composition of these proteins is
closely related to flour hardness (Nakamura et al. 1990) etc. In Japan,
noodle-making quality is associated with the degree of viscoelasticity of
noodle. Noodle viscoelasticity consists of two component factors: viscosity
and elasticity. The good taste of the Japanese noodles is attributed to a
high degree of viscoelasticity. The electrophoretic pattern of seed storage
proteins was compared between Kanto 107, a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line
with a high score of noodle viscoelasticity, and Norin 61, a wheat cultivar
with a standard score of viscoelasticity. 53kD subunit was detected in
Kanto 107, but not in Norin 61. 129kD subunit was detected in Norin 61, but
not in Kanto 107. When Kanto 107 was cultivated as winter crop on drained
paddy field, the viscoelasticity was found to decrease, and the 53kD subunit
disappeared from electrophoretic pattern while the 129kD subunit appeared.
Furthermore, in the investigations carried out in the wheat Kankei lines
(obtained by crossing with Kanto 107 as a maternal parent), it was found
that when the 53kD subunit was present, but not the 129kD subunit, the
viscoelasticity scores were relatively high. These findings suggest that
the 53kD and 129kD subunits are related to noodle viscoelasticity (Japanese
noodle-making quality).
Publications
Nakamura, H., H.Sasaki, H.Hirano and A.Yamashita. l990. A high molecular
weight subunit of wheat glutenin seed storage protein correlates with its
flour quality. Japan. J. Breed. 40:485-494.
Nakamura, H. 1993. Relation between Seed Storage Proteins and Japanese
Noodle Viscoelasticity in Wheat. Japan. J. Breed. 43:625-628.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM MEXICO
Developments in CIMMYT Wheat Program in 1993
R. A. Fischer and G. Varughese
Staff Changes. There were few staff changes in 1993, but by the end of
the year our budget had deteriorated dramatically, foreshadowing the need
for substantial readjustment in 1994. Two Post-Doctoral scientists joined
in spring 1993, Hong Ma (China, rust pathology) and Enrique Autrique
(Mexico, breeding). In March 1993, Masanori Inagaki from Japan, with
support from TARC, came to the Wheat Program to work on increasing the
efficiency of dihaploid production, and utilizing dihaploiding in breeding.
In May 1993, Silvie Lewicki (France) arrived as a Post-Doctoral scientist
with Special Project support from France in order to work on osmotic
adaptation in wheat.
In mid year Chris Mann, who had been with CIMMYT for 14 years, the last
10 in Bangkok, left us; our Wheat office in Bangkok has now been closed.
Debbie Rees, an ODA-supported plant physiologist, left in December and
Manilal William transferred from the Wheat Program to the Applied Molecular
Laboratory. Funding for our Special Project in Bangladesh (Craig Meisner)
was successfully shifted from CIDA, who had to withdraw support, to AIDAB.
The long running support from UNDP for wheat improvement in non-traditional
warmer and stressed regions terminated at the end of 1993.
CIMMYT Wheat Megaenvironments. Last year we briefly described a
revision and expansion of the CIMMYT Wheat Program's system of classifying
developing-country wheat growing environments. Unfortunately the relevant
table was omitted from the report, so that we are including it here. Only
the old ME6 and ME7 have been reclassified in this revision: old ME7
(spring-planted spring wheat) now becomes new ME6, while old ME6
(facultative and winter) has been expanded into new six MEs (ME7 to ME12).
Northwest Mexico in 1992-93. Weather was closer to normal (only 91 mm
rainfall) than in 1991-92, but a warm spring and cloudy February held yields
down to a Yaqui Valley average of 4.6 t/ha. Durum wheat yields were low
relative to bread wheats and triticales in 1992-93, possibly associated with
unusual levels of leaf blight (Alternaria, Helminthosporium). Other disease
problems were minor but KB levels were again moderate with 51% of farmer
samples infected having a mean infection level of 0.4%. International
nursery seed was produced successfully for the first time in KB-free
locations (Mexicali, and Tepalcingo in Morelos State).
Internally-managed external review of Wheat Crop Protection. A team
headed by Dr. S. Nagarajan and including Drs. J.W. Martens, R.T. Plumb and
D. Worrall reviewed our Crop Protection subprogram in September 1993. The
subprogram provides key backup to CIMMYT breeders since host-plant
resistance is a major mechanism by which the Program deals with wheat
diseases. The review, whilst very complimentary on achievements, pointed to
weaknesses in communication both within the Program and with NARS clients.
The needs for additional financial support were emphasized, along with
possibilities for getting more research done through collaborative
mechanisms.
Research Activities. The analysis of the large survey of wheat
breeding activities in developing countries by CIMMYT Economics was
completed in 1993 and provides a unique view of this $100 m per year
industry (CIMMYT 1993). Whilst the rate of return on this investment,
including that by CIMMYT, is generally very high, some small wheat countries
appear to be overinvested in wheat improvement activities. The existence of
impressive technology spillovers, especially involving CIMMYT germplasm,
would permit them to operate more efficiently by testing appropriate
germplasm from outside.
Wheat research projects in Mexico for 1993 are documented in terms of
descriptions and updates (Fischer and Hettel 1994); at the end of 1993
research was organized into 224 ongoing projects. Highlights in 1993
included results on the relatively simple inheritance of KB resistance,
demonstration of a 10% yield advantage in isolines containing the 1B/1R
translocation compared to ones without, and confirmation of a yield vs.
canopy temperature correlations across genotypes under both temperate and
hot conditions. In northwest Mexico this canopy temperature relationship
was shown to be part of an association between high yield, high stomatal
conductance and high photosynthetic activities. As breeders have increased
yield potential since the first semidwarfs in 1962 apparently photosynthetic
activity has also increased. Finally, clear demonstration of an association
between the gene Bdv 1 for tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus, with
genes Lr34 and Yr18 for adult plant resistance to rusts in bread wheat
(Singh 1993) is of considerable value for our breeding program.
REFERENCES
CIMMYT 1993. 1992/3 CIMMYT World Wheat Facts and Trends. The Wheat
breeding industry in developing countries: an analysis of investments and
impacts. Singapore: CIMMYT.
Fischer, R.A. and Hettel, E. (1994). Wheat project documentation for 1992-
93. Internal publication, CIMMYT.
Singh, R.P. (1993). Genetic association of gene Bdv1 for tolerance to
barley yellow dwarf virus with genes Lr 34 and Yr 18 for adult plant
resistance to rusts in bread wheat. Plant Disease 77: 1103-1106.
-------------------------
R.L. Villareal, G. Hernandez, S. Rajaram and G. Varughese
Twenty-seven Years of Wheat Improvement Research Training in CIMMYT,
Mexico. CIMMYT in Mexico provided practical training to 575 wheat
improvement-in-service researchers from 80 developing countries between 1967
and 1993. The number and regional distribution of these trainees are
indicated in Table 1. The principal objective of this training is to
strengthen the national research programs in developing countries. Its
underlying principle is a team approach to problem solving. Trainees are
placed in cosmopolitan teams that work "shoulder to shoulder" in the field
with CIMMYT's experienced multidisciplinary scientific team. The course
emphasizes a hands-on approach to illustrate the practical application of
scientific theory and to ensure that trainees learn skills essential to
carry on work in their respective countries. The course also aims to develop
skills and knowledge necessary to establish objectives and to plan and
conduct practical breeding programs at the national level. Trainees spend a
large portion of their time sharpening research skills by designing and
managing field plots, choosing parental materials, making crosses, creating
epiphytotics, scoring for tolerance and resistance to biotic and abiotic
stresses, and selecting improved progeny. They also learn how to
characterize varieties and to produce basic seed and commercial germplasm.
Although the course emphasizes wheat improvement research, crop management
as well as other related important topics are also discussed.
Table 1. Classification of megaenvironments used by the CIMMYT Wheat
Program
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Mega-
environment Latitude Moisture Temperature Growth
(ME) (degree)(a) regime(b) regime(c) habit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPRING WHEAT
1(f) Low Low rainfall Temperate Spring
irrigated
2 Low High rainfall Temperate Spring
3 Low High rainfall Temperate Spring
4A Low Low rainfall,
winter dominant Temperate Spring
4B Low Low rainfall,
summer dominant
4C Low Mostly residual
moisture
5A Low High rainfall/ Hot Spring
irrigated, humid
5B Low Irrigated, low Hot Spring
humidity
6 High Moderate rainfall/ Temperate Spring
summer dominant
WINTER/FACULTATIVE WHEAT
7 High Irrigated Moderate Facultative
cold
8A High High rainfall/ Moderate Facultative
irrigated, cold
long season
8B High High rainfall/ Moderate Facultative
irrigated, cold
short season
9 High Low rainfall Moderate Facultative
cold
10 High Irrigated Severe Winter
cold
11A High High rainfall/ Moderate Winter
irrigated, cold
long season
11B High High rainfall/ Severe Winter
irrigated cold
short season
12 High Low rainfall Severe Winter
cold
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: Adapted from Rajaram et al. (1993)
(a) Low = less than about 35-40ø
(b) Refers to rainfall just before and during the crop cycle. High = >500
mm; low = <500 mm.
(c) Hot = Mean temperature of the coolest month >17.5ø; cold = <5.0ø.
(d) A = autumn, S = spring.
(e) Factors additional to yield and industrial quality. SR = stem rust,
LR = leaf rust, YR = yellow (stripe) rust; PM = powdery mildew,
and BYD=barley yellow dwarf virus.
(f) Further subdivided into (1) optimum growing conditions, (2) presence
of Karnal bunt, (3) late planted, and (4) problems of salinity.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year
ME Major Breeding Representative Breeding
Objective(e) Locations/Regions Began at
Sown(d) CIMMYT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A Resistance to Yaqui Valley, Mexico 1945
lodging, SR, LR, YR Indus Valley, Pakistan
Gangetic Valley, Egypt
2 A As for ME1 + resistance North African Coast, 1972
to YR, Septoria spp., Highlands of East Africa,
Fusarium spp., sprouting Andes, and Mexico
3 A As for ME2 + acid soil Passo Fundo, Brazil 1974
tolerance
4A A Resistance to drought, Aleppo, Syria 1974
Septoria spp., YR Settat, Morocco
4B A Resistance to drought, Marcos Juarez, Argentina 1974
Septoria spp., Fusarium
spp., LR, SR
4C A Resistance to drought, Indore, India 1974
and heat in seedling
stage
5A A Resistance to heat, Joydepur, Bangladesh 1981
Helminthosporium spp., Londrina, Brazil
Fusarium spp., sprouting
5B A Resistance to heat Gezira Sudan 1975
and SR Kano, Nigeria
6 S Resistance to SR, LR, Harbin, China 1989
Helminthosporium spp.,
Fusarium spp., sprouting,
photoperiod sensitivity
7 A Rapid grain fill, resistance Zhenzhou, China 1986
to cold, YR, PM, BYD
8A A Resistance to cold, Chillan, Chile 1986
YR, Septoria spp.
8B A Resistance to Septoria spp., Edirne, Turkey 1986
YR, PM, Fusarium spp.,
sprouting
9 A Resistance to cold, drought Diyarbakir, Turkey 1986
10 A Resistance to winterkill, Beijing, China 1986
Yr, LR, PM, BYD
11A A Resistance to Septoria spp., Temuco, Chile 1986
Fusarium spp., YR, LR, PM
11B A Resistance to LR, SR, PM, Lovrin, Romania 1986
winterkill, sprouting
12 A Resistance to winterkill, Ankara, Turkey 1986
drought, YR, bunts
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: Adapted from Rajaram et al. (1993)
(a) Low = less than about 35-40ø
(b) Refers to rainfall just before and during the crop cycle. High = >500
mm; low = <500 mm.
(c) Hot = Mean temperature of the coolest month >17.5ø; cold = <5.0ø.
(d) A = autumn, S = spring.
(e) Factors additional to yield and industrial quality. SR = stem rust,
LR = leaf rust, YR = yellow (stripe) rust; PM = powdery mildew, and
BYD = barley yellow dwarf virus.
(f) Further subdivided into (1) optimum growing conditions, (2) presence
of Karnal bunt, (3) late planted, and (4) problems of salinity.
The special strength of the course that has evolved over 25 years is
its focus on the wheat crop and on farmers' actual conditions, as well as
its combination of practice and theory. The ultimate result of this approach
to training is the creation of an international network of scientists
involved in the development and release of high yielding and disease
resistant varieties. These are essential components to furthering the
production of wheat in the developing world. Finally, many alumni of the
CIMMYT training programs have moved into administrative positions within
their own national programs. Thus, there is a continuing need to train young
promising researchers to replace them, and to maintain a critical mass of
knowledgeable and field-oriented wheat scientists.
Table 1. Participation and regional distribution of CIMMYT wheat
improvement trainees from 1967 to 1993.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Asia Africa Latin Other Total
America Countries
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1967 10 0 2 0 12
1968-72 41 27 23 4 95
1973-77 35 27 26 6 94
1978-82 56 21 34 3 114
1983-87 57 31 39 6 133
1988-92 53 26 28 2 109
1993 9 3 6 0 18
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
261 135 158 21 575
-------------------------
K.D. Sayre, M. Van Ginkel, S. Rajaram and I. Ortiz-Monasterio
Tolerance to water-logging losses in spring bread wheat:
effect of time of onset on expression
Introduction. In the high-rainfall wheat-growing areas of the world
the crop may seriously suffer from stress due to water-logging during
certain periods of its development. These conditions may occur in particular
on heavy clay soils or Vertisols, such as in parts of the Eastern and
Central African Highlands. Also irrigated wheat production, such as in the
Indo-Gangetic Plains of Northern India and Pakistan, southern China and
Egypt may encounter temporary water-logging due to poor drainage (Kozlowski,
1984: Sharma and Swarup, 1988). More than one third of the world's irrigated
areas has insufficient drainage (Donman and Houston, 1967). Industrialized
countries, such as Australia and Canada, also encounter this problem.
Although hard data on the frequency of water-logging stress and its impact
on production are scarce, we estimate that 10-15 million ha annually may
suffer this stress.
Water-logging is considered to be detrimental to wheat for three major
reasons. Lack of oxygen to the roots is the major cause of poor growth and
sometimes death of the plant (Trought and Drew, 1982; Belford et al., 1985).
As is obvious from the appearance of a water-logged crop, nutrient levels
in the plant, in particular nitrogen, are reduced due to decreased
availability in the flooded soils (Belford et al., 1985; Cook and Veseth,
1991; Trought and Drew, 1982). A third influence may be the release of
certain toxic chemicals, such as iron and manganese, into the soil-water
solution (Ponnamperuma, 1984). These latter effects need to be further
confirmed (Sparrow and Uren, 1987; Sharma and Swarup, 1988).
The effects of extended water-logging are evident in premature
yellowing of the lower leaves and later the entire foliage, reduced
tillering, male and female sterility, fewer grains per spike and lower
thousand grain weight. The poor development finally results in yield losses
in the order of 50%, and sometimes more (Grieve et al., 1986; McDonald and
Gardner, 1987; Sharma and Swarup, 1988; Trought and Drew, 1982).
In the 1989/90 and 1990/91 crop cycles, 1344 bread wheat genotypes were
tested by CIMMYT for tolerance to water-logging in experiments carried out
at the Centro de Investigaciones Agricolas del Noroeste (CIANO) in northwest
Mexico. Most lines tested did not produce a single grain. However, six
genotypes were identified that expressed superior behavior in those soils,
when exposed to water-logging (Van Ginkel et al., 1992).
These six selected genotypes were identified under water-logged
conditions extending from two weeks after emergence to the boot stage. A
major question remained as to the role of the timing of the water-logging
stress related to stage of crop development. Certain areas encounter early
water-logging, generally not exceeding one month after planting whereas
others may experience excessive rains throughout the season or only
following flowering and during grain maturation.
The objective of this study was to test the behavior of the six
identified genotypes plus additional germplasm obtained from certain water-
logged regions in the world, under stresses extending over different growth
stages.
Materials and Methods. A trial was conducted during the 1992/1993
crop cycle at CIANO to evaluate the effects of water-logged soil conditions
on sixteen spring bread wheat genotypes. The experiment station is located
near Cd. Obregon, Sonora in northwest Mexico at an elevation of 39m above
sea level at 27 N and 109 W latitude and longitude, respectively. Soil is
classified as a coarse sandy clay mixed montmorillonitic typic caliciorthid,
low in organic matter (<10 mg g exp(-1)) with slightly alkaline pH (7.7) and
adequate K fertility.
The trial used a split-plot layout within a randomized complete block
design with three replications. Main plots were six water-logging regimes
described in Table 1 to evaluate the interaction of stage of crop
development and onset of water-logging. Water-logged conditions were
established using flooded basins measuring 12m wide by 11m long. During the
duration of each water-logging treatment, continuous standing water was
maintained within a range of approximately 3-8cm. Sub-plots were the sixteen
spring bread genotypes listed in Table 2 and comprised eight row plots (20cm
between rows) that were 3m long. Harvest area (2.4 m(2)) involved a 2m
length of the six center rows leaving approximately a 0.5m border at each
end of each plot.
The trial received a pre-plant broadcast application of 150 kg N ha(-1)
and 40 kg P(2)O(5) ha(-1) as urea and triple super phosphate, respectively,
which was incorporated by disc harrow. Seeding occurred on Nov. 25, 1992,
followed by a light, uniform irrigation on Nov. 28, 1992. Emergence (50%)
occurred on December 4, 1992. Normal weed, disease and insect pest
management practices were uniformly applied over the trial.
Extensive observations were made throughout the duration of the trial
including visual vigor and chlorosis scores, direct measurements of leaf
chlorophyll levels, plant height and days to anthesis and maturity. Yield
and yield components were measured and yield losses for the water-logged
treatments in relation to the control treatment yields were calculated. Only
these latter factors will be discussed here.
Results and Discussion. Table 3 presents mean yields for each water-
logging treatment, mean genotype yields over the water-logging treatment
plus genotype yields for each water-logging treatment. Mean yields were
similar and significantly lower than the other water-logging treatments for
both of the treatments that included water-logged conditions between the 1st
node stage and mid-boot (10 DAE to mid-boot and 1st node to mid-boot).
These were followed by the treatments 10 DAE to 1st node and mid-boot to
anthesis with the former having a lower (but not significantly different)
yield. The highest average yielding water-logging treatment was from
anthesis to mid-grain fill.
Large differences occurred between genotype means averaged over the six
water-logging treatments (Table 3). Clearly, the four DUCULA sister lines
were superior compared to the other genotypes. These lines had been
previously identified in a preliminary screening for water-logging tolerance
of a large number of genotypes by the CIMMYT bread wheat program (Van Ginkel
et al., 1992). Other genotypes with high over all mean yield performance
were ZHEN 7853 WR89-3420 and WR89-3246.
There was a large and significant genotype by water-logging treatment
interaction. The DUCULA sister lines tended to have rather stable
performances over the various water-logging treatments but had particularly
superior yields, when compared to other genotypes, in the treatments
involving early water-logging from 1st node to mid-boot.
On the other hand, genotypes like WR89-3246, ZHEN 7853, MIKN YANG#1 and
Pato Blanco had comparatively higher yields in the late water-logging
treatments (especially for the anthesis to mid-grain fill treatment). This
may reflect late season water logging conditions that are common in many
spring wheat areas in southern China and in Argentina. Certainly more
research is needed to clarify potential differences in physiological
mechanisms and heritability patterns for genotypes that appear to interact
with stage of development at the time of water-logging.
Genotype grain yields were not significantly correlated with plant
height or days to maturity for any of the water-logging treatments.
Similarly, yields were not significantly correlated with days to anthesis
except for the anthesis to mid-grain fill treatment (r=-0.702, significant
at the 1% level). The range in days to anthesis was 68-91 DAE (latest
genotype was 46 WR NORIN whereas the next latest was VEE/MYNA at 84 DAE) and
probably was partially associated with yield differences for anthesis to
mid-grain fill treatment.
Grain yields were strongly correlated with both total above ground
biomass and harvest index for all water-logging treatments including the
control treatment. Spikes m(-2) were only correlated with yield for the
treatment 10 DAE to mid-boot. Grains m(-2) were well-correlated with yield
for all treatments, grains spike(-1) were correlated with yield for all
treatments except the control and anthesis to mid-grain fill. Thousand grain
weight was not correlated with yield under the control treatment but the
correlations became significant and continually greater as the stage of
water-logging onset became later.
Table 4 presents the percent yield loss for each genotype in each
water-logging treatment as compared to the control yields. The yield loss
data clearly exemplifies the remarkable genetic variation in tolerance to
water-logging and the obvious interactions between genotypes and stage of
crop development at the onset of water-logging.
Conclusions. The results demonstrate that there are marked genotypic
differences among spring bread wheat genotypes for tolerance to water-logged
conditions and that genotypes appear to react differently to this stress
based on stage of development when onset of water-logging occurs. In
certain areas, water-logged conditions may more likely occur early in the
cropping period; in other areas it may occur during later stages whereas in
some locations it can occur at almost any stage of crop development. Our
results indicate that it is apparently possible to differentiate between
genotypes appropriate for these varying conditions by proper field screening
techniques. This has direct implications for CIMMYT's breeding program as
it attempts to develop high yielding, stable germplasm for the variable
wheat growing areas throughout the world.
References
Belford, R.K., R.Q. Canell and R.J. Thomson. 1985. Effects of single and
multiple water-loggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay
soil. J. Sci. Food Agric. 36: 142-156.
Cook, R.J. and R.J. Veseth. 1991. Wheat Health Management. APS Press. 152
pp.
Donman, W.W., and Houston, C.E. 1967. Drainage related to irrigation
management. Pp 974-987 in: Drainage of Agricultural Lands. R.W.Hagan,
H.R.Haise and T.W.Edminster (Eds). Am. Soc. Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.
Grieve, A.M., E. Dunford, D. Marston, R.E. Martin and P. Slavich. 1986.
Effects of water-logging and soil salinity on irrigated agriculture in the
Murray Valley: a review. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 26: 761-77.
Kozlowski, T.T. 1984. Extent, causes and impact of flooding. Pp 1-5 in:
Flooding and Plant Growth. T.T.Kozlowski (Ed.). Academic Press, Inc.
McDonald, G.K. and W.K. Gardner. 1987. Effect of water-logging on the grain
yield response of wheat to sowing date in south-western Victoria. Aust. J.
Exp. Agric. 27: 661-70.
Ponnamperuma, F.N. 1984. Effect of flooding in soils. Pp 9-45 in: Flooding
and Plant Growth. T.T.Kozlowski (Ed.). Academic Press, Inc.
Sharma, D.P. and A. Swarup. 1988. Effects of short-term flooding on growth,
yield and mineral composition of wheat on sodic soil under field conditions.
Plant and Soil 107: 137-143.
Sparrow, L.A. and N.C. Uren. 1987. The role of manganese toxicity in crop
yellowing on seasonally water-logged and strongly acidic soils in north-
eastern Victoria. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 27: 303-307.
Tottman, D.R. and R.J. Makepeace. 1979. An explanation of the decimal code
for the growth stages of cereals, with illustrations. Ann. App. Biol.
93:221-234.
Trought, M.C.T. and M.C. Drew. 1982. Effects of water-logging on young wheat
plants (Triticum aestivum L.) and on soil solutes at different soil
temperatures. Plant and Soil 69: 311-326.
Van Ginkel, M., S. Rajaram and M.Thijssen. 1992. Water-logging in wheat:
germplasm evaluation and methodology development. Pp 115-124 in: The
Seventh Regional Wheat Workshop for Eastern, Central and Southern Africa.
Nakuru, Kenya, September 16-19, 1991. D.G.Tanner and W.Mwangi (Eds).
Table 1. Description of the six water-logging treatments.
(Duration)
Start Finish Days
----------------------------------------------------------------
Control - - 0
15 DAE(b)to Mid-boot 12 45 42
15 DAE(b)to 1st node 12 31 28
1st node to Mid-boot 31 45 28
Mid-boot to Anthesis 45 69 28
Anthesis/Mid-Grain fill 65 79 28
----------------------------------------------------------------
a - Tottman and Makepeace, 1979.
b - DAE - Days after emergence.
Table 2. Description of the sixteen spring bread wheat genotypes.
Genotype Origin Description
--------------------------------------------------------------------
TINAMOU CIMMYT/Mexico Water-logging tolerant
VEE/MYNA CIMMYT/Mexico Water-logging tolerant
PRL/SARA CIMMYT/Mexico Water-logging tolerant
DUCULA-1 CIMMYT/Mexico Water-logging tolerant
DUCULA-2 CIMMYT/Mexico Water-logging tolerant
DUCULA-3 CIMMYT/Mexico Water-logging tolerant
DUCULA-4 CIMMYT/Mexico Water-logging tolerant
Seri 82 Mexico Susceptible check
Pato Blanco Argentina Water-logging tolerant
BR34 Brazil Susceptible check
PF8442 Brazil Water-logging tolerant
MIKN YANG#11 China Water-logging tolerant
ZHEN 7843 China Water-logging tolerant
WR89-3420 Unknown Water-logging tolerant
WR89-3246 Unknown Water-logging tolerant
46 WR NORIN Unknown Water-logging tolerant
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3. Grain yields (kg/ha at 12% H(2)O) for the sixteen bread wheat
genotypes and six water logging treatments.
Genotype Without 10DAE 10DAE 1st Node Midboot Anthesis
and water- to mid to 1st to mid to to Mean
Anthesisgr.fill
------------------------------------------------------------------
TINAMOU 5717 1676 1973 1462 2994 4669
3082
VEE/MYNA 5444 2323 3263 2647 1945 4192
3304
PRL/SARA 5363 1960 2982 1151 955 1724
2356
DUCULA-1 6455 2222 3689 3720 3160 4695
3990
DUCULA-2 6251 2704 3221 3445 3161 4883
3944
DUCULA-3 6516 2896 3742 3028 3030 3600
3802
DUCULA-4 6066 2461 2840 3023 2831 4568
3632
Seri 82 6906 1481 2891 391 2375 5337
3230
Pato Blanco 4956 1598 2832 618 2942 4161
2851
BR34 5347 1408 2056 210 962 3266
2208
PF8442 5045 714 1648 455 2534 4322
2453
MIKN YANG#11 5558 1767 2984 1005 1653 5185
3025
ZHEN 7853 7219 1470 2818 846 3941 5908
3700
WR89-3420 5991 1606 2662 3272 2913 4987
3572
WR89-3246 6764 2014 2892 916 3433 5720
3623
46 WR NORIN 5283 1801 2261 2600 919 2835
2616
Mean 5930 1881 2797 1799 2485 4378
------------------------------------------------------------------
LSD (0.05) - Water-logging treatment = 800.
LSD (0.05) - Genotype = 383.
LSD (0.05) - Water-logging*genotype = 1208
a - Included as previously identified susceptible check.
Table 4. Percent yield reduction for each water-logging treatment in
relation to the control treatment.
Genotype 10DAE 10DAE 1st node Midboot Anthesis
to 1st to mid to 1st mid to to
boot node boot anthesis gr.fill
---------------------------------------------------------------------
TINAMOU 71 65 75 48 18
VEE/MYNA 58 41 51 64 23
PRL/SARA644478 82 67
DUCULA-1 66 43 43 51 27
DUCULA-2 57 49 45 49 22
DUCULA-3 56 43 54 53 44
DUCULA-4 59 54 50 54 24
Seri 82 78 58 94 66 23
Pato Blanco 68 43 88 41 16
BR34 73 62 96 82 39
PF8442 86 67 91 49 14
MIKN YANG#11 68 46 82 71 7
ZHEN 7853 80 61 88 45 18
WR89-3420 73 55 45 52 16
WR89-3246 70 57 87 49 14
46 WR NORIN 66 57 51 82 46
Mean 68 53 70 59 26
LSD (0.05) 13 16 15 23 19
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
A. I. Morgunov, M. Albarran, S. Rajaram
International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Introduction. The crosses between spring and winter wheat have been
successfully used to improve varieties of both crops. CIMMYT wheat breeding
program concentrates both on spring and winter/facultative germplasm.
Spring wheat lines are used to transfer rust resistance, semi-dwarf stature
and high yield potential into winter germplasm. However, within a number of
F2 populations from crosses between spring lines very late, typically
winter-type plants with a long vegetative phase segregate, which could be
used in winter wheat breeding. This is most likely a result of the
segregation of Vrn1, Vrn2 and Vrn3 loci (Flood & Halloran, 1986).
Segregation of 15:1 (spring/winter) can be expected if spring parents
possess different dominant Vrn alleles. The methodology of breeding winter
wheat form spring x spring crosses was described by Stelmakh & Avsenin
(1987) and Avsenin (1988). The objective of this study was to estimate the
adaptability of very late segregates from spring x spring crosses in a
winter environment.
Materials and Methods. Eight F2 populations originating from crosses
between spring wheat lines Pfau, Kauz, Weaver as female parent and K 342,
Laj 3302 and Cruz Alta as male parent were used in the study. All of them
demonstrated a 15:1 segregation for spring/winter type. F2 populations were
space planted in Toluca, State of Mexico (2640 m as1) during the 1992 summer
cycle. Planting at Toluca in the summer cycle is routinely practiced in the
spring wheat breeding program to evaluate germplasm under high rainfall
conditions. In each F2 population the heading date of 80-10 random
individual plants was recorded. Some 35-40 plants from each cross were
promoted to F3. They included plants from all ranges of earliness plus all
very late plants. The seeds of each plant were divided into two parts
providing identical sets of F3 lines. One set of F3s was grown in the
Northern Mexico (State of Sonora, 30 m as1) during the winter cycle
(November-April, 1992-93) which is normally used for breeding spring
germplasm. The other set was grown in Toluca (2640 m as1) in the winter
(November-July, 1992-93). Due to high elevation of this location, the
winter months represent a typical winter/facultative environment and is used
to screen this type of germplasm. The F3 lines were grown in 1 m(2)plots
with solid planting. In both locations heading date was recorded for all F3
lines. Visual selection of lines with desirable type was made only in the
winter environment (Toluca 1992-93).
Results and discussion. The period between planting and heading in the
winter scenario (Toluca, 1992-93) was almost twice as long as in the spring
scenario (Obregon, 1992-93) - 158 days on the average as compared to 85-90
days.l At the same time the variation in heading date within each cross in
winter scenario remarkably decreased, to half. A long vegetation period can
be attributed to cold temperature in the highlands of Mexico in the winter
where night temperature ais close to 0 degC. Any success in selection of
winter/facultative genotypes from spring x spring crosses depends on a
correlation between heading date of F2 plants in the spring scenario and the
behaviour of the corresponding F3 lines in winter scenario, to ensure that
very late, selected F2 plants behave as winter wheat. Coefficients of
correlation were calculated for each cross between F2 plants and
corresponding F3 lines both in the spring wheat and winter environment.
When F2-derived liens were grown in the spring environment there was
relatively high positive
correlation (0.39 - 0.81) indicating that heading date of F3 ilnes can be
predicted by the performance of their progenitor F2 plants. On the contrary,
all the correlations between F2 plants and F3 lines planted as winter wheat
were low and insignificant. Only two crosses demonstrated significant but
still medium correlation (0.42 - 0.49) between F3 lines in spring and winter
environment. This demonstrates that late F2 plants identified and selected
as winter type were not necessarily later under winter conditions. The
majority of F3 lines planted in the winter scenario suffered from frost due
to early development. They reached that boot stage in February-March when
low temperatures were still common. At this stage the wheat crop is
sensitive to frost resulting in leaf damage and steriiity (Lamb, 1967).
Visual selection was conducted among F3 lines. Only 12 lines (3.4%) out of
348 had less frost damage and acceptable plant type to be selected for
further evaluation. These selected lines did not necessarily originate from
very late F2 plants but rather from plants with variable numbers of days to
heading. Normally 20-30% of the F3 lines are selected from spring x witner
or winter x winter crosses. The data indicates that selection of very late
plants from F2 spring x spring crosses possibly has limited value for winter
wheat improvement. However, the study continues on F3 lines which survived
winter and serer selected to see their performance in the second winter
cycle.
Publications
Avsenink, V. I. 1988. Methodology of obtaining winter forms of bread wheat
by crossing only spring varieites. In: Applied aspects of genetics,
cytology and biotechnology of field crops. Odessa, VSGI, p. 21-30.
Flood, R. G. adn Halloran, G. M. 1986. Genetics and physiology of
vernalization response in wheat . In: Advances in Agronomy. Ed: Brady N. C.
Vol. 39:87-126.
Lamb, C. A. 1967. Physiology. In: Wheat and wheat improvement. Ed. K. S.
Quisenberry. Agronomy Vol. 13. p. 181-224.
Stelmakh, A. F. and Avsenin, V. I. 1987. Method of producing winter forms
of bread wheat from spring types. USSR Patent (A.s. 1340676).
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM MOROCCO
Aridoculture Center, CRRA/INNA, B. P. 598, Settat
M. Mergoum
Effects of Severe Drought on Wheats in the Arid and Semi-Arid Zone of
Morocco. 1992-1993 crop season in Morocco was the second in a row that was
characterized by a severe drought. Most farmer fields planted to cereals -
particularly wheats - were completely lost in most regions. The breeding
nurseries of both durum and bread wheat programs in the dryland regions of
Morocco were severely damaged. In fact, except for locations where
supplementary irrigation was applied (Tassaout, Khyemis, Zmamra, and Sidi El
Aydi), all nurseries were abandoned. In addition to drought, crop damage
was caused by a severe infestation by Hessian fly (Meyetiola destructor
(say) in many parts of the cereal growing areas. Some useful notes related
to wheat genotype behavior to drought and disease (plant vigor and survival,
leaf characteristics, wax, reaction to Hessian fly, root rot, ...etc)
however, were taken during this season.
-------------------------
M. Mergoum and N. Nsarellah
Performance of Triticale under Severe Drought Conditions. Triticale is
relatively a new crop in Morocco. The first cultivars of this crop were
registered in the Official Catalog in 1988. Since then, increasing surfaces
were grown to triticale. Actually, this crop is planted on more than 10,000
hectares. The 1992-93 severe drought has demonstrated the good performance
of triticale as compared to the other cereals in many parts of Morocco. In
1991 to 1993 growing seasons and except for triticale and to a certain
extent for barley, most cereals grown under rainfed conditions in Moroccan
dryland zone were destroyed by drought. While both bread and durum wheats
did not survive drought and Hessian fly attack beyond tillering state at
Jamat Shaim station, triticale lines produced an average 7 to 10 Quintals
(Qx) grains per Hectare (Ha) in addition to straw. Some lines produced more
than 14 Qx/Ha. Similarly, barley performed relatively well by producing an
average yield of 6 to 8 Qx/Ha. Among the 400 lines included in several
triticale observation nurseries, about 150 promising lines showing good
adaptation ability were selected. These lines were advanced to preliminary
yield test in 1993-94. Similarly, from yield trials, about 100 promising
lines (60, 20, and 20 lines from preliminary advanced and intermediary yield
trials, respectively) were selected and advanced to further tests.
-------------------------
M. Mergoum, N. Nsarellah, and M. Nachit
Screening Durum Wheat for Dryland Root Rot. Dryland root rot of wheats
caused by a complex of pathogens can cause tremendous losses in addition to
the normal losses every year. In Morocco, root rot is caused mainly by
Cochliobolus sativus and Fusarium culmorum. Studies have shown that durum
wheat is most affected in the dry areas of Morocco. Root rot research in
Morocco started in the early 1980's. Pathogens causing this disease have
been determined in numerous surveys. Field inoculations and evaluation
techniques have been developed and successfully tried. Small genetic
differences have subsequently been observed in available durum wheats.
Screening for sources of resistance and implementing a genetic improvement
program of the resistance in durum wheat is timely. In 1992-1993 growing
season, 1132 accessions of durum wheat world collection (Moroccan and
regional collections) (provided by M. Nachit CIMMYT/ICARDA durum breeder)
were included in a screening nursery for dryland root rot. The experiment
was installed at Sidi El Aydi experimental station located in the West
Central region of Morocco. Seed inoculation was done with spore suspensions
of both F. culmorum and C. sativus.
The severe drought that plagued Morocco in 1992 and 1993 growing
seasons enhanced significantly the development of root rot on the most
stressed growing wheats, particularly in the root rot nursery because of
artificial inoculation. Hence the 1992-93 crop season was "ideal" for root
rot screening in the arid and semi-arid zones of Morocco. White head
percentages reached as high as 65% in some inoculated plots allowing
excellent selection among genetic material. Among the 1132 accessions
tested, only 140 accessions showed few white heads (less than 5%) for both
inoculated and control treatments and therefore, were classified as tolerant
sources. The other accessions had significant white head percentages
varying between 10 to 35% and 25 to 65% for control and inoculated,
respectively. Tolerant, medium susceptible, and some accessions showing
good agronomic characters in the field were retested at the seeding stage in
the laboratory to confirm their reaction to root rot pathogens. Test
results showed that, except for some tolerant accessions, the reaction of
most accessions were susceptible. Therefore, more research is needed to
improve laboratory techniques for better discrimination among genotypes to
root rot disease.
-------------------------
M. Mergoum and A. Ouassou
New Varieties of Triticale. The only three cultivars of triticale
available for farmers to grow in Morocco are "Beagle", "Drira out-cross",
and "Juanillo". These varieties, released in 1988, were selected from
CIMMYT germplasm in the early 1980's. Among these cultivars, Juanillo is
the best for most characters (yield, grain quality and adaptation). In
1993, two new cultivars of triticale were released. These cultivars also
selected from CIMMYT germplasm, were named "Borhan" and "Firdaws". In
general, they are more adapted than previous cultivars in term of yield and
present better grain quality.
-------------------------
N. Nsarellah, M. Mergoum, and N. Miloudi
Drum Wheat Program in Morocco. Durum wheat is planted on more than 1.1
million hectares in Morocco. Major constraints are drought, temperature,
root rot and Hessian fly infestation. Predominant foliar diseases are tan
spot, rusts and barley yellow dwarf (BYD) virus. Under irrigation durums
develop much yellow berry which lowers grain quality. During the 1992-93
growing season several constraints were addressed by crop improvement
specialists. Hessian fly resistance incorporation from bread wheat is
continued by performing more than 350 new crosses and backcrosses on
pretested plants. The most advanced material is actually in the F4
generation. The North African and part of the world durum collection were
screened for Hessian fly resistance. No resistance was identified. Tan
spot is an important disease in Morocco and genetic resistance is sought.
Screening part of the durum wheat world collection in the field was not
successful due to drought. However, some shared germplasm was greenhouse
tested and some lines were found to possess resistance. Dryland root rot
was addressed by screening 1132 entries from the drum world collection (see
previous report). Tolerance was found in the field and selected entries
were retested in the laboratory. Progenies of intercrossed tolerant lines
were evaluated to find higher levels of resistance. Crosses using three BYD
virus resistant lines and a male sterile line were made and progenies will
be tested in coming generations. Selection for drought and heat tolerance
is done in the fields of three experiment stations. To select for yield
potential and wide adaptation at three irrigated stations, a favorable
rainfed and a high altitude station are added into consideration. During
1992-93, evaluation of local and shared germplasm (CIMMYT, ICARDA and
others) was done in two irrigated experiment stations and only two rainfed
stations. Drought was terminal in two other stations. Testing for rust
resistance was performed on advanced lines. To improve grain quality
families and lines that had shrivelled, black point or yellowberry seed were
eliminated before inclusion in advanced nurseries. Three lines were
promoted to the catalogue trials for registration.
Publications
Mergoum, M. J. Ryan, and J. P Shroyer. 1992. Triticale in Morocco:
Potential for Adoption in the Semi-Arid Cereal Zone. Journal of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences Education 21:137-141.
Mergoum, M., G. A. Taylor, N. Nsarellah, and J. Ryan. 1992. Triticale: An
Alternative Cereal in the Drought-Prone Moroccan Zone. Agron. Abstr., p.
60. Am. Soc. Agron., Minneapolis, MN.
El Bouhssini, M., N. Nsarellah, Mergoum, M., and G. A. Taylor. 1992. Field
and Greenhouse Reaction of Durum Wheat to Infestation with Hessian Fly
(Mayetiola destructor Say). Agron. Abstr.,., p. 95. Am. Soc. Agron.,
Minneapolis, MN.
Nsarellah, N., Mergoum, M. and J. Ryan. 1992. Evaluation of Durum Wheat
Germplasm to Tan Spot (Pyrenophora Tritici-repentis) in Morocco. Agron.
Abstr., p. 109. Am. Soc. Agron., Minneapolis, MN.
Taylor, G. A., N. Nsarellah, M. Mergoum, and J. Ryan. 1992. Morocco's
Catastropic Drought: Implications for Farmers, Scientists and the Economy.
Agron. Abstr., p. 361. Am. Soc. Agron., Minneapolis, MN.
Jlibene, M., G. A. Taylor, M. Mergoum, N. Nsarellah, and J. Ryan. 1992.
Breadwheat Production and Research in Morocco: A Shift in Emphasis. Abstr.,
p. 364. Am. Soc. Agron., Minneapolis, MN.
Ryan, J., M. Abdel Monem, A. Azzaoui, K. El Mejahed, M. El Gharrous and M.
Mergoum. 1992. A Current Perspective on Dryland Cereal Fertilization in
Morocco. p. 106-115. In Fertilizer Use Efficiency under Rain-fed
Agriculture in West Asia and North Africa. Proceedings of the Fourth
Regional Workshop, 5-10 May 1991, Agadir, Morocco.
Nachit, M., N. Nsarellah, M. Mergoum and John Ryan. 1993. Durum Wheat
Performance under early and mid season drought stresses. Abstr., p. 96.
Am. Soc. Agron., Cincinnati, OH.
Nsarellah, N., M. Mergoum and G. A. Taylor. 1993. Yield loss assessment of
tan spot on wheat in Morocco. Abstr., p. 96. Am. Soc. Agron., Cincinnati,
OH.
Mergoum, M., N. Nsarellah and M. Nachit. 1993. Screening Durum Wheat
germplasm for Dryland root rot resistance in Morocco. Agron. Abstr., p. 94.
Am. Soc. Agron., Cincinnati, OH.
Ryan, J., M. Mergoum, T. Gillard-byers, and J. P. Shroyer. 1992. On Farm
Trials in Morocco's Dryland Zone: The key to technology transfer.
(Submitted to Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education).
Ryan, J., M. Abdel Monem, and M. Mergoum. 1992. Nitrogen and phosphorus
fertilization of triticale varieties in Morocco. (Submitted to Medit).
Ryan, J., M. Abdel Monem, M. Dafir, M. Mergoum, and S. Belaid. 1992.
Response of local and improved Moroccan corn cultivars to zinc and
phosphorus. Al-awamia (submitted).
Ryan, J., M. Abdel Monem, and M. Mergoum, and D. Hadarbach. 1991. Impact
of P Fertilizer on barley, wheat and triticale in a p-deficient dryland zone
soil. Al Awamia (submitted).
Mergoum, M., J. S. Quick, and J. Nsarellah. Root rot of wheat: Inoculation
Techniques and Effects on Yield and its Components under Varying Water and
Nitrogen Levels in Morocco. Al Awamis (accepted).
Nsarellah, N., E. Elias, R. Cantrell and A. Taylor. Relationships of growth
stage and Expression of tan spot in Wheats. Agron. Abstr., p. 108. Am.
Soc. Agron., Denver, Colorado.
Elias, E. M., N. Nsarellah and R.G. Cantrell. 1992. Evaluation of three
Field inoculation techniques of tan spot on wheat. Agron. Abstr., p. 95.
Am. Soc. Agron., Minneapolis, MN . (Submitted to Plant Pathology).
Elias, E. M., N.Nsarellah, and R. G. Cantrell. 1992. Variation in
Virulence within and between Wheat Tan spot populations of North Dakota and
Morocco. Agron., Abstr., p. 95. Am. Soc. Agron., Minneapolis, MN.
(Submitted to Crop Science).
Nsarellah, N. and M. Mergoum. 1993. Comparison of four tan spot rating
methods under two field inoculation techniques. Al Awamia. (submitted).
-------------------------
ITEM FROM PAKISTAN
Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research
Centre, Park Road, Islamabad
Munawar Husain
Research on Wheat Rust and Powdery Mildew
Virulence Analysis. Virulence analysis of Puccinia recondita f. sp.
tritici was investigated to determine the prevalence and distribution of the
natural populations of the pathogen. The isolates were assayed on 24
selected single gene lines for rust resistance. Lines carrying genes Lr9,
Lr18, Lr19, Lr21, Lr24, Lr28, and Lr,28, and Lr29, maintained their
resistance to the prevalent natural populations of leaf rust, whereas
relatively few isolates could attack the host lines carrying genes Lr3Ka and
Lr27+31. Genes Lr2a, Lr10, Lr13, Lr15, Lr16, Lr20, Lr23, and Lr26
demonstrated good differential reaction to the isolates tested.
Physiologic Specialization
Leaf rust. Two major pathotype groups viz. 104 and 77 were identified
from the sample collected from major wheat growing areas on the recommended
standard differentials as well as supplemental differentials. The
prevalence of pathotype 104 group was about 85%. Of this, 39% isolates were
virulent on gene Lr26. Nine and 4 virulence combinations were obtained in
pathotype 104 and pathotype 77 groups respectively.
Stripe rust. No significant change in the virulence pattern was
observed anywhere. Race 7E150 remained predominant in Punjab and NWFP. Weak
virulence race OEO and 6EO were encountered from upland areas of
Balochistan.
Powdery mildew. The study shows that genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm4, and Pm6 are
highly effective in conditioning resistance against the prevailing
populations of Erysiphe graminis tritici. Virulence was common on Pm3C,
Pm5, Pm7, Pm8, and MA.
Wheat rust trap nursery. To monitor the changes in nature, wheat rust
trap nurseries were planted at over 30 loctions throughout the country.
These nurseries comprised of 98 entries included selected ines carrying
single genes for resistance to leaf and stripe rusts and past and present
commercial cultivars. The incidence of virulence was very high on genes
Lr1, Lr2b, Lr3, Lr3bg, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr20, and Lr22b. Mesothetic reaction
was observed on host genes Lr2a, Lr3ka, Lr13, Lr14b, Lr15, Lr16, Lr17,
Lr27+37, Lr30 and Lr33 in Punjab and North Western Frontier Provinces
(NWFP). However, in Sindh Province, susceptible reaction was observed on
genes Lr2a, Lr3ka, Lr13, Lr14b, Lr15, Lr16, Lr17, and Lr20. No virulence
was found on resistance genes Lr9, Lr18, Lr19, Lr21, Lr24, Lr28, and Lr29.
Up to 80S reaction was recorded for leaf rust on cvs. possessing gene Lr26,
e.g., Pak81, Pirsabak 85, Benno, Mehran 89 etc. Adult Plant Resistance in
addition to seedling resistance gne Lr26 was suspected in cvs. Rawal,
Sutlej, Pasban, Rohtas, Faisalabad 85 and Kohinoor.
Stripe rust was recorded with trrace to 30% severity on Chinese 166,
Lee, H. Kolben, Corella and Heines vii at Sialkot, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, D.
I. Khan, Bhaun, Nowshera and Peshawar. In Balochistan province the
incidence of stripe rust was very high only on Local White and Morocco. The
pattern of stripe rust virulence in Balochistan is markedly different from
that obtained in Punjab and NWFP provinces.
Identification of sources of resistance to rusts and powdery mildew. A
total of 876 lines comprising commercial cvs. and advance lines included in
National Wheat Diseases Screening Nursery (NWDSN) and 51 candidate lines
included in National Uniform Yield Trials (NUYT) were screened against rusts
at 10 and 18 predesignated locations, respectively, in different
agroecological zones. The NWDSN results were communicated to respective
contributors for further selection in the breeding programme. Whereas
results of NUYT were used by the Variety Evaluation Committee (VEC) for
selection of candidate varieties.
Over 150 genetic stocks of national and international origin were
evaluated in the field against natural populations of powdery mildew
pathogen. Out of these, only 3 cvs. namely Bindawarra, Flinders and Kulin
indicated resistant reaction, while 5 cvs/lines viz. Aroona, Schomberg,
C273, V5300 and V86007 showed moderately resistant reaction to the pathogen.
Cultivars released. The following wheat cvs. were released/approved in
Pakistan since 1990.
Name Prev. Ref. Parentage/pedigree
------------------------------------------------------------------
Inqilab-90 V85060-1 WL711/Crow's'
Pb 19454-9a-0a-1SHP
Pasban-90 V86369 Inia66/A.Distt//
(Tolerant to saline soils) Inia66/3/Gen81
FW5898-1-0a-7k-0a
Rohtas-90 V86371 -do-
(Drought tolerant) FW8461-3-0a-0a-18k-0a
Soghat-90 M143 Pavon NaN3 10-=3 2 hrs.
Anmol-91 V5002 Lira's
(short duration) CM43903-H-4y-1m-1y-3m-3y-0b
Barani-91 PR33 Kvz//Cno/Chr/3/On/4/Kal/Bu
(for rainfed areas) FR2208-7f-1f-Of
Sariab-92 S19 Junco's'
Kaghan-93 PR38 Bav's'
CM51923-3m-1y-2m-1y-2m-2y-Om
Kohsar-93 V8706 Psn's'/Bow's'
Parwaz-94 V87189 V5648/Prl's'
Pb20089-7a-4a-Oa
------------------------------------------------------------------
Necrology. Dr. S. F. Hassan, an eminent rust pathologist breathed his
last on 1st March 1994, at the age of 70 years. May God Almighty rest the
departed soul in eternal peace. We extend our deepest sympathies to his
family.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ROMANIA
ICCPT (Research Institute for Cereals and Industrial Crops) Fundulea,
8264, jud. Calarasi
N.N. Saulescu*, Gh. Ittu*, Mariana Ittu, P. Mustatea
New cultivar releases - One common wheat and one triticale cultivar
bred at Fundulea were officially approved, registered and released in 1993:
DROPIA was released as a high yielding semidwarf, mid-early hard red
winter wheat of high bread-making quality. It was tested under the name
F4141W1-13 or F141. Dropia was selected from the cross Colotana/F2120W1,
where 2120W1 is a line derived from the cross Fundulea 29/ Lovrin 32//
Fundulea 29/3/ Flamura 80. Dropia has medium winter hardiness, medium leaf
rust resistance (presumably Lr 34), medium stripe rust and good powdery
mildew resistance. On a 3 years average in 13 locations Dropia overyielded
Fundulea 4 by 4.4%. It has maximum glutenine score ( 2*, 5+10, 7+8) and good
mixing tolerance and loaf volume.
COLINA was released as a high yielding medium-tall winter triticale
cultivar with better Septoria and BYDV resistance than previously released
triticale cultivars. Previously tested as TF 15, Colina was selected from
the cross CT3/ F121TJ2-3, where CT3 is a Polish triticale and F121TJ2-3 is a
line derived from the cross Sadovo1 (6x wheat)/ Lc79-70 (rye inbred)//
Unknown triticale/3/ AD206 (Ukrainian 6x triticale). It is resistant to
lodging, leaf rust, stripe rust and powdery mildew. On a 3 years average in
8 locations it overyielded TF 2 (previously released 6x triticale) by 13.5%.
Breeding for BYDV resistance in triticale.- Under artificial
inoculation with a mixture of one RPV and one PAV strain of BYDV, triticales
showed larger differences in symptom intensity than wheat. After identifying
some entries with relatively better resistance ( lines from the crosses
F58TJ and F101TO, and the Polish cultivar Malno), selection under artificial
inoculation with BYDV was practiced starting from F2 to F6 in crosses
involving these parents.
Several lines significantly more resistant to BYDV than their parents
were identified ( e.g. F243TT, F238TT and 102TU). These lines are now in
preliminary yield trials for an evaluation of their yield performance.
-------------------------
S.C.A. (Agricultural Research Station), Tuda, jud. Cluj
Maria Moldovan, V. Botezan, V. Moldovan
Results in wheat breeding for disease resistance. One of the most
important objectives of the wheat breeding program at Turda is to create new
cultivars with durable resistance to the main diseases in Romania (powdery
mildew, yellow rust, leaf rust, stem rust, Septoria leaf blotch, Fusarium
head blight).
During the 1986-93 period about 400 entries (cultivars and lines) were
tested each year in disease nurseries. Plants were artificially inoculated
at the adult plant stage in order to know the behavior of the new materials
against each pathogen to find the changes in pathogen populations and to
select resistant lines.
During this period, no major changes were observed in the leaf rust
(Puccinia recondita) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis) race patterns. The
Lr 9, Lr 19, Lr 24, Lr 25, genes are still effective and the Lr 13 and Lr 34
genes for durable resistance are also effective to leaf rust. The genes Sr
31 and Sr 2 remain important to obtain durable resistance to stem rust.
Since 1988 the virulence for Yr 9 was present in the yellow rust
(Puccinia striiformis) populations and infected cultivars with this
resistance gene.
The dynamics of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici)
population is characterized by frequent virulence changes and therefore
specific resistance is rapidly overcome by the pathogen.
In the breeding strategy for wheats resistant to rusts and powdery
mildew at Turda, attempts are made to diversify the genetic basis of
resistance, to use the genes which confer durability of resistance such as
Lr 13 to leaf rust and Sr 31, Sr 2 to stem rust respectively, and to use
different forms of partial resistance to all of these pathogens.
Attempts are made also to improve the resistance to Fusarium head
blight and Septoria leaf blotch by diversifying the resistance to both
diseases.
The cultivars created at Agricultural Research Station Turda, have good
agronomic traits and also show good resistance to diseases. Turda 195, is a
cultivar which shows durable adult plant resistance to leaf rust and partial
resistance to Fusarium head blight and Septoria leaf blotch. Transilvania,
which also has durable adult plant resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew,
yellow rust (Yr 9 and other factors of adult plant resistance), stem rust
(Sr 31 and other factors of adult plant resistance) and partial resistance
to Fusarium head blight and Septoria leaf blotch. Turda 81, had good
resistance to Septoria leaf blotch (Septoria tritici and Septoria nodorum).
This cultivar also shows adult plant resistance to powdery mildew and to
leaf rust. It is also resistant to stem rust. The new cultivar Apullum is
resistant to yellow rust and stem rust and shows a high level of partial
resistance to Septoria leaf blotch.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM RUSSIA
Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Regions, Saratov
N. S. Vassiltchouk, V. I. Kassatov, S. N. Gaponov
Durum wheat breeding for dry regions of Russia: Breeding program for
South-East regions of Russia addresses several problems - drought
resistance, high yield, grain quality, resistance to major pests (suni bug,
aphid, cereal leaf beetle, stem sawfly) and diseases (loose smut, leaf rust,
blackpoint). Also in some wet years sprout damage resulting from rainfalls
prior to harvest is a serious quality problem in durum wheat. The breeding
material is evaluated in the rain simulator chamber. As a rule the best
released varieties or lines of local advanced trial are taken as material
forms. The donors of missing genes, can be the varieties of various
institutes of Russia or other countries. To accelerate the breeding process
a promising material is studied at the experimental stations in different
locations of Russia. The new varieties are characterized by higher yield
and stronger gluten, higher yellow pigment content (Table 1).
Table 1. Yield and grain quality of newly developed varieties and
promising lines of durum wheat grown at Saratov (average 1991-93)
SDS-
Sedimentation Yellow Protein
Yield test pigment content,
Varieties t/ha ml content,mg% %
---------------------------------------------------------------------
St Bezentchuokskaya139 1.84 41 4.7 16.8
Saratovskaya 57 2.21 56 6.1 16.0
Saratovskaya zolo-
tistava 2.37 49 8.1 16.1
D-2027 2.67 56 6.5 17.0
D-2033 2.85 58 4.4 15.9
D-2034 2.85 67 6.0 15.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Suni bug influence on durum wheat quality: The suni bug (Eurygaster
integriceps Put) is the most dangerous pest for South-East regions of
Russia. In Volga Region suni pest has often resulted in damaged kernels up
to 15-20%. The kernels injured by suni pest have much worse rheological
properties of semolina and lower quality of pasta products. Breeding for
resistance to suni bug is one of the important problems to control durum
wheat gluten quality.
Resistance of 12 durum wheat cultivars to suni pest was studied. Field
experiments were conducted in Saratov during 1987-93; Plots consisted of 10
rows, 25 m long with 15 cm row spacing, with four replications in a
randomized complete block design. The percentage of damaged kernels was
calculated under natural conditions after harvesting. The blends of
semolina (0, 5, 10, 20%) from non-damaged kernels and damaged by suni bug
was prepared to estimate gluten quality.
SDS-sedimentation test was used to estimate the gluten strength as
rapid and very sensitive to suni bug ferments method. Highly significant
differences were found between both varieties and blends. The most strong
gluten cultivars (Saratovskaya zolotistaya, Saratovskaya 57, Saratovskaya 59
and Ludmila) were more resistant to suni pest ferments. They could keep
rather good quality even if their blends contained up to 10% of semolina
from injured kernels. The weakest gluten ones (Bezentchoukskaya 139
and Kharkovskaya 46) were more susceptible. They lost quality when their
blends had only 3-5% of semolina from damaged kernels.
Mixograph and farinograph curve characteristics were significantly
better and more stable for strong gluten cultivars in comparison to weak
gluten ones even if their semolina contained up to 20% of that from damaged
kernels.
Influence of 5 and 20% injured grain on dry and cooked and overcooked
spaghetti firmness and cooking loss of strong and weak gluten cultivars also
was studied. The cooking quality of strong gluten cultivars was more stable
under various sunin pest damage percentage independently of cooking time.
So, newly developed varieties Saratovskaya 57, Saratovskaya 59,
Saratoyskaya zolotistaya and Ludmila are more resistant to suni pest
ferments than old ones. The introduction of new varieties in industry farms
will provide the macaroni industry with high quality raw material.
-------------------------
S. V. Tuchin, Yu V. Italianskaya
The drought-resistant somaclones of spring bread wheat: Above 50
somaclonal variants of spring bread wheat cultivar Ershovskaya 32, were
selected in callus culture via 20% (W/V) polyethyleneglycol in the media as
the model of water status extreme. After one cycle of sexual propagation
the seed progenies of regenerants were planted under control and drought
conditions until plant senescence and seed maturation was complete. Plants
were analyzed for several agronomic traits. Under drought conditions plants
derived from somaclones appeared to have reduced height, changed wax film
and greater grain yield as compared with the parent cultivar.
The drought-resistant somaclone No. 184 was studied for heat stress
response: 8-day old seedlings were subjected to 41 degrees C for 90 min and
heat shock proteins (hsps) induced were analyzed by PAG-electrophoresis.
Applied heat shock led to increased synthesis of the hsps 70, 24, 18 KD
groups of proteins when compared with parent cultivar plants. Moreover the
electrophoretic patterns of somaclones had new proteins band in zones of low
molecular weight hsps (24, 14 KD). It is well known that low molecular
weight hsps just take part in regulation of mitochondrial energetics and
protect those organells from heat shock damage.
The strong correlation was found between changes in leaves wax film and
in the isozymes of esterase (EST) studied by PAG-electrophoresis is
somaclones and parent plants. Electrophoretic patterns of somaclones
differed markedly form those of parent plants. The most variations occurred
for EST 1 isozymes with appearance of two mutant proteins that was never
seen in parent plants and for EST 2 with loss of a parental protein band.
Thus, these findings suggest that stress proteins and some isozymes
might contribute to the drought resistance found in tissue-culture-derived
plants with using polyethylene glycol.
-------------------------
T. I. Dyatchouk
Agronomic performance of doubled haploids: Since 1986 above 4,000 DH
lines of bread wheat have been developed through anther culture. The best
of them showed a good combination of the agronomic traits. For instance, in
1993 more advanced breeding line Nol. 94/93 was superior as compared with
two high yielding local variety Saratovskaya 42 and Saratovskaya 58. The
results for grain yielding were 128.3% and 115.7%, respectively. Our
results confirm that complete homozygosity is not detrimental even for such
unique climatic regions as South-East of Russia. Unique DH-lines genetic
status allows us to understand the real role of heterogenity in the
environmental buffering of a variety - one of the key problems of breeding
strategy.
-------------------------
Information and Computation Centre of Russian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, P.O. Emmaus 171330, Tver
S.P.Martynov*, T.V.Dobrotvorskaya
Wheat Genetic Resources Database. Awnedness Genogeography on the Former
USSR Territory.
The structure of the Database on Genetic Resources for Wheat (BDGRW)is
described in Annual Newsletter, 39:214-221. In 1993 the BDGRW was
replenished with new information on pedigrees and identified genes
alleles. By 1994 the Database contains 46,414 entries (Table 1).
Table 1. The wheat genetic resources database filling up status
Species
Records characteristics
T.aestivum T.durum All
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Accessions with known pedigrees 22379 3429 28880
Accessions with known genes 10917 1210 13023
Accessions from the former USSR 8732 1513 10447
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 36736 5355 46414
Information on genes alleles is very important for wheat breeding.
Some hints of such information are given in Table 2 containing data on
genes alleles belonging to some genetic systems.
Table 2. Number of records with genes alleles belonging to some
genetic systems
Genetic system Number of records
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Hybrid necrosis (Ne1,Ne2) 5723
Grass-clump dwarfness (D1,D2,D3) 1324
Response to vernalization (Vrn1,Vrn2,Vrn3) 911
Gliadin (Gli-A1,Gli-A2,..., Gli-D2) 231
Glutenin (Glu-A1,Glu-B1,Glu-D1) 1069
Crossability with rye (Kr1,Kr2) 1121
Resistance to leaf rust (Lr1,Lr2,..., Lr34) 1867
Resistance to stem rust (Sr1,Sr2,..., Sr37) 1874
Resistance to yellow rust (Yr1,Yr2,..., Yr16) 516
Resistance to powdery mildew (Pm1,Pm2,...,Pm120) 481
Resistance to bunt (Bt1,Bt2,...,Bt10) 1014
Resistance to Hessian fly (H1,H2,..., H19) 157
Reduced height (Rht1,Rht2,..., Rht20) 1483
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Botanical variety is one of the BDGRW passport descriptors. It is an
integral characteristic of an accession and incorporates data on
morphological traits of the spike and the seed. Agronomic role of the se
traits has not been investigated yet and the information available is
conflicting. This paper presents results of a genogeographic analysis of
such morphological trait as awnedness.
Records containing data on T.aestivum cultivars and landraces from
different regions of the former USSR were analyzed. This vast territory
was divided into natural-and-agricultural provinces, climatic conditions
being considered. The latter include provision of warmth and moisture in
the period of vegetation. Natural-and-agric provinces of the former USSR are
given in Table 3.
Table 3. Natural-and-agricultural provinces of the former USSR with
moisture and warmth provision indication
Provision Provision
No Province name of moisture of warmth
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Southern taiga forest areas of
Baltic and Belarussia moist low
2 Southern taiga forest areas of
Middle Russia moist low
3 Forest and steppe areas of Middle
Russia moist medium
4 Caucasian northern foothills steppe
and dry steppes along the river
Manych and Don arid high
5 Steppe area of Southern Russia and
Trans-Volga river arid high
6 Steppes and dry steppes of the
Ukraine arid high
7 Trans-Caucasus arid high
8 Middle Asia subtropics dry high
9 Kazakhstan steppe arid medium
10 Forest and steppe areas in
West Siberia andwest foothills
of the Urals moist low
11 Forest and steppe areas in Middle
and East Siberia semiarid low
12 Southern taiga and forest areas in
the Far East moist low
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Software package for BDGRW analysis makes it possible to construct a
two-dimensional contingency table. A table with two inputs was constructed
with the help of this package programme. Natural-and-agri-cultural provinces
of the ex-USSR are used for input 1 and awned and
awnless accessions for input 2. Such tables have been constructed for
landraces and cultivars (Table 4).
Table 4. Distribution of awned and awnless wheats on the ex-USSR
Landraces Cultivars
Province* Awnles Awned Awnless Awned
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 29 4 113 113
4 2 27 110 106
5 16 9 127 62
6 38 99 232 310
7 8 48 34 99
8 18 90 62 156
9 4 17 119 28
10 14 18 123 34
11 8 18 54 14
12 5 6 21 33
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 190 347 1192 955
* Numbers coincide with numbers in table 3.
Xi-square test indicated the distribution of awned and awnless wheats
by natural-and agricultural provinces to be not casual: for landraces X2 =
149.1 (P < 0.01), for cultivars X2 = 313.5 (P < 0.01). Both landraces and
cultivars of awned wheats tend to prevail in arid
provinces (Table 4). Nevertheless, there is at least one exception, i.e.
steppe area of Southern Russia and Trans-Volga river (N 5). The province
includes Saratov, Volgograd, Orenburg and Samara regions.
Physiologists working in the South-East zone incorporating these
regions think the awnedness to be an useless trait. However, all cultivars
of durum wheat and barley here are awned. A model cultivar for a
drought-resistant bread wheat here is an awned cultivar Eryth-
rospermum 841 bred in 1924. According to the investigations of Prof.
V.A.Krupnov on near-isogenic lines awned lines have an advantage over
awnless lines in case of drought and brown rust epiphytoty. The latter is
explained by the fact that rust destroys 70-80% of upper
leaves surface at the beginning of ripening and awns serve to compensate
partially the lack of leaves.
If we compare the distribution of awned and awnless wheats for
landraces and cultivars can see the same results in most provinces (at
least in 8 cases from 12). Breeding caused changes in correlation between
awned and awnless wheats in Caucasian northern foothills
steppe (4), Kazakhstan steppe (9), Forest and steppe areas in West Siberia
and west foothills of the Urals(10), Forest and steppe areas in Middle and
East Siberia(11). One of the probable causes for change is the extensive use
of well-known winter wheats Bezostaya 1, Mironovskaya 808 and spring wheat
Saratovskaya 29 by most breeding centres of the ex-USSR. All these
cultivars are awnless and belong to lutescens variety. From the total
number of 2147 analyzed bread wheats 554 are offsprings of Bezostaja 1,
256 - offsprings of Mironovskaya 808, 184 - offsprings of Saratovskaya 29.
If we group the data of Table 4 according to the provision of moist
in provinces we come to the following distribution of awned and awnless
wheats (Table 5).
Table 5. Distribution of awned and awnless wheats on the former USSR
territory
Province Landraces Cultivars
Characteristics Awnless Awned Awnless Awned
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Moist 96 39 454 180
Arid 94 308 738 775
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 190 347 1192 955
Five provinces are considered to be moist: 1, 2, 3, 10, 12; and seven
are considered as arid: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11. Chi-square test again
indicates the distribution of awned and awnless wheats by moist and
arid provinces to be not casual: for landraces X2 = 98.6 (P < 0.01), for
cultivars X2 = 93.4 (P < 0.01). The distribution of awned and awnless
wheats in the former USSR territory is represented graphically in the
following Figure. Coefficient of association between the moisture provision
in area of wheat growing and the awnedness is for landraces r = 0.43, for
cultivars r = 0.21. The received results show a significant contribution
of awnedness to drought-resistance of wheat. It is quite probable that
awnedness is linked with some genes responsible for drought-resistance.
Nevertheless, the results of genogeographic analysis of awnedness suggest
it reasonable to use this trait when breeding drought-resistant wheats.
Figure Here
Distribution of Awned and Awnless Cultivars in ex-USSR
(see image file "Awn-distribution.gif")
-------------------------
The Moscow, People's Friendship University
Alexandr Fedorov
Ontogenesis of Wheat Hybrids Obtained by Crossing Varieties of
Different Develpmental Types - Winter, Alternative and Spring. In breeding
for economically valuable wheat cultivars ever increasing use is being made
of forms differing in provenance and developmental type. Crossing varieties
of different developmental types has also been used in work on wheat
hybridization using male sterility. Study of the developmental traits of
hybrids obtained in this way can be of great help in understandng the nature
of their ontogeny and of properties such as wintering, winterhardiness,
vernalization, length of the vegetative period and photoperiodicity. There
is great practical and theoretical significance of studying crosses of
cultivars of different developmental types - winter, alternative and spring
wheats. Some literature exists on segregation in hybrid generations of
crosses between winter and spring wheats (Vavilov, Kuznetsova, 1921; Sears,
1954; Riley, 1963; Tsunewaki, 1966; Pugsley, 1971). However little is
available on the developmental traits of crosses between winter and
alternative wheats and between alternative and spring wheats, nor on
differences in the behavior of winter x alternative and winter x spring
hybrids. We (Fedorov, 1973, 1976, 1989) have been studying developmental
traits of crosses between winter, alternative and spring wheats for a number
of years. This paper reports observation data of first and second
generation hybrids.
Cultivars used for crossing included: winter wheats - Lutescens 329,
Kooperatorka, Mironosvkaya 808, Bankuty 1201 and others; alternative wheats
- Czech alternative, 26191, 109, Surhak 5688 and others; spring wheats -
Lutescens 62, Milturum 321 and others. Hybrids of first and second
generation were sown at various times and under various illumination
conditions. The usual phenological observations and observations for
differentiation of the shoot apex were made. The F(2) the date of each
plant was noted.
Developmental Traits of Winter x Spring Hybrids. After spring sowing
all F(1) plants headed although often somewhat later than the spring parent,
e.g., in three test years F(1)'s of winter Lutescens 329 and spring
Lutescens 62 headed 6-7 days later than Lutescens 62. Lutescens 329 crosses
and the late spring variety Milturum 321 were even later in heading viz. 17-
22 days. From autumn sowing, at a date a week or two later than optimum for
winter cultivars, hybrids survived the winter over a number of years, while
the spring parent sown either at the same time or even later did not
survive.
Table 1. Wintering of F(1) of winter x spring crosses sown in autumn
(II Sept).
Number of plants %
Cross in autumn after winter wintering
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lutescens 120 40 33,3+4,3
Kooperatorka x Lutescens 128 29 22,6+3,6
Lutescens 329 x Milturum 321 131 64 48,8+3,3
Lutescens 62 (spring) 139 0 -
Lutescens 329 (winter) 136 131 96,3+1,6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1 shows that from early September sowing the F(1)'s survived,
although less than for the winter parent. The spring parent Lutescens 62
winterkilled entirely. The Lutescens 329 late spring Milturum 321, (more
winterhardy than Lutescens 62) cross survived best. How can the greater
winterhardiness of F(1)'s over spring parents be explainted? Tests showed
that F(1)'s react somewhat differently to the spring parent to a short day
regime, e.g., in one test the F(1) of Lutescens 329 x Lutescens 62 headed 28
days after the spring parent. The hybrids were delayed by about the same
amount as the weekly winterhardy alternative wheats 28 and 109.
Observations of growth and development of wheat sown at various dates showed
that in autumn (short day) the hybrid plants were much more retarded than
those of the spring parent. For example, when sown 21 August plants of F(1)
of Lutescens 329 x Lutescens 62 reached differentiation of the shoot apex 54
days after complete germination, i.e., at about the same time as the weekly
winterhardy alternative varieties (Surhak 5688, 28), while the spring
variety Lutescens 62 reached this stage after 21 ays, i.e., 33 days earlier.
The first-generation hybrids sown in autumn showed delayed growth as
well as development in comparison with the spring types.
Height measurements made at the end of autumn (27 October) gave mean
values of 4.8 cm for the hybrid plants and 12.3 cm for the spring varieties.
Hybrid plants showed more tillering and resembled more the winter parents,
while spring parents had an erect form. F(1)'s shows dominance of earliness
and is closest to the weakly winter-hardy alternative wheats in maturity.
When spring sown many F(2) plants showed full ear emergence, although not
simultaneously. A small proportion remained in the tillering phase to the
end of the growth period. Sample data on the distribution of hybrid plants
according to heading date, for the cross Lutascens 329 x Lutescens 62 are
given below:
Date # plants headed Date # plants headed Date # plants headed
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 July 2 7 July 32 13 July 6
2 July 4 8 July 37 14 July 6
3 July 6 9 July 47 26 July 2
4 July 9 10 July 27 7 July 4
5 July 14 11 July 25 8 July 1
6 July 34 12 July 8 10 July 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semi-winter; 15 plants, or 4.2%; winter, remaining in the tillering
stage: 16 plants or 4.9%; total number of plants: 354. The spring variety
Lutescens 62 headed 30 June, the late spring variety Milturum 321 - 9 July,
the semi-winter variety Apulicum - 15 August, the Czech alternative variety-
12 July.
In the F(2) generation there was considersable segregation with regard
to the length of the vegetation period. Most hybrid plants headed somewhat
later (5-10 days) than the spring parent. A small proporton headed at nearly
the same time as the Czech alternative wheat, 15 plants headed rather late -
in August and the beginning of September, at about the same time as semi-
winter varieties, and 16 plants remained at the tillering stage until the
end of the growth period.
In the second generation there was rather complex segregation in
vegetation period and hybrid plants covered almost all stages of the
transition from one parent to the other but with a predominance of plants
closer to the cultivar with the shorter vegeation period (less pronounced
winter property and photoperiodicity).
Hence in F(2) there was great diversity in the length of the vegetation
period, ranging from early spring types, similar to the initial spring
parent, through medium early, late spring and alternative types, to semi-
winter and winter forms.
Developmental Traits of Spring x Alternative Hybrids. The F(1) hybrids
behaved somewhat similarly to that of the spring x winter crosses. When
sown in spring they headed uniformly. In cases where the alternative parent
was later than the spring parent the F(1) headed somewhat later than the
latter but earlier than the former. For example, the F(1) of the cross
Lutescens 62 (spring) x Czech alternative headed 3-6 days later than
Lutescens 62 but 5-13 days earlier than Czech alternative. In photoperiodic
reaction F(1) plants were intermediate between the parents. On a short (12
hour) day they lagged in development more than the spring variety but less
than the alternative variety. In one of the short-day tests the hybrids
showed 8 days more lag in the differentiation of teh shoot apex than the
spring parent but 26 days less than the alternative parent. The difference
in ear emergence on a short-day regimen was even greater: the hybrids headed
16 days later than the spring variety.
The F(1) hybrids when sown in autumn were more retarded in development
and growth which enabled them to winter better than the spring variety. For
example, in one test F(1) progeny of Lutescens 62 x Czech alternative sown
11 September survived 30.4%, while all plants of the spring parent Lutescens
62 were killed; 55% of the Czech alternative variety survived.
In the F(2) generation of spring x alternative all plants showed full
ear emergence, although not simultaneously when the initial parents differed
in the length of the vegetation period. In F(2) there was rather complex
segregation for the vegetation period. The hybrid plants covered almost all
stages of transition from one parent to the other. A predominance of plants
were closer to the parent with the shorter vegetation period (Lutescens 62)
but most hybrid plants headed somewhat later (3-7 days) than the spring
parent.
Developmental Traits of Winter x Alternative Hybrids. The F(1)
hybrids, unlike F(1)'s of winter x spring and spring x alternative crosses,
remained at the tillering stage for a long time when spring sown, resembling
more the winter parent. Nevertheless, the plants showed full ear emergence
by the end of summer, unlike the winter varieties, although the seed often
did not mature.
The plants reacted sharply to light conditions, particularly the day
length, with a change of development rate. Table 2 shows that under
conditions of natural illumination the F(1) hybrids was considerably
retarded in development, not heading till the end of summer. In development
rate these hybrids are intermediate between the parents (winter and
alternative). The period from emergence to short apex differentiation was
longer in F(1) hybrids than in the alternative but shorter than in the
winter parent. However, continuous illumination speeded up (by almost a
month) the development of the hybrids.
On a short-day regime the hybrid plants showed considerably more delay
in development than the alternative parent. These results indicate that the
winter property (of winter varieties) and photoperiodicity (of alternative
varieties) in wheat are phenomena of the same type, the difference being
probably in essence only qualitative. This is confirmed by results of other
studies. For example, crossing the same alternative parent with various
winter parents differing in degree winter properties gives F(1)'s with
different photoperiodic reactions. The F(1) of one of the crosses between
the Czech alternative and Lutescens 329 (with a pronounced winter type)
showed 22 days more dealy on a short-day regime than F(1) of the cross
between the same alternative variety and the variety BAnkuty 1201 (weak
winter property). Thus the photoperiodic reaction of F(1) hybrids is
influenced by the degree of the winter property of the winter parent. In
the case of the cross Lutescens329 x Czech alternative, the F(1) and the
initial varieties had approximately the same vernalized period (40-50 days).
This indicates that developmental differences between them are due basically
to differences in reaction to light.
Table 2.Influence of illumination conditions on the development of first
generation hybrids from crosses of winter and alternative wheat.
Duration from
emergence to
differ. of the Date of
Cross/parent Ilumination shoot apex (days) heading
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lutescens 329 x natural 57 20 Aug
Czech alternative
Kooperatorka x 54 12 Aug
Czech alternative 26 15 July
Lutescens 329 119 did not head
Lutescens 62 12 30 June
Lutescens 329 x continuous 39 25 July
Czech alternative
Kooperatorka x -natural+ 37 18 July
Czech alternative
Czech alternative supplementary 21 7 July
Lutescens 329 illumination 92 did not head
Lutescens 62 of about 5000 lux 9 26 June
Lutescens 329 x short day (12) 88 did not head
Czech alternative
Kooperatorka x hours from 80 did not head
Czech alternative
Czech alternative 7 a.m. to 52 did not head
Lutescens 62 7 p.m. 20 24 July
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
When sown in auturmn F(1) hybrids of winter x alternative crosses
wintered much better than the first generations of winter x spring and
spring x alternative crosses. In winterhardiness they were close to the
winter varieties. For example, when F(1) of Lutescens 329 x Czech
alternative variety was sown 11 September 87% of the plants survived
wintered, compared with 88.8% of the winter parent and 66.3% of the Czech
alternative. When sown simultaneously the F(1) heads at about the same time
as the winter parent.
The F(2) sown in spring showed rather complex segregation in
developmental type and vegetation period. Hybrid plants included
representatives of almost all vegetative stages of transition between the
parents. All F(2) plants had different lengths of the vegetative period.
There were not 2 classes (winter and sprng) but 8. For example, in one test
there were 326 plants of F(2) from the cross between the winter wheat
Lutescens 329 and the Czech alternative variety. Of these, 3 plants headed
at the same time as the alternative variety - 18 July. The largest
proportion - 133 or 40.8% headed during the period 23 to 28 July, i.e., 5-10
days later than the Czech alternative. Thirteen percent headed during
August and the beginning of September, i.e., during the heading period of
semi-winter varieties. The majority of F(2) plants had a shorter vegetation
period, closer to the alternative parent variety, than in the F(1). Twenty
eight percent of the hybrid plants remained at the tillering stage, i.e.,
true winter forms.
Considerably more winter and semi-winter (weekly winter) forms
segregated in F(2) of crosses of winter and alternative varieties than in
F(2) of winter x spring crosses. This is readily explained, since
alternative cultivars are much closer to winter types than are springs. The
number of winter forms segregating in F(2) from crosses of winter and
alternative or springs depends on the photoperiodic reaction of the latter.
In crosses between the same winter variety and various alternatives or
springs more winter forms segregated from crosses where the parents had more
pronounced photoperiodic or delayed reactions. The greated number of winter
forms segregating in F(2) was observed in the cross between the winter
parent and the Czech alternative line. In a cross between the same winter
variety and the alternative cultivar Surhak 5688, which has a much weaker
photoperiodic reaction, only 21.2% winter forms segregated. The least
proportion of winter forms (9.1%) in F(2) was obtained from the cross
between the winter line and the spring Lutescens 62, a cultivar that showed
the least retardation on a short-day regime of all the parents tested.
These data, and the results for developmental traits in F(1) show that
the winter property of winter cultivars (retardation of development under
long-day conditions and corresponding intense illumination) and the
photoperiodic reaction of alternative and spring cultivars (retardation
under short-day conditions) are essentially of the same origin, the basic
difference between them being probably only quantitative. Different wheats
exhibit the winter property in differing degrees - winter varieties - react
to a long day with a pronounced retardation in devlopment; alternative
varieties react to a short day with a pronounced retardation of lesser
extent; and spring varieties showing only a very sight retardation under
short-day conditions. Vernalization, to a considerable extent, levels out
these differences in reaction to light.
Vernalization is a facultative process, which takes place under certain
conditions (for instance, in autumn) and does not take place under the other
ones (in summer). Therefore, the type of plant development (spring,
alternative and winter) is not due to vernalization as was thought earlier
(Lyssenko, 1936; Pugsley, 1971) but it is conditioned by the different
reaction to light at the beginning of plant life.
The type of plant development is due to their different reactions to
light at the beginning of their life (in the gframineous plants at the
tillering stage). Spring plants have a slight development delay under the
short day. Alternative plants are considerably delayed under the short day
and winter plants are delayed under both short and long day.
The length of the vegetative period for the spring-sown plants (spring,
alternative) is conditioned by the light reaction in the non-vernalized
plants (we called it the lst photoperiodic reaction) but for winter-sown
plants (alternative, winter) it is conditioned by the light reaction in the
vernalized plants (we called it the 2nd photoperiodic reaction).
The first generations of crosses between winter, alternative and spring
varieties differ in their reaction to light during the initial period of
life (up to the transition of the shoot apex from the vegetative to the
reproductive phase). Crosses of winter x alternative wheats were more
retarded in development under sort-day conditions than winter x spring and
spring x alternative crosses. The first generation obtained by crossing
winter and alternative wheat showed considerable retardation in development
under natural summer (long) day conditions, heading only at the end of
summer, unlike crosses of the other two combinations.
In developmental type and reaction to light and winterhardiness the
first generation hybrids are intermediate between the parent varieties but
nearer to the earlier variety. In F(2)'s segregation for vegetation period
was rather complex. The hybrid plants covered almost all stages of the
transition from one parent to the other, but with a predominance of plants
closer to the variety with the shorter vegetation period (less pronounced
winter property and photoperiodicity).
The different crossing combinations of developmental types differed in
the proportion of winter forms observed in F(2). In F(2) of spring
alternative there were no winter forms - all plants headed after spring
sowing. In F(2)'s of winter x spring a small percentage of winter forms (5-
10%) segregated while in F(2)'s of winter x alternative there was quite a
large percentage of winter types (up to 50%). The most pronounced the
photoperiodic reaction of the spring or alternative type the closer it is to
a winter type. These data and the results of observation of the development
of first generation hybrids show that the winter property is not determined
by the duration of vernalization and the conditions under which it takes
place, as was earlier considered, but basically by the plants reaction to
light, i.e., similar to photoperiodicity (of long-day plants). Differences
in developmental type and the length of the vegetation period are to a large
extent due to differences in the plant's reaction to light during the
initial period of life.
Publications
Fedorov, A. K. 1973. Some data on genetics of wheat ontogenesis. Proc. 4
Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. (Univ. of Miss., USA):801-803.
Fedorov, A. K. 1976. On photoperiodism, wintering and vernalization in
wheat. Cereal Res. Communications, v. 4,N.4:419-429.
Fedorov, A. K. 1989. Physiological genetical basis for the type of plant
development and length of the vegetation period in wheat. Cereal Res.
Communications, v. 17, N.2:121-127.
Fedorov, A. K. 1989. Forage Plants. M. (USSR). Nauka. 170 p.
Lyssenko, T. D. 1936. Fundamental Basis of Jarovization. M. L. (USSR).
Selchozgiz. 94 p .
Pugsley, A. T. 1971. A genetic analysis of the spring-winter habit of
growth in wheat. Australian J. Agric. Res. v. 22:21-31.
Sears, E. R. 1954. The aneuploids of common wheat. Missouri Agr. Exp. St.
Res. Bull. N. 572:1-59.
Tsunewaki, K. 1966. Commerative gene analysis of common wheat and its
ancestral species. Japan J. Bot. v. 19:175-229.
-------------------------
Book Review: Fedorov, A. K., and L. P. Cheltsova. Vernalization Enigma
(preface by N. P. Dubinin, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences) -
Kishinev, USSR: Publisher "Shtiintsa", 1990, 175 pp.
This book - the clear criticism of the Lyssenko and Pugsley theories
and hypotheses. These theses disagree with published data. T. D. Lyssenko
was the first to cool seed of plants and proved that the winter plants were
made to act like spring plants. He coined the term "jarovizacija" (1929).
R. O. Whyte and P. S. Hudson coined the term "vernalization" (1933). Both
terms were equivalent at first. Then Lyssenko formulated the theory of plant
phasic development. The term "jarovizacija" now signifies the stage of
plant ontogenesis.
This theory proved to be not true. The authors of the book describe
the history of its creation and discuss the reason why Lyssenko's theory
excited interest by serious scientists. The authors describe new
experimental facts and discuss the newest literature in this question.
It is shown that the type of plant development (spring, alternative and
winter) is not due to vernalization as it was thought earlier(Lyssenko,
1936-52); Pugsley, 1971) but it is conditioned by different reaction to
light at the beginning of plant life. The authors write: "Vernalization is
the process going on in wintering plant tissues in nature. In autumn a
delay in their growth and development is observed. This property is of
great adaptive importance as it causes the plant to prepare for suffering
the unfavorable winter conditions. At the same time under the low
temperature conditions the plants suffer vernalization as a result of which
they acquire the ability to activate their growth and development in
spring."
In spite of the Lyssenko confirmation in the ontogenesis of plants
there is not strict compulsory consequent changes in the requirements to the
environmental conditions. There is no compulsory vernalization stage as
well as the light stage. There is no consequent changes in the requirement
to temperature and light. It was shown that the plants have the clear light
reaction beginning with their early period of life. They change their
development rate under the light conditions. This reaction is the lst
photoperiodic response. After vernalization the light reaction is
considerably weaker. This reaction is the 2nd photoperiodic response.
The type of plant development as well as the length of the vegetation
period cannot be conditioned by vernalization. It is a facultative process,
which takes place under certain conditions (in autumn) and does not take
place under other ones (in summer). The type of plant development is due to
their different reaction to light in the beginning of their life in the
gramineous plants in the tillering phase). The spring plants have the
ability for a slight development delay under the short day. The alternative
plants have the ability for a considerably delay under the short day and the
winter plants have the ability for delay under both the short and the long
day. The length of the vegetation period for the spring-sown plants
(spring, alternative) is conditioned by the light reaction in the non-
vernalized plants (called the lst photoperiodic reaction) but for winter-
sown plants (alternative, winter) it is conditioned by the light reaction in
the vernalized plants (called the 2-d photoperiodic reaction). The role of
vernalization in the ontogenesis of plants consists in the change of the
light reaction on plants.
The book has the chapter "The study on the genetical control for the
type of plant development" and the chapter "The origin of different types of
plant development". The authors discuss the works by N. I. Vavilov and the
works by A. T. Pugsley.
It is shown that the physiological and biochemical researches of the
vernalization changes did not result. The authors formulated the hypothesis
about the role of the changes in the structure and properties of
mitochondria under vernalization. They studied the structure and function
of mitochondria by electronic microscopy and by differential centrifugation
from tissues. New facts leads to a conclusion that mitochondria formed in
conditions of cold may function both at normal and decreased temperatures.
The book has an English summary and references (229 names). It is
interesting and useful for biologists and agronomists.
-------------------------
Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Regions, Saratov
S. N. Sibikeev*, S. A. Voronina, Y. E. Sibikeeva, V. A. Krupnov
Genetic studies of new wheat-Agropyron lines. Incorporation of the
leaf rust resistance into bread wheat is an important plant breeding
objective because the incidence of the diseases is a major destabilizing
factor for wheat production. Among the rusts, Puccinia recondita Rob. ex
Desm is especially important in Russia because it appears in all wheat
growing regions. Unfortunately, among 43 registered genes for resistance to
leaf rust only three (Lr 9, Lr 19, Lr 24) are highly effective in the Volga
region. Potential useful genetic variation for leaf rust resistance is
found in Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv (2n=42) though only one gene is
registered in Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat as Lr 38 (McIntosh, 1993).
Many workers have attempted to incorporate this resistance into bread wheat.
In the present paper we report on the successful transfer into hexaploid
wheat and the inheritance of resistance to leaf rust derived from local
strain of Agropyron intermedium.
Wheat-Agropyron lines Saratovskaya 29 x 3 // Melyanopus 69 / Ag.
intermedium were produced by crossing the local cultivar durum wheat
Melyanopus 69 with a local strain of Ag. intermedium and then backcrossing,
three times to bread wheat Saratovskaya 29. Resistance in these lines is
determined by a single dominant gene. The leaf rust resistance gene in
lines L 393, L 395, L 399, and L 406 is inherited independently of Lr 9 and
Lr 24.
Analysis of M1 meosis in the pollen mother cells in hybrids between
Saratovskaya 29 and L 393, L 395, L 399 and L 406 showed normal pairing
without univalent chromosomes. Therefore, these wheat-Agropyron lines are
carrying translocations of Agropyron-segments into wheat chromosomes and are
used in further crosses with the promising lines bread wheat.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch
G.F. Marais*, R. Prins, A. Antonov, H.S. Roux, M Horn and A.S. Marais
Durum wheat breeding. The South African pasta industry processes 20
000 to 22 000 tonnes of imported and locally produced durum wheat annually.
The programme aims to develop spring cultivars with a relatively short
growing period to fit in with the rotation systems in practice in the Orange
River irrigation areas. Material without any vernalization requirement or
daylength sensitivity is normally selected.
Triticale breeding. A programme for the development of spring
triticales for the western, southern and eastern Cape province was
continued. A selection from CIMMYT's 21st ITYN 14 (TARASCA 87-1/ YOGUI 1)
was released under the name "Rex", while a selection from the 18th ITSN 33
(D7069// P1243741/ SPY/3/ ANZA/ P1243741/6/ CIT/ UC90 C3 TRIPLE DWF/5/ TOB/
8156// CC/3/ INIA/4/ SPY) is being released as "Kiewiet".
In the past the breeding programme was aimed at the development of
multipurpose cultivars, which generally gave only average grain yields.
Recently, an increased demand for triticale grain by the feed industry
resulted in an urgent need for short strawed, early maturing cultivars with
high grain yields.
Cytogenetics. Programmes aimed at the transfer of genes for increased
kernel protein content from Triticum dicoccoides to common wheat (2d
backcross) and triticale (4th backcross) were continued. The attempted
transfer to wheat is being done in collaboration with the Small Grain
Centre. In the latter attempt a second cycle of ñ300 backcrosses to
`Palmiet' were completed. F2 families were raised for a field selection
cycle in 1994.
Isogenic lines were developed for the original Lr19d translocation as
well as four shortened translocations. Also, reciprocal chromosome
substitution lines for specific wheat chromosomes, were developed with
respect to the wheats `Indis' and `Chinese Spring'. These are being used
in crosses to study the nature of a complex segregation distortion system
associated with Lr19d, and to determine whether the shortened segments still
retain genes with agronomically deleterious effects.
A very strong gametocidal (Gc) gene is associated with both a leaf rust
and a stem rust resistance gene that were derived from Triticum speltoides.
No progeny without the Gc gene is produced. It reduces fertility in
heterozygotes by approximately 70-100% and in Gc homozygotes by
approximately 10-50%. It also causes serious seed shrivelling making it
impossible to utilize the resistance genes commercially. Attempts to
disable the Gc gene through mutation are being made and involve (i) seed
treatment with the mutagen EMS, and (ii), egg cell irradiation (gamma
rays). Crosses were initiated to determine (i) the arm location on
chromosome 1D of a stem rust resistance gene derived from Triticum tauschii,
and (ii) linkage relationships with the genes Lr21, Sr33 and a gene for
brown glumes.
A gene(s) for Russian wheat aphid resistance was transferred from
chromosome arm 1RS of the rye `Turkey 77' to a 1BL.1RS (`Veery')
translocation of common wheat. A plant in which Lr26, Sr31 and the Russian
wheat aphid resistance were expressed was obtained. Since the rye arm
cannot pair with its wheat homoeologues during meiosis, the rust resistance
loci can also serve as genetic markers of the aphid resistance gene.
Attempts are being made to determine the linkage relationship between the
rust and Russian wheat aphid resistance loci.
Our wild species collection presently contains 878 accessions.
Attempts were made to cross 98 accessions showing strong leaf rust
resistance with wheat in a first attempt to (i) study the crossing barriers
involved and possible means to overcome them, (ii) determine gene expression
in a wheat genetic background, and, (iii) determine which sources carry the
same genes.
Publications
Marais, G.F. & F. du Toit (1993) A monosomic analysis of Russian wheat
aphid resistance in the common wheat PI 294994. Plant Breeding 111:246-248.
Marais, G.F. & B. Lombard (1993) Pistilloidy in common wheat resulting from
a spontaneous mutation. S.Afr. J. Plant Soil 10:193-196.
Crous, P.W., B.J.H. Janse, D. Victor, G.F. Marais & A.C. Alfenas (1993)
Characterization of some Cylindrocladium species with three-septate conidia
using morphology, isozyme banding patterns and DNA polymorphisms. System.
Appl. Microbiol. 16, 266-273.
-------------------------
Department of Plant Pathology, University of the Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein
Z.A. Pretorius*, F.J. Kloppers* and A.L. Vorster
Germ plasm development. Sixty leaf rust-resistant BC4F3 Palmiet and
Karee families, derived from crosses involving Lr29 and Lr34, were selected
from the germ plasm improvement program. A further 45 BC2-BC5 populations,
representing Palmiet, Karee or SST66 with the monogenic resistance sources
Lr21, 22a, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, "39", "40", 41, 42, and the adult-plant
resistance gene in KS91WGRC12, are being advanced. Once backcross lines
homozygous for the respective Lr genes have been confirmed, our objective is
to intercross these in a gene pyramiding strategy. Lines containing both
Lr29 and Lr34 are currently being selected.
Lr gene combinations and resistance expression. The effects of
combinations among Lr12, Lr13, Lr34 and Lr37 on components of adult-plant
resistance in wheat to leaf rust were quantitatively assessed on the flag
leaves of plants infected with Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f.sp.
tritici pathotypes UVPrt2 or UVPrt13. Gene interaction and pronounced
resistance improvement were observed on plants with the gene combinations
Lr13+37, Lr34+37 and Lr34+13. All resistance components measured were
significantly affected by the host genotype, pathotype and their
interaction. Histologically observed, colonies of pathotypes UVPrt2 and
UVPrt13 in the gene combination lines Lr13+34, Lr13+37 and Lr34+37 were
significantly restricted when compared to the single gene lines CT263
(Lr13), RL6058 (Lr34), RL6081 (Lr37) and the leaf rust-susceptible Thatcher.
The degree of colony restriction and association with hypersensitivity
depended on the individual genes combined and the pathotype involved. No
resistance improvement, or only marginal effects, were observed in lines
containing Lr12+13.
Characterization of resistance. The degree of adult-plant resistance
conferred by Lr37 in RL6081 to four avirulent leaf rust pathotypes was
quantified by assessing histological components as well as latent period,
uredinium density and uredinium size. Histological observations revealed a
hypersensitive response and significant arrestation of fungal structures at
early infection stages. Characterization of resistance indicated that
disease development on genotypes with Lr37 should be extremely limited.
To facilitate manageabiltiy of resistance genes in the germ plasm
improvement program, the degree of dominance and expression of the leaf rust
resistance genes Lr36, "39", "40", 41, 42 and the unnamed gene in
KS91WGRC12, were characterized in three genetic backgrounds. With the
exception of Lr42, all genes behaved partially dominant. Lr42 was dominant
in the Palmiet and SST66 backgrounds, but recessive in Karee.
Publications
Kloppers, F.J. & Pretorius, Z.A., 1993. Bromus catharticus : A new host
record for wheat stem rust in South Africa. Plant Disease 77:1063.
Kloppers F.J. & Pretorius Z.A., 1993. Histological
recognition of resistance mechanisms in wheat to leaf rust. Phytophylactica
25:167. (Abstr.).
Kloppers F.J. & Pretorius Z.A., 1993. Host cell necrosis and colony size as
components of Lr29-resistance to leaf rust of wheat. Phytophylactica
25:189. (Abstr.).
Kloppers F.J. & Pretorius Z.A. & Van Lill D., 1993. Grain protein in South
African wheat lines containing the leaf rust resistance genes Lr29 and Lr37.
Phytophylactica 25:173. (Abstr.).
Kloppers F.J. & Pretorius Z.A. & Van Lill D., 1993. The influence of Lr29,
Lr35 and Lr37 on leaf rust severity, yield loss and quality characteristics
in wheat. Phytophylactica 25:193. (Abstr.).
Pretorius Z.A. & Kloppers F.J., 1993. Development and expression of Lr gene
combinations in wheat. Phytophylactica 25:174. (Abstr.).
Pretorius Z.A. & Kloppers F.J., 1993. Low-temperature seedling inheritance
of leaf rust resistance gene Lr34. Phytophylactica 25:173. (Abstr.).
Pretorius Z.A. & Kloppers F.J., 1993. Lr36: A new gene for wheat leaf rust
resistance breeding in South Africa. Phytophylactica 25:193. (Abstr.).
-------------------------
Small Grain Centre, Grain Crops Institute, Bethlehem
H.A. van Niekerk*, M.C.B. Coetzee, H.A. Knobel, D.J. Exley, W. Miles
and Riana Pretorius
Winter wheat breeding. This will be the first crop year that cultivars
with Russian wheat aphid resistance will be grown commercially. Two
resistant cultivars, 'Tugela-DN' and 'Betta-DN', have already been released
and a third, 'Oranje', will be released this year. Both 'Tugela-DN' and
'Betta-DN' has now been sent to Dr Bockelman for inclusion in the Small
Grains Germplasm Collection in Idaho.
Brooks Coetzee, previously from the University of the Orange Free
State, joined our programme as a replacement for Retief Celliers.
The shuttle with CIMMYT in Turkey is improving every year, and most of
the time limits and speedy movement of germplasm has now been sorted out.
We are very keen to make this a profitable operation.
-------------------------
H.A. van Niekerk, F. Koekemoer, Anschen Grobbelaar, T.G. Paxton,
Suzette Jordaan, R. Britz, T. Bredenkamp and Suretha Pelser
Spring wheat breeding. That part of the programme concentrating on the
high potential environments is going from strength to strenght. A new
cultivar 'Kariega' has been released which equals the best ('Gamtoos') in
yield potential and the best in protein content, protein quality and flour
yield. And following on this will be BSP92/10 which will be considered for
release during this season.
The dryland part of the programme has invested heavily in selecting for
higher protein content and quality with the retention of yield potential in
the Winter Rainfall Region. The benefits of this input is finally showing
positive results and hopefully we will be able to replace our own cultivar
'Palmiet', which has been dominating spring wheat production in South Africa
since 1983.
-------------------------
I.B.J. Smit, Antoinette Otto and F. Groenewald
International Nurseries and Germplasm collection. This programme
continues to be a major source of genetic variability. A direct release has
also been made with a triticale line that was selected from the CIMMYT
nurseries. This line has now been released as 'Kiewiet' with the approval
of CIMMYT.
The germplasm storage facility is now the responsibility of T
Bredenkamp who replaces F Groenewald. This programme is not only a storage
facility but is also progressively being used for "pre-breeding" purposes.
-------------------------
J L Purchase, Annelie Barnard, C G Burbidge, J C H de Wet, T F Walsh, H
J Potgieter, A H Botha, A Rautenbach, M Maritz, C J S Nel, H S C A van
der Merwe, W van der Westhuizen, Hesta van Tonder, Jeanette du Plessis,
E J Visser and Hanelie du Plessis
Production and 1993 Crop Conditions. The three major wheat producing
regions of South Africa are the Western Cape Province (Mediterranean
climate), Orange Free State (summer rainfall region) and the irrigation
areas along the major rivers (arid region). High-yielding spring types are
generally planted in the Western Cape and under irrigation, while winter and
intermediate wheat types dominate production under dryland conditions in the
Orange Free State. The total wheat crop for the 1993/1994 season, as
estimated by the Wheat Board, should amount to 2,0 million metric tons.
This is close to the long term average and will just about meet the demand
of approximately 2,1 million metric tons. Conditions in the Western Cape
were fairly favourable, although excessive rain in April/May and July, and
drought in September in parts of the Swartland, limited yields. In the
Orange Free State fairly good yields were realized, especially in the
Eastern Orange Free State where near-record levels were achieved as a result
of the good spring rainfall in October. The yields under irrigation were
however considerably down due to the considerably higher temperatures that
were experienced in September and October which badly affected the grain
filling period.
Cultivar performance in the Western Cape. In the Western Cape the
cultivar 'Palmiet' still accounts for the major part of the production, even
though it was released as far back as 1982. Although recently released
cultivars such as 'Nantes' and 'Adam Tas' are also high-yielding and have
various desirable agronomic traits, they do not tend to have the yield
stability of 'Palmiet'. Two new cultivars bred by Sensako, viz. 'SST 55'
and 'SST 38', are showing some promise.
Cultivar performance in the Orange Free State. Due to the relatively
large variation that exists in climatic conditions and soil types in this
region, a fairly extensive cultivar evaluation program is followed. In the
OFS a range of diverse cultivars are planted, ranging from spring to winter
types, including a number of hybrids. Due to favourable conditions the past
season, the longer growth period cultivars (winter and intermediate types)
such as 'Letaba', 'Molen', 'Tugela-DN', 'Carina' and 'Carol' generally
outperformed the other cultivars. The release of 'Tugela-DN', 'Betta-DN'
and 'SST 333', all three cultivars with excellent Russian wheat aphid
resistance, promises to boost production in this region considerably as this
devastating pest is finally effectively countered.
Cultivar performance under irrigation. An intensive spring wheat
cultivar adaptation research programme is run in five irrigation areas,
which vary in climatic conditions. The objective of the programme is to
characterize commercial cultivars and newly released lines suited to
irrigation, in terms of adaptation, yield stability and agronomic
characteristics. The cultivars 'Palmiet' and 'Gamtoos' have been found to
be well adapted over a wide range of environmental conditions, while certain
cultivars, for example 'Harts' and 'T4', show very specific adaptation.
Grain filling. In most irrigation areas of South Africa, the grain
yield of spring wheat is often adversely affected by high temperatures
during the grain filling period. Average maximum temperatures in the
irrigation areas vary between 26degC and 31degC during the grain filling
period, with daily maximum temperatures of > 35degC All commercial spring
wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines are characterized under
temperature controlled conditions and in field trials in terms of grain
filling rate and duration. It was found that the cultivar 'Harts' possesses
a relatively long grain filling duration and a low grain filling rate, while
'Gamtoos' fills its kernels over a relatively shorter period but at a
greater rate, which may to a large degree explain the difference in
adaptation of the two cultivars.
Southern African Wheat Evaluation and Improvement Nursery (SARWEIN).
The SARWEIN programme was established in 1976 at the instigation of Dr
Norman Borlaug during a visit to Southern Africa. A nursery of well adapted
germplasm is made available to several Southern African countries, including
Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Malawi, Mozambique and Botswana. Cultivars
selected from the nursery have already made a significant impact on the
limited wheat production in most of these countries.
Preharvest Sprouting. South African spring wheat cultivars were
evaluated for preharvest sprouting resistance. Spikes were exposed to a
wetting treatment in a rain simulator. The study indicated that 'Nantes'
and 'Harts' are the most resistant to preharvest sprouting, while 'Elize'
and 'Adam Tas' are the most susceptible cultivars. Preliminary experiments
conducted with molybdenum show a negative correlation between preharvest
sprouting and increased molybdenum content. The aim of this study is to
determine whether a molybdenum treatment can significantly reduce preharvest
sprouting. Electrophoresis studies on preharvest sprouting did not indicate
any significant differences between susceptible and resistant cultivars.
Molecular studies are being undertaken, but no significant results have yet
been obtained.
Crop Modelling. The CERES-Wheat simulation model is being validated
under dryland conditions in the Orange Free State. Six winter wheat
cultivars, differing in yield potential and growth season length, were
evaluated in trials over a period of two years at the Small Grain Centre to
determine their genetic coefficients, as well as to calibrate the model.
Fairly good correlations between predicted and observed data were generally
found. Subsequently, five trials were planted at widely differing sites in
the Free State to validate the model with the six winter wheat cultivars.
Biomass tends to be oversimulated by the model and it would appear that the
light-extinction coefficient, which is used by the model in its growth sub-
routine, needs to be adapted to increase the simulation value of the model
for this region.
Seed physiology. The effect of eight seed treatments, and the
combination of these treatments with imidaclopried, on the germination and
coleoptile length of four winter wheat genotypes was evaluated. The trial
was conducted in germination cabinets to determine the effect of the
fungicides carboxin, carboxin + thiram, flutriafol + thiabendazole,
terbuconazole, triadimenol(6/90), triadimenol(D31/10/1), bitertanol(75 FS),
bitertanol(D10/90/1), imidaclopried (an insecticide) and combinations of
imidaclopried with all the above-mentioned fungicides on the germination and
coleoptile length of four genotypes, viz. 'Betta', 'Karee', 'Tugela' and
'Molen'. No single seed treatments or combination had any effect on the
germination percentage when compared to the control. However, highly
significant differences in the effect of seed treatments on coleoptile
length occurred. The seed treatments triadimenol(D6/90),
triadimenol(D31/90/1), flutriafol + thiabendazole, terbuconazole and
combinations of these seed treatments with imidaclopried, reduced the
coleoptile length to varying degrees. The results indicate that
imidaclopried had no additional phytotoxic effect on the germination or
coleoptile length of wheat and combined safely with the above-mentioned seed
treatments.
Aluminum tolerance. Thirty six cultivars were tested for aluminum
tolerance on a very acidic soil [pH(KCl)÷3.75] over two years at
Kransfontein in the Eastern Free State. 'Tugela' and 'Carina' had the best
tolerance, while the 'Betta' types had no tolerance. Acidification of the
soils in the Eastern Free State is of great concern and the farmer can use
these tolerant cultivars in conjunction with his corrective liming program.
Humate products. Sodium humate is a coal-derived product used as a
foliar applied hormone, and was tested on wheat over two years under field
conditions at the Small Grain Centre. The results under glasshouse
conditions were extremely promising but the application of sodium humate
under field conditions had no beneficial effect on the growth, yield or
quality of the wheat.
-------------------------
H.A. Smit, D.B. Scott, Elize Lubbe, J. Smith, Stienie Smith, D. van
Niekerk, Karen Wilken, Lientjie Visser and Cathy de Villiers
Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici): No stem rust was found on
commercial wheat in South Africa during the past growing season. The
disease is under good genetic control. Although the annual rust survey for
the past season has not been completed, preliminary results suggest that no
shift in virulence has taken place in the stem rust virulence spectrum.
Once again pathotypes with virulence for Sr27 predominated. Stem rust
research furthermore centres around gene combinations, which aims to
identify complementary action between genes so as to secure durable
resistance.
Leaf rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici): Leaf Rust levels on
commercial wheat cultivars were relatively low during the seasons, however
in certain areas the disease remains high and alternative sources of
resistance must be found. The annual rust survey is still in progress and
results are not yet available.
A survey of barley leaf rust was conducted during the growing season.
Disease levels were relatively low in comparison with the previous season.
`Eye spot (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides): Very good progress
has been made with the incorporation of resistance for eye spot into
commercial cultivars through a backcross program. Two of the lines are in
the F5 and F6 generation respectively. In addition experiments are under
way to develop a rapid and reliable in vitro and/or greenhouse methods to
evaluate these lines for the presence of the resistance.
Soilborne Diseases: Soilborne diseases continue to be a major cause of
yield losses throughout the South African wheat producing areas. Diseases
which have not received much attention in the past included commen root rot
caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and Rhizoctonia diseases of wheat. A
comprehensive study of factors which might influence aggressiveness of B.
sorokiniana is being done and preliminary results indicate that crop
rotation systems are involved. Rhizoctonia spp. isolated from diseased
wheat are characterised according to anastomisis group and munber of nuclei
and a possible new AG group is being investigated.
Physiological leaf spot: In South Africa yellowing and leaf necrosis
of wheat is often associated with irrigation of compacted soils or soils
with poor water drainage. On dryland wheat leaf spotting is most severe in
the cereal-growing areas of the Western Cape Province. In this part of the
country spring wheat is grown during the winter on rather shallow soils.
leaf blotches caused by Septoria spp. are often present, but these start to
develop late in the season, usually when most of the leaves have already
been killed by unknown causes of leaf spot. Fungicides are used extensively
in this area, but in our trials foliar sprays were not effective, except on
early plantings when we obtained a "stay green" effect with mixtures of
triazoles and benzimidazoles.
Take-all (Gaeumannomyuces graminis var tritici): Take-all is causing
much damage to wheat in the Western Cape Province. During the past number
of years rainfall in this area was well above average with heavy downpours
occurring soon after emergence of the wheat. Under such conditions farmers
have learned that they can increase their yields with high applications of
nitrogen. Most of the nitrogen is topdressed and up to 120 kg N ha(-1) is
applied. In spite of this heavy application of nitrogen, yields are on
average only about 2 tons ha(-1) The inefficient use of nitrogen is also
reflected in poor protein content of the grain, which is a major constraint
for wheat in this area.
The rhizobacteria of wheat are at present being investigated with the
view to find a possible biocontrol agent against take-all in wheat.
Provisional results indicate that local strains of Bacillus spp. increase
nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth in wheat. Fluorescent pseudomonas
and some grain-negative fermentative bacteria were neutral or deleterious to
wheat.
-------------------------
H.A. Smit, G.J. Prinsloo, Vicki L Tolmay, J.L. Hatting and J. du Toit
Entomology. Further progress has been made towards the establishment
of an integrated control programme against Russian wheat aphid.
Good progress has been made in the evaluation of the different sources
of plant resistance. This plant resistance is well established in both the
winter and spring breading programmes. Enough seed of resistant cultivars
is available in South Africa to plant a potential 100 000 ha during the 1994
season. At present the parasitoid Aphelinus hordei and a predatory fly
Leucopis ninae are being evaluated for their effectiveness as control agents
of D. noxia.
Laboratory studies have shown that the parasitic wasp, Aphelinus hordei
introduced from the Ukraine, prefer Diuraphis noxia as a host to all the
other wheat aphid species. If no RWA is available they will oviposit eggs
in other wheat aphid species and will therefore be able to survive periods
of low RWA densities.
Some 14000 of these parasitic wasps have already been released in wheat
fields on an experimental basis. The levels of parasitism in these fields
were recorded two weeks subsequent to release and it was established that
60% of the aphids had already been parasitised. It is estimated the
combined use of plant resistance and parasitic wasps will reduce the RWA
populations to extremely low levels, which will save the wheat farmers in
South Africa more than R20 million per annum in chemical control.
-------------------------
H.A. Smit*, B.L. de Villiers, H.H. Knobel, C.F. Pool and R. C. Lindeque
Water quality studies. Sodium bicarbonate at 30 mM in spray carriers
decreased tralkoxydim efficacy with up to 70%. This antagonism was induced
at levels as low as 3mM of the cation. Certain adjuvants however showed
promise in alleviating this antoganism with carriers high in sodium
bicarbonate. The registered adjuvant applied with tralkoxydim could not
overcome sodium bicarbonate antagonism and therefore these alternative
adjuvants will have to be considered.
Adjuvant studies. Studies on the influence of adjuvants on the
efficacy and selectivity of herbicides and herbicide combinations are still
in progress. The influence of the adjuvants Citrex (R), Biofilm (R) and
Triton1956 (R) were evaluated on the selectivity of the wild oat herbicide
Topic (R), MCPA, bromoxynil and a combination of parathion and thiomenton in
different combinations. It appears as if most of the adjuvants resulted in
no effect on the selectivity of the pesticides. Some of the adjuvants and
pesticides resulted in a stimulatory effect to a certain extent, on the
growth of the wheat plants.
Residual studies. Bioassays with lentils indicated that the residual
action of imazamethabenz-methyl and chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron-methyl was
longer under low soil water contents and temperatures. The climatic
conditions in the Summer rainfall region after herbicide application implies
that a longer residual action will be obtained. The predominant factor in
determining residual action of these herbicides is the clay minerals in the
soil. Liming of soils to raise the very low pH, enhanced the activity of
chlorsulfuron/ metsulfuron-methyl with a decline in yield and an increase of
protein content of the grain of certain wheat cultivars. Imazamethabenz-
methyl, together with cultivation, at double the recommended rate, reduced
Bilderdykia convolvulus growth up to twelve months after application.
-------------------------
SENSAKO, SOUTH AFRICA
Lombard, Du Toit, Malan, Engelbrecht, Boonzaaier, Van Jaarsveld, R. de
V. Pienaar and Jordaan
Wheat breeding. The past season was characterized by a very dry period
during booting till harvesting in the Mediterranean region and a spell of
very high rainfall during the same period in the winterwheat production
areas. This wheather pattern resulted in a very high maturity x variety and
also planting date x variety interaction. Selection was for specific
adaptation favouring the early maturities in the Mediterranean and the very
late maturities in the winter wheat production areas. Yield is such a
variable character under our environmental conditions that we are paying
more attention to describe a variety in terms of its disease resistance,
resistance to stress, maturity, RWA resistance, kernel quality and baking
quality.
New spring wheat and winter wheat releases performed excellent under
irrigation and dryland conditions. The new irrigation wheat SST 825, the
new intermediate type with RWA resistance SST 333, the rye variety with RWA
resistance SSR 727 and a new rye variety with a very late maturity SSR 729
need to be mentioned.
New technology is being implemented to select on a genotypic basis and
to shorten generation time for characters such as resistance to leaf and
stemrust, eyespot, maize streak virus, RWA resistance, tolerance to
Aluminium toxicity and higher grain protein.
We are challenging a very harsh and unpredictable environment to lower
the production risk of the smallgrain producer and to ensure a better
product to the user.
-------------------------
Winter Grain Center, Welgevallen Exp. Sta., Univ. of Stellenbosch
R. de V. Pienaar* and D. Lesch
Cytogenetics. With the collaboration of Kathleen Ross (USDA, ARS, Plant
Genetics Research Unit, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.) the transfer of
the Chinese Spring (CS) telosomic series to Pavon 76 (PVN) has reached B(9).
A meiotic analysis of the F(1) (with 2n=40+tL+tS) resulting from her check-
crosses of the 21 B(8) PVN doubletelotrisomic lines to their respective CS
monosomics, showed that all the doubletelotrisomic lines except 2A, 7A, 6B,
2D and 6D are correct. The F(1) involving doubletelotrisomic lines 2A, 7A
and 2D had a trivalent (consisting of one normal and two telosentric
chromosomes) in many PMCs, indicating that these three lines are incorrect.
The heteromorphic bivalents observed in the F(1) involving
doubletelotrisomic lines 6B and 6D could be the result of a translocation in
PVN relative to CS; a quadrivalent was indeed observed in some PMCs of the
disomic CS/PVN F(1) control. Doubletelotrisomic 6B has a satellited telosome
indicating that its tS is correct.
Doubled Haploids (DH). A complete set of double-ditelosomic DH with
2n=40+2tL+2tS were produced from the PVN doubletelotrisomics (described
above) by using a modification of Laurie's (1991) protocol (see below). This
protocol was also used on highly crossable (with rye) PVN *5/CS and PVN
*6/CS back-cross material to produce DH near-isogenic (NI) PVN lines
homozygous for all the kr genes of CS and PVN. The crossability of the best
DH NI PVN line with Henoch spring rye was 87.5% compared to the 80.5% of CS.
The Ne1w gene and the ph1 mutant allele of CS are likewise being transferred
to PVN.
In 1992 only a few haploid embryos were obtained from wheat x maize
crosses using Laurie's protocol (AWN 1991). Pienaar (1992, unpubl.) compared
130 combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators (GR) with the
10 mg/L 2,4-D treatment of Laurie. The five wheat haploidizer (WH) solutions
that gave better results than the 2,4-D solution were further evaluated in
1993. One of these, WH4 (7.5 mg/L dicamba and 2.5 mg/L BA), was eventually
selected for the routine DH breeding program. In many genotypes it induced
more green parthenocarpic caryopses with haploid embryos per spike than the
2,4-D solution, e.g., in 1992 it induced caryopses with one or more embryos
in 42.3% of the PVN florets that had been pollinated with maize compared to
the 18.4% induced by the 2,4-D treatment. Other genotypes responded better
when treated with WH1 (75 mg GA(3)/L, 7.5 mg/L dicamba and 5 mg/L 2,4-D),
WH2 (8 mg/L dicamba, 4 mg/L 2,4-D, 2 mg/L BA and 0.1 mg/L kinetin) or WH3 (7
mg/L dicamba, 3 mg/L 2,4-D, 2 mg/L BA, 0.05 mg/L kinetin and 0.05 mg/L
naphthalene acetamide). The best results with the WH treatment (filling the
emasculated floral cups and the internode below the spike with WH solution)
was obtained when it was given 20-30 h after pollination with maize, and
(with some genotypes) repeated the following day.
The excised haploid embryos were initially grown on MS culture medium
containing 1/10th NH(4)NO(3) (as used at Freising-Weihenstephan). Since less
than 30% of the embryos developed into plantlets, 40 other culture media,
with and without GR, were screened. Eventually the media giving the best
results were evaluated in two trials having four replicates each, using the
haploid embryos of SST 55 (a recently released Sensako cultivar). In the
first trial, conducted from April-June, 1993, Gamborg's B5, LS, MS and EM.5
(our modification of Liang's medium) were compared using 100 embryos on each
medium. EM.5 and MS enabled 48% of the embryos to develop into plantlets, B5
43%, and LS 29%. In the second trial, which ran from August-November, six
media, viz., B5, Difco Orchid Agar (DOA), EM.6 (similar to EM.5), MS,
Norstog II (NII) and Ouyang's W14 were evaluated using 112 embryos on each
medium. The best results were again obtained on MS and EM.6 which
respectively enabled 30.4% and 29.5% embryos to develop into plantlets.
However, these two media were not significantly better than DOA and B5 on
which 28.6% and 26.8% plantlets developed respectively. Only 17.9% of the
embryos on NII and W14 gave rise to plantlets. The addition of GR to the
media did not increase the frequency of plantlets. The embryos that did not
develop into plantlets propduced rooted calli. Even after repeated
subculture these calli eventually turned brown and died. The plantlets that
developed on DOA had the best roots. Root development of the plantlets was
improved by the addition of 2 g/L activated carbon to the medium. The best
sugar concentration was 20 g/L, and Gelrite was used at 2.3 g/L.
The seasonal effect on in vitro embryo development noted in the above
two trials was even more pronounced when the results of the spring and
summer experiments were compared. During December 1992 (summer in the
southern hemisphere), 1048 haploid embryos were excised from the 2405 green
caryopses produced in the 2467 florets of the PVN doubletelotrisomic series
that had been pollinated with maize, but only 30 (2.9%) developed into
plantlets on the MS culture medium. When the experiment was repeated in
September 1993, 190 (38.2%) plantlets developed from the 498 embryos that
had been excised from 1129 green caryopses produced in 1762 PVN florets.
Generally the quality of the caryopses was better in autumn and spring than
in summer.
Chromosome doubling of the haploid plants at growth stage 2 (Romig
scale =22 Zadoks scale) with 0.05% colchicine for 24 h was just as effective
as with 0.1% colchicine and was less lethal. The roots were trimmed to 12 cm
and the base of the sprouts pricked with a needle before placing the plants
in the continuously aerated colchicine solution. The used colchicine
solution was filtered and stored in a refrigerator for further use (up to
four times). The treated plants were washed in running tap water for an hour
and then kept in continuously aerated 4 degC water in the refrigerator for
three days. The third day 2 ml/L Kelpak was added to the cold water; this
sea-weed extract stimulated root and shoot development of the repotted
plants that had been trimmed to 12 cm. More than 95% of the plants survived
this treatment and nearly all had fertile sectors in some spikes.
We were contracted by Sensako to introduce the gene for blue aleurone
to their eyespot and septoria resistant, high yielding cultivar, Alpha, in
order to distinguish it as a feed wheat. By excising the embryos 18 days
after pollination and culturing them on EM.6 it was possible to advance this
work to the production of DH from B(3) plants within 18 months. We were also
contracted to introduce various Lr genes to SST 55, and produce DH from
advanced Russian aphid resistant winter wheat lines.
-------------------------
F. du Toit*, S. S. Walters, Audrey Brummer, Petro Thorpe
The 1993 wheat planting season started off reasonably well but rainfall
in August and above average rainfall in October ensured good yields in the
western Orange Free State and outstanding yields in teh eastern Orange Free
State.
Winter Wheat Program. Three winter wheat lines were provisionally
classified in 1993 and will be submitted for final release in April 1994.
The line PEX 9132 is late maturing with high yield potential. This line is
fairly tolerna tto drought and has good baking quality. PEX 9023 is medium
maturing with good stem rust resistance. PEX 9201 is medium a maturing line
and resistant to Russian wheat aphid (RWA) with a field rating of 2 MR on
adult plants. This line was developed by backcrossing to the cultivar
`Betta'. It yielded 5% higher than Betta over a 2 year period.
Spring wheat program. Elite spring wheat lines were tested for the
first time under dryland conditions in the western Cape Province and under
irrigation in the northern Cape Province. A few lines did exceptionally
well and will be tested again in 1994.
Russian wheat aphid resistance breeding. Germplasm lines reported to
be resistant to RWA in the USA were tested and those with the highest levels
of resistance were included in the breeding program. These lines include PI
366637, PI 220127, CORWA 1, STARS 9302W and STARS 9303W.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM SYRIA
ICARDA, Aleppo
S.K.Yau*, J. Ryan, M. Nachit, G. Ortiz-Ferrara, and J. Hamblin
Screening for boron toxicity resistance in durum and bread wheat. A
project, screening for resistance to boron (B) toxicity, was initiated by
the Cereal Program of ICARDA in 1992. It started because of an increasing
awareness that B toxicity may be a widespread problem in dry areas of West
Asia and North Africa (WANA). Boron toxicity symptoms were identified in
winter cereal crops near Aleppo, Syria, near Eskisehir and Konya, Turkey,
and on the NW coast of Egypt.
Boron toxicity can cause a substantial reduction in grain and straw
yields. Since treating the soil to remove or reduce the effect of B, e.g.,
by leaching, is not economically feasible, selecting crop cultivars with
high resistance to B toxicity is the most promising approach.
According to A.J. Rathjen of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute
of South Australia, the simplest and most effective way to screen for B
resistance is to grow seedlings in the greenhouse in soils having a known
quantity of boric acid evenly mixed in. This avoids the heterogeneity of B
toxicity that is often present in the field. Getting results quickly is
another advantage.
In an earlier B-rate experiment with barley, adding 50 mg B/kg soil
(giving a hot water extract of 27 ppm B) gave good symptom discrimination in
4 weeks, and appeared to be the best level of B concentration for screening.
This was also confirmed for durum wheat in a preliminary experiment on B
rates.
Ten seeds from each entry were sown in trays (lxbxh= 200x75x20 cm) of
soil thoroughly mixed with the appropriate amount of boric acid. There were
two replicates. Besides looking at B toxicity symptoms, B concentration in
the lines with least symptom development was also measured and compared to
the resistant check (Halbred, bread wheat from Australia).
A total of 246 durum lines from the 1992-93 regional observation
nurseries, which represent the most advanced materials from the
CIMMYT/ICARDA Durum Wheat Project, were tested. There was only a small
variation (mean score of 2.0 to 3.5) in symptom development among the lines.
Lines with low B toxicity symptoms and tissue concentration are presented in
Table 1. The best durum lines had symptom scores as low as the tolerant
bread wheat check (Halbred), but none of the durum lines had B
concentrations comparable to Halbred. Durum may be more tolerant than bread
wheat, or at least Halbred, to higher B concentration in plant tissue. The
cross AW12/Bit appears three times on Table 1, indicating that it may
contain the gene(s) for B toxicity tolerance.
A total of 140 entries from the 1992-93 CIMMYT/ICARDA Bread Wheat
Crossing Block, which consists of selections good in particular traits, were
tested. There was a large variation in symptom development among the lines.
Lines with low B toxicity symptoms and tissue concentration are presented in
Table 1. Six entries had both low symptom scores and lower B concentrations
than Halbred, the tolerant check. The cross Shi#4414/Crow`S' appears three
times in Table 1, indicating it may carry gene(s) for B toxicity tolerance.
Entries 4, 72 and 73 were very sensitive to B toxicity, displaying the `mid-
leaf necrosis' symptom. Whether they are efficient in B uptake when grown in
B-deficient areas needs to be investigated.
One of us, John Ryan, is taking the lead in investigating the
variability of soil B concentrations in fields known to have a spatial B
toxicity problem. The distribution of B in Syria and in the WANA region will
be surveyed.
Table 1. Durum and bread wheat lines with the least B toxicity symptoms and
tissue concentration 5 weeks after sowing in soil treated with 50 mg B/kg
soil.
Ent. B Name/Cross
no. conc.
Nursery (ppm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Durum Wheat:
DON-SA# 72 613 T.A73-74/D.Coll-01.1Y/3/Pg/Chap//21563/4/Crosby
287 610 Deraa2/Bicre
DON-FA# 66 580 Ru/Mrb15
69 595 Aw12/Bit
120 618 Aw12/Bit
145 576 Aw12/Bit
167 633 Zud2/Kbr3
168 599 Bicre/Kbr3
200 625 Aw11//Memo/Goo
Tolerant Check:
477 Halbred (bread wheat from Australia)
Sensitive checks:
734 Schomburgk (bread wheat from Australia)
DON-SA 49 937 Khb1/4/Rabi/3/Gs/AA//Plc
Bread Wheat:
WCB# 33 280 Shi#4414/Crow`S'
37 416 Shi#4414/Crow`S'
47 411 C182.24/C168.3/3/Cno*2/7C//Cc/Tob
64 308 T.aest. Ast/Sprw`S'//Ca8055
105 295 NS.12.5.3/Atfn
134 272 Shi#4414/Crow`S'
Tolerant Check:
447 Halbred (from Australia)
Sensitive Check:
WCB 4 878 Zidane 89
------------------------------------------------------------------------- # DON-SA: Durum Wheat Observation Nursery for Semi-arid Areas 1992-93
DON-FA: Durum Wheat Observation Nursery for Favorable Areas 1992-93
WCB: Bread Wheat Crossing Block 1992-93
-------------------------
ITEM FROM TURKEY
CIMMYT/ICARDA, P. K. 39 Emek, 06511 Ankara, Turkey
Hans-Joachim Braun*, Thomas S. Payne*
For several years, there have been hints of major crop limiting factors
on the Anatolian Plateau, as well as in other facultative and winter wheat
(FWW) production environments in west asia and north africa (WANA).
However, it is difficult to tailor breeding methodologies to unclear or
continually re-defined objectives. It now appears as if micronutrient
deficiencies and toxicities, and hyper-occurrence of nematodes, may greatly
influence FWW cereal production systems throughout WANA. What is gratifying
is that an inquisitive spark has ignited a fire storm of interest, research
and inquiry, both within the international centers and, of perhaps greater
importance, in national agricultural research (ministerial, universities and
commercial) programs.
Micronutrient trials conducted in cooperation with the Bahri Da da ,
Konya, and Transitional Zones, Eskisehir, agricultural research institutes
showed a large response of cereals to elemental zinc application. In some
cases, grain yield doubled as a result of zinc + nitrogen application versus
nitrogen alone. Boron toxicity is also thought to be wide spread on the
Anatolean Plateau. Micronutrient deficiencies are of particular concern for
cereal breeding in this region not only because of production limitation but
because of their influence on reproductive sterility. Zinc and copper
deficiency may not overtly influence general plant phenotype and thereby
result in a deceptively good-looking plant which is selected by observation.
But in fields known to be deficient in zinc, correlations between phenotypic
score (appearance) and grain yield and test weight were low. Thus, breeding
for these stresses will require quantitative in situ selection.
Two nematological surveys were conducted in Turkey with the assistance
of Dr. Gerhard Lung, University of Hohenheim and the Turkish Ministry of
Agriculture. Cereal cyst (CCN, Heterodera avenae) and Pratylenchus
neglectus and P. thornei nematodes were found across the Anatolean Plateau.
CCN density was higher than the economical threshold in 60% of the site
samples. Pratylenchus spp. density was higher than the economical threshold
in 50% of the site samples. Thus, significant yield losses may be expected
due to nematode infestations. An association between the occurrence of CCN
and soil zinc deficiency was also found. Infection with CCN may begin in
autumn, unlike elsewhere, thus two generations per year may be expected.
High autumn densities of Pratylenchus spp. on wheat seedling were found.
The influence of autumnal infestation vis a vis apparent spring "winter
kill" in winter wheat and barley on the Plateau is a topic being further
investigated.
Dr. Linsey Penrose, Wagga Wagga, Australia has assisted in our
understanding of the importance of vernalization in wheat to FWW
environments. When sown at Tel Hadye in the autumn, little difference in
time of spike initiation for spring, facultative and winter wheats is
observed. This is because all genotypes are exposed to similar growth-
repressing cool temperatures and the often sudden break between winter and
spring temperatures. Vernalization may effect cereal production to a
greater extent where autumnal stand establishment is important, however, its
influence in defining a distinction within the facultative/winter complex
remains dubious.
-------------------------
ITEM FROM UKRAINE
LA.Zivotkov, V.A.Vlasenko*, A.Yu.Shalin, Mironovka Institute of Wheat
Breeding, Tsentralnoe
Some criteria for selection parental material in winter wheat breeding
program at Mironovka Breeding Center.
Meteorological conditions of the area of Mironovka Wheat Institute are
characterized by some stresses which occure during the first stages of
winter wheat development as well as during winter period (2,3). Thus, the
germplasm created in the institute should possess following traits: 1)
Relatively high frost tolerance (at least not lower then check). It is
determined by freezing wheat plants in January. 2) Absence of growth
reaction on changes of soil and air temperature in winter-spring period. It
is evaluated by freezing wheat plants in the beggining of March. 3)
Relative tolerance to low moisture content in the soil during the first
stages of crop development. It is evaluated by the rate of primary root
growth.
Ninety varieties from 19 countries of Europe, Asia and America were
used in the study aimed at screening the best parental material for the
above mentioned objectives. Frost tolerance was evaluated by freezing plants
in boxes in the end of January and the beginning of March under temperature
-17degC and -15degC, respectively. Percentage of survived plants for check
(Mironovskaya 808) was 84 and 77%, respectively. Frost tolerance of the
entries studied was expressed as percentage to check.
Evaluation of drought tolerance was based on the durability of the
period from seedling emergence to the appearence of the third leaf. It was
determined in the greenhouse. Since the fast development of the first leaves
correlates with the fast penetration of the root system (1,4), the criterium
used seems to reflect the drought tolerance of the entries on the seedling
stage. Moreover, good development of the root system ultimatively influence
tolerance to stresses and grain yield. In general, the period between
seedling emergence and the apperance of the third leaf can be used for
screening germplasm for tolerance to abiotic stresses. Fast development of
the seedlings results in early tillering. Such genotypes could be planted
later in the fall in order to escape the damage by insects. The reduction of
the chemicals used for wheat production is very important for the ecology of
the Ukraine affected by Chernobyl catastrophe. The approach described was
developed in the department of physiology and biochemistry at Mironovka
Institute of Wheat Breeding.
A numer of entries were selected based on frost and drought tolerance:
Fedorovka, UK-53, Volgogradskaya 84, Komsomolskaya 56, Mironovskaya 28, 29,
30, 61, Mirleben, Belotserkovskaya 13/89 (Ukraine), Don 85 (Russia),
Century, Dynasty, Karl (USA), KM 57/83, BR 1249 (Chekhoslovakia). They all
had frost tolerance more then 80% and period during seedling emergence and
the appearence of the third leaf less then 8.8 days (average for locally
bred varieties well adapted to the region).
Three superior entries were selected: Line 4549, Bezenchukslaya
ostistaya, Kinelskaya 4 (Russia). Their frost tolerance was more than 92%
and "seedling - third leaf" period less than 7.9 days. For all traits they
are close to check variety Mironovskaya 808 which has exeptionally wide
adptability. Varieties Odesskaya 130, Stepnyak, Polesskaya 87 (Ukraine),
Tarasovskaya 61 (Russia), MV 107-86 (Hungary) are characterized by high
frost tolerance (83-104%) and can be used for winter hardiness breeding. The
germplasm from Belgium, UK, Germany, Holland, China and Romania had low
frost tolerance (<70%) and long "seedling - third leaf" period (>10 days).
As a result of the study, a number of entries were selected with high
frost and drought tolerance. They can be used in winter wheat breeding for
the Northern part of Ukraine. Basically, most valuable germplsm originated
from Ukraine, Russia and USA, some - from Central Europe, in particular from
Hungary and Chekhoslovakia.
References
Danilchuk P.V., Yatsenko G.K. & Sklifasovsky V.A. (1971) The development of
roots and biomass in winter wheat. Review of Agric. Sci. 10:50-55.
Logvinov K.T., Babichenko V.N. & Kulakovskaya M.Yu. (1972) Dangerous weather
stresses in the Ukraine. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat. 236p.
Mironovka wheats. (1976) Ed. V.Remeslo. Moscow, Kolos, 336 p.
Potmistrov V.P. (1910) Root system in annual crops. Odessa, 69 p.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM
John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich.
T E Miller, S M Reader, K A Purdie, R P Dunford, I P King (now at
Department of Agricultural Botany, University of Reading, Reading UK)
and S Abbo (now at Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel).
In situ hybridization Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) continues
to be sed to study homoeologous chromosome pairing. CS, CS5B and CSN5BT5D x
rye hybrids have been studied. In the euploid CS x rye hybrids l3.8% of the
pairing was between wheat and rye chromosomes and 3.4% between rye
chromosomes. In the 5B deficient CS5 x rye hybrids the overall pairing was
considerably higher but only 7.7% was between wheat and rye chromosomes. In
the CSN5BT5D x rye hybrids the overall level of pairing was slightly lower
than in the CS5B hybrids but the wheat-rye pairing was much lower only 4.l%.
Chromosome 5D in extra dose apparently has a suppressing effect on wheat-rye
chromosome pairing even when 5B is absent. GISH is currently being used to
similarly study the effects of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes on
homoeologous chromosome pairing.
Primer-induced in situ hybridization (PRINS) has successfully been used
to detect nucleolus organizer sequences at meiosis in rye. It has also been
shown to have potential for detecting lower copy sequences, such as the B-
hordein gene cluster of barley which has been detected in barley and on
barley chromosomes in a wheat background
-------------------------
A J Worland
Photoperiod response genes in European wheat cultivars Experiments,
conducted by this laboratory, over a number of years demonstrate that the
early flowering of winter wheats associated with a chromosome 2D gene
presumed to be the photoperiod insensitive gene Ppd1 promotes increased
spikelet fertility and average yield increases of over 30% in Yugoslavia and
around l5% in mid-Germany. In the UK, yield increases over 5% were detected
in the warm dry summers of 1989 to 1992.
Using a specially constructed glasshouse in which potted plants are
grown on benches that automatically move from natural day light to dark
chambers, the photoperiodic response of l20 European winter wheat cultivars
was determined.
All 26 tested Southern European cultivars originating from Bulgaria,
Italy, Rumania or Yugoslavia, were photoperiod insensitive. This would
permit grain to develop and mature before the onset of the hot desiccating
summer conditions regularly met in this region.
Of 47 German cultivars all were late flowering photoperiod sensitive.
Two cultivars Ibis and Ramiro were however of an intermediate flowering
time, suggesting the presence of a weak allele for photoperiod
insensitivity. Conversely of 22 tested cultivars from adjacent France, l5
were photoperiod insensitive and only seven sensitive with Arche and Tremie
being of intermediate habit. Ten UK bred cultivars were all photoperiod
sensitive although Mercia appeared to show the same intermediate flowering
time as Arche, Ibis, Ramiro and Tremie.
The results suggest that if there is a yield advantage associated with
early maturity in central Europe this has not yet been recognised and
incorporated into German cultivars. In adjacent France where summer
conditions are similar, most current cultivars are day length insensitive,
benefiting from early flowering and maturity before summer desiccation. In
the UK where the advantages of early flowering are marginal the French bred
photoperiod insensitive cultivar Soissons has performed well in recent warm
dry summers, suggesting that UK wheat breeders should introduce some day
length insensitive wheat cultivars to enable farmers to benefit both from an
extended harvest season and to obtain positive yield advantages in the
present trend towards warmer drier summers.
------------------------
G Galiba, (Agricultural Research Institute, Martonvasar, Hungary), S A
Quarrie, J Sutka and J W Snape
RFLP mapping of a frost resistance (Fr1) and a vernalization (Vrn1)
gene on chromosome 5A of wheat. Using single chromosome recombinant lines,
Sutka and Snape identified a single gene for frost resistance, designated
Fr1, that was completely linked to the locus Vrn1. This result can be
explained by pleiotropic action of the Vrn1 locus or close genetic linkage
between Vrn1 and Fr1. Further mapping of Frl and Vrn1 has now been carried
out using RFLP techniques in a second recombinant population developed from
a cross between the substitution lines of chromosome 5A from the spring
wheat T. spelta (frost sensitive) and the winter wheat cultivar Cheyenne in
the recipient cultivar Chinese Spring. Freezing tests on each recombinant
line were carried out using the procedures described previously by Sutka,
and flowering time and ear type were characterized in growth room
experiments. For RFLP analysis, polymorphisms were selected by hybridizing
DNA of the parental lines digested with various restriction enzymes, with a
range of cDNA and genomic DNA probes, known from previous work to be located
on chromosome 7(5H) of barley. Probes detecting polymorphisms between the
parents were then used to genotype the recombinant population. Linkage maps
were then constructed using MAPMAKER v2.0.
The recombinant lines segregated in a 1:1 fashion for freezing
tolerance and flowering time, showing single gene segregation, as expected
at Vrn1 and Fr1. Additionally, however, four presumptive recombinants
between these loci were detected, indicating genetic linkage of the loci
(recombination distance of 7.5 cM), rather than pleiotropy. This was also
shown by the RFLP mapping which confirmed the location of these loci distal
on the long arm of chromosome 5A, and showed that three RFLP loci Xpsr426,
Xcd0504 and Xwg644 mapped very close to both Vrn1 and Fr1. Further, the
most likely map locations placed these RFLP loci between Vrn1 and Fr1,
confirming their individual identities.
Plaschke et al. have mapped the flowering time gene of rye, Spl, using
RFLP techniques, and based on the available genetic data they proposed that
wheat Vrn1 and Vrn3 and possibly Vrn4, rye Sp1, and barley sh1, form a
homoeoallelic set. This agreed with the present result since Sp1 was shown
closely linked (6 cM) to Xpsr426-5R on the rye map. In other studies, close
linkage (about 4cM) has been found between the biochemical marker beta-
amylase (Bamy1) and the Sh locus on barley chromosome 4HL. The distal part
of 5A is homoeologous to the group 4 chromosomes because of a translocation,
and if Sh was homoeoallelic to Vrn1 a similar relationship would exist.
However, on the long arm of 5A of wheat B-Amy-1 (syn Bamy1) is well
separated from Vrn1. We have mapped Vrn1 about 70 cM proximal from the
translocation break point and, thus it is not likely that Vrn1 is synonymous
with Sh.
QTL controlling traits associated with winter hardiness in barley
(field survival, LT(50) growth habit (vernalization response), and crown
fructan content) were also mapped to chromosome 7(5H) by Hayes et al. in
Oregon. The largest QTL effects for all traits were detected in a 21%
recombination interval on the long arm. This interval should be the
homoeologue of the region surrounding the Vrn1 and Fr1 genes on wheat
chromosome 5A because it contains both Xwg644 and Xcd0504 RFLP marker loci.
-------------------------
S A Quarrie and A Steed, M Gulli and C Calestani (University of Parma,
Italy), G Galiba (Agricultural Research Institute, Martonvasar,
Hungary).
Genetic analysis of responses to environmental stresses. Work to
locate genes controlling high abscisic acid (ABA) production in response to
drought stress has continued using F(2) plants and doubled haploid lines
from the cross between the spring wheats Chinese Spring (low ABA) and SQ1
(high ABA). The preliminary evidence of a QTL for ABA production reported
last year (AWN 1993) has been confirmed in both mapping populations using a
range of RFLP markers which map to the long arm of chromosome 5A. The
computer package MAPMAKER-QTL predicted a strong QTL (maximum LOD score 4.8)
from the F(2) population mid-way between the loci Xpsr575 and Xpsr426. A
similar location for the ABA QTL was predicted using 96 doubled haploid
lines which were mapped with twelve RFLP probes on chromosome 5A. However,
the QTL was weaker in this population because the ABA differences amongst
the doubled haploid lines were smaller than they were amongst the F(2)
plants.
ABA concentrations are known to increase in response to a wide range of
environmental stresses, including cold stress. We have now shown by RFLP
mapping of a population of single chromosome recombinant lines that genes
for vernalization response and frost tolerance are present in the same
region of chromosome 5A as the ABA QTL. Work is, therefore, in progress to
test whether the genes for low temperature response also affect the
production of ABA, both in response to cold stress and to other stresses.
-------------------------
R M D Koebner and P K Martin
Germplasm screening for salt tolerance in wheat and triticale. The
nutrient film technique hydroponics system, where plants are grown in a
rockwood or vermiculite medium, and are irrigated from below by a flowing
stream of nutrient solution, has been adapted to provide a large scale
screen for salt tolerance of the wheat/triticale collection held at the JI
Centre. This collection consists of about 9000 accessions of cultivars,
land-races and breeders' lines. The plants have been subjected to a high
level of salt stress (50mM NaC1), a level which kills the vast majority of
wheat genotypes after exposure of 4-6 weeks. However, preliminary results
have shown that a small number of durum and aestivum wheats can tolerant
this salinity level and continue to grow, albeit slowly. However, a
potentially more interesting finding has been that several triticales of
Polish origin (but for the most part not those of CIMMYT origin) are highly
tolerant and maintain good growth under these conditions. We are interested
in examining the genetical basis of this tolerance, and in testing this
material under natural salinity conditions. These novel sources of salt
tolerance have, in most cases, been found within accessions that have not
been selected for or bred in saline environments.
-------------------------
J E Flintham
Red grain colour genes in hexaploid breadwheats. A collection of 58
winter and 10 spring cultivars have been characterized for their genotypes
at the R1, R2 and R3 loci by test crossing to white-grained lines, to
Chinese Spring (R1) and to Red Bobs (R2). Most of the tested wheats are
included. Recessive r alles are present at about the same frequency as the
R alleles. Data from germination tests have confirmed that dormancy is
largely dependant on the presence of red pigment in the testa, however it
has become evident that other (unidentified) genes give rise to wide
variation for dormancy amongst commercial cultivars. RFLP markers have been
identified within 5cM or the R loci.
-------------------------
J S Heslop-Harrison, T Schwarzacher and co-authors.
Analysis of breeding lines. We have used total genomic DNA as a probe
to examine a number of wheat breeding lines with wheat-alien recombinant
chromosomes. Information about the physical sizes of the alien chromosomes
is a valuable addition to knowledge of map and phenotypic data.
Developments of both chromosome and probe preparation techniques have been
described in a number of technical publications.
Changes in cell cultures. Long term suspension cell cultures of wheat
are potentially of value for transformation, gene isolation and genetic
analysis. However, many chromosomal changes occur, and we have shown using
in situ hybridization that the copy number of the ribosomal genes is
enormously reduced, and many sites of tandemly repeated DNA are lost. These
rearranged chromosomes may be useful for studying genetic architecture.
Publications
Abbo S, Dunford RP, Miller TE, Reader SM, King IP. 1993. Primer-mediated in
situ detection of the B-hordein gene cluster on barley chromosome 1H.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90, 11821-11824.
Abbo S, Miller TE, King IP. 1993. Primer-induced in situ hybridization to
plant chromosomes. Genome 36, 815-815.
Aitken KS (1993) Genetic Analysis of Grain Protein Content in Wheat, Ph.D.
Thesis, University of East Anglia.
Anamthawat-Jonsson K, Heslop-Harrison JS. 1993. Isolation and
characterization of genome-specific DNA sequences in Triticeae species.
Mol. Gen. Genet. 240: 151-158.
Borner A, Appleford NEJ, Gale MD, Lenton JR. 1993. Gibberellin status and
responsiveness in relation to leaf expansion in tall and dwarf genotypes of
diploid rye (Secale cereale L.). Physiologia Plantarum 89, 309-3l4.
Cabanne F, Snape JW. 1993. Absence of differential metabolism of
chlorotoluron in isogenic susceptible and tolerant lines of wheat.
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 47, 56-59.
Devos KM, Atkinson MD, Chinoy CN, Harcourt RL. Koebner RMD, Liu CJ, Masojc
P, Xie DX, Gale MD. 1993. Chromosomal rearrangements in the rye genome
relative to that of wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 85, 673-680.
Devos KM, Gale MD. 1993. Extended genetic maps of the homoeologous group 3
chromosomes of wheat, rye and barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 85,
649-652.
Devos KM, Gale MD. 1993. The genetic maps of wheat and their potential in
plant breeding. Outlook on Agriculture 22, 93-99.
Devos KM, Millan T, Gale MD Comparative RFLP maps of the homoeologous group-
2 chromosomes of wheat, rye and barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics
85, 784-792.
Flavell RB, Gale MD, O'Dell M, Murphy G, Moore G, Lucas H. 1993. Molecular
organisation of genes and repeats in the large cereal genomes and
implications for the isolation of genes by chromosome walking. Chromosomes
Today 11, 199-213.
Flintham JE. 1993. Grain colour and sprout-resistance in wheat. In: Pre-
Harvest Sprouting in Cereals 1992. (Eds: Walker-Simmons MK, Ried JL).
Minnesota, American Association of Cereal Chemists, 30-36.
Heslop-Harrison JS. 1993. Applications of molecular cytogenetics in the
Triticeae. In: (Ed: Damania A), Biodiversity and wheat improvement.
Chichester: Wiley and Sons, 3l-38.
Heslop-Harrison JS, Leitch AR, Schwarzacher T. 1993. The physical
organization of interphase nuclei. In: (Eds: Heslop-Harrison JS, Flavell
RB), The Chromosome. Oxford:
BIOS, 221-232.
Heslop-Harrison JS, Schwazacher T. 1993. Molecular cytogenetics - biology
and applications in plant breeding. Chromosomes Today 11: 191-198.
Hollington PA, Royo A, Aragues R, Miller TE. 1991. The responses of wheat
cultivars and hybrids to controlled field salinity. In: Proceedings of the
Second Conference of the European Society of Agronomy, 88.
Hyne G, Wang G, Pike D, Snape JW. 1993. Partial genome analysis for QTL in
wheat. In: Seventeenth International Congress of Genetics. Ed: Meredith
M, Thatcham, The Quadraphics Partnership, 120.
Johnson R. 1993. Durability of disease resistance in crops: some closing
remarks about the topic and the symposium. In: Durability of Disease
Resistance (Eds: Jacobs TH, Parlevliet JE) Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic
Press, 283-300.
Johnson R. 1993. A project to transfer durable resistance to stripe
(yellow) rust from European to Indian bread wheats. In: Durability of
Disease Resistance (Eds: Jacobs, TH, Parlevliet, JE) Dordrecht, Kluwer
Academic Press, 328.
Johnson R. (1993). Past, present and future opportunities in breeding for
disease resistance, with examples from wheat, Euphytica 63, 3-22.
Johnson R, Bonman JM. 1993. Durable resistance to blast in rice and to
yellow rust in wheat. In: New Frontiers in Rice Research (Eds:
Muralidharan K, Siddiq EA). Hyderabad, Directorate of Research, Research,
206-2l2.
Johnson R, Jellis GJ (Eds). 1992. Breeding for Disease Resistance,
Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
King IP, Laurie DA. 1993. Chromosome damage in early embryo and endosperm
development in crosses involving the preferentially transmitted 4S(1)
chromosome of Aegilops sharonensis. Heredity 70, 52-59.
King IP, Purdie KA, Orford SE, Reader SM, Miller TE. 1993. Detection of
homoeologous recombination in Triticum durum x Thinopyrum bessarabicum
hybrids using genomic in situ hybridization. Heredity 72, 369-372.
King IP, Purdie, KA, Reader SM, Orford SE, Abbo S, Miller TE. 1993.
Detection of homoelogous chiasma formation in wheat x alien hybrids. In:
Seventeenth International Congress of Genetics (Ed: Meredith M). Thatcham,
The Quadgraphic Partnership, 136.
King IP, Purdie KA, Rezanoor HN, KJoebner RMD, Miller TE, Reader SM,
Nicholson P. 1993. Characterisation of Thinopyrum bessarabicum chromosome
segments in wheat using random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and
genomic in situ hybridisation. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 86, 895-
900.
Koebner RMD, Chinoy CN. 1993. Monoclonal antibodies: a novel source of
genetic markers. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Wheat Genetics
Symposium Beijing, China, in press.
Leitch AR, Heslop-Harrison JS. 1993. Ribosomal RNA gene expression and
localization in cereals. Chromosomes Today 11: 92-100.
Leitch AR, Schwarzacher T, Jackson D, Leitch IJ. 1994. In Situ
Hybridization. Royal Microspocical Society Handbook 27. Oxford: BIOS.
Mahmood A, Quarrie SA (1993). Effects of salinity of growth, ionic
relations and physiological traits of wheat, disomic addition lines from
Thinopyrum bessarabicum and two amphiploids. Plant Breeding 110, 265-276.
Masojc P, Zawistowski J, Howes NK, Aung T, Gale MD. 1993. Polymorphism and
chromosomal location of an endogenous alpha-amylase inhibitor genes in
common wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 85, 1043-1048.
Miller TE, Reader SM, Mahmood A, Purdie KA, King IP. 1993. Chromosome 3N of
Aegilops uniaristata - a source of tolerance to high levels of aluminium for
what. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium,
Beijing, in press.
Moore G, Abbo S, Cheung W, Foote T, Gale MD, Koebner RMD, Leitch AR, Leitch
IJ, Money T, Stancombe P, Yano M, Flavell R. 1933. Key features of cereal
genome organisation as revealed by the use of cytosine methylation-sensitive
restriction endonucleases. Genomics 15, 472-482.
Moore G, Gale MD, Flavell RB. 1993. Molecular analysis of small grain
cereal genomes: Current status and prospects. Bio/Technology, 584-589.
Nicholson P, Jenkinson P, Rezanoor HN, Parry DW. 1993. Restriction fragment
length polymorphism analysis of variation in Fusarium species causing ear
blight of cereals. Plant Pathology 42, 905-9l4.
Nicholson P, Rezanoor HN, Hollins TW. 1993. Classification of a world-wide
collection of isolates of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides by RFLP
analysis of mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA and host range. Plant Pathology
422, 58-66.
Nicholson P, Rezanoor HN, Worland AJ. 1993. Chromosomal location of
resistance to Septoria nodorum in synthetic hexaploid wheat determined by
the study of chromosomal substitution lines in 'Chinese Spring' wheat.
Plant Breeding, 177-184.
Petrovi S, Worland AJ. 1992. Height reducing genes I. determination of the
presence in Yugoslavian wheat varieties. Savremena Poljoprivreda 40, 8l-85.
Petrovi S, Worland AJ. 1993. Height reducing genes II. pleiotropic effect
in Yugoslavian wheat varieties. Savremena Poljoprivreda 41, 91-95.
Plaschke J, Borner A, Xie DX, Koebner RMD, Schlegel R, Gale MD. 1993. RFLP
mapping of genes affecting plant height and growth habit in rye.
Theoretical and Applied Genetics 85, 1049-1054.
Quarrie SA. 1993. Understanding plant responses to stress and breeding for
impaired stress resistance - the generation gap. In: Plant Responses to
Cellular Dehydration during Environmental Stress, 16th Annual Symposium in
Plant Physiology, University of California, Riverside, 224-245.
Rubiales D, Brown JKM, Martin A. 1993. Hordeum chilense resistance to
powdery mildew and its potential use in cereal breeding. Euphytica 67, 2l5-
220.
Schlegel R, Kynast R, Schwarzacher T, Romheld V, Walter A. 1993. Mapping of
genes for copper efficiency in rye and the relationship between copper and
iron efficiency. Plant Soil l54: 6l-65.
Schwarzacher T, Leitch AR, Leitch IJ, Heslop-Harrison JS. 1994. Three
chapters on insitu hybridization. Methods in Molecular Biology: Protocols
for Nucleic Acid Analysis by Non-radioactive Techniques, ed. Isaac PG,
Humana Press: New Jersey.
Taeb M, Koebner RMD, Forster BP. 1993. Gene expression and ABA biosynthesis
in water stressed plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 44 supplement, 40.
Thompson GB, Brown JKM, Woodward FI. 1993. The effects of host carbon
dioxide, nitrogen and water supply on the infection of wheat by powdery
mildew and aphids. Plant, Cell and Environment 16, 687-694.
Wang G, Snape JW, Hu H, Rogers WJ. 1993. The high-molecular-weight glutenin
subunit compositions of Chinese bread wheat varieties and their relationship
with bread-making quality. Euphytica 68, 205-212.
Worland AJ, Law CN. 1992. Improving disease resistance in wheat by
inactivating genes promoting disease susceptibility. Mutations Newsletter,
2-7.
Xie DX, Devos KM, Moore G, Gale MD. 1993. RFLP-based genetic maps of the
homoeologous group 5 chromosomes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Theoretical and Applied Genetics 87, 70-74.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM THE UNITED STATES
ARKANSAS
University of Arkansas
R.K. Bacon*, E.A. Milus*, B.R. Wells and J.T. Kelly
Production. According to the Arkansas Agricultural Statistics Service,
Arkansas farmers planted 1,100,000 acres and harvested 1,000,000 acres of
winter wheat in 1993. Average yield in the state was 41 bu/A, accounting
for a total production of 41,000,000 bu. Yields were generally high
probably due in part to cool temperatures during grain fill and low leaf
rust and leaf blotch severity. Low test weight continued to be a problem.
Management. Soil fertility research with wheat in Arkansas has
concentrated on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) during the past year.
Research is continuing on wheat cultivar response to N rate and fungicide
treatment. This work shows that the newer wheat cultivars respond to higher
N fertilizer rates as compared to the older cultivars. As with the older
cultivars, fertilization with excessive N rates aggravates disease problems
and makes the use of foliar fungicides an essential part of the management
program, often without an economical increase in grain yields. Current
research has shown rather conclusively that wheat growing on soils with poor
internal drainage, low available soil P and under high rainfall conditions
will respond to topdress applications of P fertilizer made anytime from
seeding in the fall until March. Additionally, studies have shown that P
availability is reduced in soils where wheat follows rice and wheat will
respond dramatically to P fertilizer applications made on these soils.
Diseases. Stem rust and barley yellow dwarf were more severe in 1993
than in any of the previous five years. Stem rust devastated some fields of
susceptible cultivars, especially in southern Arkansas. Barley yellow dwarf
occurred statewide and caused considerable yield and test weight losses in
many fields. Scab was found in many fields but was severe in only a few
areas. The greatest scab severities were associated with rotations
immediately after rice or corn. Soilborne viruses and bacterial streak were
not as severe as in previous years. Leaf rust and septoria leaf blotch
generally developed too late to cause significant damage.
Progress was made in understanding the epidemiology and control of
bacterial streak caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens. The
bacterium did not survive well over summer in crop debris, alternative
hosts, or soil, and therefore crop rotation or weed control are not
necessary to reduce initial inoculum. Infested seed was the principle
source of initial inoculum, but the level of transmission from seed to
plants was extremely low under field conditions. An inoculation technique
and disease reaction scales were developed to identify bacterial streak
resistance in seedlings and adult plants under controlled conditions. There
was no evidence for races of X. c. translucens among 81 strains from North
and South America that were tested on 19 wheat cultivars.
Fungicides registered or tested experimentally on wheat did not control
Fusarium head blight (scab) or reduce the level of deoxynivalenol in the
grain. A new project was begun to transfer fungal endophytes into wheat.
Breeding and Genetics. Due to its superior combination of high yield
and high test weight, the experimental line AR 26413A will be released to
seedsmen this summer as `Hazen.' It was developed from the cross
Doublecrop/Purdue 6559B5-6-6-6-1. The original selection (AR 26413) was
phenotypically mixed for head type, maturity, and color. It was purified
using head rows and then drill strips. The seed from the bronze, awnless
drill rows was bulked as AR 26413B and the awned, white line was bulked as
AR 26413A. Both AR 26413A and AR 26413B were tested in the Uniform Eastern
and Uniform Southern Nurseries.
AR 26413A has shown excellent adaptation at test sites around the state
except for the extreme Southwest. Averaged across 5 locations it was the
second highest yielding entry in the 1992-93 State Performance trials under
high management practices. AR 26413A has a higher test weight than any of
the other cultivars in the University's foundation seed program.
AR 26413A is an awned, white chaffed line. It has excellent straw
strength and is moderately resistant to leaf rust, the soil-borne virus
complex, and bacterial streak. Overall combined quality score indicates
acceptable milling and baking characteristics. Most likely it will serve as
a replacement for Cardinal in the Foundation Seed program. Compared to
Cardinal it is equal in yield potential, has almost 1 lb. heavier test
weight, is 2 days earlier in maturity, is 5 inches shorter, and has better
resistance to leaf rust.
The nitrogen utilization research is being continued. Lines that were
selected for high and low nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in two
populations, Keiser/McNair 1003 and Keiser/Saluda were evaluated last year
at one location. Ten lines were selected for high NRA and 10 lines selected
for low NRA from each population based on their yield performance. These
lines were planted this fall at two locations and will be evaluated under
four different rates of spring-applied N fertilizer.
Personnel. Dr. Agha Mirlohi, a former research associate in wheat
pathology, has a faculty position at the Esfahan Agricultural University in
Iran.
Publications
Bacon, R.K., J.T. Kelly, and C.E. Parsons. 1993. 1992-93 Arkansas small-
grain cultivar performance tests. pp. 37.
Correll, M.D., B.R. Wells, R.K. Bacon, and J.T. Kelly. 1993. Wheat response
to time of phosphorus application. Better Crops. 77(4):27-29.
Correll, M.D., B.R. Wells, R.K. Bacon, and J.T. Kelly. 1993. Wheat response
to time of application of phosphorus fertilizer. p. 49-51. In W.E. Sabbe,
editor. Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 1992. Arkansas Agric. Exp. Stn.
Research Series. 425.
Kelly, J.T., R.K. Bacon, and B.R. Wells. 1993. Nitrogen utilization in soft
wheat. Ark. Farm Res. 42(4):14-15.
Mahmood, T., Gergerich, R.C., Milus, E.A., West, C.P., and D'Arcy, C.J.
1993. Incidence of barley yellow dwarf viruses in wheat, endophyte-infected
and endophyte-free fescue, and other hosts in Arkansas. Plant Dis. 77:225-
228.
Mahmood, T., Gergerich, R.C., Milus, E.A., and West, C.P. 1993. Barley
yellow dwarf virus incidence in wheat and other hosts. Ark. Farm Res.
42(3):12-13.
Milus, E.A. 1993. Leaf rust, septoria leaf blotch, and fungicide effects on
wheat. Ark. Farm Res. 42 (6):3-5.
Milus, E.A. and Holt, W. 1993. Effect of fungicides on germination of wheat
seed, 1992. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 48:337.
Milus, E.A. and Mirlohi, A.F. 1993. A test tube assay for estimating
populations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens on individual wheat
leaves. Phytopathology 83:134-139.
Milus, E.A., Mirlohi, A.F., and Parsons, C.E. 1993. Evaluation of foliar
fungicides on wheat, 1992. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 48:238.
Milus, E.A., and Parker, P.W. 1993. Evaluation of seed treatments for loose
smut of wheat, 1992. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 48:335.
Milus, E.A., Penix, S.E., and Parker, P.W. 1993. Evaluation of seed
treatments on "scabby" seed lots of wheat, 1992. Fungicide and Nematicide
Tests 48:336.
Milus, E.A. and Rothrock, C.S. 1993. Rhizosphere colonization of wheat by
selected soil bacteria over diverse environments. Can. J. Microbiol. 39:335-
341.
Milus, E.A. 1994. Effects of leaf rust and Septoria leaf blotch on yield and
test weight of wheat in Arkansas. Plant Dis. 78:55-59.
Milus, E.A. and Mirlohi, A.F. 1994. Use of disease reactions to identify
resistance in wheat to bacterial streak. Plant Dis. 78:157-161.
Milus, E.A., Penix, S.E., and Gbur, E.E. 1994. Progress of Septoria nodorum
infection on wheat cultivars. Ark. Farm Res. 43 (1):14-15.
Milus, E.A. 1994. Effect of foliar fungicides on disease control, yield, and
test weight in soft red winter wheat. Crop Protection (in press).
Milus, E.A. and Chalkley, D.B. 1994. Virulence of Xanthomonas campestris pv.
translucens on selected wheat cultivars. Plant Dis. (in press).
Milus, E.A. and Mirlohi, A.F. 1994. Source of inoculum for bacterial streak
of wheat. Ark. Farm Res. (in press).
Milus, E.A., Mirlohi, A.F., and Chalkley, D.B. 1994. An inoculation
technique to identify resistance in wheat to bacterial streak. Ark. Farm
Res. (in press).
Milus, E.A. and Parsons, C.E. 1994. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for
controlling Fusarium head blight of wheat. Plant Dis. (in press).
Wells, B.R., R.K. Bacon, and J.T. Kelly. 1993. Wheat cultivar response to N
rate and fungicide treatment. p. 52-57. In W.E. Sabbe, editor. Arkansas
Soil Fertility Studies 1992. Arkansas Agric. Exp. Stn. Research Series.
425.
-------------------------
CALIFORNIA
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California,
Riverside
Christine A. Curtis, Bahman Ehdaie, Khouzama Knio, Adam J. Lukaszewski,
Rana Tayyar, J. Giles Waines, and Xitang Xu
Water-use efficiency and its components in bread wheat (Ehdaie and
Waines)
We defined water-use efficiency (WUE) as the ratio of grain yield (GY)
to evapotranspiration water (ET) (Ehdaie and Waines, 1993). The two primary
components of WUE were defined as evapotranspiration efficiency (ETE = total
dry matter/ET) and harvest index (HI = GY/total dry matter). Thus, WUE
could be expressed as: WUE = GY/TE = (ETE) (HI). Our preliminary results
in well-watered pot experiments with seven wheat cultivars indicated that
ETE and HI accounted for 59% and 41%, respectively, of the genetic variation
in WUE. A negative correlation (r = -0.73**) was found between ETE and HI.
Further study was conducted in the glasshouse and the field under well-
watered and water-stressed conditions in 1992/93 season. The data obtained
is being subjected to statistical analysis to measure the effects of ETE and
HI on WUE and to determine the relationship between the two components of
WUE.
-------------------------
Nitrogen-use efficiency in bread and macaroni wheat (Ehdaie and Waines)
Nitrogen is the most expensive fertilizer nutrient used to raise wheat
crops. A sizable portion of applied N is lost by leaching and
denitrification. Therefore, plant breeders need to develop wheat cultivars
that can absorb N more efficiently from the soil and partition most of the
absorbed N into the grain. In order to determine the genotypic variation of
nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) among California bread and macaroni wheat
cultivars, field experiments were conducted in 1993 using 15 cultivars and 3
levels of N application. In 1994, the same genotypes and levels of N were
used at two different dates of planting. The data obtained from the 1993
experiments is being subjected to statistical analyses for NUE.
-------------------------
Chromosomal locations of genes controlling water-use efficiency in
bread wheat (Ehdaie and Waines)
We are studying the locations of genes controlling transpiration
efficiency (TE = total dry matter/water transpired) and water-use efficiency
(WUE = grain yield/water used) using the technique of ditelocentric
chromosome analysis. The wheat cultivar with high TE and WUE is 'Chinese
Spring', which is the cultivar used by E.R. Sears to make the original
chromosome aneuploid series. Twenty-four ditelocentric (half chromosome)
lines and the Chinese Spring euploid line are being used in a gravimetric
pot study in the glasshouse in well-watered conditions for TE, WUE, and
carbon isotope discrimination.
-------------------------
Inheritance of resistance to Russian wheat aphid in bread wheat
(Ehdaie)
Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mardivilko) was found for the
first time in California in spring 1988. It has caused severe damage to
wheat and barley in other western states. Russian wheat aphid (RWA) was
present since 1989/90 season in our field experiments at the Moreno Field
Station, causing leaves to streak and curl. In the 1990/91 and the
subsequent seasons, several landrace wheat genotypes collected from
southeastern Iran showed excellent resistance to this pest. One of these
genotypes was crossed to two susceptible spring wheat cultivars, Yecora Rojo
and PR 2375, in the 1992/93 season. In the 1993/94 season, F(1) seeds and
seeds from the parents were sown in the glasshouse to produce F(2)and
backcross generations. The parental, F(1), F(2), and backcross generations
will be evaluated next season to determine the inheritance of resistance to
RWA.
-------------------------
Population structure of weedy goat grasses (Waines, Knio, Tayyar)
The most serious weedy goat grass is Aegilops triuncialis L. which has
invaded pasture lands and roadsides in northern and central California. The
inflorescence is disseminated as a complete spike, possibly by grazing
animals or wind. Seeds of spikelets at the base of the spike germinate
first and germination progresses towards the apex. There are usually four
to eight spikelets per spike and two seeds per spikelet, which can produce
eight to sixteen seedlings. These are full-sibs if the florets are self-
pollinated, or half-sibs if there is cross-pollination. Seedlings from the
same spike grow together and produce seemingly different tillers of a large
grass clump, as though they are tillers developed from a single seed.
However, they are really full- or half-sibs that form a "hill population"
familiar to plant breeders. Polymorphism for the enzyme phosphoglucose
isomerase indicates that there is some outcrossing among different tillers
or plants in Ae. triuncialis populations in California. The ability to
disseminate small outcrossin "hill" populations may help explain the
aggressive nature of this noxious weeds. gilops ovata has a dissemination
unit similar to, but with fewer spikelets and seeds, than Ae. triuncialis.
It is restricted to one area of northern California.
Jointed goat grass, Ae. cylindrica, has individual spikelets as
dissemination units. These may be carried by cattle or possibly by
harvester ants. At germination, two seedlings emerge from each spikelet,
and polymorphism for the enzymes phosphoglucose isomerase and menadione
reductase indicates the population at Elwood Mesa, Santa Barbara County, is
partially outcrossed. Jointed goat grass is a serious weed in northern
California.
Aegilops speltoides from near Tarsus, southern Turkey, is polymorphic
for the dissemination unit: entire spikes or individual spikelets. Both
morphs are polymorphic for several enzymes which indicated that the species
is outcrossing. On the other hand, Triticum urartu from Syria which also is
disseminated as individual spikelets, possibly by seed harvesting ants,
appears to be monomorphic for many enzymes, and may be largely self-
pollinated. The population structure and the dissemination unit of these
weedy goat grasses and wild wheats may help explain their success as
colonizing species.
-------------------------
Wheat cytogenetics (Curtis, Lukaszewski, Xu)
Physical distribution of the ph1b-induced homoeologous recombination
was observed in pairs of homoeologous chromosomes 7A and 7S, 1R and 1B, 1R
and 1D, 1B and 1D, and 1B and 1A. The location of the translocation
breakpoints was analyzed in over 200 recombinant chromosomes. The
translocation breakpoints were concentrated in the distal ends of chromosome
arms and absent fromthe proximal halves of chromosome arms. The
distribution appeared almost identical to that observed among homologues in
the B-genome chromosomes of wheat. However, at this point a possibility
cannot be entirely ruled that the distribution of recombination may be
related to the degree of pairing affinity of homoeologues. In the case of
recombination involving remotely related chromosomes like those of wheat and
rye, a higher frequency of proximal translocation breakpoints was observed
than had been expected on the basis of the distribution of recombination in
homologues.
Metaphase I behavior of pairs of chromosomes deficientfor different
segments was studied in Chinese Spring wheat. The MI pairing frequency was
similar to that observed in combinations of normal + deficient so that even
a small difference in length on the distal end of an arm caused dramatic
reduction in pairing frequency. This also held true for an asymmetrical
isochromosome constructed from the long arm of chromosome 1B. One arm of
this chromosome is deficient for about 20% of its length; the other for
about 50%. The two arms of this asymmetrical isochromosome never paired
with each other. In a plant diisosomic for this chromosome, pairing was
between the arms of the same length. This tends to support the notion that
the alignment of telomeres plays a critical role in pairing initiation in
wheat.
Homoeologous pairing was induced by the ph1b mutation between
chromosome 7A and 7S of Aegilops speltoides in Pavon wheat. Chromosome 7S
carries genes for resistance to leaf rust, greenbug and, possibly,
blackpoint. Twenty-five recombinants and one centric translocation were
recovered. The recombinants were screened for leaf rust resistance, and the
segment of the short arm of 7S with the resistance gene was identified. The
gene appears to be located about 70% of the relative arm length away from
the centromere. Dr. K. Porter of USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK, is testing the
recombinants for greenbug resistance to identify the segment of 7S with the
resistance gene.
As it was reported previously, complete chromosomes 1R and 1B were
reconstructed from the 1RS.1BL translocation of 'Kavkaz' origin. The
reconstructed chromosome 1R was moved, by monosomic shift, to replace
chromosomes 1A and 1D, and all three substitutions of this chromosome, for
1A, 1B, and 1D were isolated. In the process, translocations 1RS.1AL and
1RS.1BL were produced, and 1RS.1DL is being selected. All these three
translocations have the 1RS arm from the original Aurora/Kavkaz
translocation and their long arms from Pavon wheat. On the other hand, the
reconstructed chromosome 1B was matched with chromosome 1R from a CIMMYT
line E12165, and another new 1RS.1BL translocation was produced. This
translocation has the 1RS arm from chromosome 1R in the E12165, and 1BL arm
from the Aurora/Kavkaz. All these manipulations should allow us to
determine which arm of the translocation 1RS.1BL of the Aurora/Kavkaz is
responsible for yield increase. The experiments with the 1RS.1BL
translocation demonstrate redundancy in the centric regions of wheat chromo-
somes. A chromosome may undergo at least three cycles of centric breakage
without appreciable loss of function.
-------------------------
Triticale cytogenetics (Lukaszewski)
The total number of substitutions of the D-genome chromosomes in
triticale Rhino was brought up to 18. Still missing are 4D(4R), 7D(7B),
7D(7R). It does not appear likely that substitutions 4D(4R) and 7D(7R) are
possible in Rhino. A combination 20" + 4D" + 4R' was developed, but 4R is
preferentially transmitted through the pollen and cannot be eliminated. A
combination 20" + 7D' (N7R) was sterile. Monosomics of Rhino were advanced
by another two backcrosses and only mono 7A, 3B and 5B remain with less than
10 backcrosses to Rhino.
In triticale Presto, the number of substitutions of the D-genome
chromosomes was brought up to 19. Still missing are 7D(7B) and 7D(7R). The
former was unsuccessfully sought among the progeny of a monosomic 20" + 7D'
(N7B). However, because of low male transmission rate of 7D, no disomics
were identified and most of the progeny were nullisomic 7B. Nullisomics 7B
are fertile in Presto. Also, substitution 4D(4R) was identified in Presto;
it was fertile and produced good quality seed. Monosomic lines in Presto
are less advanced than in Rhino with about one half of the lines with less
than ten backcrosses.
The effects of the substitutions and translocations of chromosome 1D on
SDS-sedimentation value were tested in several triticale lines. In general,
the introduction of the Glu-D1 gene appears to double the SDS-sedimentation
value; the presence of Gli-D1, as in a whole chromosome substitution,
increases the SDS-sedimentation value by another about 10%. SDS-
sedimentation values equal to the best wheat check (Wheaton) have been
obtained in triticale Presto but, surprisingly, not the basis of the d
allele of Glu-D1 (high molecular weight glutenin subunits 5+10), and not in
the 1D(1R) substitution, but in the 1D(1A) substitution involving the a
allele (subunits 2+12). This may indicate that some secalins in triticale
may have a positive effect on SDS-sedimentation value.
Publications
Curtis, C. A. and A. J. Lukaszewski. 1993. Localization of genes in rye
that restore male fertility to hexaploid wheat with timopheevi cytoplasm.
Plant Breeding 111:106-112.
Ehdaie, B., D. Barnhart, and J. G. Waines. 1993. Genetic analyses of
transpiration efficiency, carbon isotope discrimination, and growth
characteristics in bread wheat, p. 4189-434. In J. R. Ehleringer, G. D.
Farquhar, and A. E. Hall (eds.), Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water
Relations. Acad. Press, San Diego.
Ehdaie, B. and J. G. Waines. 1993. Genetic analysis of carbon isotope
discrimination and agronomic characters in a bread wheat cross. Theoret.
Appl. Genet. In press.
Ehdaie, B. and J. G. Waines. 1993. Growth and transpiration efficiency of
near-isogenic lines for height in a spring wheat. Crop Sci. In press.
Ehdaie, B. and J. G. Waines. 1993. Variation in water-use efficiency and
its components in wheat. I. Well-watered pot experiment. Crop Sci. 33:294-
299.
Ehdaie, B. and J. G. Waines. 1993. Water requirement and transpiration
efficiency in primitive wheats: a model for their use, p. 187-197. In A.
B. Damania (ed.), Biodiversity and Wheat Improvement. John
Wiley/Sayce/ICARDA, Chichester, UK.
Lukaszewski, A. J. 1993. Reconstruction in wheat of complete chromosomes
1B and 1R from the 1RS.1BL translocation of 'Kavkaz' origin. Genome 36:821-
824.
Lukaszewski, A. J. and C. A. Curtis. 1993. Physical distribution of
recombination in B-genome chromosomes of wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:121-
127.
Lukaszewski, A. J. and C. A. Curtis. 1994. Transfer of the Glu-D1 gene
from chromosome 1D to chromosome 1A in hexaploid triticale. Plant Breeding.
In press.
Waines, J. G., M. M. Rafi, and B. Ehdaie. 1993. Yield components and
transpiration efficiency in wild wheats, p. 173-186. In A. B. Damania
(ed.), Biodiversity and Wheat Improvement. John Wiley/Sayce/ICARDA,
Chichester, UK.
-------------------------
COLORADO
Colorado State University
J.S. Quick, J. Stromberger, G.H. Ellis, R. Normann, A. Saidi, H. Dong,
Q.A. Khan
Production. The 1993 Colorado winter wheat production was 94.5 million
bushels, 137 percent of the 1991 crop, and the yield average was about 37
bu/a. Hard red spring, soft white spring and durum wheats were collectively
grown on about 50,000 acres. Leading cultivars were TAM 107, Lamar, Baca,
Scout 66, and Hawk. The 1992 production season was generally very favorable.
Breeding program. Several new winter wheats were evaluated for
potential release. Two advanced HRWW lines, CO880210 and CO880169, performed
very well in 1992 and 1993 Colorado tests, and along with 2 RWA-resistant
lines, are under foundation seed increase for possible release in 1994
pending final seed increases and evaluation. Selection progress was made
for grain yield, grain volume weight, winter hardiness, resistance to
shattering, drought tolerance, WSMV resistance, and bread-making quality.
Cultivar performance trials and Russian wheat aphid evaluations were
conducted statewide. Field tests of 8 T-57-derived resistant F7 lines at 5
locations, and several hundred early generation lines in eastern Colorado
identified 2 lines with cultivar potential for 1994 tests and several for
further evaluation. Good agronomic, disease and bread-making properties
suggests possible resistant cultivar release in 1994.
Russian wheat aphid. The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) damage
and cost in 1992 was about $2.0 million. The accumulated losses since 1986
in Colorado are about $98.4 million. The aphid overwinters in Colorado and
survives the dry summer on native and introduced grasses. Much project
activity was associated with Russian wheat aphid (RWA) research where
excellent cooperation resulted in useful information for improvement of RWA
resistance in wheat. Field studies to determine the economic injury level on
a resistant wheat line were conducted at Fort Collins in 1992 and 1993. RWA
infestations resulted in significant yield reduction on susceptible wheat,
but not on the improved resistant wheat. The 4R chromosome of PI 386148
triticale was backcrossed into wheat in an unstable condition including
small segments and single doses, whereas in PI 386150 triticale x Lamar, the
rye chromosome 4R was found as a disomic substitution and/or addition.
Progeny derived from crosses between PI 386150 and Lamar and PI 386148 x
Lamar were selected only for resistance to RWA. Preferential retention of 4R
in resistant progenies indicates that this chromosome is associated with RWA
resistance. Expression of this resistance appears to be disturbed by the
action of the wheat chromosomes and the dosage effect. The lack of rye/wheat
chromosome interchanges in advanced generations may indicate little
homoeology between S. montanum and wheat chromosomes; hence, stabilization
of resistance will be difficult. Other genetic studies on allelism among
different sources of resistance will allow efficient gene pyramiding into
new cultivars.
Publications
Haley, S.D., Quick, J.S., and Morgan, J.A. 1993. Field excised- leaf water
status evaluation and asscociations in winter wheat. Canadian J. Pl. Sci.
73:55-63.
Kisana, N.S., Nkongolo, K.K., Quick, J.S., and Johnson, D.L. 1993.
Production of doubled haploids by anther culture and the wheat x maize
method in a wheat breeding program. Plant Br. 110:96-102.
Morgan, J.A., LeCain, D.R., McCaig, T.N., and Quick, J.S. 1993. Gas
exchange, carbon isotope discrimination, and productivity in winter wheat.
Crop Sci. 33:178-186.
Nkongolo, K.K., Quick, J.S., Muhlmann, and Lapitan, N.L. 1993. An optimized
fluorescence in situ hybridization procedure detecting rye chromatin in
wheat. Genome 36:701-705.
-------------------------
GEORGIA
J. W. Johnson,* B. M. Cunfer,* J. J. Roberts,* G. D. Buntin, D. E.
McMillin, and J. P. Wilson
The 1993 Georgia winter wheat crop was grown on about 500,000 harvested
acres and produced an average of 38 bushels per acre. Excessive rainfall
during the fall resulted in delay planting. The winter temperatures were
mild which resulted in good growth. Grain yields were above average due to
favorable winter and spring growing conditions. Conditions at harvest time
were favorable with no delays in harvesting.
Germplasm: Triticale germplasm GA-SRT with slow-rusting resistance to
leaf rust was developed and jointly released by the USDA-ARS and the
University of Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station. GA-SRT is a spring-
type triticale selected from the cross PI 429220/PI 434889. Both parents
are complete hexaploid triticales and express long latent periods of
infection.
Research on Drought: A study was conducted to reveal the genetic
diversity in whet response to soil conditions which elicit a root signal.
Five spring wheat cultivars were established in the growth chamber in soil
filled PVC tubes. The water table treatment resulted in dry and hard top
soil conditions. Cultivars differed in their leaf water status, stomatal
diffusive resistance and plant production. Under conditions of a drying top
soil, relative water content and leaf water potential increased in cultivars
that had a higher stomatal diffusive resistance, indicating that stomatal
activity was controlling leaf water status. Therefore, the drying top soil
elicited a root signal which caused stomatal closure and reduced plant
production. Two cultivars (Bethlehem and V748) consistently maintained
relatively low stomatal diffusive resistance and high plant production.
These two cultivars had relatively fewer roots which may have been exposed
to the drying top soil.
Biochemical linkage. Two hundred and fifty wheat accessions were examined
for variation in the isozymes aconitase and alcohol dehydrogenase using
starch gel electrophoresis. While no isozyme variation was seen for alcohol
dehydrogenase, variation was detected for aconitase and glucose phosphate
isomerase. The glucose phosphate isomerase phenotypes of wheat lines with
the 1B-1Rs and 1A-1Rs wheat-rye translocations ere distinguished.
Therefore, evaluation of glucose phosphate phenotypes could potentially be
used in wheat improvement programs to identify plants which are homozygous
for wheat-rye translocations involving chromosome 1.
Near-isogenic lines (NIL) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell cv
'Thatcher' exist for a number of genes conferring resistance to leaf rust,
caused by Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. These NIL were evaluated for
the isozyme, endopeptidase. The NIL with the leaf rust gene Lr19 exhibited
a phenotype different from the recurrent parent, Thatcher. All F(2) progeny
from the cross NIL-Lr19 with a susceptible cultivar that exhibited the Lr19
endopeptidase phenotype were resistant to leaf rust. Maximum likelihood
estimation of the F(2) progeny indicated a very tight linkage. These
conclusions were supported by F(3) analysis. Therefore, Lr19, which
confers resistance to leaf rust and Ep-D1d, the gene encoding endopeptidase
are linked. This report provides new information which can be used in wheat
improvement programs.
Lr19 is closely linked to a gene encoding yellow endosperm. However,
this linkage has been successfully broken. Examination of cultivar with
Lr19 and white endosperm still displayed the Lr19 endopeptidase phenotype,
further indicating that Lr19 and endopeptidase are tightly linked.
Therefore, the endopeptidase phenotype can by used in wheat improvement
programs where white or yellow flour color is desired.
This linkage will allow plant breeders to use endopeptidase phenotypes
to rapidly determine which breeding lines are homozygous for the Lr19 gene.
The association of the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase with the 1A/1R and
1B/1R wheat-rye translocation will permit identification of plants with
these alien chromosomes pieces and leaf rust resistant genes, Lr 24 and
Lr26, respectively. As more isozyme markers are identified that are linked
to genes conferring disease resistance, it will facilitate pyramiding
resistance genes into one cultivar.
PLANT PATHOLOGY. Six barley germplasm lines (PI 572247 to PI 572252)
with resistance to the barley biotype of Stagonospora nodorum (= Septoria
nodorum) were deposited in the National Small Grains Collection at Aberdeen,
ID. The lines are six-row semihardy winter barleys adapted to the mid-
Atlantic and southern U.S. These are the second group of barley lines with
resistance to S. nodorum released in North America (see Cunfer et al, Crop
Sci. 30:1371).
A book, "Seed-borne Diseases and Seed Health Testing of Wheat" edited
by S.B. Mathur and Barry M. Cunfer, was published in 1993 (see full citation
in the list of publications). It has a soft binding and is 168 pages long.
The book discusses 27 diseases transmitted by seed and contains 70 color
plates, five black and white photos, and disease cycles of seven diseases.
The cost is US$ 45.00. The book can be ordered post-paid from the Danish
Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries, P.O. Box
34, Ryvangs Alle 78, DK-2900 Hellerup, Copenhagen, Denmark.
A survey of 36 wheat fields in 14 counties was conducted to determine
the distribution and incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) during
1993. Fifty leaf samples were collected randomly in each field from mid-
flowering to early milk. Samples were sent to Dr. Adrianna D. Hewings, USDA
plant virologist at the University of Illinois, for analysis by ELISA. BYDV
was identified from each field. More than 28% of the 1800 leaves assayed
were positive for BYDV strain PAV. In a companion survey of 25 fields in
Alabama, 16.9% and 3.6% of leaves were positive for the PAV and RPV strains,
respectively. The winters of 1992 and 1993 were mild and aphid populations
were high early in the spring. The survey will be repeated in 1994. Other
studies are in progress to determine yield losses, aphid vectors of BYDV,
time of infection, and selection of wheat lines with tolerance.
Wheat planted into sites where peach trees have been removed due to the
complex known as `peach tree short-life' suppresses the pathogenic nematode
Criconemella xenoplax for more than two years at levels comparable to that
with soil fumigation. Planting wheat is less costly and prevents potential
adverse environmental effects from chemical fumigants.
A research bulletin summarizing more than 15 years work on changes in
incidence and severity of wheat diseases in doublecropping conservation
tillage systems in Georgia was prepared. Changes in diseases were due
primarily to lack of crop rotation and not to changes in survival of
pathogens due to stubble remaining on the surface during the summer. The
major new disease that developed was take-all when wheat was planted several
consecutive years in a wheat-soybean doublecropping system. Wheat spindle
streak and soilborne wheat mosaic occurred when susceptible cultivars were
planted two or more years.
CEREAL RUST LAB. Cereal rust trap plots planted along a 2687 km route
of interstate and federal highways in the southeastern United States were
usedto study the over-summering and over-wintering biology of four major
cereal rusts including leaf and stem rusts of wheat and crown and stem rusts
of oats. The system provided ease and speed of access for planting and
monitoring and for general safety reasons. Markers placed at 20 mile (32km)
intervals were selected for the trap plot sites to conform to established
cereal rust survey techniques. Susceptible, well-adapted cultivars were
pre-planted in the greenhouse for subsequent transplanting at the sites
and/or seeded directly to increase the likelihood of plot survival. The
trials were conducted over a seven-year period, 1986-1993, with three years
used to study over-summering, and four years to study over-wintering biology
during the normal growing season. Severe droughts limited survival in 1986
and 1987. In 1988, several plots along the Gulf Coast were flooded and
died. Planting and culturing techniques were modified each year to improve
survival. Over-summering data indicated this method is useful for
monitoring cereal rust survival during the summer, but plot survival rates
under extreme stress may limit effectiveness of the technique. Trials
during 1990-93 were promising, supplying both incidence and virulence data
to supplement USDA-ARS Cereal Rust Laboratory annual surveys. The technique
is not only effective for cereal rust research but is also suitable for
detecting other wind-borne pathogens, cereal and peanut viruses as well as
insect pests at a reasonable cost.
Blum, A. and J. W. Johnson. 1993. Wheat cultivars respond differently to a
drying top soil and a possible non-hydraulic root signal. J. Exp. Bot.
44:1149-1153.
Cunfer, B. M. 1993. Leaf and glume blotch. pp. 73-81. In: Seed-borne
diseases and seed health testing of wheat. Mathur, S. B., and Cunfer, B. M.
(eds.). Danish Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing
Countries. Copenhagen. 168 pp.
Cunfer, B. M. 1993. Other fungal diseases. pp. 123-128. In: Seed-borne
diseases and seed health testing of wheat. Danish Government Institute of
Seed Pathology for Developing Countries. Copenhagen. 168 pp.
Hassett, S. W., D. E. McMillin, and J. W. Johnson. 1993. Aconitase and
glucose phosphate isomerase variation in hexaploid wheat. Can. J. Plant
Sci. 73:743-748.
Johnson, J. W., D. E. McMillin, and J. J. Roberts. 1993. Linkage of a
biochemical marker to a leaf rust resistant gene. International Crop
Science Congress, Iowa, USA.
Johnson, J. W., B. M. Cunfer, P. L. Bruckner, J. J. Roberts, G. D. Buntin,
and D. Bland. 1993. Registration of `GA-Gore' wheat. Crop Sci. 33:879.
Johnson, J. W., G. D. Buntin, P. L. Bruckner, B. M. Cunfer, J. J. Roberts,
and D. Bland. 1993. Registration of `GA-Andy' wheat. Crop Sci. 33:880.
Johnson, J. W., D. E. McMillin, and J. J. Roberts. 1993. The use of
isozymes as markers for pest resistance loci. 8th International Wheat
Genetics Symposium, Beijing, China.
McMillin, D. E., J. W. Johnson, and J. J. Roberts. 1993. Linkage between
endopeptidase Ep-D1d and a gene conferring leaf rust resistance (Lr19) in
wheat. Crop Sci. 33:1201-1203.
Cunfer, B. M. 1994. Management of pests on wheat and other cereal crops
with an IPM program. Food Reviews International 10:159-175.
Cunfer, B. M., and Rothrock, C. S. 1994. The influence of conservation
tillage and doublecropping practices on diseases of wheat in Georgia.
Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations Research Bulletin (in press).
Nyczepir, A.P., P. F. Bertrand, and B.M. Cunfer. 1993. Wheat/sorghum
rotations for the preplant management of Criconemella xenoplax in peach.
(Abstr.) Sixth Internat. Cong. Pl. Path. Montreal, Canada. p. 203.
Cunfer, B. M. 1993. Suppression of Stagonospora nodorum on wheat with
systemic seed treatments. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 83:1386.
Wilson, J. P., P. L. Bruckner, G. Shaner, and J. W. Johnson. 1993.
Registration of GA-SRT slow leaf-rusting triticale germplasm. Crop Sci
33:349-350.
Johnson, J. W. and John J. Roberts. Changes in leaf rust virulences in
Georgia and the Southeast. Proceedings of the 1993 Meetings of the Southern
Small Grain Workers. Baton Rouge, LA. April, 1993.
Long, D. L., A. P. Roelfs, K. J. Leonard and J. J. Roberts. Virulence and
Diversity of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in the United States in 1991.
Plant Disease 77:786-791. 1993.
Roberts, J. J., D. L. Long, R. E. Wilkinson and G.G. Ahlstrand. The role of
wheat leaf epicuticular wax components in leaf rust germ tube growth.
(Abstract). Phytopathology 83: 1381. 1993.
Roelfs, A. P., D. L. Long, and J. J. Roberts. Races of Puccinia graminis in
the United States during 1990. Plant Disease 77:125-128. 1993.
Roelfs, A. P., D. L. Long, and J. J. Roberts. Races of Puccinia graminis in
the United States during 1991. Plant Disease 77:129-132. 1993.
Roelfs, A. P., D. L. Long, and J. J. Roberts. 1993c. Races of Puccinia
graminis in the United States during 1992. Plant Disease 77:1122-1125.
Personnel: Dr. Yong Seo joined the small grain team in 1993 from the
University of Nebraska. He has a strong background in monoclonal antibiotic
research.
-------------------------
IDAHO
University of Idaho, Moscow and Aberdeen
R. Zemetra*, E. Souza*, S. Guy*, S. Quisenberry, D. Schotzko, M.
Lauver, J.M. Windes, M. Heikkinen, M. Rafi, F. Mohammad, and L.A.
Mercado
Production. The 1993 Idaho winter wheat production was 67 million
bushels, a 28% increase from 1992. The increase can be attributed to
favorable moisture conditions in the winter and spring, and cooler than
normal late spring and summer temperatures. Seventy-eight percent of the
production was soft white winter wheat with the rest being hard red winter
wheat. Due to the extended periods of snow cover in the state, both snow
mold and dwarf bunt were problems in some areas. The cool moist conditions
in the late spring and summer were very favorable for the foliar rust
diseases. Late maturing cultivars were especially effected by leaf rust and
stem rust resulting in reduced yield and test weight in susceptible
cultivars. Precipitation at harvest in some areas caused sprouting which
also reduced test weight. Statistics for the Idaho winter wheat production
for the last five years are shown below.
Year Acres planted Acres harvest Yield Prod. (bu)
x1000 x1000 bu/ac x1000
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1989 880 810 70 56,700
1990 960 920 75 69,000
1991 870 700 70 49,000
1992 870 800 65 52,000
1993 920 850 79 67,00
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Development In 1993 the Aberdeen wheat breeding program
released Bonneville, a new hard red winter wheat. Bonneville was tested
under the breeding line number IDO421 and is targeted for dryland production
in areas with snow mold. Bonneville has excellent snow mold tolerance and
dwarf bunt resistance, similar to Survivor. Based on pedigree and common
bunt reaction Bonneville likely carries Bt12 and one or more additional
dwarf bunt resistance factors. Yield of Bonneville has been superior to
Survivor with stiffer straw and better test weight, than Survivor or
Blizzard. Milling yield has been excellent and baking quality better than
Survivor, Weston, and Blizzard.
During a trade team evaluation at the Wheat Marketing Center, the hard
white spring wheat breeding line IDO377S was identified as having superior
Korean noodle quality. IDO377S has starch viscosity ratings (RVA score)
similar to Klasic without Klasic's tendency to produce grey noodles. Bread
baking quality of IDO377S has been inferior to Klasic. IDO377S has
excellent yield potential in dryland and irrigated production areas of the
Pacific Northwest. IDO377S has been proposed for release in 1994.
In 1993 the Moscow wheat breeding program released Lambert, a new soft
white winter wheat. Lambert was tested under the breeding line number ID85-
153. Lambert is targeted for the intermediate to high rainfall dryland
areas in Northern Idaho, Eastern Washington and Eastern Oregon. It can be
grown in irrigated regions but its height may preclude its use where wheel
lines are the form of irrigation. Lambert is 5-8 cm (2-3 in) taller than the
cultivar 'Stephens' It has good straw strength and is similar to Stephens
for heading date. Winter-hardiness is also similar to Stephens. Lambert
has equalled or surpassed Stephens in yield in many of the yield trials in
Idaho and Washington. Lambert has good resistance to stripe rust. It
appears to have better Cephalosporium stripe tolerance than Stephens based
on leaf expression and yield in a Cephalosporium stripe infected yield
trial. Lambert is susceptible to dwarf bunt and moderately susceptible to
powdery mildew.
Russian Wheat Aphid. M. Rafi conducted research on Russian wheat
aphid induced protein profile changes in wheat. Time course experiments
were conducted to study the effects of different densities of Russian wheat
aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) on resistant (PI 137739) and susceptible
(Stephens) genotypes of wheat with regards to total chlorophyll loss, aphid
nymphal production and protein profile modifications. Increased chlorosis
was evident in resistant line after 11 days of feeding. Reduction in total
chlorophyll was greater in resistant line compared to susceptible genotype
after prolonged feeding which could be due to increased probing. However, a
three fold increase in nymphal production rate was observed in Stephens
compared to PI 137739. Protein profile studies revealed a preferential
expression of a low molecular weight protein in resistant line after 11 days
of feeding. Furthermore, expressions of several high molecular weight and
low molecular weight proteins were increased and decreased due to aphid
feeding in both genotypes. Further studies are being carried out to
determine the involvement of "stress" and "defense" related proteins due to
aphid attack.
Wheat Transformation. Successful transformation of the soft white
winter wheat cultivar 'Daws' was achieved using particle bombardment. The
transformation rate with the bar gene was approximately 0.5%. Co-
transformation of the bar gene with a BYDV coat protein also appears to be
successful. Based on PCR analysis a co-transformation rate of approximately
50% was achieved.
Publications
Brown B.D., L.D. Robertson, R. Karow, W. Kronstad, S. Guy, E.J. Souza, R.S.
Zemetra, and M. Kruk. 1993. Malcolm soft white winter wheat. University of
Idaho, Cooperative Extension System, Current Information Series No. 1005.
Quick, J.S., E. Souza, and D.W. Sunderman. 1993. Registration of 'Fairview'
wheat. Crop Sci. 33: 878.
Schroeder-Teeter, S., R.S. Zemetra, D.J. Schotzko, C.M. Smith, and M. Rafi.
1994. Monosomic analysis of Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia)
resistance in Triticum aestivum Line PI137739. Euphytica (in press).
Souza, E., D.W. Sunderman, J.M. Tyler, B.D. Brown, and L. Robertson. 1993.
Registration of 'Meridian' wheat. Crop Sci. 33: 1101-1102.
Souza, E., J.M. Tyler, K.D. Kephart, and M. Kruk. 1993. Genetic improvement
in milling and baking quality of hard red spring wheat cultivars. Cereal
Chem. 70: 280-285.
Souza, E., M. Verhoeven, W.E. Kronstad, and D.W. Sunderman. 1993.
Registration of 'Idaho 266' germplasm. Crop Sci. 33: 1112-1113.
Zemetra, R.S., D.J. Schotzko, C.M. Smith, and M. Lauver. 1993. In vitro
selection for Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance in
wheat(Triticum aestivum). Plant Cell Reports 12: 312-315.
-------------------------
ILLINOIS
F.L. Kolb*, E.D. Nafziger, A.L. Rayburn, C. Gourmet, and T.K. Hoffman,
Dept. of Agronomy; W.L. Pedersen*, Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of
Illinois
Production Farmers in Illinois planted 1.65 million acres (668,000
hectares) of soft red winter wheat in the fall of 1992. Fall growth and
winter survival were quite good, but wet spring weather in 1993 resulted in
a great deal of water damage, and helped encourage the development of head
scab and Septoria glume blotch. Crop development was delayed somewhat by
cool weather, and very wet conditions in July further delayed harvest. The
deterioration of the crop was reflected in the yield projections: the May 1
and June 1 official estimates of yield for the state were 55 bushels per
acre (3,700 kg/ha), dropping to only 45 bushels per acre (3,030 kg/ha) by
July 1. The final harvested yield was 44 bushels per acre (2,960 kg/ha),
and test weights were not very high. Though not a disaster on the scale of
the 1991 crop, the 1993 wheat crop in Illinois was the third in a row to
have serious, weather-related crop losses, and there is concern that farmer
expectations for wheat might be dropping rather sharply. As a reflection of
this, but also due perhaps in part to late crop harvests, seeded acreage in
the fall of 1993 was only 1.115 million acres (466,000 hectares). Growing
conditions since planting have not been very good, with late planting
problems compounded by low temperatures and ice damage. At mid-winter, only
25% of the crop is rated as excellent or good.
-------------------------
Management Research and Cultivar Evaluation (E.D. Nafziger) We
concluded three years of on-farm N rate studies in 1993, with trials in ten
fields. The crop was not as responsive to N as in 1992, especially in the
northern part of the state, where yields were very low. A second year of a
planting rate x seed size x seed treatment study conducted at two locations
again showed very little effect of these variables on grain yield.
Cultivar comparisons were planted at six locations, with an average of
about 60 entries per location. Entries consisted of advanced lines from the
University of Illinois breeding program, public varieties, and privately-
labeled entries. Yields generally reflected the poor conditions, though the
average yields in the Central Illinois locations were good - about 78
bu/acre (5,250 kg/ha) at Urbana. Yields at the southern and northern
locations were only 40 to 45 bu/acre (2,700 to 3,030 kg/ha). A report of
performance of commercial cultivars was distributed in early August. Copies
are available on request.
Cultivar Development (F.L. Kolb) Replicated performance trials to
evaluate experimental breeding lines were conducted at three locations.
About 110 experimental breeding lines were evaluated. Approximately 120
preliminary breeding lines were also evaluated in replicated performance
trials at two locations.
Effect of BYDV on Yield of Soft Red Winter Wheat (F.L. Kolb and T.K.
Hoffman) The first year of an experiment to assess the effect of barley
yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) on the yield of eight wheat cultivars was
conducted. A split-plot design was used with insecticide-sprayed (Cygon),
naturally infected and fall inoculated as the main plots and the eight
cultivars as subplots. In addition to grain yield, we are examining the
effect of BYDV on the growth rate throughout the growing season by sampling
the total above-ground biomass on weekly intervals. In 1993, grain yield in
the inoculated plots was reduced compared to the insecticide sprayed plots,
but grain yield in naturally infected plots was not different from the
insecticide sprayed plots.
Evaluation of a seed-treatment insecticide to control the spread of
BYDV in wheat (F.L. Kolb and C. Gourmet) In 1993, we conducted a field
experiment to study the control of BYDV in wheat using imidacloprid, a seed-
treatment insecticide with four wheat cultivars (Pacer, Clark, Pioneer 2510,
and Cardinal) and four insecticide rates (0, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 g. a.i.
Kg(-1) seeds) in BYDV inoculated and uninoculated plots. Plots were
inoculated in the fall with viruliferous aphids carrying BYDV-PAV-IL.
Comparing plots planted from untreated seed with insecticide seed treatment,
yield increases of up to 10, 15, and 36 % were observed in inoculated plots
of Pacer, Pioneer 2510 and Clark, respectively. The yield of Cardinal was
not increased with increasing rates of the insecticide. We plan to evaluate
the insecticide again in 1994.
Use of Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques to Study the Influence of Rye
Chromatin in Wheat. (A.L. Rayburn) Molecular cytogenetic techniques are
being used to better understand the influence of rye chromatin added to
wheat. By using genomic in situ hybridization, flow cytometry, and
polymerase chain reaction, the amount and type of rye chromatin added to
wheat in wheat-rye 1B:1R translocation lines is being determined. Other
translocations being studied include 1A:1R and 6B:6R. Molecular markers are
being identified in order to assist the wheat breeder in identifying
experimental lines carrying the translocation of interest.
Evaluation of Seed Treatments on Scab Infested Wheat. (W. L. Pedersen)
A study involving the evaluation of several fungicide seed treatments on
three seed lots of Cardinal wheat was completed in 1993. The three seed
lots had scab infection of 23%, 14%, and 4% and the test weights of 52, 57,
and 62 lb/bu respectively. There were no significant differences among
treatments for fall emergence in either year. In 1992, differences between
any treatment and the nontreated control were significant at Litchfield for
spring stand and tillers/meter at harvest, but not at the other two
locations. There was a significant difference in yield for all fungicide
seed treatments at all three locations compared with the nontreated control,
but there wasn't a consistent difference among the treatments. In 1993,
there were significant difference for spring stand, plants/meter at harvest,
and yield at all three locations. The highest yields were obtained with the
62 lb/bu seed and either treatment containing Baytan. The effect of seed
quality was also more evident in 1993, with the lowest yields obtained from
the 52 lb/bu seed.
Table 1. Effect of seed treatments on yield of scab infested wheat in 1992 &
1993 from three locations in Illinois.
1993 1992
Treatment 52 57 62 52 57 62
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Control 29.4 36.9 37.7 62.7 68.3 68.0
Dividend 35.8 42.8 42.7 - - -
Maxim 35.0 42.0 44.3 69.9 71.2 76.3
RTU Vitavax-Thiram+LSP 37.3 44.5 43.6 71.5 70.3 73.0
Baytan + T + LSP 34.1 42.4 48.7 70.9 71.6 75.8
Gromate 2FL 34.7 44.3 43.6 72.5 71.1 73.7
Agrosol T 37.9 44.4 45.4 73.2 73.6 73.7
Agrosol T + Baytan 39.4 47.3 48.3 72.4 73.4 73.9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
LSD 5% 3.8 5.4
-------------------------
INDIANA
H. W. Ohm, H. C. Sharma, I. M. Dweikat, S. A. Mackenzie, D.
McFatridge, F. L. Patterson (Dept. Agronomy), G. Buechley, D. M.
Huber, R. M. Lister, G. Shaner (Dept. Botany and Plant
Pathology), F. B. Maas, R. H. Ratcliffe, R. H. Shukle, G.
Safranski, S. Cambron (USDA-ARS and Dept. Entomology), Purdue
University
Production. Farmers in Indiana planted 700,000 acres (283,400 hectares)
of soft red winter wheat in the fall of 1992. The harvested wheat area of
670,000 acres (271,255 ha) in 1993 was 149% of that in 1992. Total
production in 1993 was 34.84 million bushels (946,000 metric tons), 155% of
production in 1992. Average yield in 1993 was 52 bu/acre (3.50 m-tons/ha)
compared to 50 bu/acre (3.36 m-tons/ha) in 1992. Cardinal, Clark, and
Caldwell were the three leading public cultivars, occupying 21, 18, and 8%
of the wheat area, respectively. Private cultivars occupied 43% of the
wheat area, compared to 45% in 1992.
Season. Wheat seeding progressed at a normal rate in the fall of 1992.
Soil moisture was somewhat better at seeding time than in prior years. By
the end of November, virtually all of the crop had emerged and 74% of the
fields were rated good or excellent. The coldest temperatures of the winter
were in February but the wheat was well hardened and protected by snow cover
so winter killing was not a problem. Resumption of vegetative growth in the
spring was delayed and tillering was less than optimal because temperatures
were cooler than normal in March and early April. May was dry and cool,
which further delayed growth, and delayed heading by several days compared
to recent years. After heading, days were warmer and wheat progressed
through the grain filling process rapidly. Yields were only average
compared to recent years, and probably reflect the cool, cloudy spring.
Disease surveys. The cool spring retarded disease development in much
of the state. Powdery mildew was severe in some fields in the spring,
especially where nitrogen applications were heavy. There was some
development of Septoria leaf blotch, caused by Septoria nodorum and Septoria
tritici. Leaf rust was more severe than we have seen in recent years. The
popularity of Clark, which is moderately susceptible, may have contributed
to the epidemic. Some private wheat cultivars are also moderately
susceptible.
Insect surveys (Safranski and Cambron). A survey of 212 fields in 57
Indiana counties in the summer of 1993 showed that there was an increase in
Hessian fly infestation from 1992 to 1993 for mean percentage infestation
for all wheat varieties sampled (1.5 to 3.7), number of puparia per 100
stems (2.0 to 5.3), percentage of fields sampled that were infested (28.6 to
60.4) and percentage of fields sampled that had 10 percent or greater
infestation (2.4 to 14.2). Hessian fly puparia were collected from the
Purdue University Agronomy farm in November, 1993 and are being increased
for biotype determination. The Annual Uniform Hessian Fly Nursery
evaluations were conducted by USDA, ARS in cooperation with SAES and private
wheat breeders. Twenty-seven entries were evaluated in nurseries in AR, GA,
IL, IN and SC (total of 10 trials) for Hessian fly resistance. Hessian fly
infestations were too low or variable in AR and IN to assess performance of
entries. Infestation levels of ò 20% occurred on wheat entries with H3,
H5, H6, H7H8 and H11 genes at Jerseyville or Mascoutah IL, H3 and H5 at
Griffin or Plains, GA and H3 at Clemson, SC. No infestation was recorded on
wheat entries with H12 or H22 genes and ó 4% on entries with H9, H10, H13,
H18, H21 or H22 genes.
Cultivar and germplasm development. Seed of two new soft red winter
wheat cultivars, "Grant" and "INW 9241" were increased. Seed will be
available to farmers for seeding in the fall of 1995. Parentage of Grant,
PI 562658, breeding line P811670A9-10-6-7-63, is Caldwell//Beau/Kavkaz, and
Grant has the 1B/1R translocation carrying Lr26. Grant is about 2 days
later in maturity than Caldwell, is resistant to powdery mildew, moderately
resistant to leaf rust, resistant to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus, and
slightly more resistant to Septoria leaf and glume blotches than Caldwell
and Clark, but not as resistant as Auburn. INW 9241, breeding line P8138I1-
16-2-2-1-1-3-3, is about 4 days later in maturity than Caldwell, is
moderately resistant to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus, resistant to
powdery mildew and leaf rust, and has resistance to Septoria leaf and glume
blotches similar to Auburn. Grant and INW 9241 have very good soft wheat
milling and baking qualities.
Hessian fly resistant germplasm releases (Maas). Germplasm line
IN94HF22-1 is being released for sharing under the wheat worker's code of
ethics. IN94HF22-1 is derived from a single F(2) plant selected for
resistance to Hessian fly biotype L. Preliminary F(3) family tests indicate
that IN94HF22-1 is homozygous for the H25 gene. IN94HF22-1 was developed
from the cross A211-4-I-EEL (F4) // A211-sel. (F3) /3/ MO 10136 / PSR Exp.
A912 // GA85238-C5-AB5-4 / KS88HF79. KS88HF79 carries the T4BS.4BL-6RL
translocation from "Balbo" rye with the H25 gene. About 1/2 of 6RL from
Balbo rye is present in KS88HF79. The A211 recurrent family was selected
for apparent high yield and tillering potential in the F(1), F(2) and F(3)
generations in replicated greenhouse tests on the basis of per plant yield
per se (i.e. one plant per 4" pot; one 4" pot equal one plot). The A211-4-
I-EEL was derived from an F(4) plant visually selected in our Entomology
Environmental Lab for short stature, apparent tillering potential, general
plant type and appearance of the spike. The A211 family resulted from the
cross PSR Exp. A915 / Pioneer "2580". Neither of these parents has
resistance to Hessian fly biotype L. IN94HF22-1 was developed using minimal
vernalization requirement (MVR) genes so that three generations of crossing
and selection per year could be carried out. Lines with the MVR trait may
be grown in greenhouse environments without vernalization thus reducing the
time it takes to transfer other genes of interest (such as Hessian fly
resistance) into adapted types.
Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDV) (Sharma and Ohm). We have developed
wheat lines in which a chromosome of Agropyron intermedium, carrying
resistance to BYDV, has replaced chromosome 7D. Seed of one of these lines
is being increased for release as germplasm. We are developing
translocation lines carrying BYDV resistance. DNA markers (Dweikat and
Ohm). Using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and denaturing
gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and a series of lines, near isogenic to
susceptible cv Newton, carrying single genes for resistance to Hessian fly,
we have identified 20 polymorphic DNA fragments potentially associated with
ten Hessian fly resistance genes: H3, H5, H6, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14,
and H16. To date, we have verified tight linkage between genes H3, H5, H6,
and H9, and the respective RAPD markers by F(2) cosegregation. The RAPD
marker for H9 remained associated with H9 resistance in a number of
different T. aestivum and T. durum genetic backgrounds into which H9 was
transferred from the durum wheat source line, Elva, by backcrossing.
Populations (Ohm et al.). We are characterizing several recombinant
inbred populations and closely related pairs of lines for winterhardiness,
resistance to a number of fungal diseases and Hessian fly, and agronomic
traits, leading to the development of DNA markers associated with these
traits. It is crucial to accurately characterize plant populations for the
traits of interest, particularly quantitatively expressed traits, as a
requisite to efficiently develop DNA markers.
Cytogenetics (Sharma). To determine the chromosomal location of
Hessian fly resistance genes in Purdue breeding lines by aneuploid analysis,
F(2) populations from monosomic hybrids and F(3) progenies derived from F(2)
resistant plants were tested against the fly. Genes H10 and H12 are located
on chromosome 5A.
Our study on the genetic control of resistance to Hessian fly biotype L
in Triticum monococcum continued. Data from tests of 4996 progeny plants
from segregating populations and test crosses between resistant and
susceptible accessions are being analyzed. The trigeneric hybrids between
wheat pentaploid and Agropyron species that had been produced to enhance the
chances of gene transfer from Agropyron chromosomes to the D-genome
chromosomes, turned out to be very grassy with no flowering response.
Alternatively, we are crossing the BYDV resistant disomic alien addition
lines to durum wheat.
Leaf rust resistance. Breeding line 69195C9-4-1-3-1 is from the same
cross that gave rise to Auburn. It has a complex pedigree that includes the
cultivars Frontana and Exchange, which both have adult-plant resistance to
leaf rust. 69195C9-4-1-3-1 is highly resistant to leaf rust in the adult-
plant stage. In a test in the greenhouse with a single culture of the leaf
rust fungus, we found that Frontana and 69195C9-4-1-3-1 were resistant but
that Exchange was susceptible, thus showing that the effective resistance in
69195C9-4-1-3-1 did not come from Exchange. An F(2) of a cross between
Frontana and 69195C9-4-1-3-1 segregated for resistance, with most plants
being susceptible. This indicates that these two wheats carry different
genes for resistance. We plan to make greater use of 69195C9-4-1-3-1 in the
breeding program because its resistance has been durable and is possibly
conferred by the action of more than one gene.
Graduate student Jeff Lehman passed each of three wild type isolates of
Puccinia recondita through the slow rusting cultivar CI 13227, selecting
that part of the population that sporulated earliest. He compared
populations selected for five generations with wild type. The selected
populations were more fit (shorter latent period, larger and more productive
uredinia) on CI 13227 than were the wild types. Selected and wild type
cultures did not differ on the susceptible cultivar Monon. Moreover, the
selected isolates were also more fit on other slow rusting cultivars, which
had not been used for the selection experiments. One selected isolate (881-
C3) completely overcame the long latent period resistance of CI 13227. In
the field, isolate 851-C5, which had a latent period 2 days shorter on CI
13227 than did the wild type, caused 65% more disease on CI 13227 than did
the wild type.
Powdery mildew resistance. Graduate student Xueyi Hu is investigating
some new sources of resistance to powdery mildew. Earlier work indicated
that two of the lines each carry two independent recessive genes for
resistance and that the third line has a single recessive gene. We have now
crossed these lines to several wheat lines that carry known single genes for
resistance, to determine the uniqueness of resistance in these new sources.
These F(1)s have been test crossed back to a susceptible cultivar.
Septoria tritici resistance. Two sources of resistance to Septoria
tritici that were used from the beginning of efforts to develop resistance
to this pathogen at Purdue apparently contain the same gene. Sullivan, with
resistance from Bulgaria 88, and 68247A7-13-9-18-1, with resistance from Sao
Sepe, each have a single gene for resistance. Evaluation of a cross between
Sullivan and 68247A7-13-9-18-1 shows that these two lines contain the same
gene. To obtain more accurate information about the genetic control of
resistance to S. tritici, we are developing recombinant inbred populations
from crosses between resistant and susceptible cultivars. These populations
are being used for resistance evaluation, and will also be useful for work
with molecular markers. Line 72626E2-12-9, which also carries resistance
from Bulgaria 88, owes its resistance to a single gene.
Fungicidal control of Septoria leaf blotch. Graduate student Pam
Mercure is investigating the usefulness of early season (GS 31) applications
of propiconazole and mancozeb for control of Septoria leaf blotch. Mancozeb
applied at GS 31 did not significantly affect disease on Clark or Cardinal
when it was applied in conjunction with propiconazole or triadimefon +
mancozeb at GS 37. There was a decrease in rate of disease progress on
Clark but not on Cardinal when propiconazole was applied at GS 37, but
triadimefon + mancozeb at this growth stage did not significantly affect the
rate. An application of mancozeb at GS 31 did not significantly affect
AUDPC when applied with triadimefon + mancozeb at GS 58, although rate was
improved for Clark but not for Cardinal. Propiconazole at GS 31 in
conjunction with propiconazole at GS 37 significantly decreased disease on
Clark, but not on Cardinal. The GS 31 application of propiconazole applied
in conjunction with triadimefon + mancozeb significantly reduced AUDPC and
rate for both varieties. GS 31 propiconazole applied in a treatment with GS
37 propiconazole and GS 57 triadimefon + mancozeb significantly reduced
AUDPC for both varieties and reduced the rate for Clark but not for
Cardinal. When propiconazole at GS 31 was the only fungicide application in
the season, it significantly reduced disease for both cultivars.
Scab resistance. Ning 7840 has stable resistance to scab. Graduate
student Gui-hua Bai inoculated four wheat cultivars with the scab fungus
and incubated them at various temperatures and relative humidities. Scab
developed equally well at 15 and 30 degC. High relative humidity was not
required for disease development after establishment of infection by fungus.
Cultivar Ning 7840 was resistant under all conditions. Inoculum
concentrations ranging from 40 to 220,000 spores/ml cause scab infection,
but disease severity was less and incubation period was longer at low
concentrations. Differences in resistance among cultivars evident at
concentrations as low as 10 spores per spike (400 spores/ml), but 4,000 to
40,000 spores per ml are optimal for distinguishing levels of resistance.
Ning 7840 expresses resistance toward invasion of the spike by Fusarium
graminearum. Nonetheless, when Ning 7840 was inoculated by spraying entire
heads with spore suspensions of several concentrations, it was consistently
more resistant than Clark. This suggests that Ning 7840's resistance would
be effective even under conditions of prolonged wet and warm weather in the
field.
A coleoptile elongation assay may have limited value in screening lines
for scab resistance. We tested sensitivity of coleoptile elongation of four
cultivars to DON. Ning 7840 had the lowest percentage of inhibition, but
another resistant cultivar, Sumai #3, showed the highest percentage of
inhibition. Moreover, the susceptible cultivar Caldwell had a percentage
inhibition as low as Ning 7840. It would appear that resistance to head scab
and toxin tolerance at the seedling stage are not controlled by the same
genes, and that the coleoptile test may not be a reliable technique for
screening for resistance to head scab.
Soilborne Diseases (Huber). Through a "multiple component analysis" of
the biotic and abiotic factors involved in the take-all disease of cereals
caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis, we have been able to focus on the
interacting effects of the plant, pathogen, and environment relative to
virulence, pathogenesis and disease control. A new mechanism of biological
control was demonstrated where several bacteria were able to prevent the
pathogen from oxidizing manganese to the non-available form for plant uptake
and, in this manner, effectively blocked virulence of the pathogen without
significantly reducing its saprophytic growth in the rhizosphere.
Resistance of the plant was maintained through active functioning of the
physiological defense reactions which are otherwise compromised by the
pathogen. This newly recognized mechanism of biological control is being
elucidated further in cooperation with Dr. Darrell Schulz in Agronomy and
Dr. Steve Sutton at the NSLS, Brookhaven Laboratories, with the synchrotron
at the Advanced Photon Source at Brookhaven. The high energy x-ray
fluorescence of the synchrotron provides an in vivo technique for following
pathogenesis and biological control. This mechanism of biological control
appears to be an important indigenous interaction which may be manipulated
for effective disease control through amendment, cultural and management
options available in a crop production system.
"Winter-kill" of wheat by Rhizoctonia cerealis is markedly affected by
environmental conditions and management practices. Reduction in disease
severity by early seeding, tillage, manure fertilization, in sediment areas
of fields, or adjacent to tree windbreaks was correlated with significantly
higher tissue levels of zinc compared with near-by areas which were severely
diseased. Increased zinc uptake under each of these conditions appeared to
reflect the increased availability of zinc for plant uptake compared to
near-by more severely diseased areas. The source of higher levels of zinc
in areas adjacent to tree fence lines or windbreaks appears to be from
mycorrhizal induced uptake of zinc by the trees and its subsequent
availability for the wheat during mineralization of soil deposited leaves;
however, a more direct involvement of mycorrhizae can not be ruled out
because of the availability of flavanoid and other compounds which could
stimulate mycorrhizal infection of the young wheat plants. Since disease
was significantly reduced with soil-incorporated zinc but not with zinc
foliage sprays, a physiologic mechanism enhancing resistance is indicated.
Various combinations of mineral seed treatments to enhance zinc availability
are under investigation as well as the role of mycorrhizae in the increased
zinc uptake observed with early seeded plants and those growing near a tree
row.
Hessian fly resistance. R. H. Ratcliffe and G. Safranski conducted
temperature contrast tests with "Parker 76" (H18) to determine whether
susceptibility of H18 to some Hessian fly populations in previous laboratory
studies was related to temperature sensitivity of H18. Research
demonstrated that virulence to H18 existed in Hessian fly populations from
Pennsylvania and Maryland when tests were conducted at both 18 and 20deg,
thus substantiating our previous reports of H18 virulence among Hessian fly
populations from the Eastern United States soft winter wheat region (1993
Wheat Newsletter).
R. H. Shukle, V. Russell, and L. Zantoko are developing a molecular
based map of the Hessian fly genome through in situ hybridization of DNA
sequences to salivary polytene chromosomes. Results will enable cloning of
virulence/avirulence alleles from the insect. Inbred Hessian fly lines have
been established to determine the inheritance of virulence to resistance
genes H13 and H18 in wheat. Mariner transposable elements have been
identified in the genome of the Hessian fly. We are cloning and
characterizing these transposons.
Personnel. Dr. Joe Anderson, Research Scientist, USDA - ARS,
Department of Agronomy, arrived in November 1993, and will focus on barley
yellow dwarf viruses and starch research. Dr. William Berzonsky has joined
the Small Grains Research Program as Research Agronomist. Bill will
strengthen the germplasm and population development, and he will focus on
genetics of resistance to Septoria glume blotch. Lubaki Zantoko began his
Ph.D.. program under R. H. Shukle, 12/93. Graduate student Roberto Ranieri
has taken a position with Barilla G. e R. F.lli in Parma, Italy. Dr. Ouafae
Benlhabib from IAV, Hassan II University, Rabat, Morocco, spent 8 weeks from
July 1 to August 24 at Purdue University with Hari Sharma, learning
cytogenetic and embryo/anther culture techniques. Mr. Yang Xiaokun, Henan
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, has initiated
studies for the Ph.D. degree with Herb Ohm. Graduate student Tina McCay-
Buis has accepted a position as Plant Pathologist with the Indiana
Department of Natural Resources.
Publications
Bai, G.-H., Shaner, G., Ohm, H. W. 1993. Inheritance of resistance to
Fusarium graminearum in eight wheat cultivars. Phytopathology 83: Abst.
Basile, F., K. D. Hughes, P. E. Wisniowski, D. G. Gorenstein, F. E. Lytle,
T. S. McCay-Buis, D. M. Huber and B. C. Hemming. 1993. Fast and sensitive
laser-based enzymatic detection of the lactose operon in microorganisms.
Anal. Biochem. 211:55-60.
Bostwick, D. E., Ohm, H. W., Shaner, G. 1993. Inheritance of Septoria
glume blotch resistance in wheat. Crop Science 33:439-443.
Buechley, G. and Shaner, G. 1993. Effect of fungicidal seed treatments on
wheat stand establishment, 1992. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 48:315.
Day, K. M., Lorton, W. P., Buechley, G. C., and Shaner, G. E., Huber, D. M.,
and Scott, D. H. 1993. Performance of public and private small grains in
Indiana, 1993. Purdue University Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 668. 17 p.
Dweikat, I., H. Ohm, S. Mackenzie, F. Patterson, S. Cambron, and R.
Ratcliffe. 1993. Association of DNA markers with Hessian fly resistance
genes in wheat. Agron. Abstr. 85:87.
Dweikat, I., S. Mackenzie, M. Levy, and H. Ohm. 1993. Pedigree assessment
using RAPD-DGGE in cereal crop species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:497-505.
Goulart, L. R., S. Mackenzie, H. Ohm, and R. Lister. 1993. Barley yellow
dwarf virus resistance in a wheat x wheatgrass population. Crop Sci. 33:595-
599.
Huber, D. M. and T. S. McCay-Buis. 1993. A multiple component analysis of
the take-all disease of cereals. Plant Disease 77:437-447.
Huber, D. M. 1993. Manganese and the take-all disease of wheat. Soil Sci.
Soc. America symposium: "Rhizosphere Biology and Chemistry". ASA, Madison,
WI.
Huber, D. M., A. L. Sutton, D. D. Jones, and B. C. Joern. 1993. Nutrient
management of manure to enhance crop production and protect the environment.
In: Integrated Resource Management and Landscape Modifications for
Environmental Protection. American Soc. Agricul. Engineering. pp. 39-45.
Huber, D. M., T. S. McCay-Buis, C. Riegel, R. D. Graham and N. Robinson.
1993. Correlation of zinc sufficiency with resistance of wheat to
Rhizoctonia winter-kill. 6th International Congress of Plant Pathology,
Montreal: 115.
Huber, D. M., T. S. McCay-Buis, K. J. Miller, F. E. Lytle, J.P. Robinson,
and B. C. Hemming. 1993. Automation of aminopeptidase profiles in 96-well
plates. Phytopathology 83:(In Press).
Huber, D. M., T. S. McCay-Buis, R. D. Graham and N. Robinson. 1993.
Cultural conditions affecting take-all and their effect on manganese
availability. 6th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Montreal: 179.
McCay-Buis, T. S., D. G. Schulze and D. M. Huber. 1993. An in situ
technique for studying mineral interactions and biological control of take-
all. 6th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Montreal: 177.
Patterson, F. L., F. B. Maas III, J. E. Foster, R. H. Ratcliffe, S. Cambron,
G. Safranski, P. L. Taylor, and H. W. Ohm, 1994. Registration of eight
Hessian fly resistant common winter wheat germplasm lines (Carol, Erin,
Flynn, Iris, Joy, Karen, Lola, and Molly). Crop Sci. 34:315-316.
Ranieri, R., Shaner, G., Lister, R. M. 1993. Barley yellow dwarf virus
resistance in oat measured by ELISA. Phytopathology 83: Abst.
Ratcliffe, R. H., Safranski, G. G., Patterson, F. L., Ohm, H. W., and
Taylor, P. L. Biotype status of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
populations from the Eastern United States and their response to 14 Hessian
fly resistance genes. J. Econ. Entomol. 87. (Accepted February, 1994).
Schulze, D. G., T. McCay-Buis, S. R. Sutton and D. M. Huber. 1993.
Manganese oxidation states in the rhizosphere of wheat roots infected with
the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Soil Sci. Soc.
America, Agronomy Abstracts p. 246.
Shaner, G. and Buechley, G. 1993. Effect of foliar fungicides on control
of Septoria blotch of wheat, 1992. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 48:243-
244.
Sharma, H. C., H. W. Ohm, R. M. Lister, and O. Benlhabib. 1993. Reaction of
wheat x Agropyron derivatives to BYDV. Special session of 6th Int. Congress
of Plant Path., July 29-31, Montreal, Canada.
Shukle, R. H. and Stuart, J. J. 1993. A novel morphological mutation in
the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. Journal of Heredity. 84:229-232.
Shukle, R. H. and Stuart, J. J. 1994. Physical mapping of DNA sequences in
the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. Journal of Heredity. (Accepted
January, 1994).
Wilson, J.P., Bruckner, P. L., Shaner, G., Johnson, J. W. 1993.
Registration of GA-SRT slow leaf-rusting triticale germplasm. Crop Science
33:349-350.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM KANSAS
U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory, USDA, Manhattan
O. K. Chung, G. L. Lookhart, V. W. Smail, J. L. Steele, W. H.
McGaughey, I. Y. Zayas, D. B. Bechtel, A. K. Dowdy, D. W. Hagstrum, C.
R. Martin, K. A. Tilley, J. D. Wilson, R. E. Dempster, K. F. Finney, D.
B. Sauer, L. M. Seitz, D. L. Brabec, C. S. Chang, H. H. Converse, T.
S. Cox, P. W. Flinn, R. W. Howard, R. Rousser, D. E. Walker, W. D. A. Lin,
H. S. Kim, and Y. S. Kim
The Relation of Physical Characteristics of Wheat Blends and
Experimental Millinq Performance to Some Commercial Millinq
Performance Parameters. Striking physical and chemical differences exist
among different lots and varieties of wheat. These differences have
far-reaching effects and become the basis for what is loosely referred to
as quality of wheat. Wheat physical characteristics, recognized by the
U.S. Grain Standards (USGS) as quality factors, are the wheat class, damaged
kernels, defects, foreign material, dockage, broken and shrunken kernels,
heatdamaged kernels and test weight. Although the USGS determine the wheat
prices, they do not provide the useful information on end-use quality of
wheats. Flour milling companies estimate the yield of products and other
commercial milling performance based on experience and type of wheat
required. However, estimations based only on experience are not sufficient
in competitive markets. Therefore, development of analytical methods
for estimating commercial milling performance is urgently needed.
The objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the
significance of the USGS in determining commercial milling
performances (CMP) and (b) to develop mathematical algorithms to estimate
CMP as a function of the physical/chemical characteristics of wheats and
experimental milling results with commercial wheat blends of hard red
winter, hard red spring, and their mixture. Simple and multiple linear
regression procedures were used to determine relationships between CMP and
the wheat physical/chemical characteristics including those specified in
the USGS and experimental milling results. The simple linear
regression procedures showed that the USGS parameters, wheat characteristics
or experimental milling data were either insignificantly related to CMP
parameters except for commercial patent flour protein contents, or they were
significantly related but with r2 values less than 0.6. The multiple linear
regression procedures showed that the CMP parameters, i.e. yields or ash
contents of commercial patent flours were significantly related to the
physical/chemical characteristics of wheats with the experimental milling
results, but not to the USGS factors alone. The CMP factors including
yields and protein contents of commercial patent flours can be estimated by
using mathematical equations developed in this study for hard red winter
wheat blends and mixture of hard red winter and hard red spring wheat
blends.
Eqq Yolk Lipids in Pup Straiqht-Douqh Breadmakinq. Egg yolk was used
in breadmaking instead of conventional shortening: fresh yolk and
lyophilized yolk produced larger loaves at the 2% and 1% level,
respectively, than the control loaves with 3% shortening. Lyophilized
yolk consisted of 68.7% total lipids (51.7% free lipids by hexane plus 17%
bound lipids by a mixture of chloroform and methanol, 1:1), 29.2% proteins
(N x 6.25 by Kjeldahl), and 2.1% others (by calculation). Yolk lipids
extracted by various solvents, their residues, and the reconstituted yolks
(defatted residue + extracted lipids) were used in breadmaking. The
functionality of yolk as a loaf volume improver resulted from yolk lipids,
especially polar lipids, but not from protein fractions. There were
significant linear relationships between LV and the amount of yolk lipids,
of yolk polar lipids, and a negative relationship with the ratio of
nonpolar to polar lipids of yolk lipids added to doughs.
D-Erythroascorbic Acid in Bakers' Yeast and Their Effects on Wheat
Douqh. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermentation of wheat dough
decreases the flow of dough and increases its elastic character.
L-Ascorbic acid (L-AA) elicits a similar response when added to dough at >
15 ppm. It was reported that S. cerevisiae contained erythroascorbic acid
(EAA). The naturally occurring material is thought to be the D-enantiomer
because an isotopically labeled sample co-crystallized with chemically pure
D-EAA. The structure of D-EAA closely resembles that of L-AA suggesting
this compound might cause the beneficial effects of yeast-fermentation on
doughs. Our objectives were to determine the level of EAA in several
samples of bakers' yeast and to determine the effect of EAA on mixing time,
dough flow, and gluten stretching. Extraction of hydrated and freeze-dried
bakers' yeast yielded = 50 ug EAA and 5 ug AA/g dry yeast as determined by
HPLC with electrochemical detection. D-EAA (82 ppm based on flour) slightly
increased the flow of dough as rest time increased. Gluten isolated from a
flour-water dough containing 82 ppm D-EAA or 100 ppm L-cysteine stretched at
a faster rate than control gluten. EAA like AA did not change dough
development time. Unlike AA, EAA showed neither oxidizing effect on dough
and gluten nor improving effects on bread.
Immunocytochemical Methodoloqy Applied to the Study of Cereal Endosperm
Structure. Immunocytochemistry is a very powerful microscopy technique
that can be applied to cereals for localizing proteins and other
macromolecules that elicit immunological responses. Three methods are
commonly used. One is direct labelling in which the specific primary
antibodies are complexed with colloidal gold.
The labelled antibodies are then immunospecifically bound to TEM
thin sections. An indirect labelling involves reacting primary
antibodies with the thin sections and then localizing the bound antibodies
with a colloidal gold-Protein A complex. The third method is also an
indirect method and uses secondary antibodies made against the primary
antibodies and is complexed with colloidal gold. There are a multitude of
ways for conducting the technique and fine tuning the procedures can require
considerable time. Almost every step of the specimen preparation can
influence specific labelling. The type of fixative used can block or alter
the antigenic determinants so as not to be recognized by the antibody.
Embedding resins can similarly block labeling. Our work with wheat endosperm
has revealed that immunocytochemistry can be highly varied, that each
antiserum must be tested separately and that controls are essential.
One of the most important factors regarding immunocytochemistry is
the dilution of the primary antibodies, secondary antibodies, and Protein A
solutions. Extremely dilute antisera yield much more specific labelling
than concentrated ones. We have found that the primary antisera can be
diluted as much as 1000x and that the gold-labelled secondary antibodies
can be diluted 50-100x to yield high specific labelling.
A Diqital Imaqinq Study of Environmental and Varietal Effects on Hard
Red Winter Wheat Starch Granule Morphometry. Three hard red winter wheats,
Arkan, Newton and TAM107, were grown near Manhattan, KS for five harvest
years, 1986-1990. Field-grown wheats were harvested at 7, 10, 12, 14,
17, 19, 24, and 35 days after flowering. Isolated starch was viewed
with dark field light microscopy and images were recorded on videotape.
Digitization of the black and white images and computation of morphometrical
starch granule features were conducted on a Kontron Image Processing System.
The data base of starch granule size and shape was analyzed using SAS
statistical and graphical procedures. Equivalent diameter distribution
was used to distinguish and relate changes in starch granule morphometry to
environmental and varietal effects: the changes were greater across years
or environments in the later stages, and across varieties in early
stages of development.
Application of Imaqe Analysis for Grain Science at the U. S. Grain
Marketinq Research Laboratory. USGMRL has a comprehensive program on the
application of pattern recognition techniques in image analysis of cereal
grains. The objective is to devise grain grading methods which are
consistent with grain industry requirements. Image analysis in
combination with multivariate discriminant analysis was used in
differentiation of wheat varieties, classes and foreign material. The
same approach was used for discrimination of whole corn kernels from broken
corn kernels. Image texture analysis of soft and hard wheat milled
fractions was also studied. Hard wheat bran samples were
discriminated correctly from soft wheat bran samples using image texture
parameters. The feasibility of digital image analysis to quantify grain
color for corn grade designation was studied using sound, damaged and blue
eye mold infected kernels. In this study, color parameters extracted from
the Red, Green and Blue histograms were used to distinguish damage classes.
An extensive software package was used to analyze the patterns created by
the color parameters. While the results were varied, several
pattern recognition techniques produced high recognition rates,
approximately 98 percent correct.
Diqital Imaqe Texture Analysis for Bread Crumb Grain Evaluation.
Baking, milling companies and scientific laboratories evaluate crumb grain
as one of the several bread quality parameters. Digital imaging
technique was used to evaluate bread crumb grain. Images of slices of two
commercial bread brands were digitized and stored in 512*512 pixel format.
Eighteen image texture features were extracted. Multivariate discriminant
analysis using pattern of image texture features distinguished the two bread
brands at correct recognition rates of 100% for BRRA and 97.5% for BRDI
subimages (128*128) from the middle area of slice. Technological factors
and location of subimages on a slice effect the image texture feature values
as crumb grain varied across a slice. Variations in crumb grain within a
slice were studied and a ranking scale was developed for evaluation of a
crumb grain coarseness in 64*64 pixel subimages. The developed scale has a
potential to be used for quality control in a breadmaking. A slice as a
whole was scored by a developed ranking scale. This ranking scale was
developed by determining percent of fine or coarse subimages prest within a
slice. Bread slices with coarse texture of crumb grain were distinguished
from slices with smooth crumb grain. The ranking of the slices by these
variables coincided with visual judgement. The scale developed is
flexible and can be easily adapted to meet various user requirements. The
method has potential for both scientific laboratory and commercial use.
Breadmakinq Factors Assessed by Diqital Imaqinq. A study was conducted
to evaluate differences in bread crumb grain using digital image analysis.
The objective of the study was to develop an image texture-based model
which recognized the effect of different technological factors
(formulation, mixing time and water absorption) on bread crumb grain.
Co-occurrence matrix evaluations of 18 image texture features from
64*64 pixel subimages within the bread slice images produced the data base
used for image texture feature analysis. Shape and size features of each
slice were also included in the study. The commercially baked bread slices
represented breads baked with two levels of formulation: each of the
lean and full classes had 10 subclasses representing different treatment
combinations of water absorption and mix time. The shape, size and texture
features of the slices were sensitive to the formulation, absorption and
mixing time variations. Image features were used to differentiate slices
related to the technological factors studied. Correlation analyses were
made between the image features and the scores of an expert from baking
industry. Correlation coefficients of expert scores with image features
were not very high inspite of statistical significances. Lean and full
formulations were differentiated better by slice shape descriptor than by
image texture features, which were better for differentiating treatment
variations.
Biochemical and Structural Differences amonq Hiqh Molecular Weiqht
Glutenin Subunits. High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMWGS) of
wheat, obtained by a modification of the method of Burnouf and Bietz (1989),
were characterized by peptide mapping and amino acid analysis. The
purification method involved a dimethyl sulfoxide extraction of flour,
followed by reduction and alkylation of the proteins. The extracted
subunits were separated on and excised from sodium dodecyl sulfate
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels. These subunits, when
analyzed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)
eluted at approximately 45% acetonitrile, indicating that under these
conditions, they were more hydrophobic (~30%) than previously reported
(Burnouf and Bietz 1989, Wieser and Belitz 1990). The purified HMW-GS were
re-electrophoresed on mini SDS-PAGE gels and silver stained. A single band
for each subunit provided an indication of the purity of the subunit. The
purified HMW-GS were further characterized by RP-HPLC analysis of the
peptides produced from chymotryptic hydrolysates. Different chymotryptic
peptide maps for each cultivar were found for subunits with the same
relative mobility on SDS-PAGE in each cultivar, except for subunit 8. Amino
acid analysis also revealed differences between and among the HMW-GS of
Chinese Spring and TAM 105. That data varied from previously reported amino
acid compositions deduced from cDNA.
Evidence for Glycosylation of the Hiqh Molecular Weiqht Glutenin
Subunits 2, 7, 8, and 12 from Chinese Sprinq and TAM 105 Wheats. High
molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) of wheat, obtained by a
modification of the method of Burnouf and Bietz (1989), were characterized
by isoelectric focusing, lectin binding, and gas chromatography-mass
spectroscopy. The purification method involved a dimethyl sulfoxide
extraction of flour, followed by reduction and alkylation of the proteins.
The extracted subunits were separated on, and excised from, sodium dodecyl
sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels. These subunits, when
analyzed by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography,
eluted at approximately 45% acetonitrile, indicating that, under
these conditions, they were more hydrophobic (~30%) than previously
reported (Burnouf and Bietz 1989, Wieser and Belitz 1990). The purified
HMW-GS were reelectrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis minigels and silver-stained. A single band for each subunit
provided an indication of the purity of the subunit. Further
characterization of the purified HMW-GS revealed that the proteins were
glycosylated. Lectin-binding analyses showed that the terminal
carbohydrate moiety of these glycoproteins was mannose. Gas
chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses confirmed the presence of mannose
in the total glutenin preparation as well as in each of the individual
purified HMW-GS. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses also detected
glucose and N-acetyl qlucosamine in the individual purified HMW-GS.
Partially Purified Proteolytic Enzymes from Wheat Flour and Their
Effect on Elon~ational Viscosity of Cracker Sponqes. Enzymes were extracted
from wheat flour with ammonium sulfate and purified by gel filtration
chromatography. Two peaks of proteolytic activity were detected.
Lubricated uniaxial compression was used to measure the changes in
elongational viscosity of cracker sponges at pH 4 during fermentation. The
elongational viscosity of the sponges decreased with fermentation time,
indicating enzyme activity. The elongational viscosity of the sponges were
not noticeably changed when the enzymes had been extracted from the flour.
However, the elongational viscosity of the sponge again decreased
with fermentation time when the extracted enzymes were added back to the
flour. Only one of the two proteolytically active fractions eluted from
Sephadex G-100 was responsible for the change in the elongational
viscosity of the sponge during fermentation. Rechromatography was used
to further purify the proteolytic enzyme and produce a single peak with high
specific proteolytic activity. Since pepstatin inhibited most of the
activity of the purified enzyme preparation, it contains an acid protease.
Effects of a T2BS.2RL Wheat-Rye Translocation on Breadmakinq
Ouality in Wheats. Detrimental effects on hard wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
bread baking quality have been shown in previous studies on wheat-rye
translocations involving chromosome group 1. A new wheat-rye translocation
(T2BS.2RL, Hamlet), which contains a single dominant gene (H21) for Hessian
fly (Mayetiola destructor Say) resistance, should not affect wheat storage
proteins found in chromosome groups 1 and 6. The objective of this study
was to determine if the T2BS.2RL translocation modifies milling and baking
properties. Backcross4F4-derived lines were grown in 1991 near Manhattan
and Hutchinson, KS in replicated plots. Grain from the 5 translocation
lines and 11 nontranslocation lines were compared for several breadmaking
quality traits. Test weight, flour yield, and kernel hardness were reduced
in the translocation lines but could be overcome by selection.
Mixograph-mixing time and bakemixing time also were reduced, but the small
differences would not adversely affect breadmaking quality. No significant
differences were found for flour protein, mixograph mixing tolerance, loaf
volume, and crumb grain score. However, statistically significant small
improvements were found for flour color and water absorption. Overall, the
translocation did not have a large effect (either positive or negative) on
milling or baking quality.
Statistical Analyses of Gliadin Reversed-Phase Hiqh-Performance Liquid
Chromatoqraphy Patterns of Hard Red SPrinq and Hard Red Winter Wheat
Cultivars Grown in a Common Environment: Classification Indices.
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze
gliadins extracted from grain harvested from 12 hard red winter (HRW) and 12
hard red spring (HRS) wheat cultivars grown in a common environment.
Visual examination of the gliadin patterns did not distinguish the two wheat
classes by the presence or absence of any one particular peak. The peak
heights at each time interval from each cultivar were analyzed through
cluster, principal component, and canonical analyses. Cluster analyses,
based on closest (Euclidean) distances, produced five clusters plus six
HRW cultivars that did not fall into any cluster. In the five clusters,
two contained only HRS cultivars, two contained only HRW cultivars, and
one contained both HRW and HRS cultivars. Principal component analysis
showed that the first principal component (PC1) explained 21% of the total
variation among cultivars, primarily separating HRW and HRS classes with
only minor overlap. The first three principal components together
explained nearly half (44%) of the total variation. In these three
major dimensions, there was greater scatter within the HRW class than within
the HRS class. Canonical analyses demonstrated that the correlation between
PC1 and the first canonical variable was 0.79, indicating that the cultivars
and classes were in similar groups. Even though both PC1 and the first
canonical variable separated HRW and HRS classes, HRW cultivars
occurred among the HRS cultivars in both analyses. Canonical discriminate
analysis, based on gliadin reversed-phase high-performance liquid
chromatography, allocated all cultivars to their correct classes, except for
the HRW cultivars TAM 105 and TAM 107.
Comparison of Hiqh-Molecular Weiqht Subunits of Glutenin and Bakinq
Performance of Flours Varyinq in Bread-Makinq Ouality. Baking experiments
and analyses of gluten protein composition were carried out with flours from
U.S. an Norwegian wheat lines differing in baking characteristics.
Bread-making quality was evaluated by mixograph and baking tests. The
compositions of high-molecularweight (HMW) glutenin subunits and gliadins
were examined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
and acidpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Lack of
correlation between the Glu-1 quality score based on HMW glutenin subunits
and backing performance was observed. For the Norwegian wheat lines,
variation in gluten polypeptides encoded from the short arm of the lB
chromosome partially explained variation in baking performance.
Volatile Compounds in Wettinq Grain Piles. To simulate conditions
associated with outdoor storage of grain, 80-100 bu of damp sorghum was
placed in each of two piles inside steel bins with concrete floors. Each
pile was sprinkled with water several times to simulate rainfall, then
covered with an insulated blanket to simulate a larger grain mass which
might undergo some heating. The piles were monitored for temperature,
moisture, microflora, volatiles and odors. Volatiles were determined by
direct analyses of grain samples removed with probes and by remote sampling
in which a long tube was used to draw interstitial air through a Tenax
absorbent trap from specific locations in the grain mass. Compounds
were identified with a gas chromatograph interfaced to mass and infrared
detectors. Volatiles associated with molds (i.e. 1-octen-3-ol and other
alcohols, 3-octanone, sequiterpenes, and geosmin) and with bacteria (i.e.
acetoin, butanoic and other acids) were observed. Other volatiles that may
be associated with heating or other causes were nitromethane, tridecane
and similar hydrocarbons. Wet grain with a strong piggy-barnyard
odor recovered near the floor at the edge of one pile had high
populations of bacteria and contained high levels of butanoic and other
similar acids.
Some Observations on Oven Moisture Determination of Humidified Grain.
When relatively dry grain was exposed to humid air to raise its moisture
content, its weight after oven drying was lower than if it were not
humidified before oven drying. This resulted in an apparent moisture
difference of up to 0.4%. The effect was not observed in all lots of corn,
and was usually not observed in wheat, sorghum or soybeans. In grains
where the effect was observable, it was proportional to the amount of
pre-oven moisture change. The effect was partly reversible by air-drying
the grain before putting it in the oven. When corn was ground before
humidification and oven drying, there was no difference between humidified
and not humidified. However, the difference was present in kernels that had
been slit with a blade. The increased weight loss probably is water, but
other volatiles might be involved. A possible explanation is that some of
the more tightly bound water in dry grain is made more mobile when
additional moisture is added. The increased mobility persists long enough to
be measurable in the drylng process.
Modelinq of Moisture Content of Grain Durinq Storaqe with Aeration. Two
6.6 m diameter steel bins were used to store wheat for observing
seasonal grain temperature and moisture content variations. Each bin
was filled with 99.3 t of Hard Red Winter Wheat to a depth of 3.66 m.
Aeration in one bin was controlled manually with temperature limit settings.
Aeration in the second bin was controlled by a programmable
microprocessor using temperature and humidity of ambient air and grain
moisture content as the control parameters. A model was developed to
predict grain moisture content and its distribution within the grain mass
during storage. The model was based on a two-dimensional mass transfer
equation with the associated boundary conditions and was solved using the
finite difference method for cylindrical geometry. Local hourly weather
data (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar
radiation on a horizontal surface) and airflow rates during aeration periods
were used as model inputs to simulate moisture content and distributions
within the grain mass during extended storage periods. Predicted and
measured grain moisture contents were in close agreement for a storage
period of 15 months. The model and the parameter values determined provide
moisture content and distribution predictions for stored wheat with and
without aeration.
Development of a Sinale-Kernel Wheat Characterization System. A single
kernel wheat crushing device was developed to determine crush force,
moisture, and size characteristics at a rate of approximately 180
kernels/min. A procedure for determining hardness of single kernels was
developed with corrections for the effects of kernel moisture and size on
the crush force profile. Single-kernel moisture measurement comparisons
with bulk oven moisture measurements were satisfactory. Average kernel
size measurements were highly correlated with average kernel weight,
although a random machine interaction with single kernel size measurement
was noted. Six prototypes of the rotor-crescent system were assembled for
further evaluation Tests to determine the system's potential for wheat
classification and inclusion in the official qrain inspection process are
under way.
Comparison of Sinqle Kernel Physical Property Uniformity and Break
Release Distribution. Three hard red winter wheats and two soft red winter
wheats representing a range of NIR hardness from 9.1 to 71.1, were used to
study the relation between single kernel physical properties and break
release distribution. The Single Kernel Wheat Characterization System
(SKWCS) was used to measure single kernel physical properties prior to
tempering and milling duplicate mixtures of soft-in-hard at 0, 3, 6, 9 and
15%. Stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) of break release data on
SKWCS data showed significant correlations at first break (R-square =
0.79-0.98) and progressively lower correlations through third break
(R-square = 0.71-0.74). Kernel uniformity (standard deviations) of the
SKWCS data were selected more frequently than the sample means in MLR
equations having significant R-square values. Break release distributions
were significantly related to the SKWCS measurements.
Wheat Ouality Determination and Potential Alternatives to Test Weiqht.
As an introduction to the subject, a brief overview of the USGMRL research
program was presented. The organization and several recent and on-going
research projects were presented using slides to highlight the research
areas. The following research was highlighted: biological grain storage
insect control, expert system for grain storage insect control, acoustic
grain storage insect monitoring, bake-lab early generation variety
testing, protein-lipid-starch relations, electrophoresis of high-low
molecular weight proteins, grain odor analyses, grain odor sniffers,
machine vision for grain inspection, mixograph instrumentation, grain
flow through orifices, grain trajectories, grain storage temperature
modeling and single kernel wheat characterization system development
(SKWCS). A review of test weight definitions, procedures and the potential
for use of the SKWCS parameters to predict milling yield was presented as
one alternative to use of test weight as a quality index. In addition, the
concept of grain uniformity in terms of single and multiple parameter or
physical property variation was presented. The following summary was
presented: SKWCS parameters can help predict end-use quality, SKWCS
parameters relate best to first break granulations, that mixed quality
prediction trends are frequently obtained when narrow ranges of test weight
are evaluated, that kernel density and shape factor may help explain test
weight variability, that these and other independent physical properties
need to be combined to expect better end-use quality predictions and that
rapid, accurate and inexpensive devices for assessment of these properties
are needed.
Commercial Prototypes of a Sinqle Kernel Wheat Hardness Tester. After a
long development and evaluation period, the first two "COMMERCIAL"
prototypes of the USDA/ARS, U. S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory's
Single Kernel Wheat Characterization System (SKWCS) were delivered
(August, 1992) to the Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS). Six
additional commercial prototypes were delivered (February 1993) to allow a
national field test of the commercial prototypes. The delivery of these
units is a major landmark in the development of the first of several
planned "objective grain grading and classification" instruments being
developed by USDA/ARS and FGIS. Following extensive evaluation of the
improved instruments, the FGIS asked ARS to determine commercial
production feasibility and production cost estimates for the instrument.
After approaching numerous potential commercial partners, a cooperative
research and development agreement (CRADA) was proposed, solicited and
executed with Perten Instruments North America (PINA) to produce two
commercial production prototypes for ARS and FGIS evaluation. After
extensive testing by ARS and PINA, two commercial prototypes were accepted
by ARS as equivalent or better than the USGMRL experimental units based on
classification performance. These commercial prototypes were delivered to
FGIS on August 13, 1992. Six additional commercial prototypes were
delivered in February 1993. The commercial prototypes include several
refinements to reduce operator attendance and enhance ease of operation.
Normalization and Reproducibility of Commercial Prototypes of Sinqle
Kernel Wheat Characterization System. Six commercial prototypes of
the single kernel wheat characterization system (SKWCS) were obtained and
evaluated for system reproducibility. The systems were normalized using five
hard and five soft samples of wheat from the FGIS Wheat Hardness Reference
Set conditioned to three moisture (M) levels (10.5, 12.5 and 14.5%
w.b.). Each prototype and all samples wre preconditioned to three ambient
temperatures (55, 75 and 95 degrees F). Two 300 kernel (K) sub-samples
(SS) of the conditioned Reference samples were processed by each
prototype (P) and ambient temperature (T) condition (6P x 3T x 3M x 10S
x 300K x 2SS). After normalization, the results were statistically analyzed
to determine prototype reproducibility based on hardness, moisture content,
weight and size determinations. To validate reproducibility in an
independent test, five additional sub-samples of each Reference sample at
one moisture content were processed with each prototype at room
temperature conditions. The results were similarly analyzed. The results
are useful in setting limits and performance specifications for commercial
prototypes of the SKWCS.
Measurement of Sorqhum Seed Hardness Usinq the Sinqle Kernel Wheat
Characterization System. Seed of sixteen sorghum conversion lines selected
for diversity in grain characteristics were grown at Mead, NE in 1991.
Hardness, seed diameter, seed weight, and moisture were measured on an
individual seed basis using the single kernel wheat characterization system
developed at the U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory, Manhattan, KS.
Three hundred seed per plot were characterized, requiring approximately two
minutes per plot. Following characterization of each plot, individual seed
data was examined graphically, and obvious cracked seeds and double sampling
events were eliminated from the data set. Differences attributable to line
effects were found for all characters measured, and for the standard
deviations of those characters. This technology provides a new and rapid
measure of sorghum seed characters and uniformity on a single seed basis.
Diqestive Enzymes from Stored Grain Insect Pests Characterized and
Inhibitor Found in Wheat and Corn. This is a cooperative effort between the
U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry,
Kansas State University, and the Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Durham, England. Amylases from stored grain beetles were
isolated and their interaction with wheat and corn proteins examined. Two
alpha-amylase isozymes were isolated from adults of both the rice weevil,
Sitophilus oryzae, and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and a
single alpha-amylase from adults of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio
molitor. All of the purified enzymes had similar amino acid compositions
as well as physical and chemical properties. The apparent molecular masses
ranged from 53 to 58 kDa. Circular dichroism measurements revealed
approximately 33% alpha-helical content. Vmax and K(m) values ranged from
1.33 to 5.98 mM min(-1) mg(-1) and 0.76 to 5.57 mg ml(-1) respectively,
using starch as the substrate. An alpha-amylase inhibitor from wheat
(WRP-25) inhibited all five enzymes, whereas an inhibitor from corn
inhibited only enzymes from the red flour beetle and yellow mealworm. The
genes for these inhibitors could be manipulated using biotechnology for
insect pest management.
Comparison of Acoustical Detection of Several Species of StoredGrain
Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Tenebrionidae, Bostrichidae,
Cuculidae) Over a Ranqe of Temperatures. Acoustical detection of five
species of adult stored-product insects in 1-kg samples of wheat was
compared. Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
were detected during more 10-s intervals than Rhyzopertha dominica (F.);
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L>) were
detected less frequently than other species. These species were also
distinguishable by differences between the probability
distributions of the numbers of sounds per 10-s interval. The probability
distributions decreased logarithmically with increasing numbers of sounds.
The number of sounds for three species varied with temperatures between 17.5
and 37.5degC. The number of sounds of S. oryzae increased as the temperature
increased from 17.5 to 35degC and then decreased at higher temperatures. The
number of sounds of T. castaneum tended to be lowest at <25degC and then
increased steadily as temperature increased. The number of sounds of R.
dominica increased as temperature increased from 17.5 to 30degC and then
became level at higher temperatures. We also investigated the possibility of
finding larger differences in acoustical signals between species by using
different instrument settings for the filter which eliminates sounds above
and below a selected frequency range and the counter which determines the
number of sounds producing voltages above a selected threshold. Widening
the filter frequency range increased the number of background sounds as much
as it increased the number of insect sounds; thus, it did not increase our
ability to distinguish between species. Raising the counter voltage
threshold resulted in a logarithmic decrease in the number of sounds for all
insect species. These data should make it possible to distinguish between
some species of adult insects using acoustical detection data, and to adjust
the estimates of insect density made using acoustical detection by removing
the effects of temperature.
Seasonal Activity of Stored-Product Insects In and Around FarmStored
Wheat. The development of effective stored-product insect management
programs requires an understanding of the risk of storing grain in a
particular location. Managers need the ability to anticipate when, where,
and to what extent infestations are likely to develop. We have a poor
understanding of insect migration into storage facilities. This study
was conducted to examine the relationship between the activity of
stored-product insects outside bins and development of populations within
the grain mass. We found a good relationship between outside
population levels and the development of infestations in small experimental
bins for several species. However, the relationship was not as good with
farm bins probably because of the use of grain protectants. This study
demonstrates that there is potential for using outside monitoring to predict
infestations in bins but it is likely to be most effective where grain
protectants are not used. Grain protectants, presence of livestock and other
factors strongly influence movement of insects into the qrain.
Fliqht Initiation of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera:
Bostrichidae) as Influenced by Temperature, Humidity, and Liqht. Most grain
is not infested at harvest and stored-product insects must crawl or fly to
storage facilities. Because insects are cold blooded animals, their
ability to migrate into stored grain is dependent upon the temperature of
the environment. There is an optimal temperature for insect movement and
activity decreases as temperature deviates from this optimum. The ability
of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), of varying ages,
to initiate flight was examined at temperatures from 15 to 45degC to assess
the potential of this pest to infest stored grain during summer and fall.
Beetle adults that were one week old or younger flew much more than did
older beetles. This suggests that lesser grain borers flying to a commodity
are young and likely stay and reproduce rather than leave. Beetles flew
when temperatures were between 19.9 and 41.6degC with 30.7degC being the
optimal temperature for flight initiation. This would result in the
potential for active infestation through the summer months and possibly
early fall when aeration may begin. Fall harvested grains may escape with
limited infestation because of lower temperatures late in the year. It is
important to know the temperature range in which the lesser grain borer will
fly so models can be developed that depict insect miqration into stored
grain.
News at the Hard Winter Wheat Ouality Laboratory (HWWOL) in the Grain
OualitY and Structure Research Unit (GOSRU). We at the HWWQL have evaluated
intrinsic quality parameters of thousands of hard winter wheat lines from 17
federal, state, and private nurseries and completed 17 reports for wheat
breeders for the 1992 crop samples and 4 reports for collaborative studies
on wheat quality. For the 1993 crops, we have expanded our evaluating
service to several private nurseries, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska,
and South Dakota state nurseries in addition to the Federal and Kansas
nurseries.
The hardness scores of about 1500 wheats (Set I: Kansas
Association of Wheat Growers, KAWG and Set II: Kansas Winter Wheat
Performance Testing Nursery, KWWPTN) grown in Kansas were determined
by both NIR and the USGMRL Single Kernel Wheat Characterization
System (SKWCS): this project was a collaborative study with the KAWG for
news release during the harvest period (Set I) and with the Kansas State
University, Agricultural Experiment Station (Set II). In general, the
hardness scores by the SKWCS are higher than the hardness scores by NIR.
The reverse was shown with some samples, depending on the growing locations.
For Set II, the average HS was 65 by the USGMRL SKWCS and 53 by the NIR
Analyzer (NIRSystem 6500). The average wheat protein content of the 1993
KWWPTN samples was about 12% on a 14% moisture basis.
We have completed check sample services by providing three wheats and
three flours each coded to the 9 collaborators from the other wheat testing
laboratories. Tests included wheat, milling, NIR, flour, dough, and
bread-making characteristics. Comparison of data between the 9 labs will be
shared at the Wheat Quality Council Annual Meetinq in March of 1994.
During 1993, Ms. Bernadine M. Eichman, Baking Technician, retired after
nearly 30 years of service and Mr. Lerance C. Bolte, Milling Scientist,
retired after 39 years of service. We will miss them both and wish them the
best. Please welcome Ms. Cristina E. Lang, Baking Scientist, who began her
new job in February of 1993, supposedly to replace Mr. Merle D. Shogren
(retired in 1989) and Dr. Berne Bruinsma (resiqned in 1983).
As we have no replacement for Mr. Bolte, Mr. Brad W. Seabourn is in
charge of our wheat inventory, storage, and milling operations in addition
to his assignment in the grain characterization study using an NIRSystem and
the SKWCS. Mr. Seabourn will work with a few hourly-waged students until we
can hire a milling scientist. Renovation of the milling lab including the
dust handling and collectors is nearly completed.
For your information, the phone number for the GQSRU Research Leader
(Dr. Okky Chung) is (913) 776-2703 and the Unit Secretary's (Ms. Marsha
Grunewald) number is (913) 776-2757. The USGMRL FAX number is (913)
776-2792.
Publications
Bakhella, M., Lookhart, G. L., Hoseney, R. C., and Boujnah, M. 1992.
Relationships between high-molecular weight subunits of glutenin proteins
and bread-making quality of the major Moroccan qrown common wheats. Actes
Inst. Aqron. Vet., Vol. 12(1):23-32.
Bechtel, D. B. 1993. Determining cereal grain quality and end-use
properties by microscopy. In: G. Karlsson [ed.], Proc. Scand. Soc.
Elect. Micros. 45:1-2.
Bechtel, D. B. 1993. Immunocytochemical methodology applied to the study
of cereal endosperm structure. Cereal Foods World 38:617. [Abstract]
Bechtel, D. B., Zayas, I., Dempster, R. and Wilson, J. D. 1993. Size
distribution of starch granules isolated from hard red winter and soft red
winter wheats. Cereal Chem. 70:238-240. [Note]
Chang, C. S., Converse, H, H. and Steele, J. L. 1993. Modeling of
temperature of grain during storage with aeration. Transactions of the ASAE
36(2):509-519.
Chung, O. K. 1992. Wheat glutens: effects of processing variables and
flour quality on their enhancing characteristics in breadmaking.
Proc. of the 9th Int'l Cereal and Bread Congress.
Chung, O. K., Finney, K. F. and Bruinsma, B. L. 1993. Egg yolk lipids in
pup straight-dough breadmaking. Cereal Foods World 38:630. [Abstract]
Chung, O. K., Lookhart, G. L., Smail, V. W., Steele, J. L.,
McGaughey, W. H., Sauer, D. B., Bechtel, D. B., Seitz, L. M., Zayas, I.
Y., Martin, C. R., Cox, T. S., Wilson, J. D., Dempster, R. E., Chang, C. S.,
Bolte, L. C., Dowdy, A. K., Flinn, P. W., Hagstrum, D. W., Converse, H. H.,
Howard, R. W., Shogren, M. D., Walker, D. E., Brabec, D. L., Rousser, R. R.,
Tilley, K. A., Lin, W. D. A., Xu, A., Harrell, L. and Park, H. S.
1993. Wheat research in the U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory.
Annual Wheat Newsletter 39:287-301. [Review]
Chung, O. K. and Pomeranz, Y. 1993. Cereal Processing. In: S. Nakai and
H. W. Modler [eds.], Food Proteins: Properties and Applications. VCH
Publishers, New York. Vol. II. (In press) [Book chapter]
Dowdy, A. K., Howard, R. W., Seitz, L. M. and McGaughey, W. H. 1993.
Response of rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) to its
aggregation pheromone and wheat volatiles. Environ. Entomol.
22:965-970.
Dowdy, A. K. and McGaughey, W. H. 1993. Infestation of farmstored wheat
in relation to refugial stored-product insect pest populations. Prog. North
Central Branch Mtg., Entomol. Soc. Am. [Abstract]
Dowdy, A. K. and McGaughey, W. H. 1994. Seasonal activity of
stored-product insects in and around farm-stored wheat. J. Econ. Entomol.
(In press)
Finney, K. F. 1993. Factors influencing the mixogram. Am. Assoc. of
Cereal Chemists. (In press) [Handbook]
Gwirtz, J. A., Martin, C. R., Spillman, C. K. and Steele, J. L. 1993.
Comparison of single kernel physical property uniformity and break release
distribution. Cereal Foods World 38:602. [Abstract]
Hagstrum, D. W. and Flinn, P. W. Survival of Rhyzopertha dominica
(Coleoptera: Biostrichidae) in stored wheat under fall and winter
temperature conditions. Environ. Entomol. (In press)
Kim, H. S., Seib, P. A. and Chung, O. K. 1993. D-Erythroascorbic acid in
baker's yeast and effects on wheat dough. J. Food Sci. 58:845-847, 862.
Kim, Y. S., Flores, R. A., Deyoe, C. W. and Chung, O. K. 1993. Relation of
physical characteristics of wheat blends and experimental milling
performance to some commercial milling performance parameters. Cereal
Foods World 38:616. [Abstract]
Knackstedt, M. A., Sears, R. G., Rogers, D. E. and Lookhart, G. L. 1993.
Effects of a T2BS.2RL wheat-rye translocation on breadmaking quality in
wheats. Crop Science. (In press)
Lin, W. D. A., Lookhart, G. and Hoseney, R. C. 1993. Partially purified
proteolytic enzymes from wheat flour and their effect on elongational
viscosity of cracker sponges. Cereal Chem. 70:448452.
Lookhart, G. L. 1993. Beneficial versus deleterious genes - an overview.
Cereal Foods World 38:633. [Abstract]
Lookhart, G. L. and Bietz, J. A. 1993. Protein extraction and sample
handling techniques. In: J. A. Bietz and J. Kruger [eds.], HPLC of cereal
and legume proteins. (In press) [Book chapter]
Lookhart, G. L., Cox, T. S. and Chung, O. K. 1993. Statistical analyses
of gliadin reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography
patterns of hard red spring and hard red winter wheat cultivars grown in a
common environment: classification indices. Cereal Chem. 70:430-434.
Lookhart, G. L., Hagman, K. and Kasarda, D. D. 1993. High
molecular-weight glutenin subunits of the most commonly grown wheat
cultivars in the U.S. in 1984. J. Plant Breedinq 110(1):48-62.
Lookhart, G. L., Marchylo, B. A., Khan, K., Lowe, D. B., Mellish, V. J. and
Seguin, L. 1993. Wheat identification in North America. In: C. W. Wrigley
[ed.], Identification of food grain varieties. (In press) [Book chapter]
Lookhart, G. L., Martin, M. L., Mosleth, E., Uhlen, A. K. and Hoseney, R.
C. 1993. Comparison of high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin and
baking performance of flours varying in breadmakinq quality. Food Science
and Technology. 26:301-306.
Lookhart, G. L. and Wrigley, C. W. 1993. Electrophoretic
analyses. In: C. W. Wrigley [ed.], Identification of food grain varieties.
(In press) [Book chapter]
Rogers, D. E., Hoseney, R. C., Lookhart, G. L., Curran, S. P., Lin, W. D. A.
and Sears, R. G. 1993. Milling and cookie baking quality of near-isogenic
lines of wheat differing in kernel hardness. Cereal Chem. 70:183-187.
Martin, C. R., Rousser, R. and Brabec, D. L. 1993. Development of a
single-kernel wheat characterization system. Trans. ASAE,
36:1399-1404.
Martin, C. R. and Steele, J. L. 1993. Normalization and
reproducibility of commercial prototypes of the single wheat kernel
characterization system. Cereal Foods World 38:602-603. [Abstract]
Pedersen, J. F., Martin, C. R., Steele, J. L. and Kofoid, K. D. 1993.
Measurement of sorghum seed hardness using the single kernel wheat
characterization system. Agronomy Abstracts, Annual:170. [Abstract]
Sauer, D. B. 1993. Some observations on oven moisture
determinations of humidified grain. Cereal Foods World 38:592. [Abstract]
Seitz, L. M. and Sauer, D. B. 1993. Volatile compounds in wetted grain
piles. Cereal Foods World 38:594. [Abstract]
Smail, V. W., Chung, O. K. and Steele, J. L. 1993. Recent efforts to
develop technologies needed to implement a "total quality grain marketing
system". Proc. U.S.-Japan Protein Resource Panel. (In press) [Review]
Subramanyam, B., and Hagstrum, D. W. 1993. Predicting development times of
six stored-product moth species (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in relation to
temperature, relative humidity, and diet. Eur. J. Entomol. 90:51-64.
Subramanyam, B., Hagstrum, D. W. and Schenk, T. C. 1993. Sampling adult
beetles (Coleoptera) associated with stored grain: comparing detection and
mean trap catch efficiency of two types of probe trap. Environ. Entomol.
22:33-42.
Tilley, K. A., Lookhart, G. L. and Hoseney, R. C. 1993.
Biochemical and structural differences among high molecular weight qlutenin
subunits. Proc. 1993 Gluten Workshop. (In press)
Tilley, K. A., Lookhart, G. L., Hoseney, R. C. and Mawhinney, T. P. 1993.
Evidence for glycosylation of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits
(HMW-GS) 2, 7, 8, and 12 from Chinese Spring and TAM 105 wheats. Cereal
Chem. 70:602-606.
Tilley, K. A., Lookhart, G. L., Hoseney, R. C. and Mawhinney, T. P. 1993.
Evidence for glycosylation of glutenins. Proc. 1993 Gluten Workshop. (In
press)
Zayas, I. Y. 1993. Potential of digital imaging for bread crumb qrain
evaluation. Cereal Foods World 38:760-766.
Zayas, I. Y., Bechtel, D. B. and Wilson, J. D. 1993. Digital imaging
study of environmental and varietal effects on HRW wheat starch qranule
morphometry. Cereal Foods World 38:617. [Abstract]
Zayas, I., Bechtel, D. B., Wilson, J. D. and Dempster, R. 1993.
Distinguishing hard and soft red winter wheats by image analysis of starch
qranules. Cereal Chem. (In press)
Zayas, I. Y., Steele, J. L., Weaver, G. and Walker, D. E. 1993. Breadmaking
factors assessed by digital imaging. SPIE Proc., Machine Vision
Architectures, Integration and Applications 2064:135-151.
-------------------------
BS Gill*, TS Cox, RG Sears, WJ Raupp*, B Friebe, GL Brown, EN Jellen, J
Jiang, KS Gill, S Singh, DE Miller, S Nasuda, DL Wilson, LM Young,
J Zhang,
The Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan
Established in 1984, the Wheat Genetics Resource Center (WGRC) at Kansas
State University collects, maintains, evaluates, and documents the genetic
resources of wheat. The main mission of the WGRC is the collection,
conservation, and utilization of germ plasm in crop improvement by
broadening the crop genetic base and the development of genetic and
cytogenetic stocks for the rapid and efficient gene transfer for breeding
superior wheat cultivars. The WGRC maintains over 3500 accessions of wild
wheat species and genetic stocks. The species accessions are evaluated for
resistance to leaf, stem, and yellow rust; Septoria; tan spot; powdery
mildew; wheat streak and barley yellow dwarf viruses; Hessian fly; greenbug;
Russian wheat aphid; wheat curl mite; and other useful traits. The
resistance genes are incorporated into wheat lines through interspecific
hybridization and released as germ plasm. The WGRC develops new cytogenetic
stocks and chromosome and DNA-based assays for plant genome analysis and
efficient germ plasm development. The national and international networking
of scientists and collaborative research facilitate the conservation and
utilization of the world's germ plasm of wheat.
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS - The Working Collection of Wild Wheat Species: The
germ plasm collection maintained by the Wheat Genetics Resource Center is a
composite collection made up of accessions from existing sources. The
various species and number of accessions maintained for each are listed in
Table 1. Samples in the working collection are maintained at 10degC
(50degF and low relative humidity. Long term storage of seed is at -20degC.
The permanent collection is housed off-site at the Kansas Crop Improvement
Association facilities in Manhattan. Raupp, Wilson, Friebe, B Gill
Table 1. Number and type of the accessions maintained by the Wheat Genetics
Resource Center.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Wild wheat species
Species No. of
accessions
-------------------------------------------------------------
Diploids
T. monococcum var. boeoticum 702
T. monococcum var. urartu 195
T. tauschii 371
T. speltoides 46
T. bicorne 12
T. longissimum 9
T. searsii 9
T. tripsacoides 3
T. comosum 4
T. uniaristatum 2
T. dichasiansw 2
T. umbellulatum 15
Genetic Stocks
Alien addition 194
Alloplasmic 7
Amphiploid 93
Aneuploid 354
Cultivar 158
Deletion 387
Germ plasm 33
Marker or mutant 231
Substitution 311
Translocation 71
-------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
Wild wheat species
Species No. of
accessions
------------------------------------------------------------ Tetraploids and hexaploids
T. timopheevi var. 301
araraticum
T. turgidum var. 379
dicoccoides
T. carthlicum 43
T. ventricosum 5
T. crassum 17
T. juvenale 5
T. kotschyi 13
T. ovatum 20
T. triaristatum 10
T. machrochaetum 6
T. columnare 3
T. triunciale 54
T. cylindricum 13
-------------------------------------------------------------
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of radiation-induced alien genetic
transfers in wheat: Radiation treatment and homoeologous recombination are
widely used for transferring alien genes to wheat. C-banding and genomic in
situ hybridization analyses are very sensitive cytological techniques that
allow the detection of alien chromatin in wheat. We used these methods to
determine the breakpoints, chromosomal locations, and sizes of the
transferred alien segments in induced and spontaneous wheat-alien
translocations. The results on radiation-induced wheat-Triticum (Aegilops),
wheat-Agropyron, and wheat-Secale translocations with leaf rust, stem rust,
powdery mildew, wheat streak mosaic virus, green bug, and Hessian fly
resistance gene chromatin in wheat are presented in Table 2. The results
suggest that radiation treatment breaks chromosomes randomly and most of the
translocations are between non-homoeologous chromosomes and thus of non-
compensating types. Most of these transfers were identified as terminal
translocations and only one intercalary translocation was detected. In
contrast, all of the transfers produced by induced homoeologous
recombination are compensating translocations, usually involve smaller alien
segments, and are therefore agronomically more useful. However, since
recombination in wheat is suppressed in the proximal halves of the
chromosomes, radiation treatment may be the only way to achieve a transfer
of a gene that is located in this region.
Table 2. Wheat-alien germ plasm characterized at the Wheat Genetics
Resource Center.
------------------------------------------------------------
Germplasm Alien species Alien target
genes
------------------------------------------------------------
Cl17884 T. speltoides Gb5
Transfer (T47) T. umbellulatum Lr9
T40 T. umbellulatum Lr9
T41 T. umbellulatum Lr9
T44 T. umbellulatum Lr9
T52 T. umbellulatum Lr9
Amigo S. cereale Gb2/Pm17
Transec S. cereale Lr25/Pm7
88HF16 S. cereale H25
88HF79 S. cereale H25
88HF89 S. cereale H25
KS85HF011 S. cereale H21
KS91WGRC14 S. cereale Pm8/Sr31
Cl17884 A. intermedium Wsm1
T4 A. intermedium Lr38
T7 A. intermedium Lr38
T24 A. intermedium Lr38
T25 A. intermedium Lr38
T33 A. intermedium Lr38
Cl15322 A. elongatum Wsm
Agent A. elongatum Sr24
Agatha A. elongatum Lr19/
Sr25
Agatha-28 A. elongatum Lr19/
Sr25
Agatha-235 A. elongatum Lr19
K2046 A. elongatum Sr26
------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
*For this line, the length listed is the size of the chromosome arm present.
Table 2. Wheat-alien germ plasm characterized at the Wheat Genetics
Resource Center. (cont'd)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Germplasm Description Size of Size of
alien missing
segment segment
------------------------------------------------------------------
Cl17884 T7AS-7SS -7SL 8.54um 0.63um of
7AS*
Transfer (T47) T6BS -6BL-6UL 0.41um 0.51um of
6BL
T40 T6BL -6BS-6UL 4.65um 3.29um of
6BS
T41 T4BL -4BS-6UL 5.08um 2.90um of
4BS
T44 T2DS -2DL-6UL 1.66um 0.19um of
2DL
T52 T7BL -7BS-6UL 2.84um 1.13um of
7BS
Amigo T1AL -1RS + 1RS 1AS
T1BL -1BS-
3Ae#1L
Transec T4BS -4BL-5RL 2.40um 1.03um of
4BL
88HF16 T6BS -6BL-6RL 6.95um
88HF79 T4BS -4BL-6RL 3.88um
88HF89 T4AS -4AL- 0.70um
6RL-4AL
KS85HF011 T2BS -2RL 2RL 2BL
KS91WGRC14 T1BL -1RS 1RS 1BS
Cl17884 T4DL -4Ai#2S 4Ai#2S 4DS
T4 T3DL -3DS- 2.78um 0.67um of
7Ai#2L 3DS
T7 T6DS -6DL- 4.19u 1.45um of
7Ai#2L 6DL
T24 T5AL -5AS- 4.20um 0.88um of
7Ai#2L 5AS
T25 T1DS -1DL- 2.55um 0.82um of
7Ai#2L 1DL
T33 T2AS -2AL- 2.42um 1.40um of
7Ai#2L 2AL
Cl15322 T4DS -4DL- 1.31um 0.73um of
1Ae#1L 4DL
Agent T3DS -3DL- 1.26um 1.38um of
3Ae#1L 3DL
Agatha T7DS -7DL- 2.55um 2.62um of
7Ae#1L 7DL
Agatha-28 T7DS -7DL- 2.73um 2.71um of
7Ae#1L 7DL
Agatha-235 T7DS -7DL- 1.99um 1.29um of
7Ae#1L-7DL 7DS
K2046 T6AS -6AL- 2.48um 3.63um of
6AL
------------------------------------------------------------------
* For this line, the length listed is the size of the chromosome
arm present.
Cytogenetically monitored transfer of powdery mildew resistance from
rye into wheat: Twenty different powdery mildew resistance genes are known in
wheat and most of them are used in cultivar improvement. However, many of
these genes were overcome by the fungus and are no longer effective and
therefore, new sources of resistance are continuously being sought.
Recently, we reported a new source of powdery mildew resistance,
preliminarily designated MIP6L, that was derived from the long arm of
chromosome 6R of Secale cereale L. cv. Prolific. The aim of the study was
to transfer MIP6L to a cytologically stable wheat-rye chromosome
translocation. A cytologically stable wheat-rye translocation line,
T6BSú6RL, was produced. The powdery mildew resistance gene was designated
Pm20. C-banding analysis was used to physically map Pm20 in the distal
third of the recombined translocation chromosome. The successful transfer
of the resistance gene was verified by artificial inoculation with the
powdery mildew fungus. Friebe, B Gill.
A zebra chromosome arising from multiple translocations involving
non-homologous chromosomes: An alloplasmic wheat line with a zebra
chromosome(z5A) was isolated from the derivative of an Elymus trachycaulus x
Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring hybrid. Chromosome z5A was named zebra
because of its striped genomic in situ hybridization pattern. z5A consists of
four chromosome segments derived from E. trachycaulus and four chromosome
segments, including the centromere, from wheat. The short arm of z5A paired
with the telocentric chromosome 1H(t)S of E. trachycaulus and the long arm
with the long arm of normal 5A. z5A also has several genetic markers
derived from 1H(t)S. Chromosome 1H(t) was the only E. trachycaulus
chromosome found in the sib plants of a previous generation from which z5A
was derived. Monosomic 5A and telocentric chromosome 5AL were also found in
most of the sib plants. The zebra chromosome most probably originated from
spontaneous multiple translocation between chromosomes 5A and 1H(t)S or 5A
and 1H(t). Jiang, B Gill.
Sequential chromosome banding and in situ hybridization analysis:
Different combination of chromosome N- or C-banding with in situ
hybridization (ISH) or genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) were
sequentially performed on metaphase chromosomes of wheat. A modified N-
banding ISH/GISH sequential procedure gave the best results. Similarly, a
modified C-banding ISH/GISH procedure also gave satisfactory results. The
variation of the hot acid treatment in the standard chromosome N- or C-
banding procedures was the major factor affecting the resolution of the
subsequent ISH and GISH. By the sequential chromosome banding ISH/GISH
analysis, multicopy DNA sequences, and the breakpoints of wheat-alien
translocations were directly allocated to specific chromosomes os wheat.
The sequential chromosome banding ISH/GISH technique should be widely
applicable in genome mapping, especially in cytogenetic and molecular
mapping of heterochromatic and euchromatic regions of plant and animal
chromosomes. Jiang, B Gill.
Development of a genetic map for A-genome wheat: The A genome wheat
are a useful source of leaf rust resistance genes. Introgression of these genes
into elite bread wheat germ plasm is facilitated by using a pair of dominant
genes from Triticum monococcum (PI355520) that promote female fertility in
bread wheat-T. monococcum hybrids. The main objectives of the study are to
develop a genetic map for T. monococcum using primarily RAPD markers, and to
identify markers closely linked to one or both of the female-fertility
genes. Mapping is in an F(2) population derived from a cross of PI266844 /
PI355520. The 57 individual F(2)s were crossed as males to bread wheat to
determine their interspecific hybrid fertility. Approximately 5% of the
primers screened amplify useful polymorphic DNA fragments. This low level
of polymorphism is consistent with previous reports on variability in the A-
genome wheats. At least on RAPD, using primer OPD-19, co-segregates with
one of the female-fertility genes.
Publications
Badaeva ED, Gill BS, Badaev NS, Kawahara T, and Filatenko AA. 1993.
Chromosomal rearrangements and the process of intraspecific diversity in
Triticum araraticum. In: Proc. 8th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. 20-25 July
1993, Beijing, China.
Chen PD, Tsujimoto T, and Gill BS. 199-. Transfer of Ph1 genes promoting
homoeologous pairing from Triticum speltoides to common wheat. Theor. Appl.
Genet. (Accepted).
Cox TS, Hatchett JH, Gill BS, and Sears RG. 1993. Notice of release of
KS92WGRC26 Hessian fly-resistant hard red winter wheat germ plasm. USDA-ARS
and Kansas Ag. Exp. Sta. Fall Cereals Conf., Manhattan, KS.
Cox TS, Jellen EN, and Gill BS. 1993. Development of a genetic map for A-
genome diploid wheat. Agron. Abstr. 174.
Cox TS, Raupp WJ, and Gill BS. 199-. Leaf rust-resistance genes Lr41,
Lr42, and Lr43 transferred from diploid goatgrass to common wheat. Crop
Sci. (Accepted).
Cox TS, Sorrells ME, Bergstrom GC, Sears RG, Gill BS, Walsh EJ, Leath S, and
Murphy JP. 1994. Registration of KS92WGRC21 and KS92WGRC22 hard red winter
wheat germplasms resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus and powdery mildew.
Crop Sci. (March-April 1994).
Dyck PL, and Friebe B. 1993. Evaluation of leaf rust resistance from
wheat-Agropyron intermedium chromosomal translocation lines. Crop Sci.
33:687-690.
Endo TR and Gill BS. 1993. Production of deletion stocks in common wheat.
In: Proc. 8th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. 20-25 July 1993, Beijing, China.
Friebe B, Heun M, Tuleen N, Zeller FJ, and Gill BS. 1994. Cytogenetically
monitored transfer of powdery mildew resistance from rye into wheat. Crop
Sci. (May-June 1994).
Friebe B, Gill BS, Cox TS, and Zeller FJ. 1993. Registration of KS91WGRC14
stem rust and powdery mildew resistant T1BLú1RS durum wheat germplasm. Crop
Sci. 33:320.
Friebe B, Gill BS, Mukai Y, and Maan SS. 1993. A noncompensating wheat-rye
translocation maintained in perpetual monosomy in alloplasmic wheat. J.
Hered. 84(2): 126-129.
Friebe B, Gill BS, and Tuleen N. 1993. Notice of release of KS93WGRC28
powdery mildew-resistant hard red winter wheat germ plasm. Kansas Ag. Exp.
Sta. and Wheat Genetics Resource Center. Fall Cereals Conf., Manhattan, KS.
Friebe B, Jiang J, Gill BS, and Dyck PL. 1993. Radiation-induced
nonhomoeologous wheat-Agropyron intermedium chromosomal translocations
conferring resistance to leaf rust. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:141-149.
Friebe B, Jiang J, Knott DR, and Gill BS. 1994. Compensation indices of
radiation induced wheat-Agropyron elongatum translocations conferring
resistance to leaf rust and stem rust. Crop Sci. (In press).
Friebe B, Jiang J, Raupp WJ, and Gill BS. 1993. Molecular cytogenetic
analysis of alien genetic transfers in wheat. In: Proc. 8th Int. Wheat
Genet. Symp. 20-25 July 1993, Beijing, China.
Friebe B, Tuleen N, Jiang J, and Gill BS. 1993. Standard karyotype of
Triticum longissimum and its cytogenetic relationship with T. aestivum.
Genome 36:731-742.
Gill BS. 1993. Cytogenetic ladder maps: construction and applications in
molecular mapping of the genome of wheat. In: Proc. 8th Int. Wheat Genet.
Symp. 20-25 July 1993, Beijing, China.
Gill BS. 1993. Molecular cytogenetic analysis in wheat. Crop Sci.
33:902-908.
Gill BS, Friebe B, Wilson DL, and Martin TJ. 1993. Notice of release of
KS93WGRC27 wheat streak mosaic virus-resistant hard red winter wheat germ
plasm. Kansas Ag. Exp. Sta. and Wheat Genetics Resource Center. Fall
Cereals Conf., Manhattan, KS.
Gill BS, Gill KS, Raupp WJ, Delaney DE, Kota RS, Young LA, Hassawi D, Fritz
AK, Cox TS, Hulbert SH, Sears RG, Endo TR, Namuth D, and Lapitan NLV. 1993.
Genetic and physical mapping in Triticum tauschii and Triticum aestivum.
In: Progress in Genome Mapping of wheat and Related Species (Hoisington, D,
and A McNab, eds.). CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico, p. 10-17.
Gill KS, Gill BS, and Endo TR. 1993. A chromosomic region-specific mapping
strategy reveals gene-rich telomeric ends in wheat. Chromosoma 102:374-
381.
Gill KS, Gill BS, Endo TR, and Mukai Y. 1993. Fine physical mapping of
Ph1, a chromosome pairing regulator gene in polyploid wheat. Genetics
134:1231-1236.
Jellen EN, Gill BS, and Cox TS. 1993. Genomic in situ hybridization
detects intergenomic translocations in allopolyploid oat species. Agron.
Abstr. 178.
Jiang J, and Gill BS. 1993. Sequential chromosome banding and in situ
hybridization analysis. Genome 36:792-795.
Jiang J, and Gill BS. 1993. A zebra chromosome arising from non-
homologous multiple translocations. Chromosoma. 102:612-617 (with cover
photo).
Jiang J, and Gill BS. 199-. New 18Sú26S ribosomal RNA gene loci:
Chromosomal landmarks for the evolution of polyploid wheats. Chromosoma.
(Accepted).
Jiang J, and Gill BS. 199-. Different species-specific chromosome
translocations in Triticum timopheevii and T. turgidum support the
diphyletic origin of polyploid wheats. Chromosome Res. (Accepted).
Jiang J, Chen P, Friebe B, Raupp WJ, and Gill BS. 1993. Alloplasmic wheat
Elymus ciliaris chromosome addition lines. Genome 36(2): 327-333.
Jiang J, Friebe B, Dhaliwal HS, Martin TJ, and Gill BS. 1993. Molecular
cytogenetic analysis of Agropyron elongatum chromatin in wheat germplasm
specifying resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus. Theor. Appl. Genet.
86:41-48.
Jiang J, Friebe B, and Gill BS. 1994. Recent advances in alien gene
transfer in wheat. Euphytica. (In press).
Jiang J, Morris KLD, and Gill BS. 1993. Introgression of Elymus
trachycaulus chromatin into common wheat. Chromosome Res. (In press).
Kota RS, Gill KS, Gill BS, and Endo TR. 1993. A cytogenetically based
physical map of chromosome -1B in common wheat. Genome 36:548-554.
Liu DJ, Chen PD, and Raupp WJ. 1993. Determination of homoeologous groups
of Haynaldia villosa. In: Proc. 8th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. 20-25 July
1993, Beijing, China. (In press).
Ma, Z-Q, Gill BS, Sorrells ME, and Tanksley SD. 1993. RFLP markers linked
to 2 Hessian fly-resistance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) from Triticum
tauschii (Coss) Schmal. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:750-754.
Miller, DE, Raupp WJ, and Gill BS. 1993. Genetic analysis of leaf rust
resistance genes in Triticum tauschii, the D-genome progenitor of wheat.
Phytopath. 83:885.
Mukai Y, Friebe B, Hatchett JH, Yamamoto M, and Gill BS. 1993. Molecular
cytogenetic analysis of radiation-induced wheat-rye terminal and intercalary
chromosomal translocations and the detection of rye chromatin specifying
resistance to Hessian fly. [With cover photo]. Chromosoma. 102:88-95.
Raupp WJ, Amri A, Hatchett JH, Gill BS, Wilson DL, and Cox TS. 1993.
Chromosomal location of Hessian fly - Resistance genes H22, H23, and H24
derived from Triticum tauschii in the D genome of wheat. J. Hered. 84(2):
142-145.
Raupp WJ, Gill BS, Friebe B, Wilson DL, Cox TS, and Sears RG. 1993. The
Wheat Genetics Resource Center: germ plasm conservation, evaluation, and
utilization. In: Proc. 8th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. 20-25 July 1993,
Beijing, China.
Singh S, Gill KS, and Gill BS. 1993. Molecular tagging of a gene
conferring resistance to Hessian fly in wheat. In: Proc. 8th Int. Wheat
Genet. Symp. 20-25 July 1993, Beijing, China. 99
-------------------------
Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University
Hard red winter wheat germplasm releases. T. J. Martin and T.L. Harvey
(Fort Hays Agricultural Experiment Station), T.S. Cox and J.H. Hatchett
(USDA-ARS), B.S. Gill, B. Friebe, and D. Wilson (Dept. of Plant Pathology),
R.G. Sears (Dept. of Agronomy), and N. Tuleen (Texas A&M University).
New Releases. Ike was released by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment
Station in 1993. Ike, KS 89H48-1 (Dular/Eagle//2*Cheney//
(Larned//Eagle/Sage)/3/Colt) was developed by Joe Martin at the Fort Hays
Branch Experiment Station. Ike is best adapted to western Kansas and has
very good drought tolerance.
Experimental Lines. KS84063-9-39-3 (KS82W418/Stephens) is currently
being
increased for release consideration in the summer of 1994. Presently it is
being tested in both state and regional (SRPN) trials. KS84063-9-39-3 is
adapted across Kansas and has very good general disease resistance. Milling
and baking properties are comparable to Karl.
KS92P0363-134 (WX12907/Tam 108//W2440), is a selection coming from the
former Pioneer Hard Red Winter Wheat breeding program. It has excellent
general disease resistance with better overall mixing tolerance and test
weight patterns than 2163, the variety it is expected to replace.
KS92P0363-134 is currently being evaluated in both state and regional (SRPN)
trials and a release decision will be made in the summer of 1995.
KS92P0263-137 (W2440/W9488/2163) is a selection from the former Pioneer
Hard Red Winter Wheat breeding program. It has excellent general disease
resistance, aluminum tolerance and better test weight patterns that 2163.
KS92P0263-137 has good adaptation across Kansas, but has performed best in
central and eastern Kansas. This line is currently being tested in both
state and regional tests (SRPN) and a release decision would be made in the
summer of 1995.
KS92WGRC24 and KS92WGRC25. KS92WGRC24 and KS92WGRC25 are resistant to
the Russian wheat aphid (RWA). The pedigree of KS92WGRC24 is Yilmaz-
10/2*KS84HW196 and that of KS92WGRC25 is Yilmaz-10/KS84HW196//Dodge. Both
are increases of F(4) head selections. Yilmaz-10, the RWA-resistant parent,
is a landrace selection made in eastern Turkey. The RWA resistance in
KS92WGRC24 and KS92WGRC25 has been verified in both seedling greenhouse and
field tests.
KS92WGRC24 is a white-seeded, awned, white glumed, semidwarf, hard
winter
wheat. It was tested in the 1992 Preliminary Yield Nursery (PYN) at Hays,
KS. KS92WGRC24 was 2 days later, 2 cm shorter, and had a coleoptile length
3 cm longer than TAM 107. The yield of KS92WGRC24 was about 10% less than
TAM 107. The mixing strength of this line is slightly stronger than that of
Larned as measured with the mixograph, while its grain protein was 1% higher
than TAM 107.
KS92WGRC25 is a red-seeded, awned, white glumed, semidwarf, hard winter
wheat. It was also tested in the 1992 Hays PYN. KS92WGRC25 headed 5 days
earlier, was 2 cm taller, and had a coleoptile length 1.5 cm longer than TAM
107. Grain yields of KS92WGRC24 and KS92WGRC25 were similar. The mixing
strength of KS92WGRC25 was equal to Larned and its grain protein was 1%
higher than TAM 107.
The disease and insect resistance of these two lines are similar. They
are resistant to stem rust, but susceptible to leaf rust, soilborne mosaic
virus, wheat streak mosaic virus, and Hessian fly.
To request seed: Small quantities (15 seeds) of KS92WGRC24 and
KS92WGRC25 are available upon request. Appropriate recognition of source
should be given when this germplasm contributes to research or development
of new cultivars. Seed stocks will be maintained by T. J. Martin, Kansas
Agricultural Experiment Station at the Fort Hays Agricultural Experiment
Station, Hays, KS 67601.
KS92WGRC26 is a hard red winter wheat germplasm line resistant to
biotype L and a Moroccan population of the Hessian fly. In greenhouse tests
repeated over a 2-year period at Manhattan, KS, and in a greenhouse test at
Settat, Morocco, 100% of KS92WGRC26 plants were resistant, exhibiting only
dead larvae.
KS92WGRC26 is a BC(2)F(3)-derived line with the pedigree
'Karl'*3/TA2473.
TA 2473 is a Hessian fly-resistant accession of Triticum tauschii collected
near Ramsar, Iran. KS92WGRC26 is similar to Karl in height, days to
heading, disease reactions, and overall phenotype. Resistance to Hessian
fly in KS92WGRC26 is conditioned by a single, completely dominant gene, H26,
from TA 2473, which is located on chromosome 4D.
KS93WGRC27 is resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus. It is a
BC(3)F(2)-
derived line from the cross 'C.I.17884'*4/'Karl'. 'C.I.17884' is a T.
aestivum germplasm homozygous for T7AS-7SS.7SL T. aestivum-T. speltoides,
T4DL.4Ai#2S T. aestivum-Agropyron intermedium chromosome translocations, and
'Karl' is a hard red winter wheat cultivar.
KS93WGRC27 is homozygous for the T4DL.4Ai#2S translocation according to
C-banding analysis. The 4Ai#2S chromosome arm in KS93WGRC27 has a gene,
Wsm1, that conditions an effective level of resistance to the wheat streak
mosaic virus.
KS93WGRC28 is resistant to powdery mildew. It is a BC(1)F(4)-derived
line from the cross MS6RL(6D)/'TAM104'. MS6RL(6D) is a monosomic 6RL(6D)
wheat-rye chromosome substitution line where the 6RL chromosome arm was
derived from Secale cereale L. cv. 'Prolific'. 'TAM 104' is a hard red
winter wheat germplasm homozygous for a Y6BS.6RL wheat-rye chromosome
translocation.
KS93WGRC27 is homozygous for a recombined Y6BS.6RL(rec). wheat-rye
translocation chromosome according to C-banding analysis. The 6RL arm in
T6BS.6RL(rec.) has a gene, Pm20, that conditions resistance to the powdery
mildew fungus.
To request seed: Small quantities (3 g) of seed of KS92WGRC26,
KS93WGRC27, and KS93WGRC28 are available upon written request. It is
requested that appropriate recognition of source be given when this
germplasm contributes to research or development of new cultivars. Seed
stocks are maintained by B. S. Gill, Wheat Genetics Resource Center,
Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS 66506.
-------------------------
Evapotranspiration Laboratory, Kansas State University
Jingxian Zhang and M.B. Kirkham
Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in
drought-stressed wheat species.
Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase
(CAT), and peroxidase (POD), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and
solute potentials, were studied in seedlings of seven wheat (Triticum)
species (nine genotypes) subjected to water stress for 4, 8, and 12 days by
withholding water. Solute potentials of all genotypes were lowered by water
stress. In most species, SOD and CAT activities showed an increase in the
early phase of drought and then a decrease with further increase in
magnitude of water stress. On the contrary, POD activities and MDA contents
greatly increased in response to water stress. Enzymatic activities partly
recovered and MDA contents decreased with rewatering. Under drought,
hexaploid wheats had higher POD activities and MDA contents than tetraploid
and diploid wheats; solute potentials and activities of SOD and CAT,
however, were similar among the three groups. These results suggest that
water stress alters the equilibrium between free radical production and
enzymatic defense reactions and that hexaploid wheats have less efficient
antioxidant systems (e.g., the ascorbate-gluthathione cycle and the
nonenzymatic system) than tetraploid and diploid wheats. (Acknowledgement:
The authors thank Mr. Siping Cui and Junming Li, Hebei Academy of
Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, China, for their help in getting seed
material and preparing the enzyme extracts, respectively.)
Publications
Rachidi, F., M.B. Kirkham, L.R. Stone, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1993. Soil water
depletion by sunflower and sorghum under rainfed conditions. Agric. Water
Manage. 24:49-62.
Rachidi, F., M.B. Kirkham, L.R. Stone, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1993. Use of
photosynthetically active radiation by sunflower and sorghum. European J.
Agron. 2:131-139.
Rachidi, F., M.B. Kirkham, E.T. Kanemasu, and L.R. Stone. 1993. Energy
balance comparison of sorghum and sunflower. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 48:29-
39.
He, H., M.B. Kirkham, D. Nie, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1993. Soil-plant-water
relations of big bluestem under elevated CO2. Plant Physiology (Life
Sciences Advances) 12:39-43.
Kirkham, M.B., D. Nie, H. He, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1993. Responses of plants
to elevated levels of carbon dioxide, p. 130-161. In: Proceedings of the
Symposium on Plant Growth and Environment, October, 1993, Suwon, Korea.
Korean Agric. Chem. Soc., Suwon, Korea.
Kirkham, M.B. 1994. Streamlines for diffusive flow in vertical and surface
tillage: a model study. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 58:85-93.
-------------------------
Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
Xu Gu and George H. Liang
Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation. Experiments concerning
callus induction, cell suspension, and protoplast culture using Mustang,
Pavon, Karl 92, and Jianghua #1 as materials have been underway. Immature
embryo and anther culture are used initially to develop diploid and haploid
calli and embryogenic calli will be used to initiate cell suspension and
thenprotoplast culture.
To produce transgenic plants resistant to insects and some fungi, we
plan to test the cloned chitinase gene and the biolistic gun to deliver the
gene into calli, cell suspension or protoplasts.
The chitinase gene was isolated from tobacco hornworm (Manchuca sexta)
by Dr. Karl Kramer (USGMRL, USDA-ARS) and the preliminary data showed that
transgenic tobacco plants are resistant to tobacco hornworm. Since all
insects' exoskeleton contains chitin and most insects' gut also contain
chitin, the transgenic plants could provide a way to protect the plants from
damaging insects, such as aphids or Hessian fly. Since some fungi also
possess chitin in their cell walls, it is likely that the transgenic plants
may also be resistant to those fungi.
To produce transgenic plants resistant to insects or disease-inducing
fungi using available cloned genes, we plan to establish a protocol so that
calli from embryos and anthers, cell suspension, and protoplasts can be
initiated, maintained, and utilized for routine research on plant
transformation.
Publications:
Shu, G., S. Muthukrishnan, G. H. Liang and G. M. Paulsen. 1993.
Restriction fragment patterns of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA of
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) candargy and wheats. Theor. Appl. Genet. 87:44-48.
-------------------------
Kansas Agricultural Statistics, Topeka
T. J. Byram
Distribution of Kansas winter wheat varieties for the years 1984-1994
can be obtained from this office:
Publications
Monthly Crops. Wheat cultivars, percent of acreage devoted to each
cultivar. Wheat quality, test weight, moisture, and protein content of
current harvest. $10.00.
Weekly Crop-Weather. Issued each Monday, March 1 through November 30.
Provides crop and weather information for previous week. $12.00.
County Estimates. County data on wheat acreage seeded and harvested,
yield, and production on summer fallow, irrigated, and continuous cropped
land. December.
Wheat Quality. County data on protein, test weight, moisture, grade and
dockage. Includes milling and baking tests, by cultivar, from a probability
sample of Kansas wheat. September.
-------------------------
KENTUCKY
University of Kentucky, Lexington
D. A. Van Sanford, C. T. MacKown, and W. L. Pearce
Production. The average wheat yield for the 1992-93 season was 48
bu/a,
down 12% from the record yield of the preceding season. The culprit seemed
to be, in large part, BYDV, with the most widespread symptom expression
since 1983. In this regard it was a good year for evaluating aphid control
treatments. Preliminary studies with Amigo seed treatment look quite
promising, although it may be too expensive to be cost effective in most
years in Kentucky. Winterkill was minimal, and fungal disease pressure was
lighter than usual, with late leaf rust and some glume blotch causing only
minor yield reductions.- Van Sanford
Powdery mildew study. We completed the third year of a study designed
to identify the optimal time for assessing powdery mildew infection. In a
population segregating only for minor gene resistance, it appeared that
powdery mildew score at Feeke's growth stage 9 was the best predictor of
yield loss from the disease in our environment. In support of this
conclusion, we noted minimal yield loss from powdery mildew in varieties
which had little mildew at GS 9, but heavy mildew on the flag leaf during
grain fill (e.g. Pioneer Brand 2510). - Pearce, Van Sanford
Personnel changes. After several years of studying source and sink
limitations in wheat, Yong zhan Ma completed his Ph.D. and has left for a
post doctoral position at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
Publications
Van Sanford, D. A., T. W. Pfeiffer, and P. L. Cornelius. 1993. A selection
index based on genetic correlations among environments. Crop Sci. 33: 1244-
1248.
Cornelius, P. L., D. A. Van Sanford, and M. S. Seyedsadr. 1993. Clustering
cultivars into groups without rank-change interactions. Crop Sci. 33: 1193-
1200.
Pearce, W. L., and D. A. Van Sanford. 1993. Growth stage determination of
powdery mildew and associated yield loss in winter wheat. 1993 Agronomy
Abstracts , p. 97.
Ma, Y-Z., C.T. MacKown, and D.A. Van Sanford. 1993. Source and sink
reduction: effects on kernel growth and assimilate supply. 1993 Agronomy
Abstracts, p. 117.
Van Sanford, D. A., and Herry Utomo. 1993. Genetic analysis of tillering
in soft red winter wheat. 1993 Agronomy Abstracts, p. 104.
Barnhisel, R. I., and D. A. Van Sanford. 1993. Evaluation of soft red
winter wheat on reconstructed prime farmland. 1993 Agronomy Abstracts, p.
26.
-------------------------
LOUISIANA
S.A. Harrison*, C.A. Clark, P.D. Colyer*, C.A. Hollier*, J.S. Russin*,
B.L. Tillman, and J.D. Thompson, Louisiana State University Agricultural
Center
Wheat Production, (Hollier): Wheat was harvested from 98,804 acres by
711 producers in 1993, a drop from the 160,015 acres harvested by 1160
producers in 1992. Yields for 1993 averaged 26.08 bushels per acre, a
decrease from 37.8 bushels per acre, resulting in a total production of
2,576,467 bushels, down from the 6,052,192 bushel crop of 1992. The gross
farm value of the 1993 crop was estimated at $8,631,164. The reduction in
acreage was caused by adverse planting conditions, while the decreased yield
per acre was due, primarily, to a late season freeze and above normal disease
pressure.
Wheat Diseases - General, (Hollier): Disease pressure for the 1993
crop was above normal statewide. The incidence and severity of Septoria
nodorum blotch, leaf rust and stripe rust in commercial fields was higher
than normal early in the spring especially in the southern half of the state.
Yield loss due to leaf rust was estimated at 6%, while stripe rust loss was
estimated at 1%.
Fungicide Trials (Russin): Field tests of labelled fungicides were
conducted at Baton Rouge, Alexandria, and Bossier City. Leaf rust pressure
was light-moderate in test plots this year. Labelled materials (Tilt,
Bayleton, Manzate 200, and Bayleton + Manzate 200) provided varying amounts
of leaf rust control. Control ranged from ca. 20-80% over all treatments,
with Bayleton (4 oz.) and Bayleton + Manzate 200 (2 oz. + 2 lb.) providing
the greatest levels of control. Greater control was observed following
early rather than late applications, primarily because the late spring
freeze damaged the crop so much that fungicide applications were not
advantageous after that time. Control of Septoria leaf blotch and glume
blotch was similar to that described for leaf rust. Fusarium head scab was
not present in test plots at sufficient levels to provide any control
evaluations. Previous years testing failed to show much control of this
disease using currently labelled fungicides.
Field tests included three experimental fungicides, i.e., Punch
(DuPont), Folicur (Miles), and RH7592 (Rohm & Haas), and a new silicone-
based surfactant, Kinetic (Miles). Across all tests, superior control of
leaf rust and Septoria leaf and glume blotch were obtained using Folicur (4
oz.), when compared to labelled standards. Control using Punch was not as
good this year, probably because rates tested (2-4 oz.) were much less than
those in previous years (4-8 oz.). These results suggest that Punch may
have to be applied at higher rates to achieve desired control. First-year
results with RH7592 were very encouraging; disease control was good, ranking
close to that seen with Folicur. Comparisons of Kinetic with the standard
surfactant (CS7) gave mixed results. Kinetic increased the efficacy of
Folicur in only one test, but did not enhance efficacy of Bayleton + Manzate
200. Further testing is necessary to evaluate the potential role of this
material in Louisiana.
Bacterial streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens
(Xct))development was near normal for most of the state. Evaluations of
commercial cultivars were continued to determine resistance levels to Xct.
Bacterial Streak Research (Tillman, Harrison, Clark, Russin):
Heritability, yield loss and germplasm screening studies on bacterial streak
caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens were continued in 1993.
Estimates from parent-offspring regression (F(2:3) on F(2)) indicate low
heritability (0.16-0.31) in three crosses when disease severity is measured
on flag leaves during early flowering. Data from this study also show that
severity of bacterial streak on the flag leaves is negatively correlated
with days until heading (i.e. later maturing lines tend to develop less
disease symptoms).
Results from yield loss studies indicate that some cultivars may lose
as much as 14% yield in inoculated versus noninoculated plots. The symptom
most related to yield loss is flag leaf streaks while the black chaff and
peduncle lesion symptoms do not appear to contribute to yield loss.
Preliminary greenhouse results show that percent of the flag leaf covered
with streaks and percent of the glumes covered with black chaff may not be
proportional for a given cultivar.
Approximately 400 remaining lines from a group of 5,000 from the USDA
World Wheat Collection will undergo a final year of field testing for
reaction to bacterial streak. Data from 1993 showed about 40 lines with
apparently high levels of resistance. In addition, about 250 Triticum
tauschii accessions (Kyoto collection) will be screened in the greenhouse
and field in 1994. Dr. Gene Milus (University of Arkansas) is also
screening this collection and results will be combined.
Wheat Diseases and Fungicide Evaluation in North Louisiana (Colyer):
The incidence of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens)
was as low as it has been in several years, presumably due to cool spring
temperatures. The incidence of Septoria leaf and glume blotch (Septoria
spp.) and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. ) were moderate. Leaf rust
developed very late in the growing season and probably had little effect on
grain yield.
Labelled and experimental fungicides were evaluated for the control of
foliar diseases of wheat (cv. Florida 302). The incidence of leaf rust and
Septoria leaf blotch was moderate. The untreated control averaged 44% leaf
rust infections. All ten fungicide treatments reduced leaf rust compared
with the untreated control. Folicur (4 oz), Punch (8 oz), and RH7592 (1.3
oz), an experimental material from Rohm and Haas, had no rust infection.
All of the fungicides, except Kocide 101 (1 lb), significantly reduced leaf
blotch infection on the flag leaf compared with the untreated control.
Yield and test weight were not determined because of freeze injury.
Wheat Breeding, Variety Testing, and Genetics (Harrison, Thompson,
Russin): Over 300 new wheat crosses were added in 1993. The wheat and oat
breeding program switched from 'pedigree selection' to mass selection in F2
- F3, followed by pedigree selection, with some mass selection. This change
was necessary due to the large size and resource requirement of the
program, and allows more intensive evaluation of later generations.
Recurrent selection based on a dominant male sterile continued as a
population improvement method. The DMS population has been open in the
past. Seven LAES were evaluated in the statewide performance trials in
1993. Averaged across six locations, LA8644A3-1-1-X (54.4 bu/acre) and
LA861A23-3-1-X (52.7 bu/acre) ranked second and third in yield, and were not
significantly different from Coker 9835 (54.9 bu/acre), the highest-yielding
variety.
Preliminary yield trials were conducted on 181 breeding lines and about
40,000 genetically different headrows were evaluated in the breeding nursery
at Baton Rouge in 1993. Advancement was based on plant type, low
vernalization, and disease resistance.
The small-scale oat breeding project continued in 1993. Forty new
crosses were added to the LAES breeding program. Twenty-one LAES breeding
lines outperformed the best checks by as much as 50 bu/acre in a preliminary
yield trial at Baton Rouge. The checks included the highest-yielding
varieties in the statewide performance trials. The 1994 LAES oat program
will include yield testing of LAES lines in statewide performance trials, as
well as headrows and observation plots.
Publications
Harrison, S.A. et al. 1993. Performance of small grain varieties in
Louisiana, 1990-91. LAES Mimeo Series No. 81. 74 p.
Jalaluddin, Md. and S.A. Harrison. 1993. Repeatability of stability
statistics for grain yield in wheat. Crop Science 33:720-725.
Oberthur, L., S.A. Harrison, T.P. Croughan, and D.L. Long. 1993.
Inheritance of leaf rust resistance in somaclones of wheat. Crop Science
33:444-448
Miller, G.L., R.E. Joost, and S.A. Harrison. 1993. Forage and grain yields
of wheat and triticale as affected by forage management practices. Crop
Science 33:(4):1070-1075.
Russin, J.S., B.A. Tillman, and S.A. Harrison. 1994. Supplemental spring
nitrogen reduces severity of black chaff in Louisiana. Biological and
Cultural Tests 9:(in press).
Tillman*, B.L., W.S. Kursell, S.A. Harrison, J.S. Russin, and C.A. Clark.
1993. Reaction of five F2-derived wheat populations to bacterial streak in
Louisiana. Agronomy Abstracts. P. 103.
Tillman, B.L., J.S. Russin*, S.A. Harrison, and C.A. Clark. 1993.
Relationship among symptoms of bacterial streak of wheat caused by
Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens and their correlation to yield.
Phytopathology Abstracts.
-------------------------
MINNESOTA
Cereal Rust Laboratory, USDA-ARS, St. Paul
A. P. Roelfs, D. L. Long, M. E. Hughes, D. H. Casper, and J. J. Roberts
The Rusts of Wheat in the United States in 1993
Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici). Overwintering stem rust
sites were found on susceptible wheat cultivars in southern Texas, Louisiana
and Georgia. During the last week in March, stem rust was severe in fields
southwest of Houston. Disease levels were similar to 1986 when stem rust
spread from soft red winter wheat fields south of Houston to the southern
Great Plains. Spore movement, however, was limited because frequent rains
kept the infected leaves wet and scrubbed the air of spores. In late April,
in central Texas, traces of stem rust were found scattered throughout fields
of Wintex and 5% severities were found in plots of McNair 701. By the
third week in May, traces of wheat stem rust were found in southwestern
Oklahoma fields and south central Kansas and northeastern Missouri plots.
In southeastern Kansas fields, during the last week in May, rust was
scattered and in trace amounts.
By late May, severe stem rust had developed in southwestern Arkansas and
heavy losses had occurred in fields of CK 9835. Traces of stem rust were
found in northeastern Missouri plots of Cardinal and of the old cultivars
Knox and Riley 67. This was the most severe and wide spread stem rust in
Arkansas and Missouri since 1986. During the second week in June, stem rust
foci were found in fields in southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and
western Kentucky. In Illinois and Indiana, Clark was the most severely
rusted of the commercial cultivars. By late June, traces of stem rust were
reported in fields in central and southern Wisconsin.
During the third week in June, traces of stem rust were found in north
central Kansas and south central Nebraska fields. In this area, 5%
severities were found in plots of Karl and a one yard diameter focus with
10% severity was found in a Karl plot in the Nebraska panhandle. Traces of
stem rust were observed on some of the other hard red winter wheat cultivars
while 20% severities were found on the soft red winter wheat cultivars Clark
and Cardinal in the Nebraska panhandle plots. In northwestern Kansas plots,
10% severities were observed on both 2157 (susceptible to Pgt-QCCJ race) and
McNair 701 (susceptible to races other than QCCJ). In a south central
Nebraska irrigated winter wheat plot, 10 or more stem rust pustules per flag
leaf were common. This infection was due to a mid-June spore shower.
Traces of stem rust were found in a winter wheat nursery in southeastern
Minnesota by mid-June. By early August, 10-40% severities were found in
east central and northwestern North Dakota plots of winter wheat cultivars.
During late June, traces of stem rust were present in plots of susceptible
spring wheat cultivars in southeastern North Dakota, and south central
Minnesota. This is the normal date for the first observation of rust at
these locations. The cool weather and frequent rain restricted stem rust
spread. Traces of wheat stem rust were in plots of susceptible spring
wheats in central and north central North Dakota by mid-July. Commercial
hard red spring and durum wheat cultivars are stem rust resistant, so losses
were negligible. In mid-July, wheat stem rust increased in eastern
Washington and caused some damage in late-maturing spring wheat cultivars.
Eight Pgt-races were identified from 215 wheat collections made in the
U.S. in 1993 (Table 1). Race Pgt-TPMK was the predominant race as it was
1974-1989 and 1992. It comprised 74% of the isolates in 1993 compared to
53% in 1992 and 36% in 1991. Pgt-QFCS comprised 16% of the isolates in
1993, 21% in 1992 and 14% in 1991. Pgt-QCCJ, the barley attacking race,
comprised 8% of the isolates in 1993, 21% in 1992 and 14% in 1991. This
race was identified from collections made throughout the Great Plains and in
12 states from Alabama to California.
Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici). In early March, moderate
(10-40%) leaf rust severities were reported on wheat in northeastern Mexico
fields. Even though leaf rust was widespread across southern Texas, it was
less severe than normal in late March (Fig. 1). In the southern plains of
Texas wheat fields was planted late (December), therefore, less leaf rust
developed and overwintered than normal. During late April, 20% leaf rust
severities were common on susceptible wheat cultivars in central and north
central Texas fields (late flowering to quarter berry stage). There was
less rust observed in 1993 than last year on the same date which probably
was due to the cooler than normal temperatures and reduced amounts of
overwintering rust. Leaf rust severities ranged from 20-60% where the rust
overwintered but in the other fields only traces developed by mid-May. In
north central Oklahoma by mid-May leaf rust was light with a few fields with
5% severities.
During the 1992-93 winter, leaf rust survived in much of western and
southern Kansas, but overwintering in southern Kansas was lighter than
during the 1991-92 winter. In northwestern Kansas, leaf rust was severe on
volunteer wheat in the fall of 1992 and in late March 1% severities occurred
on TAM 107. During late April, normal amounts of leaf rust were observed in
Kansas even though temperatures were cooler than normal. However,
severities and incidences were much higher than normal in western Kansas
where more volunteer wheat existed in the previous fall. By early May
(heading), in scattered TAM 107 fields in western Kansas, leaf rust had
increased and 20% severities were common.
In southern Kansas fields, 5% severities were common on flag leaves and
in a few fields where rust overwintered 70% severities were observed. The
overwintering sites were more apparent in 1993 due to the reduced inter-
field spread. Leaf rust was as severe as in 1992 in western Kansas by the
first of June. Leaf rust losses in Kansas varied with local conditions but
many fields suffered 10 to 20% reductions in yield and the state averaged an
11% loss (Table 2). Significant rust developed on Karl, the most widely
grown cultivar in Kansas and TAM 107 the highest yielding cultivar. During
mid-June, 60% leaf rust severities were observed in winter wheat fields in
the south central and panhandle areas of Nebraska. Losses varied with local
conditions but some southern Nebraska fields suffered moderate losses.
During the third week in May trace amounts of leaf rust were observed in
winter wheat plots in the northern Great Plains. During late June in
southeastern North Dakota winter wheat plots, 20-30% severities were
observed on the flag minus 2 leaf. In mid-July, 40% severities occurred in
winter wheat plots in east central South Dakota and 5% severities in north
central North Dakota. The winter wheat cultivars grown in this area are
leaf rust susceptible. In severely rust-infected fields losses occurred and
statewide losses were 10%, 1% and trace for South Dakota, North Dakota and
Minnesota, respectively (Table 2). During late June, traces of leaf rust
were observed in spring wheat fields in west central Minnesota. Due to
resistance little leaf rust developed and losses were minimal. Durum wheats
remain resistant and therefore losses were nil.
In the southern soft red winter wheat area, during early April leaf rust
was generally light in plots and fields from southern Louisiana to eastern
Virginia. The winter was mild and rainfall in these areas was above normal
creating favorable conditions for rust infection. However, by late March,
rain and cool temperatures slowed leaf rust spore production and movement.
In early April, severe rust (40% severity) was observed on CK 9877 in a
Baton Rouge, Louisiana nursery. CK 9877 has the combined resistances Lr9 +
24, which had been effective in previous years. Significant rust was noted
in commercial fields of CK 9877 throughout the southern soft red winter
wheat area by late April. The new Prt-race PNM-10,18 (Tables 4 and 5) was
identified from CK 9877 collections. On other cultivars, leaf rust was
moderate to heavy throughout Louisiana. In Arkansas, severe leaf rust
occurred in isolated fields of susceptible cultivars. In most fields, leaf
rust was present only in the low to mid canopy.
In late May, leaf rust from exogenous rust inoculum had developed and
increased in wheat plots in northeastern Missouri and southwestern Indiana.
In the soft red winter wheat area from southern Indiana to northeastern
Missouri there was less leaf rust than normal because of reduced
overwintering infections. By the second week in June, fields of Clark in
southern Illinois had 20% severities while other cultivars had only traces
of leaf rust. During the first week in June traces of rust were found in
fields of soft red winter wheats in western New York, and by early July leaf
rust was widespread throughout winter wheat fields in central New York.
However, in most cases wheat matured before the disease caused extensive
damage. In early June, leaf rust was observed throughout south central
Wisconsin and by late June leaf rust was extensive in southern Wisconsin.
In the western U.S. in late March, leaf rust was observed in irrigated
plots at Chandler, Arizona where leaf rust does not occur every year. In
early April, 30% leaf rust severities occurred in the San Joaquin Valley in
California and 50% severities were observed by the third week in May on
susceptible cultivars in the Sacramento Valley. More leaf rust than normal
was present in the Pacific Northwest by the end of May. In early July,
wheat leaf rust was increasing on spring wheat and light losses occurred
throughout the area.
Three Prt-races, MBG-10, MFB-10, and TLG-18, comprised 36% of the leaf
rust isolates identified in 1993 (Tables 4 and 5). Race MBG-10 has been one
of the two most frequently identified races in the last five years. Fifty-
eight Prt-races comprised the other 64% of the U.S. population. Prt-races
PNM-10,18 and MBR-10 were found for the first time in 1993, they comprised 4
and 6% of the population, respectively.
Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis). In early March, stripe rust was
severe in central Louisiana and eastern Arkansas nurseries; however, by late
March disease development had slowed. The entire leaf surface area was
diseased and in some cases many pustules were on the head. In southeastern
Arkansas in late April, stripe rust again increased in severity and
incidence. Light amounts of stripe rust were found in northeastern North
Carolina at the Plymouth Experiment Station soft red winter wheat plots
during the third week of May. This is the first report of stripe rust this
far north along the East Coast.
During late March, light amounts (trace - 5% severities) of stripe rust
were found in two fields in southern Texas at the berry stage. At the
Uvalde nursery in southern Texas, 40% severities were observed on March 31
on the soft red winter wheat cultivar McNair 701. During late April, foci
of stripe rust were found in soft red winter wheat plots in central and
north central Texas. Generally, 10% of the plants were infected and 10% of
the leaf area was infected. Stripe rust was found in soft red winter wheat
plots in late May in central Kansas. Little increase or spread occurred as
temperatures exceeded the optimum for stripe rust. During late June, traces
of stripe rust were found in plots in the Nebraska panhandle, Fort Collins,
Colorado and Hettinger, North Dakota. Overwintering stripe rust foci were
found in late June in the Bozeman, Montana area. It is unusual for stripe
rust to exist to this extent in the northern plains. In part it relates to
the cool and wet conditions and the late maturity of the crop. Losses were
light in commercial fields.
During late April, stripe rust was severe on a few entries in plots in
the San Joaquin Valley, California and in fields in northwestern Washington.
Severities of 20% were observed on the most susceptible lines in the Mount
Vernon nursery. In early June, light stripe rust occurred uniformly
throughout most of the Pacific Northwest. By late June, stripe rust had
reached l00% severity in a few fields in Washington's central basin, and in
the Pullman area stripe rust was increasing rapidly on winter wheat and had
spread to spring wheat. In mid-July, stripe rust severities ranged from
traces to 40% in Pacific Northwest fields. Losses to stripe rust were from
1% in Oregon to 2% in Washington (Table 2).
Rust losses. Acreage harvested and yield production records based on
1993 Crop Production Summary, Agricultural Statistics Board, USDA. Loss
data are a summary of estimates made by personnel of the State Departments
of Agriculture, University Extension and Research Projects, Agricultural
Research Service, USDA and the Cereal Rust Laboratory. Losses for 1993 are
shown in Tables 2 and 3. Losses were calculated for each rust as follows:
Loss (specific rust)= (Production) X (Percent loss)
-------------------------------
(100%) - (Percent loss due to rusts)
Losses were indicated as a trace when the disease was present but no
fields were known to have suffered significant loses. When a few fields
suffered measurable losses this was reflected as a percent of the state's
production. Zeros indicate the disease was not reported in that state
during the season. Blanks for stripe rust indicate that the disease was not
reported nor does it occur annually in that state. Trace amounts were not
included in the calculation of totals and averages.
Table 1. Races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici identified from wheat in
1993
Number of
State Source Coll. Isol.
--------------------------------
AL Nursery 2 6
AR Nursery 17 51
CA Nursery 1 3
GA Nursery 10 29
IL Field 5 15
Nursery 5 14
IN Field 6 15
Nursery 4 12
KS Field 3 9
Nursery 20 58
KY Field 1 3
LA Nursery 4 9
MN Nursery 18 53
MO Field 3 9
Nursery 1 3
MS Nursery 1 3
MT Nursery 7 21
ND Nursery 30 88
NE Field 3 25
Nursery 10 28
NY Nursery 1 3
OK Field 10 30
Nursery 7 17
TN Nursery 1 3
TX Field 10 25
Nursery 11 30
WA Field 7 19
WI Field 5 15
U.S.(b) Field 46 127
Nursery 169 486
--------------------------------
Total 215 613
(a)Pgt- race code, after Roelfs and Martens, Phytopathology 78:526-533. Set
four consisted of Sr9a, 9d, 10 and Tmp.
(b)U.S. totals do not include collections from Washington.
(c)* = less than 0.6%.
Percentage of isolates of Pgt-race(a)
State GCCD QCCJ QCCN QCCQ QFCQ QFCS RCRS RKRQ TPMK
-----------------------------------------------------
AL -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- 50
AR -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
CA -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
GA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
IL -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
IN -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 -- 93
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
KS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
-- 3 -- -- -- 16 -- -- 100
KY -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
LA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
MN -- 2 -- -- -- 43 -- -- 55
MO -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
-- 19 -- -- -- 20 -- 6 56
MS -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MT -- 19 -- -- -- 28 -- -- 52
ND -- 7 -- -- -- 16 -- -- 77
NE -- -- -- -- -- 11 -- -- 89
-- 11 -- -- -- 4 -- -- 86
NY -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- --
OK -- 20 -- -- -- 20 -- -- 60
-- 35 -- -- -- 53 -- -- 12
TN -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
TX 4 -- -- 4 -- 41 -- -- 50
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100
WA -- 5 16 -- -- 79 -- -- --
WI -- 7 -- -- 7 20 -- -- 67
US(b) 1 6 -- 1 1 15 1 -- 76
-- 9 -- -- -- 16 -- 1 74
*C 8 -- * * 16 * 1 74
-----------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Estimated losses in winter wheat due to rust in 1993
--------------------------------------------------------------
1,000 of Yield in Production
acres bushels in 1,000
State harvested per acre of bushels
--------------------------------------------------------------
AL 95 34.0 3,230
AR 1,000 40.0 40,000
CA 500 80.0 40,000
CO 2,550 37.0 94,350
FL 25 33.0 825
GA 360 38.0 13,680
ID 850 79.0 67,150
IL 1,550 44.0 68,200
IN 670 52.0 34,840
IA 40 25.0 1,000
KS 11,100 35.0 388,500
KY 470 49.0 23,030
LA 95 25.0 2,375
MI 540 41.0 22,140
MN 40 30.0 1,200
MO 1,400 38.0 53,200
MS 210 33.0 6,930
MT 2,450 42.0 102,900
NC 560 42.0 23,520
ND 130 33.0 4,290
NE 2,100 35.0 73,500
NM 270 23.0 6,210
NY 85 46.0 3,910
OH 1,010 52.0 52,520
OK 5,400 30.0 162,000
OR 860 71.0 61,060
PA 165 45.0 7,425
SC 260 38.0 9,880
SD 1,450 39.0 56,550
TN 340 41.0 13,940
TX 3,700 32.0 118,400
VA 255 53.0 13,515
WA 2,500 65.0 162,500
WI 115 38.0 4,370
WV 11 43.0 473
WY 205 30.0 6,150
-------------------------------------------
Total 43,361 1,743,763
Ave. 40.2
U.S.
Total 43,851 1,769,308
-------------------------------------------
(a) T = trace.
(b) Stripe rust on wheat was reported for the
first time in North Carolina
Table 2. Estimated losses in winter wheat due to rust in 1993 (cont'd)
State Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
---------------- ----------------- ------------------
1,000 1,000 1,000
% bushels % bushels % bushels
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
AL 0.0 0.0 1.0 32.6
AR 2.0 846.6 3.0 1,269.8 0.5 211.6
CA T(a) T 10.0 4,444.4 T T
CO 0.0 0.0 1.0 953.0 T T
FL T T 2.0 16.8
GA 0.0 0.0 T T
ID 1.0 692.3 1.0 692.3 1.0 692.3
IL 1.0 703.1 2.0 1,406.2 0.0 0.0
IN 0.5 186.3 6.0 2,235.7 0.0 0.0
IA 0.0 0.0 T T
KS 0.1 437.0 11.0 48,070.9 T T
KY T T 1.5 350.7
LA 2.0 52.2 6.0 156.6 1.0 26.1
MI T T 2.0 451.8
MN 0.0 0.0 T T
MO 0.1 54.3 2.0 1,086.8 0.0 0.0
MS 0.0 0.0 5.0 364.7 0.0 0.0
MT 0.0 0.0 T T 1.0 1,039.4
NC 0.0 0.0 2.0 480.0 T(b) T
ND 0.0 0.0 1.0 43.3 T T
NE T T 4.0 3,062.5
NM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NY 0.0 0.0 T T
OH 0.0 0.0 1.5 799.8
OK T T 4.0 6,750.0 T T
OR 0.5 311.5 0.5 311.5 1.0 623.1
PA 0.0 0.0 T T
SC 0.0 0.0 1.0 99.8
SD T T 10.0 6,283.3
TN 0.01 1.4 3.0 431.1
TX T T 5.0 6,231.6 T T
VA 0.0 0.0 T T
WA 1.0 1,692.7 1.0 1,692.7 2.0 3,316.3
WI 0.0 0.0 1.0 44.1
WV 0.0 0.0 1.0 4.8
WY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
4,977.4 8,776.8 5,908.8
0.27 4.76 0.32
(a) T = trace.
(b) Stripe rust on wheat was reported for the
first time in North Carolina
Table 3. Estimated losses in spring and durum
wheat due to rust in 1993
SPRING WHEAT
1,000 Yield in Production
acres bushels in 1,000
State harvested per acre of bushels
-------------------------------------------------
CO 33 80.0 2,640
ID 540 80.0 43,200
MN 2,300 33.0 75,900
MT 2,650 34.0 90,100
ND 9,100 32.0 291,200
OR 65 60.0 3,900
SD 2,020 27.0 54,540
UT 25 49.0 1,225
WA 290 52.0 15,080
WI 10 29.0 290
WY 13 45.0 585
----------------------------------------------------
Total 17,046 578,660
Ave. 33.9
U.S.
total 17,051 34.0 579,060
Table 3. Estimated losses in spring and durum
(cont'd) wheat due to rust in 1993
SPRING WHEAT
Losses due to
Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
------------------- ----------------- ---------------
1,000 1.000 1,000
State % bushels % bushels % bushels
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO 0.0 0.0 T(a) T 0.0 0.0
ID 0.2 87.9 0.5 221.5 1.0 443.1
MN 0.0 0.0 T T
MT 0.0 0.0 T T 1.0 910.1
ND 0.0 0.0 T T
OR 0.5 19.8 0.5 19.8 0.5 19.8
SD T T 2.0 1,113.1
UT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
WA 1.0 157.1 1.0 157.1 2.0 314.2
WI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
WY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
264.8 1,511.5 1,687.2
0.05 0.26 0.29
Table 3. Estimated losses in spring and durum
(cont'd) wheat due to rust in 1993
DURUM WHEAT
1,000 of Yield in Production
acres bushels in 1,000
State harvested per acre of bushels
-----------------------------------------------------
AZ 50 90.0 4,500
CA 30 95.0 2,850
MN 8 30.0 240
MT 114 33.0 3,762
ND 1,860 33.0 61,380
SD 18 24.0 432
----------------------------------------------------
Total 2,080 73,164
Ave. 35.2
U.S.
total 2,080 35.2 73,164
----------------------------------------------------
Table 3. Estimated losses in spring and durum
(cont'd) wheat due to rust in 1993
DURUM WHEAT
Losses due to
Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
------------------ ----------------- ----------------
1,000 1.000 1,000
State % bushels % bushels % bushels
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
MN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
MT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ND 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) T = Trace
Table 4. Prt code and corresponding virulence formula
(cont'd) for wheat leaf rust collections made in 1993
Prt code(a) Virulence formula
---------------------------------------------------------
BBB-10 10
BBD-10 10,17
CBB-10 3,10
CBG 3,11
CBM-18 3,3ka,18,30
CCB-10 3,10,26
DBB-18 2c,18
FBB-10 2c,3,10
FBM 2c,3,3ka,30
FBM-18 2c,3,3ka,18,30
FCR-18 2c,3,3ka,11,18,26,30
kBG-10 2a,3c,3,10,11
KCG-10 2a,3c,3,10,11,26
KDB-10 2a,3c,3,10,24
KFB-10 2a,2c,3,10,24,26
LBB-10,18 1,10,18
LCB-10,18 1,10,18,26
MBB 1,3
MBB-10 1,3,10
MBB-10,18 1,3,10,18
MBD-10 1,3,10,17
MBG 1,3,11
MBG-10 1,3,10,11
MBG-18 1,3,11,18
MBM-10 1,3,3ka,10,30
MBR-10 1,3,3ka,10,11,30
MCB-10 1,3,10,26
MCG-10 1,3,10,11,26
MCR-10 1,3,3ka,10,11,26,30
MDB-10 11,3,10,24
MDG-10 1,3,10,11,24
MDR-10 1,3,3ka,10,17,24,30
MFB-10 1,3,10,24,26
MFM-10 1,3,3ka,10,24,26,30
MGB-10 1,3,10,16
NBB-10,18 1,2c,10,18
NCB-10 1,2c,10,26
PBB-10 1,2c,3,10
PBD-10 1,2c,3,10,17
PBL-10 1,2c,3,3ka,10
PBM-18 1,2c,3,3ka,18,30
PBQ-10,18 1,2c,3,3ka,10,11,18
PGD-10 1,2c,3,10,16,17
PLM-10 1,2c,3,3ka,9,10,18,30
PLR-10,18 1,2c,3,3ka,9,10,11,18,30
PNM-10,18 1,2c,3,3ka,9,10,18,24,30
SBB-10 1,2a,2c,10
TBB-10 1,2a,2c,3,10
TBD-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,17
TBG 1,2a,2c,3,11
TBG-18 1,2a,2c,3,11,18
TBG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11
TBJ-10,18 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,17,18
TBT 1,2a,2c,3,3ka,11,17,30
TCG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,26
TDB-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,24
TDG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,24
TDJ-10,18 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,17,18
TFB-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,24,26
TFG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,24,26
TLG-18 1,2a,2c,3,9,11,18
---------------------------------------------------------
(a) Prt code, after Long and Kolmer, Phytopathology 79:525-529.
Table 5. Races of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici identified from wheat
collections in 1993
Percent of isolates per state by area(a)
AL AR FL GA LA SC TN NY VA IL IN MO WI
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
BBB-10
BBD-10 4
CBB-10
CBG 3
CBM-18 4
CCB-10
DBB-18 13
FBB-10
FBM 8 15
FBM-18 36 8 8 6
FCR-18 12
KBG-10 1 5 2
KCG-10
KDB-10
KFB-10
LBB-10,18 33
LCB-10,18 6
MBB 2
MBB-10 8
MBB-10,18
MBD-10
MBG 9 10 3 3 25
MBG-10 57 38 60 20 24 10 36 33 58 23 19
MBG-18 3
MBM-10
MBR-10 6 5 12 7
MCB-10 33 2
MCG-10
MCR-10
MDB-10 3 6
MDG-10 3
MDR-10
MFB-10 1 5 8 7
MFM-10 6
MGB-10 3
NBB-10,18 50
NCB-10
PBB-10 50
PBD-10 14
PBL-10 38
PBM-18 25
PBQ-10,18 4
PGD-10
PLM-10,18
PLR-10,18 5
PNM-10,18 4 33 3 29 7 25
SBB-10
TBB-10
TBD-10
TBG 1
TBG-18 1 6
TBG-10 1 10 7 7
TBJ-10,18 3
TBT
TCG-10
TDB-10 1 3 7
TDG-10
TDJ-10,18 7
TFB-10 18
TFG-10 1 7 2
TLG 12 10 40 40 24 71
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of
isolates 69 21 5 30 38 31 14 8 3 12 26 67 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) States grouped according to agroecological area (Plant Dis. 76:495-499).
(b) U.S. total includes nine additional isolates from five collections: Arizona
PNM-10,18; Kentucky PNM-10,18; Michigan TFG-10; Mississippi MBB-10 (4
isolates); and North Carolina TBG-10 (2 isolates).
Table 5. Races of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici identified from wheat
(cont'd) collections in 1993
Percent of isolates per state by area(a)
0K TX KS NE MN MT ND DS CA WA US
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BBB-10 2 0.1
BBD-10 13 0.6
CBB-10 3 0.3
CBG 0.1
CBM-18 0.1
CCB-10 5 2 5 0.7
DBB-18 0.1
FBB-10 2 0.1
FBM 0.7
FBM-18 2 1.9
FCR-18 0.4
KBG-10 3 5 0.9
KCG-10 2 4 0.3
KDB-10 5 0.3
KFB-10 3 2 6 25 5 1.0
LBB-10,18 0.1
LCB-10,18 0.3
MBB 0.1
MBB-10 3 2 24 2.5
MBB-10,18 10 0.4
MBD-10 2 4 5 0.4
MBG 2.1
MBG-10 11 23 10 9 9 9 5 19.6
MBG-18 3 0.3
MBM-10 3 25 7 0.6
MBR-10 11 5 7 14 18 4 14 6.0
MCB-10 3 2 2 3 25 57 4.2
MCG-10 5 5 0.6
MCR-10 5 3 3 0.6
MDB-10 5 5 5 6 25 9 10 3.1
MDG-10 0.3
MDR-10 3 2 0.3
MFB-10 11 17 5 23 21 13 27 7.9
MFM-10 5 2 1.0
MGB-10 0.3
NBB-10,18 23 1.6
NCB-10 3 0.1
PBB-10 0.3
PBD-10 7 0.6
PBL-10 0.4
PBM-18 0.1
PBQ-10,18 0.1
PGD-10 37 1.6
PLM-10,18 3 0.3
PLR-10,18 0.3
PNM-10,18 3 4.0
SBB-10 5 0.4
TBB-10 2 0.1
TBD-10 3 3 4 0.6
TBG 2 0.3
TBG-18 0.4
TBG-10 5 3 7 5 6 9 5 4.7
TBJ-10,18 0.1
TBT 2 0.1
TCG-10 9 0.3
TDB-10 5 11 10 20 6 4 27 5.6
TDG-10 5 8 10 9 13 5 3.0
TDJ-10,18 3 0.6
TFB-10 22 2 10 16 12 4 9 5.8
TFG-10 3 0.9
TLG-18 3 8.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of
isolates 37 66 41 44 33 4 23 22 3 30 647
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) States grouped according to agroecological area (Plant Dis. 76:495-499).
(b) U.S. total includes nine additional isolates from five collections: Arizona
PNM-10,18; Kentucky PNM-10,18; Michigan TFG-10; Mississippi MBB-10 (4
isolates); and North Carolina TBG-10 (2 isolates).
Fig. 1 - Leaf rust severities is U.S. wheat fields in 1993
(see image file Leafrust-severities.gif)
-------------------------
USDA-ARS, Cereal Rust Laboratory, Dept. of Plant Pathology, and Dept. of
Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota
D.V. McVey* and R.H. Busch
Bread Wheat Sources of Resistance to Stem Rust
In the continuation of the evaluation of wheat for the USDA-ARS National
Small Grain Collection to stem rust, 2139 accessions were subjected to an
artificial epidemic in the field at St. Paul in 1993. The nursery was
inoculated with several isolates of stem rust races of QFBS, QSHS, RKQS,
RPQQ, RTQQ, TNMH, and TNMK. Accessions were rated on a 0-9 scale, with zero
(0) being no visible infection. Those accessions rated zero (0) are given
in the following table. The information for all accessions was provided to
the GRIN system.
Table 1. Spring bread wheat accessions from the USDA-ARS National Small
Grain Collection with no visible infection to stem rust at St. Paul, MN.
1993.
PI cv. or Sel. Origin
--------------------------------------------------
189789 Sel. 49-2728 H552 Argentina
297010 Gala Kenya
410954 - So. Africa
419438 Elrina Sel. So. Africa
436269 - Chile
436323 - Chile
436408 - Chile
519338 - Mexico
519501 - Chile
519525 - Chile
519553 Kenya 4500-2 Chile
519720 Kenya 4573 L.3.D.2 Ethiopia
519922 W5865-4-M-3-TM So. Africa
519948 Nova Prata Brazil
520001 Brochis sib Mexico
520050 - Mexico
520080 - Algeria
520248 Veery No. 2 Mexico
---------------------------------------------------
PI Pedigree
----------------------------------------------------------------------
189789 Renow/Sinvalocho MA
297010
410954 Klein En paeto/Triumph/Cl 1352, stu
646408
419438 -
436269 -
436408 -
436408 -
519338 Narino 59 - 100y/3Penjamo
62/Gabol/Tezanos Pintos Preoz/Knott
#2M
519501 Mida/McMurachy//Exchange/3/
Ceres R64
519525 Platifen/4/II-50-18//Norin
10/Balilla/3/Yogui54
519553 Hebrad sel/5/WI245/Supresa 51/3/*2
Frocor/Frontana/
Yaqui/4/Anhinga
519720 -
519922 Timgalen//Bajio/lnia
519948 Veranopolis/Trapeano
520001 -
520050 Ciano sib/Sonora 64
520080 -
520248 Kavkaz/Buho/Kalyansona/
Bluebird
520248
Veery No. 2
Mexico
Kavkaz/Buho/Kalyansona/
Bluebird
-------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Robert Busch and Jochum Wiersma,USDA-ARS and Department of Agronomy and
Plant Genetics, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul
Wheat Production and Breeding Minnesota produced and estimated 75.9
millions bushels (1.54 million MT) in 1993 from 2.5 million acres (1.1
million ha). The average yield of spring wheat in 1993 was 33 bu/A compared
to an average yield of 50 bu/A in 1992 and 31 in 1991. Weather conditions
varied greatly from early drought in some areas to reasonably good growing
conditions until mid-June. Cool, wet weather over the Red River Valley and
across the region produced and a devastating attack of head scab (caused by
the fungus Fusarium graminearum) . State-wide estimates of direct yield
losses in Minnesota will exceed 30%. The major loss is in the quality of
grain harvested. A vomitoxin survey of this years' crop in Minnesota
indicated that less than 50% of the crop has two ppm or less (FDA guidelines
suggest that vomitoxin not exceed 2 ppm for human consumption). Millers do
not wish to purchase or take a chance on purchasing infected grain for human
consumption. Total economic loss due to reduced yield and quality is
estimated to exceed $400 million in Minnesota alone.
Farm management practices, such as different types of tillage, have a
significant role in determining the survival of Fusarium inoculum and its
quantity. Research on tillage/Fusarium head blight relationships is
important for disease management.
The long range solutions to Fusarium head blight will depend upon the
outcome of research in several areas. First, the development of Fusarium
head blight tolerant wheat varieties is paramount. Improved germplasm as
sources of tolerance and improved methods of screening are of utmost
importance. True resistance to this pathogen is unknown, and all varieties
of wheat are considered to be susceptible. However, varieties can differ in
their amounts of susceptibility (Table 1). Most breeding programs do not
have the ability to screen for less susceptible germplasm. Those varieties
in 1993 that were least susceptible were there almost by chance, not by
careful research since few programs with joint plant pathologist-breeder
teams are in place now. One of the few programs is the joint USDA-ARS
Univ. of Minnesota wheat genetics project in cooperation with the
Department of Plant Pathology (Dr. Roy Wilcoxson, 1/3 time -retired) which
began to focus some attention on Fusarium head blight beginning in 1987.
Germplasm had to be found which provided lesser levels of susceptibility
than was present in the breeding program germplasm. Obtaining repeatable
results of lesser susceptibility to the disease of germplasm is difficult
and expensive to assess and identify. A repeatable inoculation and
evaluation technique had to be developed for Minnesota conditions before
germplasm could be screened with some reliability. Germplasm was obtained
from CIMMYT of international origins and screened for several years. Wheat
varieties from the People's Republic of China had the reputation, from their
use in South America, of possessing desirable levels of tolerance to
Fusarium head blight. Screening for three years of hundreds of varieties
including those from China, indicated that two varieties from China had
less susceptibility than any other germplasm.
Crosses of these two more tolerant Chinese varieties with adapted
germplasm were initiated in 1989. Many problems exist in using these
varieties from China since they are highly susceptible to stem rust and have
very poor bread-making quality. Further, varieties in China are harvested
by hand before maturity, laid in the field to dry and are then transported
to a threshing floor. The wheat is then hand threshed. Thus, the Chinese
varieties shatter readily to allow easy and clean hand threshing which is a
major production hazard for USA type of production system. Some of the best
selections data are given in Table 2. The scab index defined in the table
is incidence x severity as measured in the inoculated scab nursery.
Recurrent Selection for Increased Kernel Weight. Kernel weight is an
important yield component in spring wheat with a high heritability. There
are also indications that kernel weight and milling quality are correlated
positively. Since 1968 a recurrent selection program is running for
increased kernel weight in hard red spring wheat.
A substantial increase in kernel weight was reported when the first four
cycles were analyzed (Busch and Kofoid, 1982).The program is currently in
its eighth cycle of selection. The objective of the current evaluation were
to evaluate the progress of recurrent selection for increased kernel weight
and to assess the effects of recurrent selection on other agronomic traits,
kernel morphology, and milling quality. Forty randomly chosen lines out of
each cycle were grown in two Minnesota locations. A sets in replicates
design was used with two replicates and ten sets, each consisting of four
lines of each cycle and two common checks.
The cycle means combined over locations and the regression analysis of
cycle means versus cycle of selection are summarized in tables 3 and 4. The
results indicate that the selection for kernel weight was effective and
negative responses to selection of other traits appeared to be relatively
small. Furthermore, genetic variability within cycles has been maintained
for all traits observed (results not shown). The population hasn't reached a
plateau for kernel weight, indicating that more progress can be made.
Finally the positive changes in increased flour extraction, earlier
maturity, and increased grain protein offer possibilities for use of the
germplasm in the breeding program.
Table 1.Survey of Minnesota grown varieties in 1993 for DON from farmer
seed lots.
VARIETY NO. OF SAMPLES MEAN DON (ppm)
------------------------------------------------
Marshall 10 0.99
2375 50 1.47
Grandin 45 1.87
Butte 86 16 2.22
Vance 31 3.76
Bergen 17 4.22
Gus 10 4.40
Norm 24 4.55
-----------------------------------------------
Data from R. Jones, Dept. of Plant Pathology,
Univ. of MN
Table 2. Chinese by U.S. spring wheat lines grown
at St. Paul and Crookston, MN in replicated
trails in 1993 under severe natural scab.
-------------------------------------------------------
Lines Yield Test weight Date headed Scab
bu/A lb/bu days (6-1) index*
23 67 59.4 29 4
18 66 58.0 29 2
5 62 58.3 27 3
116 62 57.5 24 3
34 61 58.0 24 2
82 52 60.8 23 1
83 49 60.8 21 1
Marshall 57 56.7 27 9
Wheaton 54 54.1 27 41
Sumai #3
LSD 12 3.7 8
---------------------------------------------------------
Table 3. Cycle means of agronomic traits and yield components combined over
locations, 1992, for recurrent selection for increased kernel weight.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cycle Grain yield 200 kernel Days to Spike Spiklet Kernels
weight head length per per
spike spike
(kg/ha) (g) (cm)
1 4322 7.44 58.3 7.88 14.3 31.7
2 4388 7.89 58.6 8.40 14.3 30.8
3 4143 8.20 57.0 8.36 14.2 30.0
4 4075 8.49 55.9 8.64 13.9 28.8
5 4089 9.04 56.5 8.66 14.1 28.2
6 4192 9.27 55.8 8.89 13.9 27.7
7 4296 9.47 55.5 8.65 13.6 28.0
8 4414 9.78 54.7 8.95 13.7 27.6
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Regr. Analysis
a 4.11 0.33 -0.52 0.12 -0.10 -0.60
----------------------------------------------------------------------
P-value 0.86 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Table 4. Cycle means of milling quality and kernel morphology traits combined
over locations, 1992, for recurrent selection for increased kernel weight.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cycle Kernel Kernel Kernel F-circle Flour Protein
length width area
(cm) (cm) (cm2) width/ (%) (%)
length
1 0.587 0.309 0.131 0.41 53.1 16.3
2 0.617 0.315 0.140 0.42 61.7 16.6
3 0.619 0.319 0.143 0.42 58.8 16.9
4 0.646 0.326 0.152 0.44 59.5 16.8
5 0.633 0.333 0.153 0.44 59.7 17.3
6 0.645 0.338 0.157 0.45 60.1 17.3
7 0.650 0.345 0.162 0.45 61.4 17.2
8 0.668 0.348 0.167 0.46 61.7 17.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Regr. Analysis
a 0.59 0.30 0.13 0.40 56.19 16.3
b 0.001 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.74 0.15
--------------------------------------------------------------------
PUBLICATIONS
Busch, R.,D. McVey, J. Wiersma, D. Warnes, R. Wilcoxson, and G. Hareland.
1993 Registration of 'Norm' Wheat. Crop Sci. 33:880-881.
Busch, R., and T. Rauch. 1993. Agronomic performance of tall versus short
semidwarf lines of spring wheat. Crop Sci. 33: 941-943.
Warnes, D., R. Busch, and S. Evans. 1993. Interactions of hard red spring
wheat cultivars with tillage systems, nitrogen rates and chloride
applications. Proceedings: In Biostress Symposium "Stress Mechanbiological
Systems". South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.
Busch, R., E. Elias, and G. Linkert. 1993. Report on wheat varieties grown
in cooperative plot and nursery experiments in the spring wheat region in
1992. p.67.
Abadie, T., F. Enfield, R. Stucker, and R. Busch. 1993. A computer
simulation of breeding methods for self-pollinated species. Agron. Abst. p.
80.
Wiersma, J.J., R.H. Busch, G. Hareland, and G. Fulcher. 1993. Eight cycles
of recurrent selection for increased kernel weight in hard red spring wheat.
Agron. Abst. p. 105.
-------------------------
ITEM FROM MISSOURI
A. L. McKendry, J. P. Gustafson, K. D. Kephart, G. Kimber, J. E. Berg,
D. N. Tague, S. Penix, D. J. Somers, K. Houchins, K. Ross, A. Baier, J.
Chen, Z. L. Ren, Z. Zhou, S. Madsen, J. Monte, M. Wanous, A. Mahmoud, M.
Christophers, R. Wilman, and C. J. Schlotzhauer.
Genetics and cytogenetics: Genes and restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLP) that have been isolated from genomic and cDNA libraries
of wheat, rye (Secale cereale), and rice (Oryza sativa) located on various
genetic linkage maps, are currently being physically mapped onto chromosomes
using in situ hybridization techniques. The data from this physical mapping
is presently suggesting that there are large polymorphically blank regions
present in all species analysed. These regions range from a whole arm to
small areas near the centromeres and the telomeres. All of the linkage
groups in rice have been physically mapped, the linkage groups in
homoeologous groups 4 and 7 of hexaploid wheat, and 5 of the linkage groups
in barley.
Genome-specific DNA sequences are currently being isolated from the
potential B genome donors of hexaploid wheat. These sequences will be
utilized for phylogenetic studies on the origin of the B genome of hexaploid
wheat as well as for use by plant breeders as genome specific markers.
Studies on the genetics of aluminum tolerance in wheat and triticale are
showing that more than one gene is present in tolerant wheats and
triticales. Screening of old and current Brazilian wheat and triticale
varieties are currently under way. Rye gene expression in a wheat
background appears to indicate that the rye genes are being expressed at a
fairly high level. We are currently making backcross 4 in the continuing
development of a ditelocentric series in the highly aluminum tolerant spring
wheat "BH1146". This series will be utilized in studying the genetics of
aluminum tolerance in wheat as influenced by the genes present in rye
(Secale cereale L.).
Selfed seed have been obtained from colchicine treated Triticum comosum
(2n = 2x = 14, genomically MM) and autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) plants are
currently growing. Hybrids are being made with diploid and tetraploid M-
genome species.
The set of reciprocal crosses and back-crosses between the Chinese Spring
double ditelosomics and Hope substitutions have been selfed and plants with
either four telocentrics (in selfed material from the back crosses to Hope)
or no telocentrics (in selfed material from the back crosses to Chinese
Spring) are now growing in the glasshouse. Quantitative data will be
collected that will allow an estimation of the genetic effect of the
interstitial regions of the chromosomes where chiasma formation, and
consequently recombination, is either restricted or very rare. Preliminary
data from observations of the number of days to flowering indicate that
significant differences exist between the different chromosome lines.
All the stocks of wild wheat species maintained by G. Kimber have been
placed in the USDA collection.
1993 Missouri Wheat Crop: The 1993 wheat crop was harvested from 1.4
million acres, with average statewide yields of 38 bu acre(-1) Total
production was estimated at 56 million bushels nearly 8 million bushels
lower than 1992 production.
Excessive rainfall was the major constraint to wheat production during
the 1993 crop season. Cool wet weather during the late winter/early spring
months slowed crop development and delayed spring applications of nitrogen.
Heading was 7 to 10 days later than normal. Substantial wheat acreage was
abandoned in the northwestern Missouri due to flooding and excessive sprout
damage.
Disease pressure was high during the crop season. Soilborne viruses were
evident at all locations in the early spring. Moderate levels of Septoria
tritici blotch, barley yellow dwarf virus, low levels of Fusarium head
blight (scab), moderate levels of leaf rust and moderate to severe stem rust
impacted yields and test weights at various locations throughout the state.
Sets of genetic materials necessary to study the inheritance of
resistance to Septoria tritici blotch identified in accessions of Triticum
speltoides were completed in 1993. Genetic analyses will be done in 1994.
Crosses are currently being made to complete inheritance studies of
resistance identified in accessions of T. tauschii. Resistance identified
in the T. tauschii accession TA 2377 has been successfully transferred into
a Saluda background. One hundred BC(2)F(3:4) germplasm lines will be field
evaluated for agronomic traits and resistance during the 1994 crop season.
A set of near isogenic lines containing wheat-rye translocations (1RS.1BL
and 1RS.1AL), are being used to facilitate current field investigations
into the impact of these translocations on yield and quality of soft red
winter wheats. Greenhouse studies of the impact of 1RS on forage quality
are nearing completion. Field studies on the impact of the 1RS.1BL
translocation on grain yield and its components in a series of 80 sister
lines in two different genetic backgrounds indicated that genotype by
translocation interactions were highly significant for most yield and yield
component traits measured.
Triticum tauschii accessions are currently being screened for Fusarium
head blight resistance. Accessions are being screened in a controlled
environment by syringe inoculation of individual florets. Field studies
during the 1993 crop season on similarly inoculated plots resulted in the
identification of several commercial cultivars with significant levels of
resistance to hyphal invasion. This type of resistance was measured using a
Fusarium head blight index calculated as the number of spikelets infected as
a percentage of the total number of spikelets in the inoculated head.
Results are being verified under controlled environment conditions in the
greenhouse.
Release of MO12256 soft red winter wheat. 'MO12256' was developed by the
Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station and was released in December 1993.
It is as yet, unnamed. MO12256 originated from the cross Pike/3/(MO9965,
'Stoddard'/'Blueboy// 'Stoddard'/D1707) in 1980. D1707 is a 2 gene semi-
dwarf line from India derived from CIMMYT germplasm. MO12256 was selected in
1988 as a F(7:8) line.
MO12256 was tested in Missouri breeding trials from 1989 to 1993. It has
been evaluated in Missouri Winter Wheat Performance Tests since 1992. The
yield of MO12256 is equal to 'Wakefield' and 9% better than 'Cardinal'
across 22 location years in Missouri. Its test weight (56.3 lb bu(-1)) is
similar to that of 'Pioneer 2548' (56.0 lb bu(-1) and greater than
Wakefield (54.7 lb bu(-1)) and Cardinal (53.8 lb bu(-1)) in 22 tests in
Missouri. Spike emergence of MO12256 is 3 d earlier than Pioneer 2548, 4 d
earlier than Wakefield, 5 d earlier than Cardinal and equivalent to 'Clark'.
MO12256 is a short cultivar; 1, 5, and 6 in shorter than Pioneer 2548,
Wakefield and Cardinal respectively. Winterhardiness is similar to Cardinal
and Wakefield, but less than Pioneer 2548.
Table 1. Yield and test weight data for MO12256 compared to public and
private check cultivars combined over Missouri test sites and years.
Variety Yield Test weight
bu acre(-1) lb bu(-1)
---------------------------------------------------------------
MO12256 53.2 b(1) 56.3 a
Caldwell 43.7 d 54.4 b
Cardinal 48.7 c 53.8 b
Pioneer 2548 63.3 a 56.0 a
Wakefield 54.8 b 54.7 b
LSD (0.05) 3.7 1.0
Location years 22 22
--------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly
different based on the LSD at P = 0.05.
The lodging resistance of MO12256 is similar to 'Caldwell'. MO12256
has excellent threshability but does not shatter to the same extent as other
early cultivars. MO12256 is moderately resistant to Septoria leaf blotch,
powdery mildew, and barley yellow dwarf virus. It appears to have some
tolerance to scab. MO12256 has excellent milling quality and very good
baking quality based on testing at the USDA-ARS, Soft Wheat Quality
Laboratory in Wooster, Ohio. MO12256 is suited to Missouri, especially in
the central and southern wheat growing areas. Data from the Uniform Eastern
Soft Red Wheat Trials indicated very good performance in Illinois, Arkansas,
and eastern Kansas.
Commercial Wheat Cultivars of the United States Database. Gopher is
a database system that allows the systematic search and retrieval of
information from documents residing on hosts connected by the Internet
network. The documents are indexed using the "Wide Area Information Server"
(WAIS) indexing strategy developed at the University of Minnesota. The
indexes created by this system provide pointers to each word that occurs in
the original document. Large volumes of information can be quickly searched
with all pertinent records displayed for viewing by the user. Users gain
access to many databases at multiple locations in a relatively seamless
fashion. Maintenance of a Gopher database at a single location is much
easier than with distributed software and database packages, while
permitting access to multiple users from many different locations.
"Commercial Wheat Cultivars of the United States" is now available
as a document accessible as a Gopher database on the GrainGenes Gopher
Server at Cornell University via the Internet system. The database
presently contains records on approximately 1,600 distinct cultivars.
Information presently available includes data fields for the cultivar's true
name, name abbreviations, name and number alias's, USDA accession numbers,
PVP certificate numbers and certificate status, date of release or
introduction, place of origin, originator and pedigree listings as shown in
the example for 'Hart' soft red winter wheat (Figure 1). The cultivars are
cross referenced to nearly 900 citations and reprints of Agronomy
Journal/Crop Science registration statements are provided. U.S. acreage
estimates have been compiled from USDA surveys conducted from 1919 to 1984.
Since WAIS searches to the document access all data fields of each record,
selection for a particular cultivar name will retrieve all records that
possess that name regardless of where it occurs in the document. Multiple
records will occur for searches where a particular cultivar appears in the
pedigree of other cultivars or may have been named as a check cultivar in
registration statements. Searching the database with multiple words
retrieves all records possessing any one of the search words. The reserved
words "and" and "not" allow Boolean searches. Quotation marks are used to
group multiple words into search phrases (e.g. "Norin 10 / Brevor"). Use of
the asterisk "*" as the last character of a search word provides wild card
searches (e.g. "Car*" locates "Carleton", "Cardon", "Carson", "Cardinal",
etc.). Selected records can be electronically mailed to any valid Internet
address or saved as text files on local host directories. Updates, new
records and additional information will be added to this database as new
information becomes available.
Figure 1. Sample record of Hart soft red winter wheat from Commercial
Wheat Cultivars of the United States database.
This section is from the document '/.cwc/.CommWheatCult/cwc7'.
Cultivar Name: HART
Name Abbreviation: HART
Other ID Numbers: MO W7901
Species: T. aestivum
Market Class: Soft Red Winter Wheat
True Growth Habit: Winter
USDA Acc. Number: CItr17426
CSSA Reg. Number: CV-590
Year of Release: 1976
or Introduction
Place of Origin: USA-Missouri
Originator(s): Missouri AES; Pennsylvania AES; USDA-ARS
Pedigree: Etoile de Choisy /2/ Thorne / Clarkan /4/
Pawnee /3/ (Pd3848A5-5-1-26, CItr12454,
Trumbull / W38 /2/ Fultz / Hungarian)
Reference(s): 82, 189, 268, 692, 707
---------------------------------------------------------------------
USDA Production Acreage Estimates for HART wheat from 1919 to 1984.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Estimated Acreage
1919: 0
1924: 0
1929: 0
1934: 0
1939: 0
1944: 0
1949: 0
1954: 0
1959: 0
1964: 0
1969: 0
1974: 0
1979: 129,086
1984: 1,249,384
--------------------------------------------------------
Registration of Hart Wheat (Reg. No. 590).
Dale Sechler, J. M. Poehlman, and R. P. Pfiefer
'HART', CI 17426, is a soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em
Thell.) developed and released jointly by the Missouri and Pennsylvania
Agricultural Experiment Stations in 1976. It originated as a single plant
selection made from an F7 bulk population of the cross 'Etoile de
Chosy'/2/'Thorne'/'Clarkan'/3/'Pawnee'/CI 12454 and was tested in state and
regional trials as Missouri Selection W7901. Mo. W7901 was first grown in
the Uniform Eastern Soft Wheat Nursery in 1971-72.
Hart is similar to 'Stoddard' in vegetative growth habit, and
winterhardiness. The straw is short, stiff, and light in color. Spikes are
medium lax, tapered, rough-awned, and relatively white at maturity. Glumes
are medium wide and narrow at the shoulder and the beak is mid-long.
Kernels are soft in texture and red in color.
Although Hart originated as an F7 plant selection, variability was
present within the strain. From 1,000 progeny rows of spike selections made
in the F15 generation, 800 rows similar in appearance were harvested and
composited to start the breeder seed increase. Some observable genetic
variability still exists in Hart. Height is slightly variable (up to three
head lengths deviation from the average of the field is allowed). Awns are
variable (5 to 7 cm most frequent) in length but may be environmentally
reduced further in the lower spikelets or in the central florets of the
spikelet. For the irregular character of awnless, awnletted, and tall,
awned types, Hart may contain a maximum of the sum of these types of 1.0%
for the foundation seed class, 1.5% for the registered seed class, and 3.0%
for the certified seed class. A tall, awned plant has its spike more than
three head lengths above the average head height of the field. Genetic
characters not observed in the selection process, such as coleoptile color,
may not be uniformly expressed. Further selection within the cultivar, or
production in different environments, may alter the frequency of such
characters within the population.
Compared to 'Arthur', Hart has yielded 10% more in Missouri and 15%
more in Pennsylvania, had less lodging, slightly lower test weight, and was
about 2 days later in maturity. In Missouri Hart is more tolerant to glume
blotch and in Pennsylvania more tolerant to wheat spindle streak than
Arthur.
Soft wheat quality tests indicate that milling and baking quality of
Hart is acceptable when grown in areas where it is adapted. Breeder seed of
Hart will be maintained by the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station,
Columbia, MO 65201. Published in Crop Sci. 17:980.
Access to the Commercial Wheat Cultivars of the United States is
available a number of ways. Users with personal computers connected to a
network can directly access the Gopher server at
"greengenes.cit.cornell.edu'" using public domain Gopher client software
available from the University of Minnesota ("boombox.micro.umn.edu"). No
password is required. Users with personal computers not connected to
networks often have dialup access a local host (mainframe or mini computer)
which may have Gopher client software already installed. Public access also
is available through the main Gopher server at the University of Minnesota
by telnet or remote login to either "consultant.micro.umn.edu" (vt100
emulation) or "pubinfo.ais.umn.edu" (IBM 3270 emulation). Page through the
menus to select "Gopher" > "Other Gophers and Information Servers" > "All
the Gopher Servers in the World" > "GrainGenes, the Triticeae Genome
Gopher". If problems are encountered in accessing the database, consult
your local network manager concerning Gopher clients or please contact one
of the authors by electronic mail, "kephart@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu" or
"matthews@greengenes.cit.cornell.edu". This project has been partially
funded by the USDA/Federal Extension Service and the USDA/Agriculture
Research Service/Plant Genome Office.
Publications
Kephart, K. D., A. L. McKendry, D. N. Tague, J. E. Berg and C. L. Hoenshell.
1993. 1993 Missouri winter wheat performance tests. Special Report 453
Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Food and
Natural Resources, University of Missouri Columbia. 32 pages
McKendry, A. L. and G. E. Henke. 1993. Evaluation of wheat wild relatives
for resistance to Septoria tritici blotch. Crop Science (in press)
McKendry, A. L., G. E. Henke and P. L. Finney. 1993. Effects of septoria
leaf blotch severity on soft red winter wheat quality. Cereal Chemistry (in
press).
Gustafson, J. P, and Sears, E. R. An effective wheat gene manipulation
system: Problems and uses. in: "Plant Breeding Reviews." Janick, J., ed.
11:255-234. 1993.
Monte, J. V, McIntyre, C. L., and Gustafson, J. P. Analysis of phylogenetic
relationships in the Triticeae tribe using RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet.
86:649-655. 1993.
Dallas, J. F, McIntyre, C.L, and Gustafson, J. P. An RFLP species-specific
DNA sequence for the A genome of rice. Genome. 36:445-448. 1993.
Song Yunchun, and Gustafson, J. P. Physical mapping of 5S RNA gene in rice
(Oryza sativa L.). Genome. 36:658-661. 1993.
Winberg, B.C., Zhou, Z., Dallas, J.F., McIntyre, C.L., and Gustafson, J.P.
Characterization of minisatellite sequences from Oryza sativa L. Genome
36:978-983. 1993.
Gustafson, J. P., R. Appels, and P. Raven Gene Conservation and
Exploitation. Plenum Press. 1993.
Yen, Y. and Kimber, G. 1992. Genomic relationships of N-genome Triticum
species. Genome 35, 962-966.
Kimber, G. 1993. Genomic Relationships in Triticum and the availability of
alien germplasm. In: Evaluation and Utilization of Biodiversity in Wild
Relatives and Primitive Forms for Wheat Improvement. pp 9-16 Ed. A. B.
Damania.
Talbert, L. E., Kimber, G., Magyar, G. M., and Buchanan, C. B. 1993.
Repetitive DNA variation and Pivotal-differential evolution of wild wheats.
Genome 36, 14-20.
Kimber, G. 1993. The use of autotetraploids in genomic analysis in wheat.
8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing. In Press.
Talbert, L. E., Storlie, E. W., Chee, P. W., Magyar, G. M., Blake, N. K. and
Kimber, G. 1993. Molecular studies of Pivotal-Differential Evolution. 8th
International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing. In Press.
Kimber, G. 1993. Hitoshi Kihara: The Golden Foundation. Proc. XVth Inter.
Bot. Cong. Yokahama, Jap. In Press.
Visitors: A. Baier, Brazil, and Z. L. Ren and J. Chen, P. R. China
Retirement: Gordon Kimber will retire at the end of August 1994 and will
withdraw from active participation in wheat research.
-------------------------
MONTANA
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Montana State University,
C. F. McGuire, S. P. Lanning, R. L. Burrows, P. L. Bruckner, L. E.
Talbert, and W. L. Morrill (Ento. Res. Lab)
1993 Wheat Crop. Montana's 1993 growing season was unusually wet and
cool. Wheat production was 204.5 million bushels, the largest wheat crop
ever harvested in Montana. Average yield of 39.2 bushels per harvested acre
was also a new record high for the state. However, wheat quality was not as
good as normal with lower protein levels and test weights. Leading spring
wheat cultivars were Amidon, WestBred Rambo, Newana, Len, and Fortuna.
Neeley, Rocky, Redwin, Tiber, and Judith were the primary winter wheat
cultivars.
Cultivar release (winter wheat). MT7811 hard white winter wheat
(Froid/Winoka//MT6928/Trader) was approved for release on an exclusive basis
in 1994. MT7811 is broadly adapted to Montana environments and is similar in
yield to our best hard red winter wheat cultivars.
Winter wheat breeding. Sawfly resistance remains our primary breeding
objective. We have initiated research to determine biotypic diversity within
North American Cephus cinctus using RAPD-PCR and have initiated germplasm
screening to identify new sources of resistance. Several potentially new
sources of stem solidness were identified in 1993. If anyone has wheat
germplasm expressing high levels of stem solidness we would appreciate
either seed or information from you in that regard. We are in the process of
installing a low temperature growth room (-25degC) which will be used to
enhance our germplasm screening and selection program for cold tolerance.
Cultivar release (spring wheat). McNeal hard red spring wheat
(formerly MT 8849) was released by the Montana Agricultural Experiment
Station. Primary justifications for release included high yield with
acceptable protein and end-use quality. McNeal has performed exceptionally
well in eastern Montana.
Spring wheat breeding. Primary objectives for the spring wheat
breeding program remain sawfly resistance, Russian wheat aphid resistance,
and the development of hard white spring wheat adapted to Montana.
Wheat streak mosaic virus. WSMV was widespread across Montana in 1993.
At the Northern Agricultural Research Center in Havre, winter wheat
nurseries were heavily and uniformly infested by the wheat curl mite in
early fall. Genotypes varied significantly in expression of WSMV symptoms
and in tolerance to the mite or virus as indicated by yield levels ranging
from 10 to 36 bu/acre (Yield correlation to WSMV disease rating=0.76**). Ten
foreign plant introductions were selected from this location as potential
tolerance sources to wheat curl mite or WSMV. Genotype variation was also
observed for spring wheat varieties. Based on data obtained at four
locations, severely affected varieties included Rambo, Klasic, Olaf,
Fortuna, Stoa, and Len, while Amidon, Thatcher, Penawawa, Hi-Line, McNeal,
and Glenman showed the least severe symptoms.
Wheat stem sawfly. Damage caused by the wheat stem sawfly declined in
1993 due to the cold wet growing season, but the pest continues to be the
most destructive insect in wheat in Montana. Application of flowable
carbofuran during the boot stage gave moderate (50%) control of sawfly
larvae. Incidence of parasitism by Bracon spp. ranged from 0 - 40%. A book
titled "Small Grain Insect Pests of the US and Canada" is undergoing final
revision and will be published by APS Press.
Personnel. Lou Kuifu, Ph.D student from P.R. China, is evaluating
population structure of the wheat stem sawfly in Montana to determine if
biotypes are present and different sources of resistance are necessary. Doug
Holen, M.S. student from Minnesota, is examining interactions of spring
stand and yield potential in "modern" winter wheat cultivars, varietal
susceptibility to preharvest sprouting, and wheat gene pool relationships.
Cereal Quality Laboratory. In September of 1993, Dean Barry Jacobsen
appointed a cereal quality task force to develop a comprehensive program
that will address cereal quality, nutrition and enhanced value products.
The task force was directed to develop a vision statement for this program
that will consolidate the Cereal Quality and Nutrition Laboratories plus
link molecular genetics, breeding, and end product research into a single
program. This unification coincides with the retirement of Charles McGuire
who has directed the Cereal Quality Lab for the past 26 years.
Publications
Bruckner, P.L., J.W. Bergman, R.L. Burrows, G.R. Carlson, J.L. Eckhoff, E.A.
Hockett, G.D. Kushnak, C.F. McGuire, W.L. Morrill, G.F. Stallknecht, R.N.
Stougaard, G.A. Taylor, and D.M. Wichman, 1993. Registration of MT88005 hard
red winter wheat germplasm resistant to wheat stem sawfly. Crop Sci.
33:1420-1421.
Lanning, S. P., L. E. Talbert, and G. D. Johnson. 1993. Registration of
Russian wheat aphid resistant hard red spring wheat germplasm. Crop Sci.
33:1420.
McLendon, M. E., S. P. Lanning, C. F. McGuire, J. M. Martin, and L. E.
Talbert. 1993. Variation of seed storage proteins within spring wheat
varieties and its effect on end-use properties. Cereal Chem. 70:607-610.
Morrill, W.L., J. W. Gabor, and D. Wichman. 1993. Mortality of the wheat
stem sawfly (Hymenaptera: Cephidae) at low temperatures. Environmental
Entomology 22:1358-1361.
Storlie, E. W., and L. E. Talbert. 1993. The cause of tall off-types in a
semidwarf spring wheat. Crop Sci. 33:1131-1135.
Storlie, E. W., L. E. Talbert, G. A. Taylor, H. Ferguson, and J. Brown.
1993. Effects of the Russian wheat aphid on osmotic potential and fructan
content of winter wheat. Euphytica 65:9-14.
Talbert, L. E. 1993. Molecular biology and wheat improvement. Plant
Breeding Reviews 11:235-250.
Talbert, L. E., G. Kimber, G. M. Magyar, and C. B. Buchanan. 1993.
Repetitive DNA variation and pivotal-differential evolution of wild wheats.
Genome 36:14-20.
Talbert, L. E., N. K. Blake, P. W. Chee, T. K. Blake, and G. M. Magyar.
199-. Evaluation of sequence-tagged-site PCR products as molecular markers
in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press).
-------------------------
H. B. Chen, J. M. Martin, and L. E. Talbert
Analysis of Genetic Diversity Within a Wheat Germplasm Pool With
Molecular Markers. We were interested in determining the relative genetic
diversity within hard red spring wheat as compared to a sample of wheat
accessions representing an array of types and geographic origins. Three
groups of accessions were assayed for the frequencies of DNA polymorphism
using a total of 38 "sequence-tagged-site" (STS) primer sets with PCR.
Group I contained ten elite hard red spring wheat cultivars under production
in Montana and North Dakota, group II included 15 hard red spring wheat
cultivars and lines from the North American Great Plains, and group III
contained 20 accessions representing a wide range of collection and
morphological type. Twenty-four of 38 primer sets (63%) and 31 of 76
primer/enzyme combinations (41%) revealed polymorphisms. The range of
genetic similarity estimated by percentage of shared restriction fragments
varied from 0.650 to 0.990 among all pairwise comparisons of the 45 lines.
Average genetic similarity was .81. Genetic similarity among the hard red
spring wheats was .88, while genetic similarity among the broadly-based
group III was .78. Our results showed that the breeding pool for hard red
spring wheat is narrow relative to levels of diversity in hexaploid wheat.
Publications
Lanning, S. P., L. E. Talbert, and G. D. Johnson. 1993. Registration of
Russian wheat aphid resistant hard red spring wheat germplasm. Crop Sci.
33:1420.
McLendon, M. E., S. P. Lanning, C. F. McGuire, J. M. Martin, and L. E.
Talbert. 1993. Variation of seed storage proteins within spring wheat
varieties and its effect on end-use properties. Cereal Chem. 70:607-610.
Storlie, E. W., and L. E. Talbert. 1993. The cause of tall off-types in a
semidwarf spring wheat. Crop Sci. 33:1131-1135.
Storlie, E. W., L. E. Talbert, G. A. Taylor, H. Ferguson, and J. Brown.
1993. Effects of the Russian wheat aphid on osmotic potential and fructan
content of winter wheat. Euphytica 65:9-14.
Talbert, L. E. 1993. Molecular biology and wheat improvement. Plant
Breeding Reviews 11:235-250.
Talbert, L. E., G. Kimber, G. M. Magyar, and C. B. Buchanan. 1993.
Repetitive DNA variation and pivotal-differential evolution of wild wheats.
Genome 36:14-20.
Talbert, L. E., N. K. Blake, P. W. Chee, T. K. Blake, and G. M. Magyar.
1993. Evaluation of sequence-tagged-site PCR products as molecular markers
in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press).
-------------------------
NEBRASKA
P. S. Baenziger*, C. J. Peterson* (USDA-ARS), R. A. Graybosch* (USDA-
ARS), D. R. Shelton*, L. A. Nelson*, D. D. Baltensperger*, D. J.
Lyons*, and G. L. Hein*, University of Nebraska and USDA-ARS,
Lincoln
Growing Conditions and Production: As seems common in recent years,
the state wheat crop was highly variable with production estimated at 73.5
million bushels harvested from 2.1 million acres and with a state average
yield of 35 bushels per acre. This represents a below average crop, but
very much better than the 1992 crop which was 55.5 million bushels
harvested from 1.85 million acres and with a state average of 30 bushels per
acre. The major factors affecting the wheat crop in 1993 were 1. a cooler
than normal growing season, 2. above average rainfall throughout most of the
state leading to higher foliar disease incidence than normal in eastern
Nebraska and some field abandonment due to scab, 3. a higher than normal
incidence of wheat streak mosaic virus in western Nebraska, and 4. a higher
than normal incidence of barley yellow dwarf mosaic virus in eastern
Nebraska. The cooler growing season and higher than normal rainfall were
beneficial in western Nebraska to reduce the effects of wheat streak mosaic
virus and increase yield as water is usually the most limiting factor for
wheat production. Arapahoe, released in 1988, has been quickly accepted by
the growers and became the most widely grown variety (28.6% of the state) in
1993.
New Cultivars: Alliance (P. I. 573096, also known as NE88595) was
released to certified wheat producers in 1993 and formally released in 1994
by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, the South Dakota
Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Agricultural Research Service, U.
S. Department of Agriculture. The name was chosen to honor the 40th
anniversary of the founding of the Nebraska Wheat Utilization, Marketing,
and Development Board; the 40th anniversary of the founding of the Nebraska
Wheat Growers' Association; and the support of Nebraska Crop Improvement
Association, and the Nebraska Foundation Seed Division; and the
interdisciplinary and interstate cooperative research efforts needed to
develop this cultivar.
Alliance is an increase of a hard red winter wheat F(3)-derived line
from the cross Arkan/Colt//Chisholm sib which was made in 1982 by Dr. J. W.
Schmidt. Alliance is a white chaff, awned, short coleoptile, semidwarf
wheat with medium maturity. In Nebraska, it is 1.5 days later than TAM107
and 1.5 days earlier than Arapahoe and Redland. It is similar in plant
height to Arapahoe and Redland, taller than Vista, and has moderate straw
strength. Alliance has exhibited moderate resistance to stem rust and has a
heterogeneous reaction to the Great Plains Biotype of Hessian fly which may
indicate it contains the Marquillo-Kawvale gene for resistance or is
heterogeneous for H3 from Arkan. Alliance is susceptible to leaf rust and
soilborne wheat mosaic virus. Its reaction to wheat streak mosaic virus
needs further testing, however in greenhouse tests, it is similar to
Redland, less tolerant than Vista, but better than many Nebraska wheats.
When crown rotting diseases are present, Alliance appears to have more
tolerance than the many Nebraska cultivars. The winterhardiness of Alliance
is similar to Scout 66. Alliance is a genetically lower test weight wheat,
superior to Redland and similar to Arapahoe. The recommended growing area
for Alliance is the dryland wheat production areas of the Panhandle of
Nebraska. Alliance is 8% higher yielding than Arapahoe and TAM107, and 4%
higher yielding than Redland and Vista.
The milling and baking properties of Alliance were determined using
five years of testing by the Nebraska Wheat Quality Laboratory with Arapahoe
and Scout 66 as check cultivars. The average wheat and flour protein
content of Alliance is lower than Arapahoe and similar to Scout 66. The
dough mixing properties were similar to Arapahoe and stronger than Scout 66.
While the baking absorption of Alliance was less than Arapahoe and Scout 66,
average loaf volumes were greater than these two check cultivars. The
external appearance and internal attributes of the baked bread loaf
indicated generally acceptable quality characteristics.
Increase of New Experimental Lines: Four experimental wheats are were
advanced to large scale increase for possible release in 1994/1995.
NE89522 (TAM105*4/Amigo//Brule) is a moderately early, semidwarf wheat
that is similar in height to Arapahoe and Redland. It is susceptible to
leaf rust, Hessian fly, and soil borne wheat mosaic virus. In greenhouse
tests, it appears to slightly less tolerant to wheat streak mosaic virus
than Redland. It is heterogeneous for the Amigo translocation (1A/1R) which
is reported to convey a non-preference for wheat curl mite, the vector of
wheat streak mosaic virus. Hence in the field, the line may have both some
tolerance to the virus and non-preference to the virus vector. NE89522 is
moderately resistance to stem rust (contains genes Sr6 and is heterogeneous
for the Amigo gene). NE89522 has adequate test weight characteristics (less
than Scout 66, similar to Arapahoe, and superior to Redland). The straw
strength is adequate (superior to Arapahoe, but less than Redland). The
milling and baking quality of NE89522 would be considered as adequate. The
recommended growing region will probably be northern Nebraska and the
panhandle where its winterhardiness, tolerance for cooler weather, and
disease resistance are most effective.
NE89526 (Lancota sel/Siouxland//TAM103/KS73167) is a medium height,
semi-dwarf wheat (slightly taller than Vista and similar to TAM107). It is
moderately resistant to leaf rust (contains genes Lr3 and Lr16, the same
genes in Redland, Vista, and Arapahoe) and stem rust (contains gene Sr17
which is no longer effective and Sr24 which is effective). It exhibits the
heterogeneous reaction to Hessian fly which may indicate it has the
Marquillo-Kawvale resistance that is common in many Nebraska wheats.
NE89526 is susceptible to wheat steak mosaic virus and soilborne wheat
mosaic virus. NE89526 has good test weight characteristics (similar to
Centura and superior to Arapahoe and Redland). Straw strength is very good
(similar to Redland, superior to Arapahoe and Vista). The milling and
baking quality of NE89526 are good (similar to slightly better than
Arapahoe). The recommended growing region for NE89526 needs further
refinement, however it appears to do well in southern Nebraska where its
straw strength and disease resistances are advantageous.
NE88427 (TAM107/Bennett) is a medium height semi-dwarf wheat (slightly
taller than Vista and similar to TAM107) with a intermediate coleoptile
(longer than TAM107). It is susceptible to leaf rust, and soilborne and
wheat streak mosaic viruses, and Hessian fly. It is moderately resistant to
stem rust (contains genes Sr6 and is heterogeneous for the Amigo gene).
NE88427 has good test weight characteristics (similar to Siouxland, and
superior to Redland and Arapahoe) and winterhardiness. Straw strength is
adequate (superior to Vista). The recommended growing region for NE88427
needs further refinement, however it appears to do well in most parts of
Nebraska in the absence of leaf rust. The end-use quality of NE88427 is
adequate, most similar to Scout 66 for protein and ash content, gluten
strength as determined by the mixograph, and loaf characteristics.
N87V106 (NB69565//NB65671/NB69655/3/Homestead/4/Centurk/3/Atlas
66//Cmn//Tx2607-6) is a selection from the USDA-ARS breeding program
currently under breeder seed increase. It is a medium height semidwarf
(similar to, or shorter than, Arapahoe and Redland) with short coleoptile
and medium-early maturity. N87V106 possesses good leaf and stem rust
resistance and straw strength. Performance data from 1992 and 1993 suggests
potential adaptation to SE, SC, and SW Nebraska; NC and central Kansas.
N87V106 is susceptible to soilborne mosaic and wheat streak mosaic viruses,
Hessian fly, and crown rot. Overall baking quality is similar to Arapahoe
with mellow mixing characteristics.
-------------------------
Doubled Haploid and Wheat Tissue Culture Studies. L. E. Oberthur, V.
D. Gustafson, C. Wildhagan, and P. S. Baenziger
This year's efforts concentrated on understanding how the system may
work in practice. Dr. L. E. Oberthur compared a doubled haploid derived
population with a single seed descent population (this would be the
conventionally derived reference population for the double haploid
population). Though differences were identified between the single seed
descent and doubled haploid populations, the differences could be attributed
to various forms of gene interaction and not necessarily to tissue culture
induced variation (known as gametoclonal variation). In a second
experiment, she studied the inheritance of gametoclonal variation and
determined it to be heritable. This is the first documentation that
gametoclonal variation in wheat is caused by genetic effects. All in all,
double haploidy remains a viable system for line development when double
haploids can be routinely made.
Improving our ability to make doubled haploids is part of the research
of Ms. Vicki Gustafson who is attempting to develop wheat isolated
microspore cultures. She has been successful in regenerating over 100
plants from these cultures, but at present the system is highly variable.
Future efforts will concentrate on improving the repeatability of the
procedures.
As part of the overall tissue culture effort, Ms. Carla Wildhagen, in
cooperation with Dr. Amit Mitra, is developing methods for transferring
genes from any organism to wheat.
-------------------------
Chromosome Substitution Lines. Yang Yen and P. S. Baenziger.
A series of lines in which single pairs of chromosomes were transferred
from Cheyenne, the most important ancestor in the Nebraska Wheat Improvement
efforts, to Wichita, an important wheat from Kansas, and vice versa have
been developed by Dr. M. R. Morris. Previous research showed that
chromosomes 3A and 6A have major effects on agronomic performance (can
reduce or enhance yield by 20%). Current efforts by Dr. Yang Yen are
concentrating on developing recombinant chromosome lines which will be used
to determine how many genes on the identified chromosomes affect yield and
other agronomic traits. The first field experiment was undertaken in 1993.
In cooperation with Agripro Biosciences, hybrids of the chromosome
substitution lines have been made to identify chromosomal heterosis. The
1992 trials indicated the hybrids have predominantly additive gene effects.
The 1993 trials are questionable due to adverse weather at Lincoln and
take-all at North Platte. This work will allow us to better understand and
hopefully manipulate genes for agronomic performance.
-------------------------
Effect of 1B/1R on Agronomic Performance. B. Moreno, P. S. Baenziger,
R. A. Graybosch, and C. J. Peterson.
Previously, Mr. Benjamin Moreno-Sevilla, a graduate student and project
leader, had shown that lines containing 1B/1R from the cross Siouxland x Ram
were 9% higher yielding than lines with 1B or lines heterogeneous for 1B/1R.
Rawhide, a recent release, is heterogeneous for 1B and 1B/1R. 1B/1R and 1B
lines were extracted from Rawhide and grown in four environments in Nebraska
in 1992 and in 1993. No difference was found for yield between the 1B and
1B/1R lines in 1992 and in 1993 trials. Hence the often suggested
beneficial effect of 1B/1R may be related to cultivar background.
-------------------------
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Research. Roy French, Jill Petrisko, and P.
S. Baenziger
Ms. Jill Petrisko has initiated research with Dr. Roy French (USDA-ARS)
to determine if races exist within the wheat streak mosaic virus. She
amplifies DNA complementary to the coat protein RNA using polymerase chain
reaction. So far, the virus seems to have great variability in the
region. In cooperation with Drs. Hein, Baltensperger, and Joe Martin (KSU),
she is also developing an improved field assay for tolerance under Nebraska
growing conditions. Dr. Martin and his co-workers have developed some
germplasm with the first real resistance/tolerance to wheat streak mosaic
virus. The gene is rapidly being transferred to Nebraska germplasm.
-------------------------
Environmental Effects on Plant Height. N. Budak, P. S. Baenziger, and
K. M. Eskridge.
With the continued interest in taller wheats for western Nebraska, Mr.
Necdet Budak, a graduate student, has been studying how to better understand
factors determining plant height. As part of this research, all
experimental lines are being classified by their response to gibberellic
acid (an indicator of the main semi-dwarfing genes) and all of the height
data are being analyzed to look for lines that are not too tall in eastern
Nebraska, but are tall in western Nebraska. He has determined that tall
wheats tend to be tall in all locations (e.g. Buckskin) or to be tall in
eastern Nebraska (where they are generally too tall) and rapidly become
shorter in western Nebraska (where the tall wheats are needed). The latter
group is well represented by most modern tall wheat experimental lines. The
semi-dwarf wheats can be short in every environment (e.g. Vista) or
moderately tall in eastern Nebraska and retain their height in western
Nebraska (e.g Arapahoe). It may be possible to select for tall semi-dwarfs
that retain their height under stress conditions. Research is continuing to
determine which climatic factors affect plant height. In the past, tall
wheats in eastern Nebraska may or may not be tall in western Nebraska which
has caused problems with line selection and variety recommendations.
-------------------------
Virulence pattern and distribution of the natural wheat leaf rust
population in Nebraska. J. Watkins and S. Rutledge.
In 1993, 133 samples of leaf rust were collected in May and June
throughout the wheat growing regions of Nebraska. A fall collection was
attempted, but leaf rust was not found. More than 70% of the spring
collected isolates were virulent on Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2c, Lr3, Lr10, and Lr18.
Less than 13% of the isolates were virulent on Lr9, Lr16, Lr3ka, Lr17, or
Lr21. Lr16 is the major leaf rust resistance gene used in Brule, Redland (a
selection from Brule), Arapahoe, and Vista. Compared to the 1992 survey,
virulence was found for the first time on Lr3ka and there was a drop in the
virulence to LR24 and Lr26. Lr24 and Lr26 are the main genes in Siouxland
which is declining in its popularity.
-------------------------
Environmental modification of hard red winter wheat flour protein
composition. Robert A. Graybosch, C. James Peterson, and David R. Shelton
The effects of environmental conditions during grain fill on flour
protein composition of hard red winter wheat were investigated. Thirty hard
red winter wheat cultivars and experimental lines were grown in 9 locations
in the state of Nebraska (northern Great Plains of North America) during
1990 and 1991. Environmental conditions, including grain fill duration,
temperatures and relative humidity during grain fill, were monitored. Grain
yield and test weight also were determined as environmental indicators.
Significant linear correlations between flour protein content, as measured
by near-infrared spectroscopy, were observed only with grain fill duration.
Protein quality, as measured by SDS sedimentation volumes and size-exclusion
high-performance liquid chromatography, was highly influenced by increasing
frequency of high temperatures during grain fill, and by decreasing relative
humidities. Observed ranges in genotypic responses (variance) at locations
also was altered by environmental factors. While high linear correlations
were observed between SDS sedimentation volumes and environmental factors,
optimal protein quality was observed with exposure to between 60 and 90
hours of temperature greater than 32 C during grain fill. Protein quality
declined with exposure to either fewer, or greater, hours of elevated
temperature.
-------------------------
Identification of 1RS wheats in grain mixtures: a comparison of
methods. R.A. Graybosch, C.J. Peterson and L.E. Hansen.
Rye chromosome arm 1RS, in the form of wheat-rye chromosomal
translocations, confers both unique agronomic and quality properties to
recipient varieties. Three methods, HPLC separation of 70% ethanol soluble
proteins and two ELISA formats (antigen-on-plate and competition assays),
for the identification of 1RS in grain mixtures were compared. HPLC was
found to be effective at identifying 1AL/1RS only in pure samples, while
1BL/1RS could be detected in both 80% and 100% samples. ELISA formats were
both able to detect 1RS, either as 1AL/1RS or 1BL/1RS, at a frequency of
40%. The competition assay could detect 1BL/1RS at frequencies as low as
10%. Identification of 1BL/1RS was more accurate in the competition assay,
while assay formats were equally effective in detecting 1AL/1RS.
-------------------------
Development of Hard White Wheat Quality Tests. D. R. Shelton and W.
Park.
In 1993, the USDA-ARS and University of Nebraska wheat projects began a
collaborative project in hard white wheat (HWW) variety development.
Development of small-scale quality tests, requiring a maximum of 200g flour,
will be critical to facilitate breeding efforts. The primary end-use target
of the program will be domestic and international sheeted noodle products.
Quality goals include intermediate dough mixing properties, protein content
of 11 to 12% (12% mb), and ability to maintain noodle color through
processing and storage.
The Nebraska Wheat Quality Lab has purchased a small scale sheeted
noodle machine for less than $300. The noodle machine has been modified so
that real-time dough temperature determinations can be made and stored on
computer media. Computer software development was done by AEW Consulting,
Lincoln, Nebraska. Mr. WooJoon Park, graduate research assistant, has
started intensive research to achieve appropriate noodle dough development.
Mixing bars with various pin lengths and diameters have been made and
tested. Achieving water dispersion at low absorptions (35 to 40%) and good
dough development continues to be a challenge. A Korean Snack Food Trade
Team suggested changes in the mixing bar to more closely approximate sheeted
noodle production. Also, the mixing speed has been reduced with a variable
voltage transformer, which may improve noodle dough development. Key
components in noodle development include the structure of mixer, flour
quality, mixing time (15-20 min), temperature of the mixing dough (25-35
degC), the amount of water added (35-40 %), and the mixing speed (40-60
rpm). Work with domestic and international end-users of hard white wheat
will continue to ensure appropriate processing quality in Nebraska developed
HWW's.
-------------------------
Grain elevator sampling for jointed goatgrass. D. J. Lyon
A grain elevator sampling study was initiated in 1990 to quantify the
existence of jointed goatgrass in western Nebraska and determine the
geographic distribution of jointed goatgrass within western Nebraska. Grain
elevators in the nine major wheat producing counties in Nebraska were
identified. These elevators represented over 1.1 million m(3)(64 million
bu) of wheat storage, ranging in size from over 116,800 m(3)to less than
2,800 m(3).
Managers were asked to collect a sample of approximately 1.4 to 2.3
Kg (3 to 5 lb) per truck taken from a random sample of trucks delivering new
crop wheat to their facility. They were told not to sample trucks on the
basis of their knowledge of the trucks containing, or not containing,
jointed goatgrass; but rather decide that the next truck that drives over
their scales will be sampled. Samples were to be collected in the same
manner that each elevator used to sample wheat loads. Elevator managers
were asked to take samples over the course of the harvest season and not all
in one or two days.
The sampling program was repeated in 1991 and 1992 to account for
possible variations in jointed goatgrass populations as a result of yearly
climatic variability.
Wheat samples were weighed prior to removing jointed goatgrass joints
from the wheat samples. Despite yearly climatic variations over the course
of the survey, jointed goatgrass infested at least 1 out of 5 loads of wheat
delivered to elevators in western Nebraska.
This elevator sampling program has allowed us to state that: 1) jointed
goatgrass joints contaminate 20 to 29% of all winter wheat deliveries made
at harvest in western Nebraska, suggesting that jointed goatgrass is a
serious pest in winter wheat production for western Nebraska producers, 2)
the counties bordering Colorado have the greatest jointed goatgrass
contamination levels in western Nebraska, and 3) of the samples containing
jointed goatgrass joints, the average number of joints per 1 Kg wheat sample
was as high as 169 in 1991, indicating a potentially serious reduction in
grain quality as a result of dockage and foreign material discounts.
-------------------------
Cattle feeding. D. J. Lyon.
In a 1990 study, jointed goatgrass seed was found to pass through the
digestion system of cattle in quantities, and at viability rates, that posed
a potential dissemination problem. A jointed goatgrass processing study was
completed in 1992 to investigate the ability of different processing methods
to reduce the viability of jointed goatgrass seed prior to feeding the seed
to cattle. A roller mill and hammer mill were used to coarse- and fine-
grind the joints. Germination and emergence were reduced, but not
eliminated, by processing alone. Seed from jointed goatgrass joints fine-
ground with a hammer mill and placed in the rumen of a fistulated steer for
24 h did not germinate. The hammer mill may be used to reduce the risk of
disseminating jointed goatgrass when the milled jointed goatgrass-
contaminated wheat is fed to cattle.
Publications:
Baenziger, P. S.,J. W. Schmidt, C. J. Peterson, V. A. Johnson, P. J.
Mattern, D. R. Shelton, L. A. Nelson, D. V. McVey, and J.H. Hatchett. 1993.
Registration of three wheat germplasm lines. Crop Sci.33:884-885.
Baenziger, P. S., J. W. Schmidt, C. J. Peterson, D. R. Shelton, D. D. Bal-
tensperger, L. A. Nelson, D. V. McVey, and J. H. Hatchett. Registration of
'Vista' Wheat. Crop Sci. 33:1412.
Eskridge, K. M. and C. J. Peterson. 1994. Probability of wheat quality
traits falling within acceptable limits. Crop Science. In Press.
Foy, C. D., and C. J. Peterson. 1994. Acid tolerance of wheat lines selected
for high grain protein content. J. of Plant Nutrition. Vol. 17, No. 2. In
Press.
Graybosch, R.A., C. J. Peterson, J.H. Lee and D.R. Shelton. 1994. Effects
of gluten protein polymorphisms on the breadmaking quality of winter wheats.
Crop Science. In press.
Lee, J.H., R.A. Graybosch and D.J. Lee. 1994. Detection of rye chromosome
2R using PCR and sequence-specific DNA primers. Genome. In press.
Lyon, D. J. and I. G. Rush. 1993. Processing reduces seed germination and
emergence of jointed goatgrass. J. Prod. Agric. 6:395-398.
Lyon, D. J., J. A. Smith, and D. D. Jones. 1994. Sampling wheat at the
elevator for jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica). Weed Technol. 8:(in
press).
Stroup, W. W., P. S. Baenziger, and D. K. Mulitze. 1994. A comparison of
methods for removing spatial variation from wheat yield trials. Crop Sci.
34:62-66.
Yen, Y. and P. S. Baenziger. 1993. Identification, characterization, and
comparison of RNA-degrading enzymes of wheat and barley. Biochem. Genetics
31: 133-145.
-------------------------
NEW YORK
Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY
M. E. Sorrells* and A.Neiss
1993 Winter Wheat Production: The 1993 soft white winter wheat crop
for New York was 85,000 acres, down 25,000 acres compared to 1992. This was
largely due to heavy rainfall in September of 1992. Yield was estimated to
be 46 b/a, 10 b/a lower than 1992 and 12 b/a below the record yield of 1985.
Overall the 1993 growing season was close to normal. A near record amount
of precipitation was received in April but May and July were well below
normal. Projected acreage for 1994 is 120,000.
Soft White Winter Wheat: Harus and Geneva are cultivars currently
recommended to New York farmers. NY73116-4W and NY262-37-422 (reselection
of NY262-37-10W) soft white winter lines are pending release. NY73116-4W
has moderate resistance to sprouting and improved yield while NY262-37-10W
has very good resistance to preharvest sprouting, high test weight, and
yield slightly below Geneva. They will be named and officially released
late this year.
Soft Red Winter Wheat: Susquehanna soft red winter wheat was first
available to farmers for 1991 production and popularity of this cultivar is
growing. Wakefield and Madison have also shown good performance in New
York. The soft red winter market class is gaining popularity, especially
following years where there was considerable damage due to preharvest
sprouting in the white wheats.
Hard Red Spring Wheat: Production of hard red spring wheat continues
at a low level. Stoa and lines related to Stoa have demonstrated very good
milling and baking quality and yield performance. We have made arrangements
with North Dakota State University to release ND594. We are currently
producing breeder seed and will name this variety late this year.
Markers for Powdery Mildew Resistance: Near-isogenic lines (NILs) and
their recurrent parent Chancellor were used to identify restriction fragment
length polymorphic markers linked to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis (DC.)
E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici ) resistance genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3 and Pm4a in wheat
(Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). By mapping these polymorphic markers in
F2 progenies from crosses of the NILs with Chancellor (Cc), it was found Pm1
co-segregated with a polymorphic locus detected by BCD347; Pm2 was linked to
a locus detected by marker BCD1871 with a distance of 3.5 cM; Pm3b was
linked to a locus detected by marker BCD1434 with a distance of 1.3 cM; Pm4a
co-segregated with Xcnlbcd1231-2A(2) and Xcnlcdo678-2A, and was closely
flanked by Xcnlbcd1231-2A(1) and Xcnlbcd292-2A both with a distance of 1.5
cM. Aneuploid mapping of these markers indicated that loci Xcnlbcd292-2A
and Xcnlcdo678-2A are on 2AL, Xcnlcdo347-7A on 7AL and Xcnlbcd1434-1A on
1AS. The same polymorphic fragments detected in the Pm3b NIL by
Xcnlbcd1434-1A were found in Pm3a NIL using several enzyme digestions. Two
of the three NILs for Pm1 had duplicate segments of the Xcnlcdo347-7A locus,
while the third NIL, Norka/*8Chancellor, had only a single copy.
RFLP Mapping: RFLP linkage maps for chromosomes 1 and 3 were developed
for hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the cross M6/Opata-85. Linkage
groups for chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D were developed with probes from genomic
and cDNA libraries from wheat (WG, ksu), barley (BCD, MWG), oats (CDO) and
rice (RZ). Chromosome designations and centromere locations were estimated
using ditelosomic lines.
A total of 68 markers derived from 48 probes were allocated to
chromosome 1 linkage groups. Chromosome 1A spanned 169 cM (Kosambi mapping
function) with 23 markers derived from 18 probes. Similarly, 1B spanned
132 cM with 34 markers derived from 30 probes. In 1A and B, a large
proportion of the markers were concentrated near the centromere as
expected.. 1D consists of 3 linkage groups made up of 11 markers from 9
probes. The relative postioning of the linkage groups was determined by
making comparisons with common markers from the 1D RFLP map for T. taucshii
(Gill et al. 1992). Two probes mapping near the ends of the long arm
(ksuE11) and short arm (ksuD14) in the T. tauschii map produced markers for
the three genomes. The linear order of markers was conserved relative to
barley chromosome 5 (Heun et al. 1991); rice chromosomes 5 (1S and 1L) and
10 (1L) (Tanksley et al. 1992); and chromosome A of oat (O'Donoughue et al.
1992). Chromosome rearrangements were indicated in hexaploid oat
(O'Donoughue et al. manuscript in preparation) relative to wheat.
We have constructed RFLP maps of the A, B, and D chromosomes of wheat
homoeologous group 3 in 114 F(7) lines derived from M-6/ Opata85. M-6 is a
synthetic hexaploid derived from Altar durum /T. tauschii. To date,
chromosome 3A carries 43 markers spanning 275 cM, 3B 23 markers spanning 180
cM, and 3D 22 markers spanning 200 cM. Ten libraries, from various
laboratories, of wheat genomic clones or oat or barley cDNAs are
represented, facilitating the alignment and comparison of these maps with
other grass-species maps. Many clones were selected for mapping on the
basis of previous localization to chromosome by aneuploid analysis or
mapping in other grass species. Fourteen clones display pairs of
segregating bands corresponding to homoeoloci on two of the three genomes,
as does a tobacco ATPase clone. Linkage distances within sets of such loci
are comparable across genomes. About 30 of the clones have been previously
mapped in barley, rice, or T. tauschii and the orders and linkages in those
maps are consistent with those in ours, except in the relatively expandedT.
tauschii map. Comparison of our group-3 map with current maps of diploid
oat (O'Donoughue et al., 1992), hexaploid oat (O Donoughue et al., in
preparation), and maize (Ahn et al.., 1993) shows much rearrangement of
chromosome segments among species.
Publications
Ahn, S. J.A. Anderson, M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1993 Homoeologous
relationships of rice, wheat, and maize chromosomes. Mol. Gen. Genet. in
press.
Heun M, Kennedy AE, Anderson JA, Lapitan NLV, Sorrells ME, Tanksley SD
(1991) Construction of restriction fragment length polymorphism map for
barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 34:437-447
O'Donoughue LS, Wang Z, Roder M, Kneen B, Leggett M, Sorrells ME and
Tanksley SD (1992) An RFLP-based map of oats on a cross between two diploid
taxa (Avena atlantica x A. hirtula). Genome 35:765-771
Tanksley SD, Causse, Fulton T, Ahn N, Wang Z, Wu K, Xiao J, Ronald Z, Yu Z,
Second G, and McCouch S (1992) A high density molecular map of the rice
genome. Rice Genetics Newsletter 9: 111-115
Ahn, S., J.A. Anderson, M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1993 Homoeologous
relationships of rice, wheat, and maize chromosomes. Mol. Gen. Genet. in
press.
Anderson, J.A., G.A. Churchill, J.E. Autrique, S.D. Tanksley, and M.E.
Sorrells. 1993. Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps.
Genome. 31:181-186.
Anderson, J.A., M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1993. Detection of QTLs
affecting pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat by RFLPs. Crop Sci.
33:453-459.
Beer, S.C., J. Goffreda, T.D. Phillips, and M.E. Sorrells. 1993. Assessment
of genetic variation in Avena sterilis using morphological traits, isozymes,
and RFLPs. Crop Sci. 33:1386-1393.
Kleinhofs, A., A. Kilian, M.A. Saghai Maroof, R.M. Biyashev, P. Hayes, F.Q.
Chen, N. Lapitan, A. Fenwick, T.K. Blake, V. Kanazin, E. Ananiev, L.
Dahleen, D. Kudrna, J. Bollinger, S.J. Knapp, B. Liu, M. Sorrells, M. Heun,
J.D. Franckowiak, D. Hoffman, R. Skadsen, B.J. Steffenson. 1993. A
molecular, isozyme and morphological map of the barley (Hordeum vulgare)
genome. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:705-712.
Ma, Z.Q., B.S. Gill, M.E. Sorrells, and S. D. Tanksley. 1993. RFLP markers
linked to two Hessian fly-resistance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
from Triticum tauschii (coss.) Schmal. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:750-754.
Roder, Marion S., Nora L. V. Lapitan, Mark E. Sorrells and Steven D.
Tanksley. 1993. Genetic and physical mapping of barley telomeres Mol. Gen.
Genet. 238:294-303.
Rogowsky, P.M., M.E. Sorrells, K.W. Shepard, and P. Langridge. 1993.
Characterization of wheat-rye recombinants with RFLP and PCR probes. Theor.
Appl Genet. 85:1023-1028.
-------------------------
Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca
G. C. Bergstrom*, J. E. Carroll, S. M. Gray (USDA-ARS), D. W. Kalb,
and A. M. C. Schilder
Winter wheat pathology research: A polyclonal antiserum produced
against a New York isolate of wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV)
detected WSSMV in plant tissues from throughout North America. It also
reacted with isolates of WSSMV, wheat yellow mosaic virus, and barley yellow
mosaic virus from Europe and Asia. It did not react with isolates of barley
mild mosaic virus, soilborne wheat mosaic virus, or wheat streak mosaic
virus. Data from a 1992-93 field study in Ithaca, NY indicated that WSSMV
infection of winter wheat plants occurred during a long period in autumn and
that virus replicated during winter leading to maximum virus incidence in
May. It was suggested that acquisition of the virus by its vector, Polymyxa
graminis, and secondary spread begins within a month after sowing and
continues throughout the crop cycle. This experiment is being repeated in
1993-94.
Nontoxic bicarbonates were evaluated as alternatives to synthetic fungicides
for winter wheat disease control. Two applications of Church and Dwight
2126-17A (115 to 230 fl oz per acre) suppressed significantly development of
powdery mildew, but not of leaf rust, on flag leaves of winter wheat under
natural epiphytotics.
A survey (in cooperation with Gustafson Inc.) of randomly collected
seedlots of soft red winter wheat, produced in midwestern states in 1993,
revealed the presence of seedborne pathogens in nearly every lot. On
average, more than 7% and 10% of individual seeds were infected by
Stagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, respectively. A major
portion of our research effort is now focused on elucidating the role of
seedborne inocula in the epidemiology of Septoria nodorum blotch and tan
spot.
Publications
Bergstrom, G. C. 1993. Scab (Fusarium Head Blight). Pages 83-93 in: Seed-
borne Diseases and Seed Health Testing of Wheat, ed. S. B. Mathur and B. M.
Cunfer. Danish Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing
Countries. Copenhagen. 168 pp.
Bergstrom, G. C. and S. M. Gray. 1993. Effect of imidacloprid seed treatment
on yellow dwarf epidemiology in winter wheat in New York, 1991-92. Fungicide
and Nematicide Tests 48:313.
Bergstrom, G. C., D. W. Kalb, W. J. Cox, and D. Otis. 1993. Evaluation of
fungicides and bicarbonate for control of foliar diseases on winter wheat in
New York,1992. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 48:224.
Bergstrom, G. C., D. W. Kalb, W. J. Cox, and D. Otis. 1994. Evaluation of
fungicides and bicarbonate for control of foliar diseases of winter wheat in
New York,1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:in press.
Bergstrom, G. C. M. E. Sorrells, and T. S. Cox. 1993. Resistance of winter
wheat cultivars and breeding lines to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus
under natural infection in New York, 1992. Biological and Cultural Tests for
Control of Plant Diseases 8:94.
Bergstrom, G. C. M. E. Sorrells, and T. S. Cox. 1994. Resistance of winter
wheat cultivars and breeding lines to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus
under natural infection in New York, 1993. Biological and Cultural Tests for
Control of Plant Diseases 9:in press.
Carroll, J. E., G. C. Bergstrom, and S. M. Gray. 1993. Temporal aspects of
winter wheat infection by wheat spindle streak mosaic virus in New York,
USA. Pages 79-82 in: Proc. Second International Working Group on Plant
Viruses with Fungal Vectors, ed. C. Hiruki. Montreal. 156 pp.
Carroll, J. E., G. C. Bergstrom, and S. M. Gray. 1993. Antiserum to New York
isolate of wheat spindle streak mosaic virus detects geographically diverse
baymoviruses. Phytopathology 83:1355.
Kalb, D. W., G. C. Bergstrom, and W. J. Cox. 1993. Effect of seed treatments
on foliar diseases and yield of winter wheat in New York, 1992. Fungicide
and Nematicide Tests 48:327.
Kalb, D. W., G. C. Bergstrom, and W. J. Cox. 1994. Effect of seed treatment
on powdery mildew and yield of winter wheat in New York, 1993. Fungicide and
Nematicide Tests 49:in press.
Kalb, D. W., G. C. Bergstrom, and M. E. Sorrells. 1994. Effects of seed
treatment on common bunt of winter wheat in New York,1993. Fungicide and
Nematicide Tests 49: in press.
Peever, T. L., A. Brants, G. C. Bergstrom, and M. M. Milgroom. 1994.
Selection for decreased sensitivity to propiconazole in experimental field
populations of Stagonospora nodorum. Can. J. Plant Pathol.:in press.
Schilder, A. M. C. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1994. Infection of wheat seed by
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Can. J. Bot. : in press.
Schilder, A. M. C. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1994. Pyrenophora tritici- repentis
as a component of the fungal flora of soft white winter wheat seed in New
York. Seed Sci. Tech.:in press.
Schilder, A. M. C. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1993. Tan Spot. Pages 113-122 in:
Seed-borne Diseases and Seed Health Testing of Wheat, ed. S. B. Mathur and
B. M. Cunfer. Danish Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing
Countries. Copenhagen. 168 pp.
Shah, D. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1993. Assessment of seedborne Stagonospora
nodorum in New York soft white winter wheat. Plant Dis. 77:468-471.
-------------------------
NORTH DAKOTA
Crop and Weed Sciences Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo
J.A. Anderson*, C.R. Riede*
Hard Red Winter Wheat Breeding Project Approximately 150,000 acres
were planted to hard red winter wheat in North Dakota in the fall of 1992.
Average yield of the 1993 crop was estimated at 33 bu/a, compared to 35 bu/a
in 1992. The 1993 growing season was extremely wet statewide, with many
regions receiving more than twice the normal precipitation from May through
July. This contributed to severe outbreaks of leaf and head diseases
(predominantly Septoria nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Fusarium
graminearum). 'Roughrider' was grown on about 56% of the acreage; 'Seward',
24%; and 'Agassiz', 10%. Two hundred ninety nine crosses were made during
the 1992-1993 greenhouse season. Matings were mostly between elite
winterhardy lines and high yielding, rust-resistant lines from the Central
Great Plains. A preliminary yield trial at two locations and an advanced
yield trial at four locations were used to evaluate 130 and 36 lines,
respectively. The most advanced yield trial, the variety trial, was
harvested at seven locations and contained eight ND lines and five
cultivars. Four of the ND lines were advanced to the 1994 variety trial. A
preliminary seed increase was initiated for ND8933 and ND8955. In 20
trials, ND8933 has yielded an average of 15.4% higher than Roughrider, and
9.1% higher than Seward. ND8955 yielded an average of 7.5% higher than
Roughrider, and 1.5% higher than Seward. Both have winterhardiness
intermediate between Roughrider and Seward, stem rust resistance, moderate
leaf rust resistance, and good quality. (J.A. Anderson)
Tan Spot Tan spot resistance is being analyzed in a population of
recombinant inbred lines from the cross of the synthetic bread wheat W-7984
(resistant) and Opata 85 (susceptible). This population is also the subject
of an extensive molecular mapping effort by International Triticeae Mapping
Initiative investigators. Markers explaining about 40% of the resistance in
seedlings have been identified using markers mapped by researchers at
Cornell University. This population will be screened in the field for adult
plant resistance to one or more isolates of the pathogen. (J.A. Anderson,
J.D. Faris, L.J. Francl, J.G. Jordahl)
Several potential sources of tan spot resistance reported in the AWN
Vol. 39 and additional HRSW lines were evaluated as adults in the field.
Plants from four replications were inoculated with the Pti-2 isolate after
emergence of the flag leaf. Infection type (range of 1, resistant; to 5,
susceptible) and percent of leaf area diseased were rated 10 days after
inoculation. Adult field reaction of genotypes did not always agree with
greenhouse seedling evaluations, suggesting that different genes may govern
tan spot resistance at the different growth stages. Further research is
necessary to determine whether there are different genes responsible for the
resistance present in these genotypes. (C.R. Riede, J.A. Anderson, L.J.
Francl, J.G. Jordahl)
Table 1. Reaction of field-grown Hard Red Spring Wheat genotypes and
synthetic hexaploids that were rated as moderately resistant (infection type
less than 3) after artificial inoculation with the Pti-2 isolate of P.
tritici-repentis.
Infection % Leaf Area Growth Stage
Genotype Origin Type Diseased (Zadoks)
-------------------------------------------------------
TRIGO BR 34 1 1.3 2.0 76.5
IAPAR 42 2 1.5 3.2 72.0
PF844007
(synthetic) 1 1.5 2.9 70.0
FO.2568 3 1.7 3.3 80.8
CEP 17 4 1.8 3.4 78.8
CEP 14 4 1.9 3.8 72.3
PF844005
(synthetic) 1 1.9 3.8 73.0
IA 807 2.5 2.0 6.3 72.5
Fontana 1 2.2 3.9 77.8
CEP 11 4 2.3 5.9 80.3
CEP 76146 4 2.4 6.4 78.5
Erik 6 2.5 9.5 75.0
(Resis. check)
PF84403
(synthetic) 1 2.5 11.8 75.0
FO.2683 3 2.6 5.3 80.3
ND 678 3 2.6 7.3 80.8
Mon'S'/MN
72131 2.5 2.7 6.0 78.5
CW 149 5 2.8 6.9 78.3
W-7984
(synthetic) 5 2.8 8.8 75.0
IA 905 2.5 2.8 4.2 78.5
IAS 63 1 2.8 6.8 79.5
IAPAR 41 2 2.9 12.9 71.8
BH1146 7 3.8 33.1 81.8
(Mod.Res.check)
Columbus
(Sus.check) 8 4.5 21.5 78.0
ND 495
(Sus.check) 3 5.0 71.5 82.3
LSD (0.05) 1.0 16.11 5.1
-----------------------------------------------------
1=EMBRAPA; 2=IAPAR; 3=NDSU; 4=FECOTRIGO; 5=CIMMYT; 6=AgriPro; 7=EPAMIG;
8=Agriculture Canada.
RFLP Markers for Aluminum Tolerance. An RFLP marker has been
identified that explains more than 70% of the variation in aluminum
tolerance in a recombinant inbred population derived from the cross BH1146
(tolerant)/Anahuac (sensitive). We are in the process of confirming this
marker and conducting linkage analysis. (C.R. Riede, J.A. Anderson)
Molecular Markers for Grain Quality Traits Our objective was to
investigate the genetics of several grain quality traits in wheat and map
them using DNA markers. A population of 78 recombinant inbred (RI) lines
derived from the cross of the soft white wheat NY6432-18 and the hard white
wheat 'Clark's Cream' was evaluated for preharvest sprouting (PHS) in eleven
environments and four other grain quality traits in two environments.
Fifty-nine RFLP markers have been mapped in this population. Associations
between grain quality traits and RFLP markers were determined by one-way
analysis of variance and regression. The variation among RI lines was
highly significant for all grain quality traits. Multiple regression models
constructed from significant RFLP markers explain the following percentage
of the phenotypic variance: PHS, 35%; Flour Protein Concentration, 40%;
Alkaline Water Retention Capacity, 28%; Adjusted Flour Yield, 14%; and
Kernel Hardness, 9%. Epistatic interactions between significant markers
were found for PHS and flour protein concentration. We continue to map
additional polymorphisms in this population to identify other genetic
factors conditioning grain quality. (J.A. Anderson, M.E. Sorrells, P.L.
Finney, S.D. Tanksley)
Publications:
Anderson, J.A., G.A. Churchill, J.E. Autrique, S.D. Tanksley, and M.E.
Sorrells. 1993. Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps.
Genome 36:181-186.
Anderson, J.A., M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1993. RFLP analysis of
genomic regions associated with resistance to pre-harvest sprouting in
wheat. Crop Sci. 33:453-459.
Anderson, J.A., M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1993. Molecular markers
for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat. In Walker-Simmons, M.K. and
J.L. Ried (eds.). Pre-harvest Sprouting in Cereals 1992. American
Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN.
Anderson, J.A., M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1993. Molecular markers
for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat. In Hoisington, D. and A.
McNab (eds.). Progress in genome mapping of wheat and related species:
Proceedings of the 3rd Public Workshop of the International Triticeae
Mapping Initiative, CIMMYT, Mexico, 1992. CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico.
Anderson, J.A., and L.J. Francl. 1993. Inheritance of tan spot resistance in
a synthetic bread wheat. Page 80 in Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of
Agronomy, Cincinnati, OH.
Riede, C.R., J.A. Anderson, L.J. Francl, and J.G. Jordahl. 1993. Additional
sources of resistance to tan spot of wheat. Page 193 in Agronomy Abstracts.
American Society of Agronomy, Cincinnati, OH.
-------------------------
USDA-ARS Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory, Fargo
G. A. Hareland, Research Food Technologist
Quality Evaluation of HRS and Durum Wheats. During 1993, the WQL
completed the evaluation of 1969 HRS wheats received from 25 stations in 11
states, and 651 durum wheats from 19 stations in 7 states. For the Spring
Wheat Quality Advisory Council, 31 HRS wheats from 4 locations in 3 states
were milled in the Miag pilot mill and evaluated for kernel, flour, and
baking characteristics, and flour was shipped to 15 cooperators for baking
evaluation.
Basic Research Studies. Wheat flours derived from all wheat classes
and from different experimental milling methods were evaluated for particle
size distribution by laser diffraction, sieve analysis, and near infrared
(NIR) reflectance spectroscopy. According to laser diffraction analyses, 89
- 98 % of the flour particles were distributed within the size ranges 10 -
41 um and 41 - 300 um, and 2 - 11 % of the particles were distributed within
the size range <10 um. Significant differences were observed in flour
particle size distributions among the different wheat classes and milling
methods. Within each size range (<10 um, 10 - 41 um, and 41 - 300 um), the
volume % of flour particles could be predicted by NIR in ò 96% of the flours
tested. Based on laser diffraction reference values, NIR can be used as a
rapid method to differentiate hard and soft wheat flours. Research is being
continued to determine the relationship between flour particle size
distribution and other quality traits such as kernel hardness, protein
content, water absorption, etc.
Publications:
Busch, R., McVey, D., Wiersma, J., Warnes, D., Wilcoxson, R., and Hareland,
G. 1993. Registration of 'Norm' Wheat. Crop Science 33:880.
Harekabd, G. A., Grant, L. A., et al. 1993. Quality evaluation of hard red
spring wheat cultivars. USDA/ARS Hard Red Spring Wheat Quality Report, 1992
crop, 109 pp.
Hareland, G. A., Grant, L. A., et al. 1993. Quality evaluation of durum
wheat cultivars. USDA/ARS Durum Wheat Quality Report, 1992 crop, 58 pp.
Grant, L. A. 1993. The effects of drying temperature, starch damage,
sprouting, and additives on spaghetti quality characteristics. Cereal
Chemistry 70:676-684.
Hareland, G. A. 1993. Oats. Encyclopaedia of Food Science, Food
Technology, and Nutrition. Academic Press, London. p. 3319-3323.
Hareland, G. A. 1993. Particle size distribution of whole ground wheat and
flour measured by laser diffraction. Cereal Foods World 38:603. (abstract)
McDonald, C. E., Sarwar, M., Bruns, C. J., and Hareland, G. A. 1993. Bread
wheat adulteration in durum wheat pasta. Detection by near infrared (NIR)
methods. Cereal Foods World 38:631. (abstract)
Wiersma, J. J., Busch, R. H., and Hareland, G. 1993. Eight cycles of
recurrent selection for increased kernel weight in spring wheat. American
Society of Agronomy. (abstract)
-------------------------
Food Science Department, North Dakota State University
Foreign travel during November 1993, sponsored by U.S. Wheat
Associates, was undertaken by Drs. Wayne Moore, Bert D'Appolonia, Professor
Emeritus and Mr. Truman Olson presenting seminars and small group
discussions on the quality of the 1993 spring wheat crop. Moore, Olson, and
D'Appolonia, made wheat quality presentations in Latin America, the Far East
and Europe, respectively. The format of multiple individual or small group
discussions seemed more effective than the large seminar format.
Faculty in the department participated in certain short courses offered
by the Northern Crops Institute as well as giving presentations to numerous
trade team delegations.
Hard red spring wheat quality in 1993 varied from excellent to poor.
The variation was due to unusual weather conditions. Rainfall, as much as
14 inches greater than the 10-year average occurred in southeast North
Dakota. Most reporting stations in growing HRS wheat growing region had
excess rainfall. Day-time high temperatures averaged 10deg - 12degF lower
than normal. Cool temperatures and long periods of dampness provided
excellent conditions for the growth of Fusarium graminearum, the principle
fungal organism responsible for scab. One by-product of this fungal growth,
deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), was found in HRS wheat samples collected in
western Minnesota, eastern North Dakota and northeast South Dakota.
A successful AACC short course entitled Pasta Processing Dr. Walter
Pitz was presented by faculty and staff at the department. The course
attracted excellent participation.
In July, 1993 the Food Science program at NDSU became an independent
intercollege undergraduate program. The program has twelve (12) faculty
from two (2) colleges; along with Dr. Pat Berglund program coordinator, are
responsible for this program.
With Food Science becoming an independent intercollege program, the
department of Cereal Science and Food Technology has shortened its name to
Cereal Science. Cereal Science is now a research and graduate education
(M.S. and Ph.D.) which focuses entirely on cereal grains and other Northern
grown crops.
Personnel. Dr. Jurgen Schwarz joined the Department of Cereal Science
in August, 1994. He received in Ph.D. in Food Science from Cornell
University that same month. His areas of specialty are bioprocessing and
fermentation.
With Dr. Bert D'Appolonia's retirement in July, 1993, Dr. Lowell
Satterlee, Dean of College of Agriculture has stepped in and is also serving
as Interim Chairman until a new chairman is selected. The search for the
new Chairman is underway.
Dr. Clarence McDonald retired on December 31, 1993. Both Bert and
Clarence are active in retirement on issues and programs within and outside
the department.
Dr. Walter Pitz left the department in June, 1993 to join Westcon
Malting, Ltd., Alix, Alberta, Canada.
Research. Preliminary investigations were completed on a model system
to evaluate the blending potential of hard red spring wheat. Early results
indicate that the model could differentiate the loaf volume increasing
potential of existing cultivars. Wheat bran, obtained from 4 wheat classes,
was ground to three distinct particle size ranges. Addition of these three
size groupings to bread showed there to be an optimum particle for the wheat
bran. Both large and small particles were more detrimental to loaf quality
and volume than the medium sized particles. Evaluation of ascorbic acid as
an oxidant in experimental baking for variety testing was undertaken. Early
indications are that 50 ppm ascorbic acid will be the level used to replace
10 ppm potassium bromate in the wheat cultivar breadmaking evaluations.
Research was continued on the structure-function relationship of
glutenin in breadmaking. Correlations were developed between the quantity
of certain high molecular weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin and breadmaking
quality parameters of hard red spring (HRS) wheat. Also the possibility of
quantitating sulfhydryl (SH) and disulfide (S-S) content in flour and dough
of HRS wheat is being explored through enzymatic digestion of proteins and
quantitation by amino acid composition analyses. A multi-stacking SDS-PAGE
procedure was used to fractionate unreduced glutenin, quantitate by
densitometry, elute the various molecular weight species and characterize
these various fractions by amino acid composition analyses. Also the
disaggregation properties of glutenin were studied by multi-stacking SDS-
PAGE and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after sonication of flour and
after low concentrations of a reducing agent was added to dough.
Publications
Figueroa, J. D. C. and Khan, K. 1993. Albumin fraction from spring, winter
and soft wheats-characterization of protein and associated carbohydrate by
gel filtration chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Cereal Chem.
70:689.
Gupta, R. B., Khan, K. and MacRitchie, F. W. 1993. Studies of polymeric
proteins in bread wheats. I. Effects of variations in quantity and size
distribution of polymeric proteins on flour properties. J. Cereal Sci.
18:23
Khan, K., Huckle, L. and Freeman, T. P. 1993. Disaggregation of glutenin
with low concentrations of reducing agent and by sonication - solubility,
electrophoretic and SEM studies. Cereal Chem. In Press.
Huang, D. and Khan, K. 1993. Variations in the proportion of glutenin
subunits and their contributions to rheological properties of flour dough.
Abstr. Cereal Foods World 38:615.
Khan, K. and Huckle, L. 1993. Multi-stacking gels in SDS-PAGE for
fractionation of glutenin - elution, quantitation and amino acid composition
studies. Abstr. Cereal Foods World. 38:615.
Han, H. S. and Khan, K. 1993. Use of enzymatic solubilization to determine
sulfhydryl and disulfide contents of wheat proteins. Abstr. Cereal Foods
World 38:619.
Moore, W.R., Helm, J.L., Olson, T.C., Nelson, R. and Puhr, D. 1993. The
Quality of the Regional 1993 Hard Red Spring Wheat Crop. Agriculture
Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
Moore, W.R., Helm, J.L., Hinsz, B.L. and Osborne, J.H. 1993. The Quality of
the Regional 1993 Durum Wheat Crop. Agriculture Experiment Station, North
Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
Ishida, N and Moore W.R. 1993. Effect of starch damage and alpha-amylases
from different sources on bread quality and bread firming. Abstr. Cereal
Foods World 38:593
Zhang, D. and Moore, W. R. 1993. The effect of particle size of wheat bran
on dough rheology and breadbaking performance. Abstr. Cereal Foods World
38:596
Wahid, B. and Moore, W. R. 1993 A model system for wheat quality
evaluation. Abstr. Cereal Foods World 38:598
-------------------------
OKLAHOMA
R. M. Hunger and J. L. Sherwood, Plant Pathology Dept., Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater
Foliar diseases of wheat. Wheat entries in the 1992 Southern Regional
Performance Nursery (SRPN) were tested for reaction to wheat leaf rust
(Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) and tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-
repentis). Results were published in Biological and Cultural Tests for
Control of Plant Disease (APS Press, 1993, vol. 8).
Ph.D thesis research by Mr. C. K. Evans demonstrated that conidia of P.
tritici-repentis (PTR) have higher infection efficiency values compared to
conidiophores. Experiments were conducted using quantified inoculum and a
method that allows quantitative deposition on PTR propagules onto the
surface of wheat leaves. Evaluation of infection efficiencies of conidia
and conidiophores were conducted using three PTR isolates inoculated onto
the tan spot susceptible variety 'Tam-105' and the tan spot resistant
variety 'Red Chief'. This information will aid in understanding the effects
of inoculum composition on infection by PTR and the assessment of tan spot
resistance.
Wheat soilborne mosaic virus (WSBMV). Wheat entries in the 1992
Southern Regional Performance Nursery were tested in the field for reaction
to WSBMV. Results based on visual assessment of symptoms and the enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were published in B & C Tests (APS Press,
1993, vol. 8).
ELISA and polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate the
mechanism(s) of resistance to WSBMV. This research revealed that virus
movement from roots into foliage of resistant cultivars is inhibited at 15
C, but virus movement from roots into foliage proceeds at 23 C. Movement
from roots into foliage of cultivars susceptible to WSBMV is not inhibited
at any temperature. Additional tests are being conducted to collaborate
these results, and to determine if inhibition of virus movement is similarly
expressed in wheat relatives (i.e., Triticum dicoccoides) resistant to
WSBMV.
Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Ph.D. thesis research by Mr. J. R.
Montana identified serological differences between isolates of WSMV. Ten
isolates of WSMV were evaluated by ELISA, western blots, Ouchterlony agar
double diffusion, and SDS-PAGE. Differences in the reactivity of polyclonal
antiserum and monoclonal antibodies to these isolates were found under both
native and denaturing conditions. The affect of WSMV serotypes on reaction
of wheat cultivars and other epidemiological aspects of wheat streak mosaic
is being investigated.
Breeding for disease resistance. Populations of emmer (T. dicoccoides)
collected in Israel and Turkey were tested for reaction to WSBMV. Resistant
plants were identified, and currently are being increased. The mechanism by
which WSBMV resistance is expressed in emmers will be determined and
compared to resistance currently available in hard red winter wheats.
Twenty-six germplasm lines are being tested for disease reaction and
agronomic traits in replicated trials at three locations in Oklahoma.
Results from these trials will be used to select lines for possible release
as wheat germplasm resistant to WSBMV and/or leaf rust. The leaf rust
resistance was obtained from Eastern European wheats, and has resulted in
immunity or flecking to all races of P. recondita f. sp. tritici from
Oklahoma.
Personnel news and changes. Dr. R. E. Pennington, a postdoctoral
research associate investigating the mechanism(s) of resistance to WSBMV,
has moved to a postdoctoral position at the University of Kentucky at
Lexington. Dr. Larry J. Littlefield completed a sabbatical leave at
Michigan State University where he familiarized himself with the
application of new procedures in electron microscopy to study Polymyxa
graminis and WSBMV.
Publications
Brown, D. A., and Hunger, R. M. 1993. Production of a chlorosis-inducing,
host-specific, low-molecular weight toxin by isolates of Pyrenophora
tritici-repentis, cause of tan spot of wheat. Journal of Phytopathology
137:221-232.
Carver, B. F., Rayburn, A. L., Hunger, R. M., Smith, E. L., and Whitmore, W.
E. 1993. Registration of 1B versus 1RS.1BL near-isoline genetic stocks
from two hard red winter wheat populations. Crop Sci. 33:1120.
Evans, C. K., Hunger, R. M., and Siegerist, W. C. 1993. Reaction of the
Southern Regional Performance Nursery to tan spot, 1992. Biol. & Cul. Tests
for Control of Plant Dis. 8:92.
Evans, C. K., Hunger, R. M., and Siegerist, W. C. 1993. Reaction of wheat
genotypes to tan spot in the 1993 Southern and Northern Regional Performance
Nurseries (SRPN and NRPN). Phytopathology 83:883 (abstr).
Evans, C. K., Hunger, R. M., and Siegerist, W. C. 1993. A device for
quantitative deposition of propagules of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis onto
leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Phytopathology 83:1391 (abstr).
Evans, C. K., Hunger, R. M., and Siegerist, W. C. 1993. Enhanced
production of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis conidial suspensions. Plant Dis.
77:981-984.
Hunger, R. M., and Siegerist, W. C. 1993. Reaction of the Southern
Regional Performance Nursery to leaf rust, 1992. Biol. & Cul. Tests for
Control of Plant Dis. 8:89.
Hunger, R. M., Siegerist, W. C., Myers, L. D., Pennington, R. E., and
Sherwood, J. L. 1993. Reaction of the Southern Regional Performance
Nursery to wheat soilborne mosaic, 1992. Biol. & Cul. Tests for Control of
Plant Dis. 8:93.
Montana, J. R., Hunger, R. M., Sherwood, J. L., and Bandla, M. D. 1993.
Characterization and serological analysis of wheat streak mosaic virus
(WSMV) isolates. Phytopathology 83:1371 (abstr).
Myers, L. Drumm, Sherwood, J. L., Siegerist, W. C., and Hunger, R. M. 1993.
Temperature-influenced virus movement in expression of resistance to
soilborne wheat mosaic virus in hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum).
Phytopathology 83:548-551.
Pennington, R. E., Sherwood, J. L., and Hunger, R. M. 1993. A PCR-based
assay for wheat soilborne mosaic virus in hard red winter wheat. Plant
Disease 77:1202-1205.
-------------------------
C.A. Baker, J.D. Burd, N.C. Elliott, S.D. Kindler, D.R. Porter, J.A.
Webster, Plant Science Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research
Service, Stillwater
Host-Plant Resistance (Webster)- The mission of the host-plant
resistance program is to identify sources of RWA-resistance in cereal crops,
determine the nature of resistance, and assist in the development and
release of RWA-resistant small grain germplasm. In order to identify new
sources of RWA resistance, the systematic germplasm evaluation program has
continued. This year, the majority of material screened has been wheat.
9,479 wheat accessions were screened and 40 of the accessions were
identified as having some level of resistance.
-In a cooperative effort, we have conducted screening tests of advanced
material for several barley and wheat breeding programs.
-New techniques were developed for conducting antixenosis tests with
individual cut leaves (see Webster et al., 1994).
-Research to study the effects of leaf pubescence on greenbugs and yellow
sugarcane aphids revealed that pubescence has little effect on greenbugs but
is an effective resistance mechanism against the yellow sugarcane aphid.
Germplasm enhancement (Baker, Porter) - The mission of the wheat
germplasm enhancement program is to identify, evaluate, characterize and
introgress genes conferring RWA resistance for small grain germplasm
enhancement and varietal development.
-Russian wheat aphid resistant wheat germplasms STARS-9302W and STARS-9303W
were released. These hard red facultative germplasms were developed from
crosses between an unadapted RWA-resistant parent (PI 149898) and an adapted
RWA-susceptible parent. Both of these germplasms were included in the First
Uniform Russian Wheat Aphid Field Test (URWAFT); over 5 locations, these two
lines were the highest ranked of any of the improved material.
-Genetic analysis of control of RWA resistance in wheat is continuing. F1,
backcross, F2 and F2:3 generations are screened and evaluated for
segregation ratios. To date, the genetic control of RWA resistance has been
determined for six of the resistant lines; PI's 140207 and 225217 have
single dominant genes, PI's 149898, 245462, 366515 and 366616 have two
genes.
-Allelism tests of identified sources of resistance are ongoing; resistant
wheats are intercrossed and the F1 is crossed to a susceptible wheat.
Analysis of segregation ratios within the resulting progeny should reveal
whether resistance in the two parent lines is controlled by the same or
different gene(s).
-A cultivar development program has been initiated: the mission is to
incorporate RWA resistance, through a backcrossing program, into wheats of
various classifications (HRW, HRS, HWS, SWS) which are adapted to different
areas of the country.
-The transfer of RWA resistance genes from the Russian triticales continues.
X-ray therapy is being used to induce chromosomal translocations to transfer
the resistance gene from PI 386156 (RWA resistant triticale) to a hexaploid
wheat background.
-Newly identified sources of RWA resistance continue to be evaluated in the
greenhouse for agronomic characteristics and suitability for use in a
breeding program.
-Greenbug resistance work: Genetic analysis of GRS 1201 (a multibiotype
greenbug resistant, 1AL.1RS translocation, hard red winter wheat germplasm)
indicated resistance is inherited as a single dominant gene (designated Gb6)
which is located on the 1RS chromosome arm translocated from 'Insave F.A.'
rye. Bread baking quality of GRS 1201 has been rated as average to above
average. A sister line (GRS 1204) is nearing release stage. GRS 1204 is
resistant to greenbug biotypes B, C, E, G, and I, as well as the Hessian
fly, wheat curl mite, and several isolates of leaf and stem rust.
Biocontrol (Elliott)- The effect of greenbug and bird cherry-oat
infestations on yield components of 'Karl 92' winter wheat is being
investigated in field trials; the studies include autumn, spring, and autumn
and spring infestations of both species. During spring and summer of 1993,
1.23 million Russian wheat aphid natural enemies were released at five
locations in eastern Colorado. Releases were made in cooperation with USDA,
APHIS and the Colorado Department of Agriculture.
Plant-aphid interactions (Burd)- Studies investigating the effect of
Russian wheat aphid on carbohydrate physiology in hard red winter wheat (TAM
W-101) have shown that aphid infestation greatly reduced total nonstructural
carbohydrate accumulation and altered the nonstructural carbohydrate
partitioning patterns between root, stem, and leaf tissues. The greatest
reductions in nonstruc- tural carbohydrates were observed in root and leaf
tissue and resulted primarily from diminished fructan levels. A concomitant
decrease of sucrose in the leaves of the infested plants was consistent
with the observed whole-plant decline in fructan levels. Related studies
measuring transient changes of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics
induced by Russian wheat aphid feeding stress indicate that an early event
in the damage response involves the inhibition of Q(A)-reoxidation.
Photoinhibition, characterized by changes in F(O), F(M), F(V), F(V/m), and
F(s), occurs during the first 2 hours of Russian wheat aphid feeding.
Alternate Hosts for Russian wheat aphid (Kindler)- The objectives of
the alternate host program include, 1) the comparison of RWA DNA collected
in Argentina on several plant hosts with RWA DNA collected on different host
plants in the United States to see if populations differ in the two
countries, 2) to continue to compare host suitability of Diuraphis tritici,
D. frequens, and D. nodulus using RWA as the standard, 3) to compare the
feeding toxicity of the western wheat aphid, Diuraphis tritici, with that of
the RWA on wheat using selected plant parameters such as root weight, green
plant weight, and grain yield and 4) to continue to identify and
characterize the mechanisms of RWA resistance identified in PIs of perennial
Triticeae.
-Possible sources of Russian wheat aphid resistance in the perennial
Triticeae are reported for the first time. Resistance was related to the
newly defined and realigned genera of the perennial Triticeae based on
genomic composition. We could not correlate the degree of Russian wheat
aphid resistance with the genomic system of classification. However, genera
within the tribe Triticeae can be loosely grouped into three categories: (1)
moderately resistant: Leymus and Elytrigia; (2) tolerant to moderately
susceptible: Agropyron, Pseudoroegneria, Elymus, and Pascopyrum; and (3)
susceptible: Hordeum and Thinopyrum.
-RWA resistance identified in several slender wheatgrass, Agropyron
trachycaulum (Link) Malte = [Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners],
plant introductions (PIs) may provide genetic variation necessary to breed
RWA resistant wheat cultivars.
-David Reed (retired) and I surveyed for RWA in Mendoza Province, Argentina
during Sept. 13-18, 1993. It was not difficult to find overwintering RWA's;
in general, populations were highest on Bromus unioloides and Avena sativa.
Pesticides are not used now for aphid control on cereals, however, it is
feared that if RWA become economically important then the use of pesticides
may upset the balance between parasites, predators, and the biocontrol of
cereal aphids.
Publications
Baker, C.A., D.R. Porter, and J.A. Webster. 1993. Inheritance of Russian
wheat aphid resistance in a winter wheat - PI 149898. Agron. Abst. American
Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI., Southern Branch Abst., p. 15.
Baker, C.A., D.R. Porter, and J.A. Webster. 1993. Inheritance of Russian
wheat aphid resistance in two spring wheats. Agron. Abst. American Society
of Agronomy, Madison, WI. p. 81.
Burd, J.D., Burton, R.L., and Webster, J.A. 1993. Evaluation of Russian
wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) damage on resistant and susceptible hosts
with comparisons of damage ratings to quantitative plant measurements. J.
Econ. Entomol. 86: 974-980.
Burton, R.L. and Burd, J.D. 1993. Relationship between number of greenbugs
and damage to wheat seedlings. Southwest. Entomol. 18: 263-268.
Elliott, N. C., G. L. Hein, and B. M. Shepard. 1993. Sampling arthropod
pests of wheat and rice. In: L. Pedigo and D. G. Buntin (eds.), Handbook of
Sampling Methods for Arthropod Pests in Agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida.
Kindler, S.D., and T.L. Springer. 1992. Identification of Russian wheat
aphid resistance in Agropyron species, pp. 83-89. In W.P. Morrison (comp.)
Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference. Great Plains
Agric. Counc. Pub. 142.
Kindler, S.D., K.B. Jensen, and T.L. Springer. 1993. An Overview:
Resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) within the
perennial Triticeae. J. Econ. Entomol. 85:1609-1618.
Miller, H.L. and D.R. Porter. Physiological effects of Russian wheat aphids
on a resistant and susceptible barley. Agron. Abst. American Society of
Agronomy, Madison, WI., Southern Branch Abst., p. 14-15.
Mornhinweg, D.W., and D.R. Porter. 1993. Effect of Russian wheat aphid on
yield and yield components of barley. Agron. Abst. American Society of
Agronomy, Madison, WI., Southern Branch Abst., p. 14.
Mornhinweg, D.W., D.R. Porter, and J.A. Webster. 1993. Inheritance of RWA
resistance in barley germplasm line STARS-9301B. Agron. Abst. American
Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. p. 95.
Porter, D.R., J.A. Webster, R.L. Burton, and E.L. Smith. 1993. Registration
of GRS1201 greenbug multi-biotype-resistant wheat germplasm. Crop Sci.
33:1115.
Porter, D.R., J.A. Webster, and C.A. Baker. 1993. Detection of resistance to
the Russian wheat aphid in hexaploid wheat. Plant Breeding. 110:157-160.
Porter, D.R. 1993. Host plant resistance to greenbugs in wheat: Status and
prospects. Proc. Greenbug Workshop, Albuquerque, NM. p. 17.
Porter, D.R., R.A. Veal, J.A. Webster, and R.L. Burton. 1992. Current status
of greenbug resistance efforts. Proc. 19th Hard Red Winter Wheat Conf.,
Lincoln, NE. p. 40-41.
Porter, D.R. 1992. Russian wheat aphid-induced protein profile alterations
in barley. Proc. 5th Russian Wheat Aphid Conf., Ft. Worth, TX. p. 99-100.
Porter, D.R., C.A. Baker, and J.A. Webster. 1993. Russian wheat aphid-
induced protein alterations in spring wheat. Agron. Abst. American Society
of Agronomy, Madison, WI., Southern Branch Abst. p. 10.
Porter, D.R., J.A. Webster, and B. Friebe. 1993. Inheritance of greenbug
biotype G resistance in wheat. Agron. Abst. American Society of Agronomy,
Madison, WI. p. 99.
Reed, D. K., J. D. Burd, N. C. Elliott, and R. K. Campbell. 1993. Aspects of
tritrophic interactions of the Russian wheat aphid. Pages 109-113, In: R.
D. Lumsden and J. L. Vaughn (eds.), Pest Management: Biologically Based
Technologies, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 435 pp.
Reed, H. C., D. K. Reed, and N. C. Elliott. 1993. Comparative life table
statistics of Diaeretiella rapae and Aphidius matricariae on the Russian
wheat aphid. Southwest. Entomol. 17:307-312.
Webster, J.A., D.R. Porter, C.A. Baker, and D. Mornhinweg. 1993. Russian
wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) resistance in barley: Effects on aphid
feeding. J. Econ. Entomol. 86:1603-1608.
Webster, J.A., C. Inayatullah, M. Hamissou, and K.A. Mirkes. 1994. Leaf
pubescence effects in wheat on yellow sugarcane aphids and greenbugs
(Homoptera:Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 87:231-240.
-------------------------
OREGON
Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University
W.E. Kronstad*, R.S.Karow*, D.K. Kelly, R.W. Knight, M.D. Moore, S.E.
Rowe, and S. Rezgui
The 1992-93 Crop Year The harvested wheat acreage estimate for 1993 is
925,000 acres, identical to last year. Average yield is estimated at 70.2
bu/a, up from 51.7 bu/a in 1992. Soft white wheat protein percent ranged
from 6.7 to 14.6 percent with an average of 9.5. Spring arrived late and
continued through September. Significant rainfall occurred throughout the
summer across the state. It was the best or worst of years depending on
your location in the state.
Areas of eastern Oregon had record yield levels. Spring and summer
rains resulted in crops with good test weights and low protein.
Cephalosporium stripe was a serious problem in some areas and resulted in
yield reductions up to 50 percent. Western Oregon was a disaster area for
many crops. More than two-thirds of the harvested wheat had visible sprout
damage with some lots grading as high as 34 percent sprout. Test weights
were low, some below 50 pounds per bushel. Septoria diseases were rampant.
Septoria tritici was most common as usual, but Gene wheat, a new S. tritici
resistant OSU release, showed significant S. nodorum levels. This was not
unexpected as Gene is know to be S. nodorum susceptible, but the fact that
the disease was so wide spread in this first year after release is
worrisome.
The cultivar Stephens continues to dominate, but it's acreage continues
to drop each year. Madsen, a pseudocercosporella resistant cultivar, nearly
doubled it's acreage from 1992 to 1993 (6.5 to 12.0 percent). ` Gene' is
expected to become a dominant cultivar in western Oregon, despite it's
S.nodorum susceptibility, as it has excellent lodging resistance and is
early maturing. `Penawawa' is the dominant spring soft white wheat.
Wheat Breeding and Genetics Dr. Nicolae Saulescu from Fundulea,
Romania and Dr. Moustafa Moustafa from Nubaria Research Station in Egypt
spent this past year with the wheat breeding and genetics program. Their
research focus was on developing improved techniques for measuring drought
tolerance. Dr. Saulescu also developed an innovative method of measuring
genotype x environment interactions. The results of these studies are being
submitted to the Crop Science Journal.
Two new cultivars, Gene, a soft white winter and Hoff, a hard red
winter were released this past year. Scientists at Washington State
University have reported that Gene appears to have high temperature dormancy
to lessen the potential sprout damage and Cercosporella foot rot resistance.
Hoff has a significantly higher yield advantage compared to other hard red
varieties grown in Oregon and Washington; however, both Gene and Hoff lack
extreme levels of winter hardiness.
A four-parent diallel cross excluding reciprocals was made between
three winter or facultative and one spring durum cultivars (Wd-Neb 021,
Parus, and COR-Mar 79) and one spring (07690 Nic) cultivars. Estimates of
genetic variability and efficiency of every generation selection were
determined for grain yield, components of yield and protein content.
Combining ability analysis indicated that additive gene action is
important in the inheritance of plant height, kernel weight, and protein
content. Non-additive gene action played a role in the inheritance of
biomass, grain yield, harvest index, number of kernels per spike, and spike
number. Results from mean generation analysis showed that environmental
factors influenced both additive and dominance estimates. Epistasis was
involved in determining the inheritance of plant height, kernel weight,
harvest index, and protein content. Positive associations were obtained
between grain yield and biomass, plant height, and kernel weight in both
F(3) and F(4). F(2) and F(3) single plant data for plant height, kernel
weight, and protein content were associated with F(3) and F(4) row progeny
performance. Estimates of heritability, progeny row predictions, and
response to selection for kernel weight and protein content could be
effective in improving both grain yield and protein content in those
populations.
Publications
Lorenzo, A., W.E. Kronstad, and L.G.E. Viera, 1987. Relationship between
high molecular weight gluten in subunits and loaf volume in wheat as
measured by the SDSS test. Crop Sci. 27:253-257.
Costa, J.M. and W.E. Kronstad. 1991. Possible associations between grain
protein content and selected traits in hard red winter wheat populations.
Accepted Crop Sci.
Das, M., S. Rajaram, and W.E. Kronstad. 1992. Inheritance of slow rusting
resistance to leaf rust of wheat. Crop Sci. 32:1452-1456.
Das, M.K., S. Rajaram, W.E. Kronstad, C.C. Mundt, R.P. Singh. 1992.
Associations and Genetics of Three Components of Slow Rusting in Leaf Rust
of Wheat. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journal Euphytica 68:99-109.
Mou, B., and W.E. Kronstad. 1992. Duration and rate of grain filling in
selected winter wheat populations. I. Inheritance. Accepted Crop Sci.
Mou, B., and W.E. Kronstad. 1992. Duration and rate of grain filling in
selected winter wheat populations. II. Association with kernel protein
content and other agronomic traits. Accepted Crop Sci.
Rezgui, S. 1993. Estimates of genetic variability and efficiency of early
generation selection for grain yield and protein content in durum wheat
crosses. (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). 104P. Ph.D. thesis.
-------------------------
SOUTH DAKOTA
Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings
J.C. Rudd, G.W. Buchenau, B.G. Farber, C.H. Chen, R. Yu, and I.A. del
Blanco - Spring Wheat Breeding
Production. The 1993 production of Hard Red Spring Wheat in South
Dakota was 54.5 million bushels from 2 million acres. The average yield was
27 bu/a compared to an average yield of 34 bu/a in 1992 and 28 bu/a in 1991.
In most areas, spring wheat planting was from 1 to 3 weeks later than
normal, due to a cool, wet spring. Adequate rains and cooler than normal
temperatures led to optimistic outlooks and in early July, a record crop of
spring wheat was being predicted. By the third week in July, the scab
epidemic was evident and the potential grain yield was reduced by over 50%
in many of the infected fields. The northeast area of the state was hit
hardest by scab. Tan spot appeared to be the prevalent disease in North
Central South Dakota. At locations under scab pressure, '2375', 'Sharp',
and 'Butte 86' were the highest yielding cultivars. In areas west of the
scab epidemic, later maturing cultivars such as Krona and Prospect performed
very well. Durum production in the state was 432,000 bushels from 18,000
acres, with an average grain yield of 24 bu/a.
New Release. SD8073 (SD8052/SD2971) will be increased in 1994 with the
intent to release in 1995. The pedigree of SD8052 is ND585/Shield and the
pedigree of SD2971 is Agt/2/ND441//Wld/BB/4/Butte/5/Len. SD8073 is awned,
early heading, standard height, and Hessian Fly resistant (tracing to
'Marquillo'). In relative performance to Butte 86 (92 site-years), SD8073
is 2 bushels/acre higher yielding, 1 pound less bushel weight, 0.5
percentage points less protein, the same height, and 2 days later heading.
Fusarium head blight resistance. A genetic study of Fusarium head
blight (scab) resistance was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Six
spring wheat genotypes ('Butte 86', '2375', SD3116, SD3080, 'Sumai 3', and
'Fan 1') were crossed in a modified half diallel design. Parents, F1, and
F2 progenies were inoculated at anthesis with a pathogenic isolate of
Fusarium graminearum. The increase of the disease was assessed on the basis
of a 0-5 scale. Notes were taken three times; 7, 14, and 21 days after
inoculation, to obtain the area under the disease progress curve.
Combining ability analysis, following Griffing's Method 4 Model 1,
showed a large GCA/SCA ratio both in F1 and F2, indicating that resistance
was uniformly transmitted to all the progeny. Sumai 3 and Fan 1 had the
largest GCA for resistance to disease spread, and Butte 86 the largest for
susceptibility.
Resistance of the F1, in those arrays of Sumai 3 and Fan 1, was as high
or higher than the more resistant parent. Frequency distributions of the F2
populations indicated that the resistance of Sumai 3 is probably controlled
by a small number of dominant genes and that the resistance of Fan 1 is
controlled by many genes with additive effects. - del Blanco, Rudd,
Buchenau.
Selection for Tan Spot Resistance in Anther culture. Tan spot, caused
by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, has become a serious disease of
wheat in recent years. Phytotoxins have been subsequently shown to be
involved in this disease. By virtue of this disease, an anther culture
system, in which pathogen culture filtrates were introduced into the anther
culture media to serve as selecting agent, has been developed to facilitate
selection and fixation of tan spot resistance. Anthers from cv. Celtic
(sensitive to toxin), Erik (insensitive to toxin), Prospect (insensitive to
toxin) and their two hybrids, Celtic/Prospect and Erik/Celtic, were
inoculated on W-14 media containing various strengths of culture filtrates.
The presence of relatively high concentrations of culture filtrates in the
media significantly suppressed the callus initiation of the three cultivars
and their two hybrids. Infiltration test of pollen plants regenerated from
calli of two F1's against culture filtrate revealed that the culture
filtrate in the medium did increase the ratio of toxin-insensitive plants to
toxin-sensitive plants. On the other hand, the in vitro sensitivities of
three cultivars to the culture filtrate, as expressed by relative callus
initiation rate, were not consistent with their in vivo responses to the
toxin or culture filtrate. This suggests that some other secondary
metabolites than toxin in the culture filtrate may also affect callus
initiation. In order to improve the efficiency of this selection system, we
have isolated the toxin from the fungus culture filtrates. Anthers of six
hybrids from crosses among toxin-insensitive lines and toxin-sensitive lines
were cultured on the toxin-containing media. Plants regenerated from pollen
calli are being tested for toxin reaction in greenhouse.
In addition, progenies of the pollen plants have been tested for toxin
reaction in the field. No segregation has been observed in the plant rows
tested, further indicating that anther culture may serve as a tool in rapid
selection for tan spot resistance in a wheat breeding program. - Yu, Chen
-------------------------
S. D. Haley and R. A. Schut - Winter Wheat Breeding
Personnel Change. Effective 7 July 1993, Scott D. Haley assumed
leadership of the winter wheat breeding and genetics program. Since
completing a Ph.D. with the winter wheat breeding program at Colorado State
University (12/91), he had been working as a Postdoctoral Research Associate
at Michigan State University where he was involved with the development and
use of RAPD markers to facilitate disease resistance gene pyramiding. The
objectives of the program at South Dakota State University will continue to
be focused toward the development of improved cultivars adapted for
production in South Dakota and the Northern Plains.
Production. Growing conditions throughout the winter wheat production
area of South Dakota were extremely favorable. Total production was the
second highest ever recorded at an estimated 56.6 million bushels harvested
from 1.45 million acres (39 bushels per acre average). Winter survival was
exceptional and postanthesis stresses (heat or drought) did not adversely
affect the crop during grain filling. With the cool and wet conditions, tan
spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) became a problem in both conventional
and reduced tillage systems. Fusarium head blight (scab) was a significant
production problem in eastern South Dakota, yet did not cause problems in
the majority of the winter wheat production area. In some areas, grain
quality was a concern because of weathering (rains immediately prior to and
during harvest) and low protein content (insufficient supply of nitrogen to
satisfy exceptionally-high yield potential).
Breeding Program. Advanced yield trials and early-generation breeding
nurseries were successfully harvested at six field locations (Brookings,
Highmore, Selby, Winner, Okaton, and the Dakota Lakes Research Farm near
Pierre). Significant progress was made for yield potential, test weight, and
straw strength (lodging resistance. Two advanced lines (SD89119,
'Brule'/'Agate'; SD89333, 'Gent'/'Siouxland') performed very well and are
presently under small-scale increase; decisions regarding further increase
for potential release will be made following the 1993-1994 growing season.
To improve efficiency, breeding program organization was altered to
include institution of standardized yield trial formats, advancement of line
selection from F5 to F4 generation bulks, and placement of a testing site in
western South Dakota (Wall, Pennington County). Introgression of tan spot
(Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) resistance from Triticum tauschii progressed
to greenhouse screening of 84 BC2F2 families. Several families showed higher
levels of resistance than susceptible checks or recurrent parents.
To support specific program objectives, comprehensive crossing programs
were initiated for winterhardiness, grain protein content, leaf rust
resistance, tan spot resistance, and hard white winter wheat. The crossing
programs included incorporation of a dominant male sterile allele to
facilitate genetic recombination.
Dark-Colored Straw. No-till research in the Northern Plains (including
South Dakota) has shown that: 1) maximizing economic viability of no-till
production systems depends on intensive crop rotation, and 2) rotations with
warm-season grasses (corn or grain sorghum) following wheat generally
provide the greatest economic return relative to risk. A significant problem
for such rotations is cool soil temperatures that hinder early-season plant
development when warm-season grasses are planted into standing wheat
stubble. Dark-colored wheat straw could potentially alter surface
reflectance properties and provide a micro-environment more favorable for
development of warm-season grasses planted into wheat stubble.
Twenty-seven common wheat accessions (both winter and spring) with
dark-colored straw (black, brown, gray) were obtained from the National
Small Grains Collection in Aberdeen, Idaho. These accessions will be used
to: 1) introgress the dark-colored straw characteristic into winter wheat
adapted for the Northern Plains, 2) evaluate potential pleiotropic effects
of dark-colored straw on yield, quality, or pest resistance attributes of
the winter wheat crop, and 3) evalute potential benefits of dark-colored
winter wheat straw as an integrated component of no-till rotations in the
Northern Plains.
-------------------------
M. A. C. Langham and D. J. Gallenberg
Wheat Virology. The prevernalization incidence of wheat streak mosaic
virus (WSMV) in various winter wheat fields during the 1992-1993 growing
season was measured during fall surveys. The surveys included sixty-five
winter wheat fields throughout the winter wheat growing region of South
Dakota, and fifty individual plants were collected from each field in a
double V pattern with a minimum of forty feet between each sample. Samples
were frozen at -20 C until analysis by Protein-A enzyme-linked immunosorbant
assay (ELISA).
Wheat streak mosaic virus was detected in 48.5% of all the fields
surveyed during this growing season. This level closely parallels the 46.3%
incidence detected in samples collected during the fall survey of 1991-1992
winter wheat. This incidence is higher than previously reported from South
Dakota winter wheat, and it is indicative of either a multiple year cycle of
intensive disease activity or a higher endemic rate of WSMV.
Although the total incidence of WSMV during the fall of 1992-1993
season was similar to that found in the previous season, the pattern of
individual fields with high incidence levels differed. During the first
season, eight areas of high incidence fields were identified in the
following counties: Beadle, Butte, Charles Mix, Jones, Lyman, Meade,
Stanley, and Tripp. In 1992-1993, the high incidence fields were localized
in three areas. The most extensive area was located in Stanley and eastern
Haakon county, and it contained over half of all the sites which were
classified as high incidence. The two other high incidence areas were
located in Fall River and Potter counties.
A further difference can be detected when the number of individual
infected plants per field is compared. In 1992-1993, the number of infected
plants per field ranged from 2-96% which is greater than the range of 2-46%
detected in 1991-1992. The increase in the maximum infected plants per field
is another indication of the intense level of WSMV found in the high
incidence areas during the fall of 1992. Thus, WSMV incidence in the fall
of 1992 was localized in fewer areas of higher intensity than during the
fall of 1991.
-------------------------
G.W. Buchenau and D.J. Gallenberg
Leaf Spots and Scab in South Dakota, 1993. Wheat scab or head blight
reached epidemic proportions in 1993 in eastern portions of South Dakota
where losses of 35% or more of the yield potential were common.
Conservative estimates place the damage at nearly 26 million bushels worth
about 96 million dollars. Although some losses occurred in winter wheat,
scab losses occurred predominantly in the spring wheat area.
The record rainfall of 1993 certainly provided suitable scab weather,
but also provided weather favorable for the development of tan spot and
Septoria blights which together probably took 20% or more of the remaining
yield. Both diseases developed relatively slowly in the cool season, but
reached epidemic proportions by the milk stage.
-------------------------
H.J. Woodard and A. Bly
Soil Fertility and Production Research. Long-Term Cl Applications on
the Growth and Yields of Feed Barley and Hard Red Spring Wheat. A field
experiment designed to determine how Cl rates affect the growth and yield of
responsive small grain varieties was conducted for the seventh year of the
study which was located in east-central South Dakota. The treatments of 10
lbs Cl/A (11 kg ha-1) , 20 lbs Cl/A (22 kg ha-1) , 40 lbs Cl/A (44 kg ha-1)
, and the difference between the 60 lbs Cl/A (66 kg ha-1) and the soil test
Cl level at 0-2' (0-60 cm) depth were applied annually as KCl (0-0-60) by
surface broadcast and incorporated by disking. The effects of these
treatments were compared to one-time only treatments of 160 lbs Cl /A (176
kg ha-1) and 320 lbs Cl/A (352 kg ha-1) which were applied in 1987 as a
surface broadcast of KCl and incorporated by disking. Treatments without
applied Cl were also included. The Butte-86 hard red spring (HRS) wheat
and the Morex feed barley varieties which have been shown to be
Cl-responsive were planted according to recommended planting practices in
small plots in an RCB design with each treatment replicated five times.
Statistical analysis for the wheat by ANOVA showed that neither the
annual nor the one-time Cl applications had an influence on culms (number of
stems) and early shoot dry matter weight at Feeke's growth stage 5.0,
soft-dough dry matter weight and number of heads at Feeke's growth stage
11.2, grain yield and grain test weight. However, there was a trend for
all these parameters to increase with the increase of the annual Cl
applications compared to the one-time only Cl treatments. Overall grain
yields for the wheat were low due to the unfavorable wet weather and some
head scab infection.
Statistical analysis for the barley by ANOVA showed that neither the
annual nor the one-time Cl applications had an influence on culm number
(tillers) and early shoot dry matter weight at Feeke's growth stage 5.0,
soft-dough dry matter weight and number of heads at Feeke's growth stage
11.2, grain yield and grain test weight. However, 1000-kernel weight
significantly increased with the annual Cl treatments compared to the
one-time only Cl treatment. Grain protein (%) was lowest in the annual
treatments which had the highest grain yields. Overall grain yields for the
barley was also low .
It was presumed that the Cl applied as one-time only treatments had
leached beyond the root zone. However, there was sufficient recycling of
the Cl from the small grain residue in all treatments left from prior years'
growth to supply the crops with required Cl.
Applied P Rates, Tillage and Planting Method on the Growth Response and
Grain Yield of Hard Red Winter Wheat. An experiment was conducted in three
locations in south-central South Dakota on producer-cooperator farms to
determine the effects of applying fertilizer P at various rates in different
tillage conditions. Fertilizer P was applied as a liquid 10-34-0 by
modified anhydrous knife applicator at the rates of 30 lbs P2O5/A (15 kg
ha-1) , 60 lbs P2O5/A (29 kg ha-1), 120 lbs P2O5/A (59 kg ha-1) and 240 lbs
P2O5/A (117 kg ha-1) in plots prepared by chisel-sweeps and disking or in
plots prepared by a one-time only chisel sweep tillage operation.
Fertilizer N was applied to both equalize the N from the 10-34-0 application
and to supply the N required to meet a yield goal of 3400 kg ha-1. In
addition, control plots with no P fertilizer applied were also planted with
and without any N fertilizer. Either the Arapahoe, Bennett or TAM-107
varieties of hard red winter wheat were planted in one of the locations by a
no-till drill with 7" (18 cm) row spacings or a hoe drill with 10" (25 cm)
spacings in both tillage systems. Each treatment was replicated four times
in an RCB design.
Statistical analysis of the response parameters showed that culms
(number of stems) and early shoot dry matter weight at Feeke's growth stage
5.0 were increased by at least one of the P applications, and also the N
treatment without P, at most sites. Grain yield and grain test weight also
increased with applied P and N but not to the same extent. Tillage seemed
to have no effect on the responses of measured parameters by P treatment.
The most significant influence on tillage would have been a soil moisture
savings in the minimum tilled plots. Since this was a wet growing season,
this effect was not observed.
The culm number (tillers) and early shoot dry matter weight at Feeke's
growth stage 5.0, soft-dough dry matter weight and grain yield and grain
test weight were greater for plots planted with the no-till drill compared
to plots planted by the hoe drill. This advantage in planting method was
probably the result of less plant competition with the closer row spacing of
the no-till planter than the row spacing of the hoe drill. The range of
mean grain yield was from a low of 45.0 bu/A (3026 kg ha-1) in the control
plots to a high of 71.2 bu/A (4788 kg ha-1) in the 240 lbs P2O5/A (117 kg
ha-1) application.
In one location, the growth and grain yield responses were due to N
applications only. In another location, the responses were due to both N
and P responses. One site was unresponsive to fertilizer applications due
to the planting of a lower yielding variety (Bennett) by the
producer-cooperator.
References
Gelderman, R., J. Gerwing and G. Erickson. 1993. Correlation and
Interpretation of Phosphorus Soil Tests for Winter Wheat in Central South
Dakota. Soil/Water Science Research (In Press), Brookings: SDAES.
Gelderman, R., J. Gerwing, and G. Erickson. 1992. Correlation and
Interpretation of Phosphorus Soil Tests for Winter Wheat in Central South
Dakota. Soil PR 92-13. Soil/Water Science Research TB 99 (Revised 1993),
Brookings: SDAES.
Woodard, H.J., D. Winther, B. Byers, and A. Bly. 1992. Timing of Cl
Application on Grain Yield Response of Hard Red Spring Wheat. Soil PR 92-18.
Soil/Water Science Research TB 99 (Revised 1993), Brookings: SDAES.
Woodard, H.J., D. Winther, B. Byers, and A. Bly. 1992. Effect of Residual
and Annual Cl Applications on Grain Yield of Hard Red Spring Wheat. Soil PR
92-19. Soil/Water Science Research TB 99 (Revised 1993), Brookings: SDAES.
Woodard, H.J., G. Buchenau, D. Winther, B. Byers, and A. Bly. 1992. Tilt
Fungicide and Cl Applications on Grain Yield Response in Hard Red Spring
Wheat. Soil PR 92-21. Soil/Water Science Research TB 99 (Revised 1993),
Brookings: SDAES.
Woodard, H.J., J. Gerwing, D. Winther, A. Bly, and B. Byers. 1992. Responses
of Hard Red Winter Wheat to Fertilizer An, S and Cl in South Central South
Dakota. Soil PR 92-22. Soil/Water Science Research TB 99 (Revised 1993),
Brookings: SDAES.
Woodard, H.J., J. Gerwing, D. Winther, A. Bly, and B. Byers. 1992.
Phosphorus Placement and Rate Response of Hard Red Winter Wheat in Central
South Dakota. 1992. Soil PR 92-23. Soil/Water Science Research TB 99
(Revised 1993), Brookings: SDAES.
Khan, Ajmal, H.J. Woodard, D. Winther, and B. Byers. 1992. Nitrogen
Fertilizer Effects on Hard Red Winter and Hard Red Spring Wheat. Soil PR
92-24. Soil/Water Science Research TB 99 (Revised 1993), Brookings: SDAES.
-------------------------
TEXAS
Texas A&M University
Amarillo: M.D. Lazar*, J. Hu, G.L. Peterson, G.M. Piccinni,
C.D.Salisbury, J.E. Simmons and Q. Xue; Beaumont: J. Sij*; College Station:
G.E. Hart, M.E. McDaniel, B.A. McDonald*, C. Erickson, L. Rooney, and N.A.
Tuleen; Dallas: D. Marshall*, R.L. Sutton, M. Harrington, W.C. Wang;
Overton: L.R. Nelson*, S. Ward, J. Crowder; Vernon: W.D. Worrall, S.J.
Caldwell.
Amarillo: High Plains: The 1992-93 crop year on the high plains was
relatively dry, but variable across the region. Bushland received 8.03
inches of precipitation between 9/1/92 and 5/1/93. Insufficient moisture
was received for planting of rainfed plots at Bushland until a large
snowfall November 22, leaving the fields covered and muddy until mid-
January. Two other locations received sufficient moisture to permit
September planting, however. Warmer than normal weather was the rule across
the area during most of the winter. Mean irrigated yield at Bushland was
115.3 bu/ac, with top yields produced by TX88A6480, TX90V7911, TX88A6533,
TX91V4931, 'TAM200' and 'TAM202', respectively. Mean yields at two rainfed
locations were 54.5 bu/ac at Stinnett and 19.5 bu/ac at Washburn. Top
yields at those locations were produced by 'TAM107', TX89A7137, TX89A7141,
TX91V4928 and 'Pecos', respectively.
Drought Tolerance: Variability has been observed among sister
selections of pedigree TAM105*4/Amigo*4//Largo, for relative response to
irrigation over several years of testing at Bushland. Three lines appear
consistently more tolerant to postanthesis drought than the related
cultivar, TAM107, while at least two of the sister selections are
consistently more susceptible than TAM107, based upon calculation of the
Fischer-Maurer 'S' statistic. Preliminary data from a planned comparison
among these lines confirm this variation as significant. Studies are
underway to determine the physiological basis of the variation. The lines
will also be released as germplasm this year.
Personnel: Dr. Giovanni Piccinni has joined the group as a postdoctoral
research associate, working with Drs. Lazar, Salisbury and Worrall on the
physiological genetics of drought tolerance. Dr. Piccinni joins us from the
U.S. Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, CA. Mr. Qingwu Xue is a new graduate
student at West Texas A&M University, and is working on genetic variation
for osmotic adjustment under Dr. Lazar.
Beaumont: A plant health screening nursery was established in southeast
Texas at the Texas A&M University System Agricultural Research and Extension
Center near Beaumont. The warm, humid, high rainfall environmental
conditions are conducive to disease development most years. Over 1500
breeding lines are being screened for leaf rust, septoria diseases, and
powdery mildew resistance. Raw land is flat with poor internal drainage.
To improve drainage, the nursery area was land formed or "crowned" to a 0.2
foot per 100 foot grade using commercial laser equipment. Initial stand
establishment was excellent.
College Station: Population genetics of wheat fungal pathogens: B.A.
McDonald - Single locus RFLP analysis and DNA fingerprinting were used to
show that populations of Stagonospora nodorum (anamorph Septoria nodorum) in
Oregon have a genetic structure similar to that found for S. nodorum
populations in Texas. No genotypes were shared between the two populations,
and preliminary data analysis suggests only low levels of gene flow between
these populations. Septoria tritici populations collected from around the
world are presently being compared using 12 single locus RFLP markers to
gain a snapshot of the world-wide genetic structure of S. tritici.
Dallas: `TAM 300' (tested in the SRPN as TX86D1332) was released on a
semi-exclusive basis to four seed companies in Texas and one company for
Oklahoma and Kansas production. The release of this cultivar will be a good
test to determine if a previously defeated resistance gene (Lr 16) can be
recycled. In the Blacklands, the best hard wheat cultivars for 1993 were
`2163', `2180', `TAM 300', and `Karl'; the best soft wheats were `Pioneer
2571', `Coker 9134', and `Coker 9024'.
The experimental hard red winter wheat line, TX89D9627, was proposed
for release in 1994. The pedigree of this line is `Mit'/`Kavkaz'. This
line combines high yields in the Blacklands and Rolling Plains of Texas,
with excellent leaf rust protection and high levels of resistance to
septoria tritici blotch and powdery mildew.
Development of genetic transformation system for wheat. W.C. Wang and
D. Marshall - Two procedures of gene transfer systems of wheat have been
studied at the Dallas Center - a tissue culture independent pollen tube
pathway system, and a tissue culture dependent, particle bombardment
transformation using shoot competent cells. The gene construct used was
pNG1, which contains both NPTII and Gus marker genes.
For pollen tube pathway transformation, we have inoculated 0.1 ug/ul of
the DNA on the cut end of the stigma when the plants were just past growth
stage 9, approximately 2-3 days prior to anthesis. Sturdy and Mit were
used. A total of 160 florets were inoculated, 21% of the florets set seed,
but 90% of the seeds were aborted. About 85% were able to germinate in
vitro on the 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D M.S. medium. Six out of 29 plants were GUS
positive with blue coleoptiles. For the non-germinated seeds, some had GUS
positive embryos, while others had GUS positive endosperm. However, after
the GUS assay, seedling growth was inhibited. We isolated the DNA from GUS
positive seedlings of Sturdy for Southern analysis. Here, all showed
positive results, using the probe derived from pNG1. The pollen-tube
pathway system is simple and seeds can be obtained in one generation, yet
there are optimum inoculation stage, genotype x stage effects, and a non-
lethal screening procedure that need to be determined in order to
efficiently and repeatedly recover the genetically transformed wheat plants.
The tissue culture dependent system using shoot competent cells has
been carried out to optimize the conditions for obtaining the transformants.
The particle gun has been built with the modification from Sanford's and
Finer's gun, driven by nitrogen gas. After evaluating the shooting force
(150 vs 200 psi), target distance (10 vs 14 cm), and type of callus (friable
vs compact), using GUS visual assay, 200 psi and 10 cm gave more blue GUS
spots than other treatments for both callus types. The blue cells were
selected and subcultured two times on 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D M.S. medium containing
80 mg/l kanamycin and G418 for recovery. Forty-eight putative kanamycin
resistant colonies have been isolated. However, the effectiveness of this
transformation system remains to be seen after the regeneration and Southern
analysis.
Overton: Wheat grain yields in Northeast Texas were above average in
1993. In the elite soft wheat variety test at Overton, the top yielding
cultivar was `Coker 9134' (81 bu/ac). At the Mt. Pleasant testing site,
`Caldwell' produced 94 bu/ac. No winterkilling occurred in 1992-93. The
experimental TX-76-40-2 was released as an elite breeding line. It has
demonstrated excellent resistance for Septoria nodorum. Crown rust was a
very significant disease on wheat across most of Texas in 1993. Many
cultivars as well as breeding lines will be discarded as they became
susceptible to this disease.
In a greenhouse study with hybrid wheat, where wheat plants were
inoculated with Septoria nodorum spores, results indicated heterosis, if
present in hybrids, increased grain yield of hybrid plants of healthy or
diseased (SNB) wheat genotypes. Further, that grain yields in this study
were reduced about equally in both parents and hybrids by the presence of
SNB. Therefore heterosis will not overcome the SNB pathogen and maintain
grain yields of diseased plants or provide the hybrids with tolerance to
SNB. In regard to heterosis for components of partial resistance to SNB, we
could only measure slight heterosis (high parent) for incubation period.
The longer IP of some of the hybrids, was not translated into a longer
latent period for those hybrids, and therefore is of no practical use in a
breeding program.
Publications
Aboul-Ata, A.E.Y.El-Dawoudi, D. Marshall, K. Makkouk, M.M. Satour, and E.
Ghanim. 1993. Serotyping of barley yellow dwarf virus isolates from Egypt.
Phytopathologia Mediterranea 34:564-568.
Boeger, J.M., R.S. Chen, and B.A. McDonald. 1993. Gene flow between
geographic populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria
tritici) detected with RFLP markers. Phytopathology 83:1148-1154.
Brown, W.M., V. Velasco, J.P. Hill, D. Marshall, and D.M. Wesenbery. 1993.
Identification of sources of resistance to barley stripe rust. Proc. 30th
Barley Imp. Conf. p. 56.
Chen, R.S, and B.A. McDonald. 1993. Genetic stability in populations of
Septoria tritici. Phytopathology 83:1353.
Crowder, Jim, S. L. Ward, L. R. Nelson, and Xiaobing Fang. 1993. Wheat grain
variety tests at DeKalb and Mt. Pleasant for 1991-92. In: TAES Overton Res.
Ctr. Tech. Rept. 93-1. pp. 149-150.
Guthrie, P.A.I., B.A. McDonald, and D.N. Appel. 1993. RFLPs in nuDNA
differentiate Texas isolates of Ceratocystis fagacearum from different oak
wilt centers. Phytopathology 83:1353.
Marshall, D.S., L.R. Nelson, and B. Tunali. 1993. The occurrence of
Acremonium and other endophytic fungi in the indigenous wild cereals of
Turkey. In: Proc. of the 2nd Intern. Symp. on Acremonium/grass interactions.
pp.8-10.
Marshall, D.S., J.H. Gardenhire, B.A. Shafer, K.B. Porter, M.D. Lazar,
M.E.McDaniel, L.R.Nelson, and W.D. Worrall. 1993. Registration of `TAMBAR
500' barley. Crop Sci. 33:1104.
McDonald, B.A., and J.M. McDermott. 1993. The population genetics of plant
pathogenic fungi. BioScience 43:311-319.
McDermott, J.M., and B.A. McDonald. 1993. Gene flow in plant pathosystems.
Annual Review of Phytopathology 31:353-373.
Nelson, L.R., J. Crowder, S. Ward, and X. Fang. 1993. Wheat grain variety
tests at Overton for 1991-92 and 2-year means. In: TAES Overton Res. Ctr.
Tech. Rept. 93-1. pp. 147-148.
Nelson, L.R., S. Ward, and J. Crowder. 1993. Oat, rye, and wheat forage
variety tests at Overton in 1991-92. In: Forage Research in Texas, 1992.
TAES Publication PR-5021. pp. 23-25.
-------------------------
UTAH
R. S. Albrechtsen, Utah State University
Spring Wheat
Production, diseases and insects. A slightly larger harvested acreage
and a slightly higher yield per acre resulted in the largest production of
spring wheat in Utah for the last six years. An unusually wet spring
resulted in late planting of most fields, but continuing moisture and cool
weather resulted in a good crop overall.
Spring wheat diseases were generally minor. Losses from the Russian
wheat aphid were light. Infestations of the cereal leaf beetle were spotty.
Breeding program. Because of our small spring wheat acreage, we are
winding down our spring wheat breeding program and directing the effort in
other areas. We identify well adapted materials from the Western Regional
Spring Wheat Nursery.
Cultivars. `Rick' (HRS), our most recent spring wheat release performs
well under both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions and is increasing in
acreage.
-------------------------
David Hole, Utah State University
Winter Wheat
Harvested acreage of Utah's winter wheat crop rose about 20% to 155
thousand acres. Average yields, statewide were 39 bu/acre. Following a
warm dry 1992, the field conditions for 1993 were the exact opposite with
the coldest summer in Utah's recorded history. The growing conditions were
also wetter than normal, raising yields in much of the dryland areas but
lowering quality overall. Harvest was delayed 1 to 2 weeks later than
normal.
Manning remains the most popular hard red winter wheat with some
headway being made by Promontory, the most recent UAES dryland release.
Stephens is the most widely grown soft white winter wheat under irrigation.
Garland was released in 1992 and seed was available to growers for the
first time last year. Garland has been well received as a replacement for
Ute.
Dwarf smut levels were higher in 1993 due to more snow cover and better
environmental conditions for infection. Resistant varieties held losses to
minimal levels, however. Snow mold losses were much greater and
necessitated replanting for some growers.
Wide hybridization. Chen-jian Hu completed his Masters degree this
year. Chen's research suggested that, at least in the barley parent,
Betzes, gene(s) resistant to dwarf bunt (TCK) are located on the short arm
of barley chromosome 6. The research also indicated that there may be a
dosage effect for the resistance gene(s). With the loss of CSRS funding for
TCK research, wide-hybridization activities will be curtailed.
-------------------------
VIRGINIA
C.A. Griffey*, D.E. Brann, E.L. Stromberg*, J.M. Johnson*, and E.C.
Jones*, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University
Growing Conditions. The growing season was excellent for wheat
production at most locations in Virginia in 1993. Temperatures were
unseasonably warm throughout most of the fall and winter seasons, and
winterkill was minimal. Moisture was adequate throughout most of the
growing season, and a long grain fill period resulted in above average grain
yields.
1993 Winter Wheat Production. According to the Virginia Agricultural
Statistics Service, 255,000 acres (103,275 ha) of soft red winter wheat were
harvested in Virginia in 1993. An average yield of 53 bu/ac (3560 kg/ha)
was obtained in 1993 and approached the state record of 57 bu/ac (3830
kg/ha) set in 1992. Total wheat production in 1993 was 13.5 million bushels
(368,150 metric tons).
Average wheat yields exceeding 50 bu/ac obtained in the past two years
establishes a new precedence for Virginia producers. In yield contests
conducted in Virginia during the past two years, 10 producers in each year
had wheat yields of 100+ bu/ac (6719 kg/ha), and most of these producers had
average farm yields exceeding 80 bu/ac (5375 kg/ha).
State Cultivar Tests. Eight public and 14 private wheat cultivars were
evaluated at six locations in Virginia in 1993. The cultivars FFR 555W
(Baytan-treated) and Jackson had average yields of 90+ bu/ac (6045 kg/ha).
Other cultivars with yields significantly higher than the test average and
ranging from 86 to 89 bu/ac (5775-5980 kg/ha) were FFR 555W, Pioneer brands
2548, 2580, 2684, and Baytan-treated Saluda and Wakefield. Test weights
ranged from 58.9 lb/bu (758 kg/(3)) to 62.9 lb/bu (810 kg/m(3)), and
averaged 60.8 lb/bu (780 kg/m(3)) over cultivars.
Cultivar release. 'Jackson', formerly designated VA 88-54-479, was
released by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station in 1993. Jackson
was derived as an F(5) head selection from the cross of 'Saluda'/'Coker
762'. Jackson is a high yielding, awnleted, mid-season soft red winter
wheat that is morphologically similar to Saluda in many aspects. In 15
tests conducted in Virginia from 1991 to 1993, Jackson was the highest
yielding cultivar with an average yield of 86 bu/ac (5775 kg/ha) and a test
weight of 60.4 lb/bu (777 kg/m(3). Jackson is superior to Saluda with
respect to resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici),
leaf rust (Puccinia recondita), stem rust (Puccinia graminis), and wheat
spindle streak virus. Milling and baking quality of Jackson is similar to
that of Saluda. Jackson has been evaluated in the Uniform Southern (1992)
and Uniform Eastern (1993) Soft Red Winter Wheat Nurseries.
-------------------------
E. L. Stromberg, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science
Evaluation of a seed treatment insecticide for the control of fall
barley yellow dwarf infections in a soft red winter wheat. For the past
several years barley yellow dwarf (BYDV) has been prevalent and, at times,
severe in many Virginia wheat fields. Fall infections have been the most
conspicuous and damaging. Until recently there has been no consistent or
effective means of preventing or controlling the spread or the initial
infection of BYDV by the aphid vectors. Resistance or tolerance to BYDV in
the soft red winter wheat cultivars grown in Virginia is low.
Experimental seed treatments with Gaucho(@), an experimental Gustafson,
Incorporated (Dallas, Texas) formulation of 1-[(6-chloro-3-
pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nitro-]H-imidazole-2-amine, an insecticide
with the common name, imidacloprid, from Miles, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri,
prevented the fall or early season transmission of BYDV in 1992-93.
Nineteen 2.3 kg lots of non-treated seed of the soft red winter wheat
cultivar Wakefield were treated with one of nine seed treatment materials
(fungicides or imidacloprid) or combinations. Treatments were applied by
mixing the materials in 25 ml of distilled water and spraying the suspension
onto the 2.3 kg lots of seed while each tumbled for 5 minutes in a 20 liter
rotary mixer. The treated seed was placed in cloth bags and permitted to
air dry for five days before planting. Prior to seeding, a fertilizer
containing 34 kg of N, 67 kg of P(2)O(5), 90 kg of K(2)O, and 11 kg of S per
hectare, was broadcast and disk incorporated. The field (a Kempsville sandy
loam, pH 6.3) was previously seeded to barley in 1991. The experimental
design was a randomized complete block with four replications of 19
treatments. Treatment units were 1.25 m wide (seven 18-cm wide rows) and 6
m long and were planted on 21 Oct 92 at a seeding rate of 85 seed per row
meter. On 23 Feb at Zadoks' Growth Stage (GS) 25, 45 kg/ha of N was applied
in a UAN (urea-ammonium-nitrate) solution.
Conditions during the winter months (Oct-Mar) were generally mild with
adequate to above normal precipitation. As a result the wheat attained
considerable growth during this period; powdery mildew pressure was not as
severe as in previous years at this location. Disease ratings for powdery
mildew began at GS 30. The number of barley yellow dwarf infection loci was
assessed at GS 36 and 39 (20 and 28 Apr, respectively) and the area of
infection loci measured at GS 39 when the fall infected plants were severely
dwarfed by BYDV. Four of the nineteen treatments had seed treated with
imidacloprid at rates of 66 g ai, 50 g ai, 31 g ai/100 kg of seed and one a
1:3 mixture, treated (50 g ai/100 kg of seed)/non-treated seed. All
imidacloprid treatments were co-treated with Baytan 30F + Captan 400D at 28
g ai + 47 g ai/ 100 kg of seed, respectively. Each treatment unit (7.5 m(2)
without imidacloprid had from 2 to 7 infection loci with 0.2 to 0.55 m(2) of
the treatment unit with severely dwarfed, BYDV-symptomatic plants. These
infection loci were typical of those produced by fall infection. No
infection loci were detected in the imidacloprid treatments at GS 36 but one
week later at GS 39, one locus (0.0045 m(2)) was detected in one replicate
of the 1:3 mixture of treated/non-treated seed and three loci (0.0107 m(2))
in one replicate of a 50 g ai/100 kg seed treatment. Because plant height
was never severely reduced and the loci were extremely small, these four
infection loci appeared to be the result of spring infections.
The imidacloprid treatments had from 47 to 753 kg more grain per ha
than similar seed treatments without imidacloprid. Grain yields for the
four imidacloprid treatments ranged from 5215 to 5511 kg/ha, while yields
for the other 13 treatments and the non-treated control ranged from 4758 to
5262 kg/ha. Baytan 30F (28 g ai/100 kg seed) treated seed produced 202 to
571 kg/ha more than the Vitavax 200 34F (39 g ai/ 100 kg seed) standard
treatment and the non-treated control due to superior early season powdery
mildew control. No delay in seedling emergence or phytoxicity was observed
for any treatment or combination of treatments.
-------------------------
Janet M. Johnson, Department of Human Nutrition and Foods
Performance of flours from Virginia grain in low-fat cakes. Flour was
milled from Massey, Madison, and Wakefield soft red winter wheats grown
under two different fertilization regimes in 1992. Nitrogen was applied in
the spring in a split application at Zadoks growth stages 25 and 30 at the
rates of 0 + 0 lb/ac for the first treatment and 60 + 90 lb/ac for the
second treatment. The flour protein contents increased with the application
of nitrogen and over cultivars averaged 8 and 11.5% for the two treatments,
respectively. Control cakes were prepared with traditional cake flour
purchased in a local grocery store. Cakes were prepared with a starch
hydrolysate partial replacement for shortening and an oat fiber partial
replacement for shortening.
There were no differences in volume and moistness of fat reduced cakes
among all test flours and the control. The texture of the fat reduced
cakes of both treatments of Massey and Wakefield flours was significantly
less firm when compared with the control cake and cake of Madison flour.
The sensory panel found no differences in volume between cakes of
experimental flours and the cakes of the control flour. The panelists rated
the cakes of Massey and Wakefield flours significantly less firm, more moist
and less sweet than the cakes of Madison and control flours. Verbal
comments later related that the panelists found the reduced fat cakes of the
experimental flours very acceptable.
Generally, previous work reported that a low protein flour is required
for reduced or fat free baked products. However, the protein content of
flours of soft red winter wheats of Virginia grain appeared to have no
effect on the attributes of the reduced fat cakes. Further work is needed
to determine the qualitative differences in protein contents of the various
flours that produced a difference in texture of the cakes.
Low fat bakery products have increased by 33% in the market place in
the past two years. The results of this study will be useful to bakers who
are trying to determine the flour of maximum performance of these products.
-------------------------
Eluned Jones, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics
Structural changes in the wheat markets. Producers are concerned with
price. At the farm level, economic value is reflected in the simplest form
through the spot market price and the discount schedule. The spot price
reflects the costs of market transactions (including transport costs), and
the cost of misinformation (or lack of information), above and beyond supply
and demand.
The traditional view of wheat markets is of fungible, non-specific
markets within each of the five major classes. Price signals from the
market are relied upon to allocate production from farm level to processor,
with grades and standards providing a general guideline for allocation
through price differentials. If full information is contained in these
market signals there is potential for efficient allocation between buyers
and sellers. However, the uses in processing of wheat are becoming
increasingly more diverse and processors are adopting new, and more
sophisticated, technology to meet consumer needs. The result is a rapidly
developing structure of highly specific demands on wheat inputs that exceed
the information provided through the Federal grades and standards.
The price bid by the processor will reflect the certainty, or
uncertainty, that the technological processing requirements, as well as
consumer requirements, will be met by the wheat purchased. Thus, risk and
uncertainty becomes translated back to the farm level through bid prices in
spot markets, and the discounts imposed for deviations from reference
grades. Even if uncertainty is perceived and not real, i.e. the desired
characteristic is present but not currently measured in the spot market, the
bid price may be lowered because of lack of information (uncertainty).
Coordinated marketing or partnering is a rapidly growing market
alternative as participants attempt to reduce economic losses associated
with risk and uncertainty through improved information and communication.
This may include variety specific information, or choosing from a range of
varieties that are known to meet the processors needs, specific management
and handling practices, and/or testing for specific characteristics.
Publications
Alley, M.M., Brann, D.E., Stromberg, E.L., Hagood, E.S., Herbert, D.A.,
Jones, E.C., and Griffith, W.K. 1993. Intensive soft red winter wheat
production: A production guide. Virginia Experiment Station Pub. 424-803.
60 pp.
Conforti, F., Johnson, J., and Alley, M. 1993. The effects of nitrogen
fertilization and chlorination on protein and fatty acid content in Coker
916 flour and their influence on baking quality in angel food cake. J. of
Cereal Science 18:187-195.
Das, M.K., and Griffey, C.A. 1992. Inheritance of adult-plant resistance
to powdery mildew in wheat. Agron. Abstr., p. 93. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison,
WI.
Das, M.K., and Griffey, C.A. 1994. Diallel analysis of adult-plant
resistance to powdery mildew in wheat. Crop Sci. 34 (in press).
Das, M.K., and Griffey, C.A. 1994. Heritability and number of genes
governing adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew in Houser and Redcoat
winter wheats. Phytopathology 84 (in press).
Griffey, C.A., Das, M.K., and Stromberg, E.L. 1993. Effectiveness of
adult-plant resistance in reducing grain yield loss due to powdery mildew in
winter wheat. Plant Dis. 77:618-622.
Griffey, C.A., and Das, M.K. 1994. Inheritance of adult-plant resistance
to powdery mildew in Knox 62 and Massey winter wheats. Crop Sci. 34 (in
press).
Jones, Eluned. 1993. Structural changes in the commodity markets:
Implications for the soft winter wheat market. Department of Agricultural
and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech Pub. SP-93-9, 22 pp.
Scharf, P.C., Alley, M.M., and Yong, Z.L. 1993. Spring nitrogen on winter
wheat: I. Farmer-field validation of tissue test-based rate
recommendations. Agronomy J. 85:1181-1186.
Scharf, P.C., and Alley, M.M. 1993. Spring nitrogen on winter wheat: II.
A flexible multicomponent rate recommendation system. Agronomy J. 85:1186-
1192.
Scharf, P.C., and Alley, M.M. 1993. Accounting for spatial yield
variability in field experiments increases statistical power. Agronomy J.
85:1254-1256.
Stromberg, E.L., and Komm, D.A. 1993. Evaluation of foliarly applied
fungicides for the control of septoria leaf and glume blotch in soft red
winter wheat. Fungic. Nematic. Tests 48:245-246.
Stromberg, E.L., and Komm, D.A. 1993. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for
the control of disease in Wakefield soft red winter wheat. Fungic. Nematic.
Tests 48:247-248.
Stromberg, E.L., and Sagaral, R.G. 1993. Evaluation of seed treatments,
fungicides and an insecticide for disease control in Wakefield soft red
winter wheat. Fungic. Nematic. Tests 48:343.
-------------------------
WASHINGTON
Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology and Disease Research, USDA-ARS,
Pullman
R.E. Allan, S.S. Jones, R.F. Line, M.W. Simmons, C.F. Morris, J.A.
Pritchett, L.M. Little, A. Galvez, L. Holappa, H.C. Jeffers, A.D. Bettge, D.
Engle, M.L. Baldridge, B.S. Patterson, R. Ader, J. Raykowski, G.L.
Rubenthaler, R.M. Cu, M.C. Cadle and D. Wood
R.E. Allan*, J.A. Pritchett, and L.M. Little
Spring Versus Winter Growth Habit. Tests with spring versus winter
growth habit near-isolines (NILS) developed in the soft white spring cv.
Marfed were conducted at Pullman and Central Ferry, WA. The sources for
winter growth habit were Suweon 185 and Chukoku 81. The Pullman test was
sown early (15 Sept) and exposed to cold injury. The winter habit NILS
ranged from 70 to 85% in survival and averaged 80% while their spring
counterparts ranged from 10 to 75% survival and averaged 43%. These results
support the theory that genes for vernalization requirement enhanced
coldhardiness. Both the winter and spring NILS survived the winter at
Central Ferry. No differences occurred between the winter and the spring
NILS for grain yield, heading date, plant height, lodging or test weight. A
separate emergence test indicated the spring versus winter NILS had similar
emergence rates and final stands.
Wheat Grain Dormancy. High levels of grain dormancy is the major
attribute in developing wheats resistant to pre-harvest sprouting. We
determined grain dormancy in five wheat populations nearly isogenic for red
versus white grain. Dormancy was measured by testing percent germination
(%G) and germination index (GI) at 32degC of red and white grain genotypes
grown during four test-years. The white grain recurrent parents were soft
white winter wheat cvs. of Brevor, Nugaines, Daws, Paha, and Luke. Sources
of red grain were Suweon 185 and Chukoku 81. With high consistency red
grain expressed greater dormancy than white grain. When averaged across all
genetic backgrounds and tests the GI means of red vs. white grains were 0.15
and 0.35 respectively while %G means of red vs. white grain were 36 and 79%
respectively. Substituting the red grain allele for the white allele did
not enhance dormancy to the same degree in all genetic backgrounds. The red
grain Nugaines genotypes had nearly 5 times greater dormancy than their
white grain sibs. For Brevor and Daws the differences were 2 to 3 fold.
The effect of the red allele had the least effect in Paha only enhancing
dormancy by about 50%. Apparently white grain genetic backgrounds differ
for genes that can modify the effect of the red grain trait on dormancy.
Perhaps Nugaines has genes that enhance the potency of dormancy of red grain
genes whereas Paha apparently lacks them. Our results suggest that it is
unlikely that breeders can develop white grain genotypes with dormancy equal
to the most dormant red grain genotypes. Rather the results support that
red grain color and enhanced dormancy are pleiotropic traits because after 6
backcrosses to low dormancy cultivars (Paha, Luke), we failed to recover red
grain genotypes with low dormancy. Highly dormant red grain genotypes may
not necessarily be useful germplasm for developing highly dormant white
grain genotypes. For example red grain genotypes of Nugaines and Brevor had
comparable dormancy levels based on their GI and %G values while white grain
Brevor genotypes had 60 to 80% more dormancy than white grain Nugaines
genotypes.
Club Wheat Quality. Our initial results with randomly selected club
wheat breeding lines indicated that specific subunits coded for by the three
high molecular weight glutenin Glu1 loci are associated with club wheat
quality. At the Glu-A1 locus, mean differences occurred (P<0.05) between
lines having the null versus those with the 2* allele for the important
traits of cookie diameter and mixing time with the null allele more optimal
than 2*. At the Glu-B1 locus, mean differences were detected in grain
hardness, absorption and mixing time between lines with subunit 6 vs. those
with 7+8. Lines having subunit 6 generally fit club wheat requirements
better than those with the 7+8 subunit. The Glu-D1 locus had the most
profound effect on club wheat quality traits. Means differed (P<0.05)
between lines with subunits 2+12 and those with 5+10 for grain hardness,
cookie diameter, top grain score, absorption, and mixing time. For each of
these traits lines with the 2+12 subunit more closely conformed to club
wheat quality than those with 5+10 subunit. No significant differences were
observed between subunits at any of the Glu1 loci for percent flour protein,
alkaline water retention capacity or viscosity.
Enhancing Disease Resistance. Our goal is to combine the resistances
to the major foliar and soilborne diseases affecting wheat production in the
PNW. The main soilborne diseases are strawbreaker foot rot and
cephalosporium stripe. The three rusts are the key foliar diseases. An
objective is to combine the high strawbreaker foot rot resistance derived
from Aegilops ventricosa with resistance to cephalosporium stripe obtained
from Agropyron elongatum. Club selection ARS9257 expressed high resistance
to both of these diseases in 1993 tests and appears to have high yield
potential, and satisfactory club wheat milling and baking quality. It has
intermediate field resistance to the currently prevalent stripe rust races.
Several club lines with stripe rust resistance derived from Triticum
dicoccoides performed well in 1993. We have shown that our T. dicoccoides
source has a single dominant gene that conditions resistance to all of the
current stripe rust biotypes in the USA. Several lines yielded 12 to 22%
higher than Tres and Tyee in replicated tests. They putatively carry 2 or
more genes for stripe rust resistance derived from these cultivars in
addition to the T. dicoccoides gene.
Broadening Cultivar Adaptation. Modifying the heading dates of wheat
cultivars that otherwise have limited adaptation has value for extending
their production area and farmer acceptance. The cultivars Luke and Lewjain
have high soft white wheat quality, and durable resistance to stripe rust
and dwarf bunt. They are late in heading and therefore are not widely
grown. Tests with Luke derived NILS varying several days in heading showed
that some NILS 3 to 7 d earlier than Luke had yields that were enhanced 7 to
28% in agricultural environments where Luke was unadapted. Similar
increases have been obtained with NILS varying for heading date in Nugaines,
Paha and Brevor genetic backgrounds.
Improved Stand Establishment. The Sava reduced height genes (Rht(8)
and Rht(9)) appear to have adaptive value for Pacific Northwest environments
where stand establishment is a major problem. A few club wheat lines that
were 5 to 10% shorter than Moro and Omar had emergence rates and stand
percentages comparable (P>0.05) to these two tall non-semidwarf club wheat
varieties when planted 10 cm deep in warm soil during July. Lab tests
indicated that these lines also have mean coleoptile lengths and mean
seedling growth rates similar to Moro. In a preliminary yield test a few of
these lines had yields 10 to 20% higher than Moro.
Publications
Allan, R.E., C.J. Peterson, Jr., R.F. Line, G.L. Rubenthaler and C.F.
Morris. 1993. Registration of 'Rely' Wheat Multiline. Crop Sci. 33:213-214.
Allan, R.E., G.L. Rubenthaler, C.F. Morris and R.F. Line. 1993. Registration
of Three Soft White Winter Wheat Germplasm Lines Resistant or Tolerant to
Strawbreaker Foot Rot. Crop Sci. 33:1111-1112.
Zemetra, R., R.E. Allan and W. Pope. 1993. Wheat Genetic Research to Reduce
Chemical Inputs in the Environment. Agron. Abs. p. 107. Am. Soc. of
Agronomy, Madison, WI.
Allan, R.E. 1993. Grain Dormancy in wheat populations nearly isogenic for
red vs. white grain color. Agron. Abs. p. 80. Am. Soc. of Agronomy, Madison,
WI.
Allan, R.E. 1993. Genetic Expression of Grain Dormancy in a White-grain
Wheat Cross. pp. 37-46. IN: M.K. Walker-Simmons and J.L. Ried (eds.).
Preharvest Sprouting in Cereals 1992. AACC, St. Paul, MN.
-------------------------
S.S. Jones*, M.M. Cadle, L.M. Rayfuse and A. Yildirim
Sources of resistance to eyespot and Cephalosporium stripe. This work
is being done with TD Murray, Department of Plant Pathology, WSU. Chromosome
4V of Dasypyrum villosum carries a major gene or genes that confer
resistance to eyespot. Chromosomes 2E and 3E in Lophopyrum elongatum carry
genes for resistance to Cephalosporium stripe. There are no native genes in
Triticum aestivum that confer theses levels of resistance to the pathogens.
Large collections of T. tauschii and D. villosum are being screened for
resistance to stripe rust, Cephalosporium stripe, eyespot and other PNW
diseases.
Club wheat quality is being studied in random breeding lines,
near-isogenic lines and recombinant populations. The high molecular weight
glutenin work of the hard wheats transfers over very well to the soft
wheats. The protein subunits are already being used in our breeding programs
here. The combination 2+12 and 6 is the "classic" club genotype.
Manipulation of the club head type in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats
is being carried out. We are transferring compact head genes to hexaploid
from tetraploid wheats to introduce variation for this important
characteristic.
Publications
Rayfuse, L.R. and Jones, S.S. 1993. Variation at the Glu-1 loci in club
wheat. Plant Breeding 111:89-98.
Cadle, M.M., Rayfuse, L.R., Walker-Simmons, M.K. and Jones, S.S. 1993.
Mapping of ABA-responsive genes and vp1 to chromosomes in wheat and
Lophopyrum elongatum. Genome (In Press).
-------------------------
M.K. Walker-Simmons, E. Cudaback, A. Galvez, L. Holappa, S. Verhey and
J. Warner
Molecular and biochemical regulation of wheat grain dormancy and
environmental stress responses. Dormant seeds and young seedlings of wheat
exhibit high levels of desiccation tolerance. These wheat tissues that are
resilient to dehydration provide a useful system to examine wheat LEA
proteins, which have been proposed as desiccation protectants. Antibodies
were produced to the group 3 LEA wheat cDNA protein product. Using the
antibodies we found that accumulation of group 3 LEA proteins did correlate
with tissue dehydration tolerance.
Cultivar testing for sprouting resistance. We have completed dormancy
analysis of freshly harvested seed from all cultivars grown in the
Washington State University winter wheat trials. Significant cultivar
differences in dormancy levels (germination test at 30 degC were found.
Seventh International Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals.
This symposium will be held July 2-7, 1995 at Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan.
Further information can be obtained from M.K. Walker-Simmons, President,
International Organizing Committee, USDA-ARS, 209 Johnson Hall, Washington
State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420.
Publications
Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals 1992, 1993, editors M.K. Walker-Simmons and
J.L. Ried, American Association of Cereal Chemistry Press, St. Paul, MN, 480
pp.
Curry, J. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. 1993. Unusual sequence of group 3 LEA
(II) mRNA inducible by dehydration stress in wheat. Plant Mol. Biol.
21:907-912.
Holappa, Lynn D. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. 1993. Isolation and
characterization of cDNA and genomic clones encoding a water stress
inducible protein kinase from wheat. Plant Physiology 102(S):63.
Ried, J.L. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. 1993. Group 3 late embryogenesis
abundant proteins in desiccation-tolerant seedlings of wheat. Plant
Physiol. 102:125-131.
Rayfuse, L.M., Cadle, M.M., Goldmark, P.J. Anderberg, R.J., Walker-Simmons,
M.K. and Jones, S.S. 1993. Chromosome location and linkage relatins of
seven genes associated with seed dormancy. In PreHarvest Sprouting 1992,
eds. M.K. Walker-Simmons and J.L. Ried, AACC Press, St. Paul, MN, pp. 129-
135.
Goldmark, P. J., and Walker-Simmons, M.K. 1993. Expression of a Bromus
secalinus transcript associated with seed dormancy in Avena fatua and other
grass weeds. In Pre-Harvest Sprouting 1992, eds. M.K. Walker-Simmons and
J.L. Ried, AACC Press, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 312-316.
Curry, J. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. 1993. Sequence analysis of wheat cDNAs
for ABA-responsive genes expressed in dehydrated wheat seedlings and the
cyanobacterium, Anabaena. In Plant Responses to Cellular Dehydration during
Environmental Stress, eds. T.J. Close and E.A. Bray, American Soc. of Plant
Physiologists, Rockville, MD, pp. 128-136.
Walker-Simmons, M.K., Schafman, B.S., Rose, P.A., Lei, B. and Abrams, S.R.
1993. Use of ABA analogs with missing methyl groups to probe the structural
requirements of ABA for biological activity in wheat. Plant Physiology
102(S):842.
Abrams, S.R., Rose, P.A., Lei, B., Schafman, B.S. and Walker-Simmons, M.K.
1993. Abscisic acid analogs: Probes to establish structural ... wheat. PGRSA
Quarterly 21:119.
-------------------------
USDA/ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory
C.F. Morris*, H.C. Jeffers, A.D. Bettge, D. Engle, M.L. Baldridge, B.S.
Patterson, R. Ader, and J. Raykowski. WSU personnel: G.L. Rubenthaler, G.
King, B. Davis; post-doc, G. Greenblatt; graduate students, V.L. DeMacon, M.
Zeng.
As usual, several thousand breeding lines were evaluated for end-use
quality. Results were supplied directly to breeders and appear in the lab's
Annual Report. An increasing number of hard whites were evaluated. For the
second year, promising hard whites were evaluated for oriental noodle
quality in cooperation with U.S. Wheat Assoc., Portland.
Research continues to examine the control of endosperm texture and starch
functionality. Gordon Rubenthaler, WWQL Director Emeritus, continues to
work 1/4-time on the starch functionality project.
Dr. Craig F. Morris spent 3 months on a visiting scientist fellowship
at the Grain Quality Research Laboratory, CSIRO, in North Ryde (Sydney),
Australia. Research focussed on starch gelatinization/gelation properties.
Computer software was developed for the management of wheat quality
data and is available from the WWQL (see below).
Personnel: Post-doc Hanan I. Malkawi returned to Jordan to a faculty
post with the Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University. Ming
Zeng worked on a summer project for Roman Meal and then continued on in the
fall semester as a graduate student (Ph.D.) in the department of Crop & Soil
Sciences, WSU. Dr. Michael Giroux has accepted a post-doc position and will
begin May 1.
Publications
Allan, R. E., Peterson, C. J., Jr., Line, R. F., Rubenthaler, G. L., and
Morris, C. F. 1993. Registration of 'Rely' Wheat Multiline. Crop Sci.
33:213-214.
Allan, R. E., Rubenthaler, G. L., Morris, C. F. and Line, R. F. 1993.
Registration of three soft white winter wheat germplasm lines resistant or
tolerant to strawbreaker foot rot. Crop Sci. 33:1111-1112.
DeMacon, V. L. and C. F. Morris. 1993. Rate of afterripening among diverse
hexaploid wheat genotypes. (In) Sixth International Symposium on
Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals, M. K. Walker-Simmons and J. L. Ried (eds.)
American Association of Cereal Chemists, Minneapolis, MN. p. 61-68.
Morris, C. F. 1993. Isolation of mature cereal embryos and embryonic axes.
Crop Sci. 33:1007-1015.
Morris, C. F. and G. M. Paulsen. 1993. Review: Research on pre-harvest
sprouting resistance in hard red and white winter wheats at Kansas State
University. (In) Sixth International Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in
Cereals, M. K. Walker-Simmons and J. L. Ried (eds.) American Association of
Cereal Chemists, Minneapolis, MN. p. 113-120.
Morris, C. F. and Raykowski, J. A. 1993. WAS, computer software for wheat
quality data management. Agron. J. 85:1257-1261.
DeMacon, V. L., Morris, C. F., Jones, S. S., Kota, R. S., and Dvorak, J.
1993. Segregation of wheat endosperm in hard/soft 5D recombinant
substitution lines. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. p. 86.
Morris, C. F. 1993. Functional requirements of noodle and steamed bread
flours. Cereal Foods World 38:603. (Abstract no. 28). ]
-------------------------
Roland F. Line*, Xianming Chen, and Stephen S. Jones
Control of Rusts, Smuts, and Other Diseases of Wheat, 1993. Models
developed for predicting stripe rust when used with monitoring data
accurately forcasted stripe rust for the 14th consecutive year. In the
United States Pacific Northwest, stripe rust and leaf rust in winter wheat
were most severe in fields of susceptible cultivars that were established
early in the fall. Because of late spring planting and unusually cool, wet
weather throughout the late spring and summer, conditions were favorable for
severe stem rust in highly susceptible, late maturing spring and winter
wheat cultivars. When not controlled, stripe rust reduced yields by 0-20%,
leaf rust reduced yields by 0-20%, and stem rust reduced yields of a few
late maturing, susceptible cultivars by more than 40%. A few winter wheat
cultivars were damaged by septoria for the first time in more than 25 years.
Heavy snow cover during a mild winter also provided favorable conditions for
dwarf smut. Table 1 lists the races of Puccinia striiformis that have been
detected in North America and when they have been detected. Fifty-two
stripe rust races have been identified. THe most prevalent races in the PNW
were those virulent on cultivars with resistance from PI178383, Tres,
Hatton, Owens; cultivars from other regions; and seedlings of Stephens,
Madsen, and Hyak.
We have determined the inheritance of 41 different genes for seedling
resistance to Puccinia striiformis in 27 wheat cultivars (Table 2). Of the
41 genes, 29 had not been previously named. The chromosomal locations of 31
of the genes for seedling resistance have been determined (Table 3). Genes
for seedling resistance have been detected on all chromosomes, except
chromosomes 5A, 7A, 1D, and 3D. The inheritance of eight genes for high-
temperature, adult-plant (HTAP) resistance in five North American cultivars
has been determined. Each of the five cultivars has one to three genes for
HTAP resistance. HTAP resistance to stripe rust has continued to be
effective against all races. HTAP resistant club wheat lines with good
yield and quality are now being used by breeders in the PNW to obtain more
resistant club wheats. Each year, we evaluate cultivars and breeding lines
developed in western United States for resistance to stripe rust, and leaf
rust. Currently, all of the major soft white winter wheat cultivars and
most of the hard red winter wheat and spring wheat cultivars grown in the
Pacific Northwest have HTAP resistance, and their resistance has remained
durable against all North American races of stripe rust. Many of the spring
wheat cultivars in the Pacific Northwest have slow-rusting, variable
infection-type resistance to leaf rust, which also appears to be durable.
As part of an ongoing program, entries in the National Small Grain Germplasm
Collection are being evaluated for HTAP resistance in the field at Mt.
Vernon and Pullman, WA and for specific resistance to stripe rust races CDL-
17, CDL-20, CDL-25, or CDL-37, CDL-27, or CDL-45, and CDL-29, or CDL-43 in
the greenhouse. The selected races include all of the virulences that have
been identified in North America. As of this date, more than 40,000
germplasm entries have been evaluated at the two field sites and more than
half of those have been evaluated in the greenhouse for resistance to the
races.
An expert system for managing diseases of wheat that is both predictive
and managerial is being distributed for use in the United States Pacific
Northwest (PNW). The system is referred to by the acronym MoreCrop
(Managerial Options for Reasonable Economical Control of Rusts and Other
Pathogens). The acronym MoreCrop was selected because it describes the
concept of how the system should be used. The purpose of MoreCrop is to
present outcomes that may happen and give options for control, not to make
specific recommendations. The user evaluates the information that is
provided when certain environmental conditions and managerial practices are
selected and by a process of reasoning, determines the most economical
control. MoreCrop was developed using the vast information available on
wheat diseases together with tools from recent technological advances in the
computer industry. Visual programming and object-oriented programming
approaches made the system visually appealing, easy to use, flexible,
extendable, and powerful. MoreCrop was designed to provide various disease
managerial options in different regions and agronomic zones of the PNW. It
provides information, options, and suggestions to help the user make
decisions regarding management of wheat diseases. It predicts diseases
based on geographical regions, agronomic zones, crop managerial practices,
cultivar characteristics, prevailing weather, and field and crop history.
MoreCrop can also use past managerial decisions to reconstruct disease
conditions, assist the user in reasoning which disease control option to
select, and provide disease-related as well as cultivar-related information
for teaching, research and extension. The classical disease triangle is
used as the overriding principle in predicting the diseases; i.e. a
susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and a favorable environment for
disease development must exist for the disease to damage the crop. MoreCrop
is a management system that evolved from earlier guidelines for integrated
control of rusts and was later expanded to include other diseases of wheat.
The management system is based on more than 30 years of data on crop
management, epidemiology, and disease control of wheat. MoreCrop is
flexible and extendable. High resolution images of wheat diseases can be
incorporated and displayed interactively. The current version of the
program contains provisions for displaying images and linking to a database
such as records or cultivar characteristics, cultivar performance, pesticide
applications, material safety data sheets, and farm budgets. The program
can also be extended to include fertility management and management of other
pests such as weeds and insects. Thus, MoreCrop can serve as a prototype in
developing a total program for wheat management. The programming structure
of MoreCrop and the visual controls as well as the concepts and principles
should be easily adapted for use in managing other crops or for use in other
regions of the world. MoreCrop requires an IBM PS/2 or IBM compatible
computer with 386 or 486 microprocessor, at least 4 MB of RAM, and
Microsoft Windows 3.0 or later version. A 3.5-inch high density floppy disk
and a hard disk with at least 3.0 MB of free disk space are needed.
MoreCrop comes with a setup procedure that automatically installs the whole
program to the system. The system is being distributed at cost ($40) by
Washington State Cooperative Extension. MoreCrop can be obtained by sending
orders for MCP22 MoreCrop, to Bulletin Office, Cooper Publication Building,
WSU, Pullman, WA 99164-5912.
Table 1. Virulence of Cereal Disease Laboratory races of
Puccinia striiformis on North American differentials
---------------------------------------------------------------
CDL(a) Virulence(b) on North American Year
race differential cultivars detected
---------------------------------------------------------------
1 1,2
2 1,2,5 1963
4 1,3 1964
5 1,3,4 1968
6 1,6,8,12 1972
7 1,3,5 1974
8 1,3,9 1974
9 1,3,6,8,12 1975
10 1,2,3,9 1976
11 1 1976
12 1,5,6,12 1976
13 1,5,6,8,12 1976
14 1,8,12 1976
15 1,3,6,10 1976
16 1,3,9,11 1977
17 1,2,3,9,11 1977
18 1,3,4,9 1977
19 1,3,6,8,10,12 1977
20 1,6,8,10,12 1977
21 2 1978
22 1,3,12 1980
23 1,3,6,9,10 1981
24 1,3,5,12 1981
25 1,3,6,8,9,10,12 1981
26 1,3,12 1982
27 1,3,12,13 1983
28 1,3,4,12 1983
29 1,3,4,5 1983
30 1,4,6,8,12 1983
31 1,3,5,11 1983
32 1,4 1983
33 1,3,9,12,13 1984
34 1,3,4,5,12 1984
35 1,10 1985
36 1,3,4,9,12 1985
37 1,3,6,8,9,10,11,12 1987
38 1,3,11 1987
39 1,2,4 1987
40 1,4,14 1989
41 1,3,4,14 1989
42 1,3,11,12 1989
43 1,3,4,5,12,14 1990
44 1,4,5 1990
45 1,3,12,13,15 1990
46 1,3,6,9,10,11 1991
47 1,6,8,12,13 1992
48 1,6,8,12,13,14 1992
50 1,3,4,5,14 1992
51 1,3,4,12,14 1992
52 1,4,8,12,14 1993
-------------------------------------------------------
(a) CDL = Cereal Disease Laboratory
(b) 1=Lemhi, 2=Chinese 166, 3=Heines VII, 4=Moro, 5=Paha,
6=Druchamp, 7=Riebesel, 47-51, 8=Produra, 9=
11=Lee, 12=Fielder, 13=Tyee, 14=Tres and 15=Hyak.
Table 2. Race-specific genes for resistance to Puccinia
striiformis in selected wheat cultivars
--------------------------------------------------------
Yr
genes Yr genes
ID Number Cultivar No. Names
---------------------------------------------------------
C1011765 Chinese 166 1 Yr1
P1201195 Heines VII 2 Yr2,YrHVII
Pl180620 Heines Peko 2 Yr2,Yr6
WA005768 Triticum spelta 1 Yr5
album
Pl180619 Heines Kilben 2 Yr6,YrHK
C1017268 Fielder 2 Yr6,YrFie
C1012488 Lee 2 YrLe1,YrLe2
P1325842 Compair 2 Yr8,YrCom
P1295999 Riebesel 47/51 1 Yr9
WA007716 Clement 2 Yr9,YrCle
C1013740 Moro 2 Yr10,YrMor
C1011415 Lemhi 1 YrLem
C1017773 Tyee 1 YrTye
C1017917 Tres 2 YrTr1,YrTr2
Pl192448 Spaldings Prolific 1 YrSP
C1017406 Produra 2 YrPr1,YrPr2
C1017419 Daws 2 YrDa1,YrDa2
C1014485 Paha 3 YrPa1,YrPa2,YrPa3
Pl191311 CarstensV 3 YrCV1,YrCV2,YrCV3
P122223 Cappelle Desprez 2 Yr3a,Yr4a
Pl167419 Nord Desprez 2 Yr3a,YrND
C1013723 Druchamp 3 Yr3a,YrDru,YrD
C1017596 Stephens 3 Yr3a,YrSte,Yrs
P1201196 Minister 2 Yr3c,YrMin
Pl164755 Hybrid 46 2 Yr4b,YrH46
Pl125093 Vilmorin 23 2 Yr4a,YrV23
C1014563 Yamhill 2 Yr2,Yr4a,YrYam
---------------------------------------------------------
(a) Yr genes followed by numbers are previously named genes.
Yr genes followed by letters are provisionally designed
Table 3. Chromosomal location of genes for resistance
to stripe rust in wheat cultivars
-------------------------------------------------------
Yr gene Cultivar Chromosome
-------------------------------------------------------
Yr2 Heines VII 7B
Yr2 Yamhill 7B
Yr3a Nord Desprez 1B
Yr3a Druchamp 1B
Yr3a Stephens 1B
Yr3c Minister 1B
Yr4a Vilmorin 23 6B
Y4a Yamhill 6B
Yr4b Hybrid 46 6B
Yr6 Fielder 7B
Yr8 Compair 2D
Yr9 Clement 1B(1R)
Yr10 Moro 1B
YrLem Lemhi 1B
YrLe1 Lee 4D
YrLe2 Lee 6D
YrV23 Vilmorin 23 6A
YrYam Yamhill 4B
YrCom Compair 5B
YrFie Fielder 6D
YrHVII Heines VII 4A
YrCle Clement 4B
YrMor Moro 4B
YrTye Tyee 6D
YrTr1 Tres 6D
YrTr2 Tres 3A
YrDa1 Daws 1A
YrDa2 Daws 5D
YrDru Druchamp 5B
YrD Druchamp 6A
YrSte Stephens 2B
Yrs Stephens 3B
YrMin Minister 4A
YrND Nord Desprez 4A
YrH46 Hybrid 46 6A
---------------------------------------------------------
Publications
Allan, R.E., Peterson, Jr., C.J., Line, R.F., Rubenthaler, G.L., and Morris,
C.F. 1993. Registration of 'Rely' Wheat Multiline. Crop Sci. 33:213-214.
Chen, Xianming, Leung, Hei and Line, Roland F. 1992. Genetic variations in
Puccinia striiformis assessed by virulence and DNA polymorphisms. Phytopath.
82:1139.
Chen, Xianming and Line, Roland F. 1992. Identification of stripe rust
resistance genes in wheat genotypes used to differentiate North American
races of Puccinia striiformis. Phytopathology 82:1428-1434.
Chen, Xianming and Line, Roland F. 1993. Inheritance of stripe rust
resistance in wheat cultivars postulated to have resistance genes at Yr(3)
and Yr(4) loci. Phytopathology 83:382-388.
Chen, Xianming, Line, Roland F. and Leung, Hei. 1993. Relationships of
Puccinia striiformis in North America as determined by virulence and random
amplified polymorphic DNA. 6th Intern. Congr. of Plant Path. Abstr. p 168.
Chen, Xianming, Line, Roland F. and Jones, Stephen S. 1993. Chromosomal
location of genes for resistance to Puccinia striiformis in wheat cultivars
Lemhi, Compare, and Lee. 6th Intern. Congress of Plant Path. Abstr. p 174.
Chen, X.M., Line, R.F., and Leung, H. 1993. Relationship between virulence
variation and DNA polymorphism in Puccinia striiformis. Phytopath. 83:1489-
1497.
Cu, Ramon M. and Line, Roland 1992. MORE*CROP, an expert system for
managing diseases of wheat. Phytopath. 82:1132.
Cu, Ramon M. and Line, Roland F. 1993. Expert advisory system for managing
diseases of wheat. 6th Intern. Congress of Plant Path. Abstr. p 94.
Cu, Ramon M. and Line, Roland F. 1993. An expert advisory system for wheat
disease management. Plant Dis. 78:209-215.
Line, Roland F. and Chen, Xianming 1992. Effectiveness of stripe rust
resistance in North American wheat cultivars. Phytopath. 82:1140.
Line, Roland F. 1993. Integrated pest management for wheat: IPM in a wide
ranging system. Plant Dis. 77:3:303-307.
Line, R.F. 1993. Durability of resistance to Puccinia striiformis in North
American wheat cultivars. In: T.H. Jacobs and J.E. Parlevliet (eds.)
Durability of Disease Resistance. Kulwer Academic Publishers.
Line, Roland F. 1993. Dwarf Bunt, Chapter 3.1, pp. 23-29. IN: S.B. Mathur
and Barry M. Cunfer (eds.) Seed-borne Diseases and Seed Health Testing of
Wheat. Jordbrungsforlaget, Frederiksbert, Denmark.
Line, Roland F. 1993. Common Bunt, Chapter 3.3, pp. 45-52. IN: S.B. Mathur
and Barry M. Cunfer (eds.) Seed-borne Diseases and Seed Health Testing of
Wheat. Jordbrungsforlaget, Frederiksbert, Denmark.
Line, Roland F. 1993. Flag Smut, Chapter 3.4, pp. 53-57. IN: S.B. Mathur and
Barry M. Cunfer (eds.) Seed-borne Diseases and Seed Health Testing of Wheat.
Jordbrungsforlaget, Frederiksbert, Denmark.
Line, Roland F. 1993. Control of flag smut of wheat with seed treatments,
1992. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 48:330.
Line, Roland F. 1993. Control of stripe rust and common bunt of spring wheat
with seed treatments, 1992. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 48:331.
Line, R.F. 1993. USDA-ARS Wheat Genetics Research. 1993 Field Day
Proceedings: Highlights of Research Progress TR 93-4:103-107.
Line, Roland F. and Cu, Ramon M. 1993. MoreCrop: An Expert System for
Managing Wheat Diseases in the Pacific Northwest. Ver. 1.3 MCP0022,
Washington State Univ. Cooperative Extension.
Line, Roland F. 1993. Reassessment of the need for quarantines for control
of wheat smuts. 6th Intern. Congress of Plant Path. Abstr. p. 261.
Line, Roland F. 1993. Durability and effectiveness of resistance to stripe
rust in wheat cultivars. 6th Intern. Congress of Plant Path. Abstr. p. 177.
Sitton, J.W., Line, Roland F., Waldher, J.T., and Goates, B.J. 1993. Control
of dwarf bunt of wheat with seed treatments, 1992. Fungicide and Nematicide
Tests 48:338.
Sitton, J.W., Line, R.F., Waldher, J.T. and Goates, B.J. 1993.
Difenoconazole seed treatment for control of dwarf bunt of winter wheat.
Plant Dis. 77:1148-1151.
-------------------------
Department of Plant Pathology, Cereal Disease Research Lab, Pullman
T. D. Murray*, L. C. Pritchett, C. A. Blank, C. S. Stiles, R. de la
Pena, and Qi Min
Control of Eyespot in Wheat with Disease Resistance.
Screening for Resistance. A new seedling test for identifying wheat
genotypes resistant to eyespot was tested. Disease progress, based on
pathogen growth in infected plants, is quantified using a á-glucuronidase-
transformed strain of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides: Resistant plants
restrict pathogen growth and have lower GUS activity than susceptible
plants, which allow pathogen growth and have higher GUS activity. Seedlings
are inoculated 2 wk postemergence with conidia of the pathogen, then
incubated at 10-13 degC with high relative humidity (>95%) for an additional
6-8 wk. Differences among resistant and susceptible genotypes were apparent
2 wk postinoculation, however, the greatest differences occurred 4 and 6 wk
postinoculation with the GUS system compared with 6 and 8 wk postinoculation
for visual disease readings. The reporter gene system enables greater
differentiation of genotypes than visual disease readings since GUS activity
is proportional to pathogen growth and not an artificial scale. For
example, GUS activity in the susceptible genotype Chinese Spring was 41-fold
greater than the resistant genotype VPM-1, compared to only 4-fold greater
visual disease ratings at the same stage of growth. Highly resistant
genotypes were consistently and quantitatively differentiated from resistant
genotypes when plants were two months old with this test.
Sources of Resistance. Resistance to P. herpotrichoides in five wheat
cultivars, accession W6 7283 of Dasypyrum villosum, and Chinese Spring
disomic addition lines of D. villosum chromosomes 1V, 2V, 4V, 5V, 6V, and 7V
was evaluated in seedlings by measuring disease progress with a beta-
glucuronidase-transformed strain of the pathogen (described above), and by
visual estimates of disease severity. Dasypyrum villosum and the disomic
addition line of chromosome 4V were as resistant as VPM-1 and Cappelle-
Desprez, but less resistant than Rendezvous. Resistance of the chromosome
4V disomic addition line was equivalent to that of D. villosum. Chinese
Spring and disomic addition lines 1V, 2V, 5V, 6V, and 7V were all
susceptible. These results confirm a 1936 report of resistance in D.
villosum to P. herpotrichoides, and establish the chromosomal location for
the genes controlling resistance. The presence of chromosome 4V in the
addition line and its homoeology to chromosome 4V in wheat was confirmed by
Southern analysis of genomic DNA using chromosome 4-specific clones. This
genetic locus is not homoeologous with other known genes for resistance to
P. herpotrichoides located on chromosome group 7, and thus represents a new
source of resistance to this pathogen.
Biology and Control of Cephalosporium Stripe Disease of Wheat
Pathogen detection. Cephalosporium gramineum was transformed with the
Escherichia coli gusA gene, which codes for á-glucuronidase (GUS).
Transformants expressing GUS were selected and evaluated for specific GUS
activity, pathogenicity to wheat, growth rate, sporulation, and antibiotic
production. Transformants exhibiting phenotypes similar to the parental
strain, with the exception of GUS production, will be used to evaluate wheat
for resistance to Cephalosporium stripe disease in the growth chamber.
Screening wheat and wheat relatives for disease resistance. Eight
varieties and breeding lines were tested for resistance to Cephalosporium
stripe at the Plant Pathology farm, Pullman, WA. Two breeding lines (WA7437
and 9232) that contain Agropyron chromatin, as determined by Southern
analysis of genomic DNA, were the most resistant. Another line (9257),
which contains less Agropyron chromatin than 7437 and 9232, was intermediate
and similar to the cultivars Madsen and Hill 81. Stephens and Hyak were the
most susceptiblecultivars tested. These data confirm greenhouse studies
that show Agropyron elongatum is highly resistant to Cephalosporium stripe
and also demonstrates that this resistance can be effectively transferred to
wheat.
Publications
De la Pena, R., and T. D. Murray. 1993. Use of the á-glucuronidase (GUS)
reporter gene system to detect resistance in wheat to Pseudocercosporella
herpotrichoides. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 83:1357.
Jones, S. S., T. D. Murray, Y. X. Ben, Y. Ji, and M. M. Cadle. 1993.
Location and manipulation of genes conferring resistance to Cephalosporium
gramineum in wheat and wild relatives. Proc. 8th International Wheat
Genetics Symposium, Beijing, P.R.C., July 1993.
Stiles, C. M., and T. D. Murray. 1993. The effect of soil pH on infection
of winter wheat by Cephalosporium gramineum. (Abstr.) Phytopathology
83:1367.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM SERBIA
(formerly Yugoslavia)
Similarity of Gliadin Genetic Formula in Kragujevac's Winter Wheat
Desimir Knezevic, Miroslav Kuburovic, Milanko Pavlovic, Draga Ciric,
Center for Small Grains, Kragujevac
The gliadin alleles composition of nine winter wheat cultivars by acid
PAG electrophoresis were analysed. The genetic formulas of gliadin alleles
were determined on the basis of identified gliadin blocks which encoded by
genes located on short arms of 1A, 1B, 1D, 6A, 6B and 6D chromosomes.
Seventheen different alleles from the six GLD loci were identified.
Different number of alleles at each GLD locus were determined namely: 3
alleles at the GLD 1A, GLD 1B, GLD 1D and GLD 6D, 4 at the GLD 6A and 1
allele at the GLD 6B locus. Each cultivar characterised specific genetic
formula of gliadin allele composition.
Cereal grains synthesize and acumulate large amounts of storage
proteins which are deposited in protein bodies during course of seed
development. Gliadins and glutenins are the major storage proteins of wheat
(Tr. aestivum L.) endosperm. Together they constitute over 80% of total
protein in grain (B i e t z, 1987). It is well-known that the gliadin
composition in common wheat is mainly controlled by six loci mapped on the
chromosomes of the first and sixsth homeologous groups (P a y n e et al.,
1984).
It was shown that each locus controls the synthesis of a group (block)
of jointly inherited components in the spectrum, and multiple allelism at
each locus was also revealed (M e t a k o v s k y, 1991). Alleles of each
locus differ in component composition of controled blocks (S o z i n o v
and P o p e r e l y a, 1980; M e t a k o v s k y et al., 1984).
Certain gliadin alleles correlate with agnonomically important traits
of wheat, in which the bred making quality components are most important
(Sozinov and Poperelya, 1980; Payne et al., 1987; Metakovsky et al., 1990;
Knezevic et al., 1993).
The aim of this study was to determine gliadin alleles in the bred
wheat and their similarity according gliadin alleles formula.
Materials and Methods. It was analysed nine winter wheat
cultivar created at the Institute for SmallGrains in Kragujevac. At least 10
single kernels for each cultivars were analysed. When gliadin pattern was
not uniforme the higher number of single were used for analysis to confirm
different genotypes.
The gliadins were exstracted in 70% ethanol and fractionated in 8.3%
polyacrilamide gels at pH 3.1 by the methods Novoselskaya et al. (1983).
The gliadin blocks were identified by comparing electrophoregram of analysed
cultivars with once of standard cultivars with alredy known blocks.
Designation of alleles was used according to the nomenclature (Metakovsky
et al. 1984). Similarity of gliadin allele composition in wheat by UPGMA
dendogram were presented.
Among the nine wheat cultivars, seventheen different gliadin alleles at
six GLD loci were identified. Each GLD locus displays multiple allelism.
Those alleles encode gliadin blocks which differ in number, molecular mass
and aminoacid composition of comprising components. The genetic analysis has
revealed blocks including 2 to 6 components. Several blocks encoded by
alleles at the same GLD locus has a few similar bands and the blocks differ
by mobility of the remining components.
The genetic formula of gliadin alleles composition were made on the
basis of identified blocks of gliadin. Each wheat cultivars had
characteristic allelic composition of GLD loci (Table 1).
Table 1. Composition of GLD alleles in the Kragujevac's wheat cultivars
Name of cultivar Year of Alleles at GLD loci
Approval 1A 1B 1D 6A 6B 6D
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Zastava 1973 4 1 1 1 1 1
KG 56 1975 3 1 1 1 1 1
KG 58 1977 3 1 1 1 1 6
KG 78 1978 5 1 1 2 1 6
Lepenica 1980 4 13 3 19 1 6
Oplenka 1982 4 1 1 1 1 15
Srbijanka 1986 3 3 1 1 1 1
Studenica 1990 4 3 3 11+3 1 1+6
Ravanica 1990 4 3 12 1+3 1 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The alleles were found widely differing frequencies in wheat cultivars
analysed. Among GLD alleles, the highest frequencies observed for GLD 1A4,
GLD 1B1, GLD 1D1, GLD 6A1, GLD 6B1 and GLD 6D1 (Table 1.).
Table 2. Frequency of GLD alleles in the Kragujevac's wheat cultivars
---------------------------------------------------------
GLD GLD allele % GLD allele % GLD allele %
1A5 11.1 1B1 55.6 1D1 66.7 6A1 66.7
1A4 55.6 1B3 33.6 1D3 6A2 11.1
1A3 33.3 1B13 11.1 1D12 11.1 6A11 11.1
- - - 6A19
----------------------------------------------------------
GLD allele % GLD allele %
6B1 100 6D6 33.3
- 6D1 55.6
- 6D15 11.1
- -
-----------------------------------------------------------
The alleles GLD 1A3, GLD 1A15, GLD 1B4, GLD 1B1, GLD 6A7, GLD 6B2 were
more frequent in USSR wheat cultivars (M e t a k o v s k y et al. 1991),
while GLD 1B1, GLD 6A24, GLD 6B15 in the australian wheat (M e t a k o v s k
y et al., 1990). These differences are mainly the results of the pedigree
effects during the plant breeding process.
Electrophoregrams of gliadins were used for determination of alleles at
the GLD loci. GLD allele composition was specific for each cultivars and
used for calculation of similarity coefficient. The value of similarity
coefficient varied between 33% and 83% and for making UPGMA dendogram were
used.
The differences or similarity of GLD alleles composition in wheat
cultivars were presented by UPGMA dendogram. There were observed two group
of wheat cultivars with 33% similarity coefficient. First group consist 5 wheat
cultivars which had similarity coefficient between 83% (Zastava and KG
56) and 50% (KG 78 and remain four cultivars).
Within second group there are 4 wheat cultivars which had similarity
coefficients between 66.6% (Srbijanka and Ravanica) and 42.5% (Lepenica cv.
and remain three wheat cultivars in this group) Scheme 1.
The cultivars within first group are mainly wheat cultivars selected
earlier (before 1985) year) and had higher value of similarity coefficient
than cultivars within second group which are mainly recently selected,
except Lepenica cultivars. Those similarities are mainly consequence of
wheat breeding program.
References
Bietz, J.A. (1987): Genetic and biochemical studies of nonenzymatic
endosperm proteins. In Wheat and Wheat improvement.
Knezevic, D., Vapa, Lj., Javornik, B. (1991): Gliadin allele polymorphism in
bread wheat. 8th Intern. Wheat Genet. Symp. , Beijing, China.
Metakovsky, E.V., Novoselskaya, A.Yu., Kopus, M.M., Sobko, T.A., Sozinov,
A.A., (1984): Blocks of gliadin components in winter wheat detected by
one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Theor. Appl. Genet.,
67:559-568.
Metakovsky, E.V., Wrigley, C.W., Bakes, F., Gupta, R.B. (1990): Gluten
polypeptides as useful genetic markers of dough quality in Australian
wheats. Aust. J. Agric. res., 41:289-306.
Metakovsky, E.V., Knezevic, D., Javornik, B., (1991): Gliadin allele
composition of Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars. Euphytica, 54:285-295.
Metakovsky, E.V., Novoselskaya, A.Yu. (1991): Gliadin allele identification
in common wheat. I. Methodological aspects of analysis of gliadin patterns
by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Genet & Breed.
45:317-324.
Metakovsky, E.V. (1991): Gliadin allele identification in common wheat. II.
Catalogue of gliadin alleles in common wheat. J. Genet. & Breed.
45:325-344.
Novoselskaya, A.Yu., Metakovsky, E.V., Sutka, J., Galiba, G. (1990):
Spontaneous and induced genetic variability in gluten proteins in bread
wheat. In Gluten proteins (Bushuk, W. and Tkachuk, R., eds), Winnipeg,
Canada, pp. 558-567.
Payne, P.I., (1987): Genetics of wheat storage proteins and the effect of
allelic variation on bread-making quality. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.,
38:141-153.
Sozinov, A.A., Poperelya, F.A., (1980): Genetic classification of prolamines
and its use for plant breeding. Ann. Technol. Agric., 29(2):229-245.
-------------------------
Variability of Quality Parameters in Winter Wheat Cultivars Grown in
Different Locations
Miroslav Kuburovic, Desimir Knezevic, Milanko Pavlovic, Veselinka
Zecevic, SlobodanLomovic.
Center for Small Grains, Save Kovacevica 31, 34000 Kragujevac
The wheat grain is a main source in making bread, and many other
products for human nutrition in Yugoslavia. It is reason why wheat crops
grown on spred production. Especialy wheat cultivars with high yield and
quality of grain and bread making quality are grown. The dependence of some
quality parameters in wheat with environmental were expresed. A lot of
cultivars with high grain yield and quality in Yugoslavia were selected.
Table 1. Percent of flour in wheat grain
No. CULTIVAR
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1. Jednota NS
2. Duga NS
3. Jugoslavija NS
4. Nizija NS
5. Zvezda NS
6. Pomoravka NS
7. Macvanka 2 NS
8. Balkan NS
9. Kosava NS
10. Zitnica NS
11. KG-56 KG
12. Oplenka KG
13. Lepenica KG
14. Ljubicevka KG
15. Srbijanka KG
-----------------------------------------------------------------
No. % OF FLOUR Mean
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Krag. Svil. Ram. Top.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. 71.7 70.4 70.1 70.7 70.7
2. 69.9 69.7 69.0 70.8 69.7
3. 71.2 69.6 70.2 71.5 70.6
4. 71.8 69.4 68.2 71.2 70.1
5. 68.7 67.7 68.4 70.7 68.9
6. 71.3 69.4 70.6 69.1 70.1
7. 72.1 70.1 70.4 70.6 70.8
8. 70.7 70.7 69.2 69.8 70.1
9. 72.1 71.8 71.7 72.4 72.0
10. 69.2 70.2 69.1 69.6 69.5
11. 71.1 70.7 71.4 71.8 71.2
12. 71.5 69.9 70.2 71.4 70.7
13. 71.9 72.1 71.7 71.9 71.9
14. 71.4 70.9 69.7 71.3 70.8
15. 71.5 70.6 71.9 69.8 70.9
In this work, the 15 Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars (10 from Institute
of agriculture and vegetables Novi Sad and 5 cultivars which origineted from
Institute for Small Grains, Kragujevac), in four different environmental, in
places: Svilajnac, Kragujevac, Ramaca (Village) and Toponica (Village). The
Svilajnac have height above sea level about 100 m, Kragujevac about 185 m,
Toponica 300 m, Ramaca about 450 m and different acording to climate and
soil. The percent of flour, sedimentation volume and content of crude
proteins.
There are no signifficant differences between wheat with high quality
and enhance cultivars according to percent of flour. The percent of flour as
a baking factors had the some in wheat cultivars grown i different
localities and enviromental factors have less influence (Saric et al.,
1989).
The sedimentation volume and protein content are use as index of wheat
cultivars clasification ito three quality group (Djokovic, 1980). The
positive correlation of sedimentation volume with protein content and their
quality as well as yield and quality of bread were established (Misic et
al. 1989).
The alalysis of sedimentation volume in one wheat cultivars, grown on
different localities showed signifficant differences. Also, signifficant
differences among analysed wheat cultivars grown i different locaties,
according to sedimentation volume were established. The average value of
sedimentation volume in wheat varied from place to place and signifficant
differences were found. The highest sedimentation volume in wheat cultivars
grown in localities Kragujevac and Svilajnac. The lowest average of
sedimentation volume had wheat cultivars grown in localities Ramaca and
Toponica.
The different environmental factors, locality have influence on
expression of sedimentation value but genetic controls of this traits
decrease influence of environmental factor. The cultivars with high quality
( Jednota, Duga, KG-56, Ljubicevka etc.) which grown in different
environmental factor, had high sedimentation volume. (Tab. 1. and 2.).
Table 2. The sedimentation volume in wheat cultivars which grown i different
localities
No CULTIVAR SEDIMENTATION VOLUME (ml)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Mean
Krag. Svil. Ram. Top.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1. Jednota NS 60 61 42 31 48
2. Duga NS 63 67 52 54 59
3. Jugoslavija NS 47 46 28 31 38
4. Nizija NS 46 47 34 45 43
5. Zvezda NS 39 41 31 34 36
6. Pomoravka NS 41 38 23 20 30
7. Macvanka 2 NS 60 47 27 31 41
8. Balkan NS 49 54 32 30 41
9. Kosava NS 48 44 34 28 38
10. Zitnica NS 36 43 33 22 33
11. KG-56 KG 64 63 35 30 48
12. Oplenka KG 66 65 32 35 49
13. Lepenica KG 37 59 35 26 39
14. Ljubicevka KG 56 64 37 31 47
15. Srbijanka KG 32 48 18 19 29
----------------------------------------------------------------
Mean 49.6 52.4 32.8 32.8 -
The grain quality of wheat is in dependance of quantity and quality of
gluten. Gluten consist proteins which are unsoluble in wather, but which
become swollen. This proteins contribute to the exelent dough quality. The
average content of crude proteins in wheat differed in dependence of grown
localities (P o p o v i c, 1976).
The fertile soil smonitza, (Vertisol), in Svilajnac and Kragujevac have
positive influence on high content of crude proteins, and poore, acid soil
(pseudoglay) in Ramaca have influence on low content of crud proteins in
wheat grain ( Tab. 3.).
Table 3. Content of crude proteins in wheat cultivars grown in different
environmental
No. CULTIVAR CONTENT OF CRUDE PROTEINS (%)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean
Krag. Svil. Ram. Top.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Jednota NS 32.70 37.41 33.95 27.07 32.78
2. Duga NS 35.21 40.78 33.49 33.16 35.66
3. Jugoslavija NS 34.34 36.40 33.04 30.14 33.48
4. Nizija NS 30.69 35.17 33.82 35.86 33.84
5. Zvezda NS 34.49 36.87 32.80 33.91 34.27
6. Pomoravka NS 34.20 34.50 26.53 21.36 29.15
7. Macvanka 2 NS 42.85 37.64 29.68 31.17 35.48
8. Balkan NS 32.55 34.39 29.42 24.51 30.22
9. Kosava NS 35.62 36.18 29.25 23.74 31.20
10. Zitnica NS 30.33 34.61 27.87 20.72 28.3
11. KG 56 KG 32.99 32.57 21.20 22.00 27.19
12. Oplenka KG 37.06 37.60 28.09 25.06 31.96
13. Lepenica KG 38.25 43.41 31.58 26.05 34.82
14. Ljubicevka KG 33.72 41.85 28.64 22.33 31.78
15. Srbijanka KG 35.37 39.99 20.93 19.16 28.86
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean 34.76 37.29 29.35 26.50 -
References
Djokovic, Lj. (1980): Wheat flour. Novi Sad. Misic, T., Borojevic, S.,
Mikic, D. (1989):Winter wheat breeding for high yield and quality at
Institute of Field and vegetable crops in Novi Sad. In: Improving production
of wheat and other small grains (Popovic, A. ed). Kragujevac, Yugoslavia.
Popovic, S. (1976): Influence of harvest time on yield and quality of wheat
in different environmental. Ph. thesis. Novi Sad.
Saric, M. Petric, D., Dozet, J. (1989): The dependence of technological
quality of wheat as a raw material for manufacture industry of exchange of
cultivars and agroecological conditions. In: Improving production of wheat
and other small grains (Popovic, A. ed). Kragujevac, Yugoslavia.
-------------------------
Variation in Alleles at Gli-A2 in Yugoslav Wheat Varieties
Desimir Knezevic, Institute for Small Grains, Kragujevac, Yugoslavia
Introduction. Gliadins and glutenins are the main fractions among the
endosperm storage proteins (Bietz, 1987). Glutenins, probably the main
fraction of rheological importance are molecules held together by disulphide
bonds. Gliadins have been more extensively investigated since they are main
constituents of kernel proteins and have some rheological but predominantly
nutritional importance. They are smaller than glutenins, have no disulfide
bounds and are divided into four groups (omega, Gamma, and alpha,) when
fractionated in gel electrophoresis at acid pH. Endosperm storage proteins
of wheat grain are controlled by genes on the short arms of the homoelogous
groups 1 and 6- chromosomes. Each gene group displays allelic variation that
is detectable by one dimensional polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis. Genes
controling individual gliadin bands on each of these chromosomes have been
shown to segregate as a unit (block) Sozinov and Poperelya, 1980;
Metakovsky, et al., 1984). Allleles of each locus differ in the component
composition of controlled blocks (Sozinov and Poperelya, 1980; Metakovsky et
al., 1984; Metakovsky and Novoselskaya, 1991). In this paper are presented
variation of identified Gli-A2 alleles and Y gliadin block components in
Yugoslav wheat varieties.
Materials and Methods. Twenty winter wheat cultivars where analysed.
Seed samples were obtained from the breeding Institutes where wheat
cultivars originated (Tab. 1). Analysis and comparison of the gliadin
composition in single seeds were performed as described in paper (Metakovsky
and Novoselskaya, 1991). Gliadin blocks encoding at Gli-A2 locus were
identified by comparing their similarity in component composition with
already known blocks in standard wheat cultivars.
Results and Discussion. The genetic analysis has revealed blocks
including 46 components which are encoded by alleles at Gli-A2 locus. The
six different gliadin blocks encoding by alleles at Gli-A2 locus in analysed
wheat cultivars were identified. The several blocks have a few similar bands
and they differ by the mobility of the remaining components (Fig. 1). Its
could be surmised that this subgroup of blocks has a common precursor and
the observed polymorphism is a result of mutation accumulation. These
different gliadin components controlled by one gliadin-coding locus included
in one block are subject to the action of natural mutation process in
different degree or are of different selective value.
Alleles Gli-A2 b, g, e, p, k clearly belong to one group while allele
Gli-A2 is different. This allele consists components of beta gliadin. The
previous investigation showed that there are at least two dintinct groups of
Gli-2A controlled blocks (Metakovsky, 1991). Gli-A2 controlled components
represent mainly alpha-gliadins, but blocks of the first group also include
several minor -gliadins (Metakovsky et. al., 1984). Some blocks in the group
may originate from one another through single mutation events (Gli-A2b and
Gli-A2p and so on) (Metakovsky, 1991). However, none of the blocks could
originate through intra-locus recombination between members of the two
different families of blocks.
Table 1. The allelic variation at Gli-A2 locus in Yugoslav wheat cultivars
-----------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Gli-A2 Cultivar Gli-A2
-----------------------------------------------------
Zastava b Valjevka g+e
KG-56 b Hlebna e
KG-58 b Slavonija e+g
KG-75 b Zitarka p
Lepenica k Vardarka g
Srbijanka b Pelagonija g
Studenica e+f Studena g
Ravanica b+f Zora g
Jelica g Vukovarka e+g
NS-58-04 g Jedina e
-----------------------------------------------------
The highest frequencies were found for Gli-A2g (35%). The most frequent
was the a allele at Gli-A2 locus in USSR cultivars (Metakovsky et al.,1991)
and the c allele in Australian cultivars (Metakovsly et al., 1990). These
differences are mainly the result of the pedigree effects during the plant
breeding process and are probably the selection selection consequence for
desirable wheat traits which might be associated with some of the gliadin
alleles. Correlations between allelic constitution as to glutenins and of
gliadins and several breadmaking qualities were formed (Payne, 1987;
Metakovsky et al., 1991; Knezevic et al., 1993). Cultivars possessing the
allele e at Gli-A2 showed significantly higher loaf volume when compared to
others. Also cultivars possessing alleles Gli-A2e showed the highest dough
elasticity, while highest dough resistance was found, for cultivars which
possessed alleles Gli-A2b (Knezevic et al., 1993). A positive connection
was found between dough resistance and Gli-A2m and Gli-A2c (Metakovsky et
al., 1990). Previous results (Reddy and Appels, 1990; Payne et al., 1987)
have shown that these traits are also influenced by alleles at other Gli-
loci, by the glutenin/gliadin ratio and in their interaction. In wheat,
blocks of gliadin components are suitable genetic markers in studying
heterogeneity in tracing origins identifying recombinations,
translocations and substitutions of genetic material. They are also useful
in evolution and population studies as well as in breeding of hexaploid
wheat.
Figure 1. Schemes of gliadin blocks controled by Gli-A2 locus
(not included)
REFERENCES
Bietz, J.A. (1987): Genetic and biochemical studies of
nonenzymatic endosperm proteins. In Wheat and Wheat.
Knezevic, D., Vapa, Lj., Javornik, B. (1991): Gliadin allele
polymorphism in bread wheat. 8th Intern. Wheat Genet. Symp. Beijing, China.
Metakovsky, E.V., Novoselskaya, A.Yu., Kopus, M.M., Sobko, T.A., Sozinov,
A.A., (1984): Blocks of gliadin components in winter wheat detected by
one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Theor. Appl. Genet.,
67:559-568.
Metakovsky, E.V., Wrigley, C.W., Bakes, F., Gupta, R.B. (1990):
Gluten polypeptides as useful genetic markers of dough quality in
Australian wheats. Aust. J. Agric. res. 41:289-306.
Metakovsky, E.V., Knezevic, D., Javornik, B., (1991): Gliadin allele
composition of Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars. Euphytica, 54:285-295.
Metakovsky, E.V., Novoselskaya, A.Yu. (1991): Gliadin allele
identification in common wheat. I. Methodological aspects of analysis of
gliadin patterns by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis. J. Genet & Breed. 45:317-324.
Metakovsky, E.V. (1991): Gliadin allele identification in common wheat. II.
Catalogue of gliadin alleles in common wheat. J. Genet. & Breed. 45:325-344.
Payne, P.I., (1987): Genetics of wheat storage proteins and the effect of
allelic variation on bread-making quality. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.,
38:141-153.
Payne, P.I., Holt, L.M., Krattiger, A.F., Carrillo, J.M., (1988):
Relationships between seed quality characteristics and HMW glutenin subunit
composition determined using wheats grown in Spain. J. Cereal Sci.,
7:229-235.
Reddy, P., Appels, R. (1990): Structure and expression of
genescoding for the slutenin and gliadin proteins in wheat. Proc. Gluten
proteins (Bushuk, W. and Tkachuk, R., eds), Winnipeg, Canada, pp.
520-526.
Sozinov, A.A., Poperelya, F.A., (1980): Genetic classification of
prolamines and its use for plant breeding. Ann. Technol. Agric.,
29(2):229-245.
-------------------------
III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM
National Small Grains Collection Wheat Germplasm Evaluations
H. E. Bockelman, D.M. Wesenberg, S. Nieto, A. Lee Urie and B.J. Goates
National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility Agricultural
Research Service - USDA Cooperation University of Idaho,
Aberdeen, Idaho
The USDA-ARS National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) is one of the
several components of the National Plant Germplasm System. The NSGC is a
working collection in contrast to the base collection at the National Seed
Storage Laboratory (NSSL) at Fort Collins, Colorado. The numbers of
accessions in the NSGC are summarized below:
Taxonomy NSGC Accessions*
Triticum 46,684
Hordeum 27,104
Avena 21,239
Oryza 16,476
Aegilops 3,666
Secale 1,904
X Triticosecale 1,146
All Species 118,241
* Aberdeen, ID, February, 1994.
The systematic evaluation of wheat accessions in the NSGC and other
elite germplasm continued to be coordinated or conducted by National Small
Grains Germplasm Research Facility (NSGGRF) staff at Aberdeen during
1992-93. Cooperative NSGC wheat evaluations continued for reaction to
Russian wheat aphid; Hessian fly; barley yellow dwarf virus; stripe, leaf,
and stem rust of wheat; and dwarf bunt as well as ploidy analysis of
Triticum species. The Aberdeen staff has been directly involved in the
entry of NSGC evaluation data into the GRIN system and the evaluation of
growth habit of NSGC wheat accessions.
Under the direction of H.E. Bockelman, the NSGC staff distributed over
122,000 accessions in 1992. Maintenance and evaluation of NSGC small grains
germplasm, including quarantine entries, also continued at Maricopa,
Arizona in 1992 under the supervision of S. Nieto. In dwarf
bunt screening trials conducted in 1999-92, B.J. Goates selected four NSGC
winter wheat accessions for further evaluation. Three new sources of bunt
resistance were indicated in pathogenic race reaction tests of several newly
identified resistant winter wheat accesions from Turkey and China.
The increase and cooperative evaluation of a wheat germplasm collection
derived from a series
of interspecific crosses completed by W.J. Sando in the 1930s and previously
last grown in the 1960s, continued in 1992. Cooperative evaluation of this
germplasm collection included characters such as reaction to barley yellow
dwarf virus, leaf rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, Hessian fly, and
Russian wheat aphid. Location funds were also used in 1992 to partially
support the evaluation of Pioneer Seed Company developed hard red winter
wheat germplasm at Manhattan, Kansas. Specific Cooperative Agreements or
within ARS Fund Transfers involving such cooperative evaluations and
related research for all small grains involve over 20 University and ARS
projects in at least 17 states. Fund transfers concerned with wheat
germplasm evaluations involve Urbana, IL (Hewings), Pullman, WA (Line), West
Lafayette, IN (Ratcliffe), Manhattan, KS (Hatchett & Eversmeyer), Davis, CA
(Qualset), Stillwater, OK (Webster), Columbia, MO (Kimber), and Lincoln, NE
(Peterson), with 58% of the evaluation funds assigned to wheat. Similar
evaluations concerned with barley and oats are currently assigned 32% and
10% of these funds, respectively. No fund transfers for rice evaluations
originate at Aberdeen.
Descriptors appropriate for wheat have been established in
collaboration with the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee. Field evaluation
data are recorded on such descriptors as growth habit, number of days from
planting to anthesis (heading), plant height, spike or panicle density,
lodging,
straw breakage, shattering, and awn and glume characteristics, including
color. Data on field descriptors have been obtained on approximately 35,500
wheat accessions during the 1983-92 period. Special nurseries are grown for
that purpose at Aberdeen, Idaho and Maricopa, Arizona, with grain being
harvested from each field evaluation nursery to replenish NSGC seed stocks.
Data obtained from evaluations of NSGC germplasm are entered in the
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) system by the NSGGRF staff in
cooperation with the ARS National Germplasm Resources Laboratory,
Beltsville, Maryland. GRIN is a database containing the characteristics and
availability of all genetic resources included in the National Plant
Germplasm System. The Database Manager is J.D. Mowder, Beltsville,
Maryland. The NSGGRF staff interacts with the GRIN system in recording NSGC
orders (seed requests), entering a variety of data, and conducting
information searches. No evaluations have been conducted to date for
descriptors such as drought tolerance, salt tolerance, winterhardiness,
Cephalosporium stripe, flag smut, leaf blight, loose smut, powdery mildew,
snow mold, take all, tan spot, wheat streak mosaic, green bug,
cereal leaf beetle, and protein.
Triticum descriptors with data currently on the GRIN system are
summarized below:
NSGC DISEASE EVALUATIONS ON GRIN - WHEAT
Number of
Character Years Location Accessions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus 1985-92 Davis, CA 2,288
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus 1988-92 Urbana, IL 17,520
Soilborne Mosaic Virus 1985-89 Urbana, IL 6,589
Leaf Rust 1983-89,
1991-92 Manhattan, KS 36,045
Stripe Rust - Adult 1984-92 Mt.Vernon, WA 24,897
Stripe Rust - Adult 1984-92 Pullman, WA 16,110
Stripe Rust - Cdl 17 1984-92 Pullman, WA 10,294
Stripe Rust - Cdl 20 1984-92 Pullman, WA 8,395
Stripe Rust - Cdl 25 1984-92 Pullman, WA 1,682
Stripe Rust - Cdl 27 1984-92 Pullman, WA 10,414
Stripe Rust - Cdl 29 1984-92 Pullman, WA 10,157
Stripe Rust - Cdl 37 1984-92 Pullman, WA 297
Stripe Rust - Cdl 43 1984-92 Pullman, WA 290
Stripe Rust - Cdl 45 1984-92 Pullman, WA 297
Stem Rust - Adult 1987-92 Rosemount, MN 8,078
Stem Rust - Adult 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 16,379
Stem Rust - HJCS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,343
Stem Rust - QFBS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 8,641
Stem Rust - QSHS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,456
Stem Rust - RHRS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,313
Stem Rust - RTQQ 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 8,974
Stem Rust - TNMH 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,403
Stem Rust - TNMK 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 8,939
Stem Rust - HNLQ 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,705
Stem Rust - RKQS 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 4,682
Stem Rust - Genes 1987-92 St. Paul, MN 1,020
Common Bunt - R36 1981-92 Aberdeen, ID* 74
Common Bunt - R39 1981-92 Aberdeen, ID* 1,408
Common Bunt - R43 1981-92 Aberdeen, ID* 318
Common Bunt - T-1 1981-92 Aberdeen, ID* 6,241
Common Bunt - Multiple 1981-92 Aberdeen, ID* 6,073
Dwarf Bunt 1978-92 Aberdeen, ID+ 8,404
Septoria nodorum 1970-78 Bozeman, MT 8,095
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* 1985-86 Pendleton, OR.
+ Field tests are conducted at Logan, UT by Aberdeen ARS staff.
NSGC INSECT EVALUATIONS ON GRIN - WHEAT
Number of
Character Years Location Accessions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hessian Fly - B 1983-92 West Lafayette, IN 449
Hessian Fly - C 1983-92 West Lafayette, IN 24,231
Hessian Fly - E 1983-92 West Lafayette, IN 24,214
Hessian Fly - GP 1983-92 West Lafayette, IN 4,196
Hessian Fly - L 1983-92 West Lafayette, IN 4,196
Russian Wheat
Aphid (RWA) 1988-92 Stillwater, OK 30,352
RWA - Leafroll 1988-92 Stillwater, OK 30,352
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NSGC AGRONOMIC, TAXONOMIC, & QUALITY EVALUATIONS ON GRIN - WHEAT
Number of
Character Years Location Accessions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Growth Habit 1987-92 Aberdeen, ID 37,510
Chromosome # 1988-91 Columbia, MO 420
Lysine Content 1966-69 Lincoln, NE 10,367
Awn Color 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 18,561
Awn Type 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 22,653
Glume Color 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 18,594
Glume Pubescence 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 20,381
Heading Date 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 14,061
Kernel Color 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 19,044
Leaf Pubescence 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 21,062
Plant Height 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 17,739
Shattering 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 8,674
Spike Density 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 12,773
Spike Type 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 12,875
Straw Breakage 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 17,007
Straw Color 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 17,892
Straw Lodging 1983-92 Aberdeen, ID & Maricopa, AZ 21,293
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Similar evaluations are currently underway for other major NSGC
components, including barley, oats, rice, and triticale. Other important
cooperative projects, especially involving wheat, include the "Conservation
of North American Genetic Resources of Triticale" (University of
California, Davis - C.O. Qualset); "Recalcitrance in Wheat Protoplast
Regeneration: Genetic and Genomic Effects" (Alabama A&M University, Normal
- G.C. Sharma); "Evaluation of Yugoslav Wheat Collections for Drought"
(USDA-ARS, Aberdeen - H.E. Bockelman); and "Evaluation of Small Grains
Germplasm, Including West Asian Triticum, for BYD and other Characters"
(University of California, Davis - C.O. Qualset). B.J. Goates annually
conducts evaluations of wheat germplasm for bunt resistance at Aberdeen,
Idaho and Logan, Utah.
The authors wish to acknowledge the important contributions of the
NSGGRF staff in this effort, with special thanks to Glenda B. Rutger, John
F. Connett, Kathy E. Burrup, Dave E. Burrup, Kay B. Calzada, Vicki Gamble,
Evalyne McLean, Judy Bradley, Carol S. Truman, Fawn R. Buffi, M.A. Bohning,
and L.W. Briggle.
-------------------------
Harold E. Bockelman, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen,
ID
PI Assignments in 1993. A total of 951 Triticum accessions were
assigned PI numbers in 1992 (see Table 1). In addition to a number of
cultivars and elite breeding materials from U.S. and Canadian wheat breeding
programs, PI numbers were assigned to: cultivars from the Hebei Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Hebei, China; landraces from the Banco de
Germoplasma, Cochabamba, Bolivia; cultivars from the Institute of
Introduction & Plant Genetic Resources "K. Malkov", Sadovo, Bulgaria;
cultivars and landraces from the N.I. Vavilov
Institute of Plant Industry, St. Petersburg, Russia; Georgian landraces
collected by ZiGuk, Gatersleben, Germany; newer cultivars from the
Australian Winter Cereals Collection; landraces from Nepal, Saudia Arabia,
and Yemen collected by I.B.P.G.R.; landraces from the Jammu & Kashmir region
of Pakistan collected by R.J. Metzger; elite Septoria-resistant breeding
lines developed by A.L. Scharen; and breeding lines from the Cereal Research
Institute, Kromeriz, Czech Republic.
A total of 202 Aegilops accessions were assigned PI numbers during 1993
(see Table 2). PI 568161-568163 were collected by C.R. Sperling in 1990 in
Uzbekistan. PI 573338-573516 were collected by R.J. Metzger and G. Kimber
in Turkey in 1984. PI 574456-574473 were obtained from the N.I. Vavilov
Institute of Plant Industry, St. Petersburg, Russia. PI 574474 and 574475
were collected by R.M. Hannan and W.J. Kaiser in Bulgaria in 1992.
Cultivar Name Clearance. Breeders are encouraged to have proposed
names for new cultivars checked for duplication, trademark, and other
possible infringemts. The breeder can send the proposed name to me (Harold
E. Bockelman, USDA-ARS-NSGC, P.O. Box 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210). If desired,
more than one name may be submitted, listed in order of preference. This
will save considerable time if a conflict is found with the first name.
Available records (GRIN, CI/PI cards, variety files, etc.) here at Aberdeen
are checked for conflicts with the proposed name. If a conflict is found
(previous use of the name for that crop), the breeder is requested to submit
a different name. If no conflicts are found, the requested name is
forwarded to the Agricultural Marketing Service where the proposed name is
checked for possible conflicts in trademarks, etc. The Agricultural
Marketing Service does not guarantee that its findings are the final word
since their files may not be complete and/or there may be unregistered
trademarks. This clearance procedure generally requires about four weeks.
Elite Germplasm Requested. Breeders are encouraged to submit their
elite lines for inclusion in the National Small Grains Collection (NSGC).
Of special interest are lines that have been in uniform nurseries, but are
not to be released as cultivars. Historically, uniform nurseries been the
testing-grounds for the most advanced, elite germplasm from the various
public and private breeding programs. Entries in uniform nurseries and
other breeding materials that are never released as cultivars are still of
potential value to breeders, pathologists, entomologists, and other
researchers.
Breeders should submit 200-500 g of untreated seed to the NSGC
(address: P.O. Box 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210). Seed from outside of the
United States should be sent to the USDA Plant Germplasm Quarantine Center
(address: Bldg. 320, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705) with enclosed
forwarding directions. Include a description of the germplasm, including:
donor (breeder, institution); botanical and common name; cultivar name
and/or other identifiers (breeder line or selection number, etc.); pedigree;
descriptive information (of important traits and special characteristics);
and growth habit. The request is then forwarded to the Plant Introduction
Office. Upon PI assignment the Plant Introduction Officer returns
documentation (PI card) to the NSGC Curator and the originating breeder.
The NSGC Curator forwards a backup sample of seed to the National Seed
Storage Laboratory and places the remaining seed in the NSGC.
Assignment of a PI number and inclusion in the NSGC makes the germplasm
available for research purposes to bona fide scientists in the U.S. and
worldwide.
Please note that a different procedure applies if you are obtaining
Crop Science registration (see Crop Sci. 28: 716. 1988).
Guidelines for Exporting Seed. All seed sent to a foreign country
should be inspected and receive a phytosanitary certificate. For large
shipments of seed, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
personnel in your locality should be contacted. For small, research-sized
samples the seed can be routed through the USDA Plant Germplasm Quarantine
Center (address: USDA Plant Germplasm Quarantine Center, Attn: Dan Harmon,
Bldg. 320, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705). Both ARS and APHIS personnel
are located at the PGQC. All necessary customs requirements are handled at
the PGQC. There is no charge for this service. Address the package to the
PGQC. Inside, place a second unsealed package containing the seed,
addressed to the recipient. Also include: two copies of a listing of
materials enclosed; a copy of your transmittal letter or a copy of the
original request from the foreign scientist; and any import permits
(supplied by the requesting scientist) or special shipping instructions.
Failure to include necessary import permits can delay shipments by weeks
since it will be necessary to request such a permit from the foreign
scientist or country.
Guidelines for Importing Seed. Any scientist importing seed should be
aware of any restrictions that apply. APHIS personnel can provide current
information on applicable restrictions. Of particular importance to wheat
researchers are import restrictions related to flag smut and karnal bunt.
Presently, some 34 countries have flag smut import restrictions. Six
countries currently have karnal bunt import restrictions. Importation of
seed from flag smut and karnal bunt countries requires a permit from APHIS.
Special handling and grow-out procedures apply to such shipments.
Table 1. PI Assignments in Triticum in 1993
PI
Number Species Country State Cultivar
------------------------------------------------------------------
564700 aestivum U.S. KARENA
564761 aestivum U.S. Montana MT 8719
564762 aestivum U.S. Montana MT 8713
564763 aestivum U.S. Indiana ABI 89-4160
564764 aestivum U.S. Indiana ABI 89-4776
564765 aestivum U.S. Indiana LX8728D
564766 aestivum U.S. Indiana Y88-3a
564789
to
564822 aestivum U.S. Oregon
564850 aestivum U.S. Colorado CORWA 1
564851 aestivum U.S. Colorado JULES
565178 aestivum China Hebei SHICHIAZUANG 5144
565179 aestivum China Hebei
565180 aestivum China Hebei HENGSHUI 714
565181 aestivum China Hebei HENG5007
565182 aestivum China Hebei HENG 30517
565183 aestivum China Hebei HENG 88-76
565184 aestivum China Hebei HENG 88-59
565185 aestivum China Hebei HENG 88-65
565186 aestivum China Hebei HENG 88-98
565187 aestivum China Hebei AI 781
565188 aestivum China Hebei HENG 0404
565189 aestivum China Hebei HENG 89WO8
565190 aestivum China Hebei HENSHUI 8924
565191 aestivum China Hebei HENG 4104
565192 aestivum China Hebei HENG 2
565193 aestivum China Hebei YIMAI 24
565194 aestivum China Hebei YI5418
565195 aestivum China Hebei LUMAI 15
565196 aestivum China Hebei
565197 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba KARA HUMA
565198 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba COPOSO
565199 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba ASTRILLANO
565200 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba ESTRALLANO
565201 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba FLORENTINO
565202 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba ASTRILLANO
565203 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba ASTRILLANO
565204 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba MURA HUMA
565205 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba YLACO
565206 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba ASTRILLANO
565207 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba NAPITO
565208 durum Bolivia Cochabamba CHAGGO
565209 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba MOCHO
565210 aestivum Bolivia Tarija NAPO
565211 aestivum Bolivia Tarija LERMA
565212 aestivum Bolivia La Paz OVILI
565213 aestivum Bolivia Santa Cruz FLORENTINO
565214 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba TRIGO
565215 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca REDONDILLO
565216 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca TRIGO CABO
565217 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca GABO
565218 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca GABO
565219 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca AUSTRALIANO
565220 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca TRIGO
565221 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca TRIGO
565222 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca GABO
565223 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca AUSTRALIANO
565224 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca FLORENTINO
565225 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca FLORENTINO
565226 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca FLORENTINO
565227 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca AMERICANA
565228 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca FLORENTINO
565229 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca GABO
565230 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca AMERICANO
565231 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca TRIGO AUSTRALIANO
565232 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca GABO
565233 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca TRIGO VICTORIA
565234 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca TRIGO TEMPRANILLO
565235 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca TRIGO AUSTRALIANO
565236 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca JARAL
565237 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca K'ARA HUMA
565238 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca QUIMORA
565239 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca JARAL
565240 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca TRIGO
565241 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca SAGUAYO
565242 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca REDONDILLO
565243 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca MEXICO
565244 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba ASTRILLANO
565245 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba CRIOLLO
565246 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba CRIOLLO
565247 aestivum Bolivia Cochabamba CRIOLLITO
565248 aestivum Bolivia Potosi JATUM MOCHO
565249 aestivum Bolivia Potosi FLORENTINO
565250 aestivum Bolivia Potosi FLORENTINO
565251 aestivum Bolivia Potosi CHAMPU
565252 aestivum Bolivia Potosi CHUMPI
565253 aestivum Bolivia Potosi FLORENTINO
565254 aestivum Bolivia Potosi KHUMPU
565255 aestivum Bolivia Potosi FLORENTINO
565256 aestivum Bolivia Potosi JATUM MOCHO
565257 aestivum Bolivia Chuquisaca PERLA
565258 aestivum Bolivia
565259 durum Bolivia Cochabamba YURAC MEXICO
565260 durum Bolivia Cochabamba YANA BARBA
565261 durum Bolivia Cochabamba YANA BARBA
565262 durum Bolivia Cochabamba YANA BARBA
565263 durum Bolivia Cochabamba MEXICO YANA BARBA
565264 durum Bolivia Cochabamba TRIGO
565265 durum Bolivia Chuquisaca BARBA NEGRA
565266 durum Bolivia Cochabamba MEXICO
565267 durum Bolivia Cochabamba ASTRILLANO
565268 durum Bolivia Cochabamba CRIOLLO
565269 durum Bolivia Cochabamba CRIOLLITO
565270 durum Bolivia Cochabamba FLORENTINO
565271 durum Bolivia
565303 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv PLISKA
565304 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv POBEDA
565305 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv SKITIA
565306 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv ALTIMIR 67
565307 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv KALOJAN
565308 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv KARDAM
565309 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv KITAN
565310 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv
565311 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv TRAKYA
565312 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv YUBILEINA 2
565313 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv YUBILEINA 3
565314 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv
565315 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv KRAPETCH
565316 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv KUBRAT
565317 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv LUDOGORKA
565318 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv MOMTCHIL
565319 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv TRNGRA
565320 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv ASENOVKA
565321 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv AHELOI
565322 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv TCHARODEIKA
565323 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv TOSHEVKA
565234 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv YUBILEI
565325 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv KREMENA
565326 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv LEVENT
565327 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv YANTAR
565328 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv STOZHER
565329 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv YANA
565330 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv PLAMAK
565331 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv VEZHEN
565332 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv EVMOLPIA
565333 aestivum Bulgaria Plovdiv VIDA
565334 durum Bulgaria Plovdiv TCHIRPAN 22-77
565335 aestivum Russia STREMNINA
565336 aestivum Uzbekistan
565337 aestivum Russia KANSAS MORTGAGE LIFTER
565338 aestivum Russia RELIABLE
565339 aestivum Russia PADUI
565340 aestivum Russia BUFFUM NO. 17
565341 aestivum Russia RYSTING
565342 aestivum Russia ALBERTA RED
565343 aestivum Russia TURKEY RED
565344 aestivum Russia NORTHERN 1
565345 aestivum Russia NORTHERN 2
565346 aestivum Russia VELVET CHAFF
565347 aestivum Russia MIRACLE
565348 aestivum Russia MIRACLE
565349 aestivum Russia HARVEST KING
565350 aestivum Russia MICHIGAN
565351 aestivum Russia NEBRASKA NO. 30
565352 aestivum Ukraine KRYMKA
565353 aestivum Uzbekistan BUHARA BUGDAJ
565354 aestivum Uzbekistan TOKMAK BAS
565355 aestivum Uzbekistan BUHARA BUGDA
565356 aestivum Azerbaijan KUSARY
565357 aestivum Azerbaijan
565358 aestivum Uzbekistan TEREMAN BUGDAJ
565359 aestivum Russia LYNN
565360 aestivum Russia MARTIN AMBER
565361 aestivum Russia PROHIBITION
565362 aestivum Russia ARCADIAN
565363 aestivum Russia PESTERBODEN
565364 aestivum Russia BIG FRAME
565365 aestivum Russia WELLMAN
565366 aestivum Russia WYANDOTTE
565367 aestivum Russia HOMER
565368 aestivum Russia PETERSON
565369 aestivum Russia RED CLAWSON
565370 aestivum Russia WINTER CHIEF
565371 aestivum Russia BEARDED WINTER
565372 aestivum Russia VIRGINIA
565373 aestivum Russia DAKOTA
565374 aestivum Russia MEALY
565375 aestivum Russia WINTER ALASKA
565376 aestivum Russia KRYMKA KERCENSKAJA
565377 aestivum Russia KRYMKA KADAGAJSKAJA
565378 aestivum Russia KRYMKA ISUN'SKAJA
565379 aestivum Russia SARY BUGDA GIUL'GARI
565380 aestivum Russia ARKANSAS R-9
565381 aestivum Uzbekistan
565382 aestivum Russia MINARD
565383 aestivum Russia SUPERHARD
565384 aestivum Russia WEISSENBURG
565385 aestivum Kyrgyzstan JUZGIU BUGDAJ
565386 aestivum Turkmenistan GUZLYK
565387 aestivum Uzbekistan KUZLIUK KIZYL KYLTYRIK
565388 aestivum Russia NOVOKRYMKA 1-90
565389 aestivum Georgia HULUGO
565390 aestivum Russia ARKANSAS NO. 105
565391 aestivum Russia KRYMSKAJA VIII-5
565392 aestivum Russia OSETINSKAJA 4
565393 aestivum Russia HAZO MESTNAJA
565394 aestivum Russia MICHIGAN BRONZE
565395 aestivum Russia TAU BUGDA
565396 aestivum Russia GULISAR
565397 aestivum Russia EARLY TRIUMPH
565398 aestivum Russia TAMBOVICA
565399 aestivum Russia LUTESCENS 74-1943
565400 aestivum Russia LUTESCENS 75-450
565401 aestivum Russia KRASNOGVARDEJSKAJA
565402 aestivum Russia GORSKAJA 29
565403 aestivum Russia KRMSKAJA 4
565404 aestivum Russia TADZYKSKAJA 13
565405 aestivum Russia LUTESCENS 08964-15
565406 aestivum Russia ERITOSPERMUM 08922-6
565407 aestivum Russia HAR'KOVSKAJA II
565408 aestivum Russia SEVERODONSKAJA 2
565409 aestivum Russia TARASOVSKAJA 61
565410 aestivum Russia VOLGOGRADSKAJA 84
565411 aestivum Russia HRISTINOVSKAJA
565412 aestivum Russia
565413 aestivum Russia HERSONSKAJA 95
565414 aestivum Russia LINIJA 1063
565415 aestivum Russia CERNOZEMKA 212
565416 aestivum Russia DERBENTSKAJA IUBILE'NAJA
565417 aestivum Russia JAKOR'ODESSKIJ
565418 aestivum Russia AL'BATROS ODESSKIJ
565419 aestivum Russia ZOLOTAJA NIVA
565420 aestivum Russia IVANOVSKAJA 60
565421 aestivum Russia BAGRATIONI
565422 aestivum Russia LINIJA 125
565423 aestivum Russia SUVENIR
565424 aestivum Russia ERITOSPERMUM 18
565425 aestivum Russia LUTESCENS 211-B-132-22
565426 aestivum Russia LUTESCENS 311
565427 aestivum Russia LUTESCENS 321
565428 aestivum Russia ZERNOGRADKA 31
565429 aestivum Russia TEDZENSKAJA 60
565430 aestivum Russia DNEPROVSKAJA 710
565431 compactu Russia CLUB
565432 turgidum Russia ARIZONA
566593 polonicum Russia WHITE POLISH
566594 compactum U.S. Washington CALORWA
566595 aestivum U.S. Washington WADUAL 94
566596 aestivum U.S. Washington ALPOWA
566668 aestivum U.S. Kansas KS91WGRC11
566669 aestivum U.S. Kansas KS92WGRC15
566670 aestivum U.S. Kansas KS92WGRC21
566671 aestivum U.S. Kansas KS92WGRC22
566672 aestivum U.S. Kansas KS92WGRC23
566815 compactum U.S. Washington WA 7621
566816 aestivum U.S. Washington WA 7671
566823 aestivum Canada Saskatchewan AC TABER
566923 aestivum U.S. WBB28106 (PVP)
566924 aestivum U.S. WBC797E1 (PVP)
567907 aestivum U.S. COKER 9904 (PVP)
570647 aestivum Netherlands RITMO (PVP)
570654 aestivum U.S. BOONE (PVP)
572289 aestivum U.S. Oklahoma STARS-9302W
572290 aestivum U.S. Oklahoma STARS-9303W
572542 aestivum U.S. Kansas KS92WGRC26
572546 aestivum U.S. 822 (PVP)
572548 aestivum U.S. GRANT (PVP)
572612 aestivum Russia BELOCERKOVSKIJ SHI 2
572613 aestivum Russia FERRUGINEUM59
572614 aestivum Russia AHTYRCANKA
572615 aestivum Russia AL'BIDUM 12
572616 aestivum Russia BASKIRSKAJA 7
572617 aestivum Russia HAR'KOVSKAJA 81
572618 aestivum Russia POLESSKAJA 71
572619 aestivum Russia MASLOVCANKA 100
572620 aestivum Russia ZAPOROZSKAJA OSTISTAJA
572621 aestivum Russia AL'BORUBRUM B-21
572622 aestivum Russia IZUMRUDNAJA
572623 aestivum Russia GRANIT
572624 aestivum Russia SIBAKOVSKAJA 3
572625 aestivum Russia L-330
572626 aestivum Russia ROSSIJANKA
572627 aestivum Russia IRTYSANKA 10
572628 aestivum Russia VOLZANKA
572629 aestivum Russia GREKUM 114
572630 aestivum Russia KAZAHSTANSKAJA 4
572631 aestivum Russia KAZAHSTANSKAJA 7
572632 aestivum Russia URAL'SKAJA JUBILEJNAJA
572633 aestivum Russia DRUZINA
572634 aestivum Russia HAR'KOVSKAJA 6
572635 aestivum Russia PRIMORSKAJA 14
572636 aestivum Russia RANNIAJA 73
572637 aestivum Russia HAR'KOVSKAJA 2
572638 aestivum Russia SALIUT
572639 aestivum Russia ODESSKAJA 75
572640 aestivum Russia OBRIJ
572641 aestivum Russia PAVLOVKA
572642 aestivum Russia MIL'TURUM I
572643 aestivum Russia DONSKAJA BEZOSTAJA
572644 aestivum Russia KRASNODARSKAJA57
572645 aestivum Russia DIURDANA
572646 aestivum Russia PIROTRIKS 2168
572647 aestivum Russia ARZU
572648 aestivum Russia BOGARNAJA56
572649 aestivum Russia KANGUN 20
572650 aestivum Russia GALLIAARAL'SKAJA 3
572651 aestivum Russia INTENSIVNAJA
572652 aestivum Russia PSEUDOMERIDIONALE 122
572653 aestivum Russia CEZIUM 88
572654 aestivum Russia GREKUM 3
572655
to
572693 aestivum Georgia
572694 aestivum Australia New South Wales LARK
572695
aestivum Australia New South Wales REEVES
572696 aestivum Australia New South Wales CUNNINGHAM
572697 aestivum Australia New South Wales SUNBRI
572698 aestivum Australia New South Wales SHRIKE
572699 aestivum Australia New South Wales LILLIMUR
5722700 aestivum Australia New South Wales BATAVIA
572701 aestivum Australia New South Wales EXCALIBUR
572702 aestivum Australia New South Wales ANGAS
572703 aestivum China Nei Monggol
572704 aestivum China Shaanxi XIAOYEN NO. 6
572705 aestivum China Shaanxi
572706 aestivum China Shaanxi
572707
to
572727 aestivum Nepal
572728 aestivum Mexico Federal Dist. TOBARI 66
572729 aestivum Mexico Federal Dist. NACOZARI 76
572730 aestivum Mexico Federal Dist. CHAPINGO VF74
572731
to
572844 aestivum Pakistan Jammu and Kashmir
572845 aestivum Russia ERITROSPERMUM5221
572846 aestivum Russia KALININSKAYA II
572847 aestivum Russia KALININSKAYA 27
572848 carthlicum Armenia
572849 carthlicum Georgia
572850 compactum Australia New South Wales CORRIGIN
572851
to
572857 compactum Pakistan Jimmu and Kashmir
572858 dicoccon Armenia
572859 dicoccon Armenia
572860 dicoccon Ethiopia AJAR
572861 dicoccon Germany
572862 durum Russia KYZYL-BUGDA
572863 durum Russia ZEMCUZINA
572864 durum Russia HORDEIFORME 1816
572865 durum Russia LEUKURUM 1801
572866 durum Russia LINIJA 2620
572867 durum Russia SARATOVSKAJA53
572868 durum Russia KANDIKANS 75/09
572869 durum Russia SARATOVSKAJA57
572870 durum Russia ANTEJ
572871 durum Russia ORENBURGSKAJA RANNIAJA
572872 durum Russia TIM KARLIK568
572873 durum Russia ATLANT
572874 durum Russia TIM KARLIK556
572875 durum Russia BASKIRSKAJA 17
572876 durum Russia TIM KARLIK553
572877 durum Russia ORENBURGSKAJA 10
572878 durum Russia PALESTINKA5
572879 durum Russia ANGARA
572880 durum Russia PALESTINKA 7
572881 durum Russia MUTIKO-CERULESCENS 854
572882 durum Russia AFGANISTAN 32
572883 durum Russia ALENUSKA
572884 durum Russia BOZAH
572885 durum Russia HAR'KOVSKAJA 37
572886 durum Russia IXUMRUD
572887 durum Russia LUGANSKAJA 7
572888 durum Russia MUTIKITALIKUM59H132
572889 durum Russia CERNOMOR
572890 durum Russia KARA-BUGDA
572891 durum Russia SEVERNAJA ZAARDA
572892 durum Russia DERBENTSKAJA CERNOKOLOSA
572893 durum Russia AG-BUGDA
572894 durum Russia CERNOKOLOSKA
572895 durum Russia AKTIUBINSKAJA 74
572896 durum Russia MERKURIJ
572897 durum Russia SIRVAN 3
572898 durum Russia SOLNYSKO
572899 durum Russia SARY-BUGDA
572900 durum Georgia
572901
to
572903 durum Israel West Bank
572904 ispahanicum Iran
572905
to
572913 macha Georgia
572914 spelta Turkmenistan
572915 spelta Tajikistan
572916 timopheevii Georgia
572917 timopheevii Georgia
572918 turgidum China
572919 turgidum China
572920 turgidum Russia CEMOSAR
572921 turgidum Azergaijan
572922 turgidum Azerbaijan
572923 turgidum Afghanistan
572954
573001 aestivum U.S. Washington
573002 aestivum U.S. Arizona BAKER (PVP)
573003 aestivum U.S. Arizona EXPRESS (PVP)
573004 durum U.S. Arizona WESTBRED TURBO (PVP)
573005 durum U.S. Arizona IMPERIAL (PVP)
573006 durum U.S. Arizona SOUTHWEST DURUM MALE STE
573034 aestivum U.S. COKER 9134 (PVP)
573035 aestivum U.S. PONDEROSA (PVP)
573036 aestivum U.S. HICKORY (PVP)
573037 aestivum U.S. OGALLALA (PVP)
573038 aestivum U.S. PONTIAC (PVP)
573096 aestivum U.S. Nebraska ALLIANCE
573179
to
573182 carthlicum Turkey Kars
573183
to
573187 aestivum Turkey Kars
573190 aestivum U.S. Idaho IDIMMS-Co
573191 aestivum U.S. Idaho IDSMMS-Co
573517 boeoticum Turkey Canakkale
573518 boeoticum Turkey Balikesir
573519 Bursa, Eskisehir,
to Bilecik, Bolu
573529 monococcum Turkey Ankara, Cankiri
573732 aestivum France FESTIVAL
573733 aestivum France RECITAL
573734 aestivum France SCIPION
573735 aestivum France CAPET
573736 aestivum France CHAMPTAL
573737 aestivum France CRENEAU
573738 aestivum France TENOR
573739 aestivum France THESEE
573740 aestivum France GALA
573741 aestivum France CHOPIN
573742 aestivum France AUBAINE
573743 aestivum France BEAUCHAMP
573744 aestivum France SOISSONS
573745 aestivum France FORBY
573746 aestivum France ARTABAN
573747 aestivum France NECTAR
573748 aestivum France MARATHON
573749 aestivum France MILPAIN
573750 aestivum France AUSTERLITZ
573751 aestivum France GENIAL
573752 aestivum France CHALOU
573753 aestivum France FRANDANGO
573754 aestivum Honduras Lempira
574136
to
574262 aestivum U.S. Montana
574263
to
574267 durum U.S. Montana
574268
to
574284 hybrid U.S. Montana
574312
to
574342 aestivum Czechoslovakia
574344
to
574350 aestivum Saudi Arabia
574351
to
574355 durum Saudi Arabia
574356
to
574381 aestivum Yemen
574386 turgidum U.S. DUROSTAR (PVP)
574387 turgidum U.S. BRAVADUR (PVP)
574389 turgidum U.S. DIAVOLO DURO (PVP)
574405 aestivum U.S. SONJA (PVP)
574451 aestivum U.S. California UC 784
574452 aestivum U.S. California UC 785
574453 aestivum U.S. California UC 786
574488 aestivum U.S. Kansas IKE
574489 aestivum U.S. Kansas KS92WGRC24
574490 aestivum U.S. Kansas KS92WGRC25
574496
to
574503 aestivum Canada Alberta
574537 aestivum U.S. Washington WA 7766
574538 aestivum U.S. Washington WA 7712
574642 aestivum U.S. Montana McNEAL
576151 aestivum U.S. Texas TAM 300 (PVP)
576168 durum U.S. Arizona KRONOS (PVP)
576176 aestivum U.S. TERRAL 1011 (PVP)
577793 aestivum U.S. Pecos (PVP)
Table 2. PI Assignments in Aegilops in 1993
Number Species Subspecies Country State
568161 cylindrica Uzbekistan
568162 cylindrica Uzbekistan
568163 sp. Uzbekistan
573338
to
573362 biuncialis Turkey (several)
573363
to
573369 cylindrica Turkey (several)
573370
to
573411 geniculata Turkey (several)
573412
to
573419 markqrafii markqrafii Turkey (several)
573420
to
573447 neglecta Turkey (several)
573448
to
573450 speltoides Turkey Ankara, Cankiri
573451 triuncialis Turkey Ankara
573452 speltoides Turkey Ankara
573453
to
573514 triuncialis Turkey (several)
573515 umbellulata Turkey Balikesir
573516 umbellulata Turkey Bilecik
574456 biuncialis Azerbaijan
574457 columnaris Azerbaijan
574458 crassa Turkmenistan
574459 crassa Uzbekistan
574460 cylindrica Uzbekistan
574461 cylindrica Armenia
574462 cylindrica Azerbaijan
574463 juvenalis Uzbekistan
574464 tauschii Azerbaijan
574465 tauschii Azerbaijan
574466 tauschii Georgia
574467 tauschii Russian Federation
574468 tauschii Armenia
574469 tauschii India
574470 triuncialis Uzbekistan
574471 triuncialis Azerbaijan
574472 triuncialis Azerbaijan
574473 triuncialis Turkmenistan
574474 triuncialis Bulgaria
574475 geniculata Bulgaria
------------------------------------------------------------------
J. S. Quick, Colorado State University
CSSA Wheat Cultivars and Germplasm Registration 1992
Refer to Crop Sci. 33:1446-1450 for reference to registration articles
of wheat cultivars assigned CV-777 to CV-789, germplasms assigned GP-343 to
GP-380, and genetic stocks assigned GS-7 to GS-60. Wheat cultivars,
germplasms, and genetic stocks assigned CSSA registration numbers since the
last report (AWN 39:399-400) are:
CULTIVAR REGISTRATION
Reg.No./ ID NO. Name Origin Type
--------------------------------------------------------------------
CV790 PI566823 AC Taber Saskatchewan HRS
CV791 PI560128 Hoff Oregon HRW
CV792 PI560129 Gene Oregon SWW
CV793 PI562529 Rohde Oregon SWC
CV794 PI574642 McNeal Montana HRS
--------------------------------------------------------------------
GERMPLASM REGISTRATION
Reg. No. Name Origin Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
GP366 MT88005 Montana Sawfly
GP367-380 ------ Montana Russian wheat aphid
GP381-388 ------ Purdue-USDA H. fly
GP389-390 KS92WGRC21-22 Kansas-USDA WSSM, WSBM
GP391-392 KS92WGRC11, 15, 23 Kansas-USDA Leaf rust
GP393 -------- Kansas-USDA Leaf rust
GP394-395 STARS9302W, 9303W Oklahoma-USDA Russian Wheat
Aphid
GP396 IMMS-CO Idaho Intensive management
GP397 KS92WGRC26 Kansas, USDA H. fly
GP398 SMMS-CO Idaho Snow mold
GP399 TX76-40-2 Texas Near cultivar
GP400-407 ------- Alberta Root rot
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Those considering registering cultivars, germplasm, parental lines, or
genetic stocks of wheat should refer to Crop Sci. 28:716-717, which explains
some of the procedures that are to be followed. North America wheat
research workers who wish to register cultivars or germplasm may also write
to any member of the wheat subcommittee of CSSA Registration Committee
(C852) for information. The members of the 1994committee are:
J. S. Quick Chm., Hard Red Winter Wheats, Colorado
R. H. Busch, Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheats, USDA-ARS,
Minnesota
P. K. Zwer, Western USA Wheats, Oregon
Steve Harrison, Soft Red Winter Wheats, Louisiana
-------------------------
IV. CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS FOR WHEAT
1994 Supplement
R.A. McIntosh(1), G.E. Hart(2) and M.D. Gale(3)
(1) Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney,
107 Cobbitty Rd., Cobbitty, N.S.W., Australia, 2570
(2) Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas 77843
(3) Cambridge Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science Research,
Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, England, NR4 7UJ
The most recent edition of the Catalogue (9441) will appear in the
Proceedings of the 8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium held in
Beijing, China, 1993. This Supplement has been offered to the editors of
Annual Wheat Newsletter and Wheat Information Service for inclusion in their
respective journals.
Revision of the DNA-marker section of the 'Guidelines for Nomenclature of
Biochemical/Molecular Loci in Wheat and Related Species' and addition to the
document of nomenclature for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) was approved at
the Eighth International Wheat Genetics Symposium. The revised DNA-marker
section (section 5, now entitled 'Symbols for DNA markers and alleles') and
a new section dealing with QTLs (section 6, entitled 'Symbols for loci and
alleles controlling quantitative characters') may be found at the end of
this supplement, following the references.
The 'Recommended Rules for Gene Symbolization in Wheat' and the 'Guidelines
for Nomenclature for Biochemical/Molecular Loci for Wheat and Related
Species' are located at the beginning of the Catalogue, and guidelines for
nomenclature of genes controlling reaction to pathogenic diseases and pests
are located within the body of the Catalogue, at the beginning of the
pathogenic disease/pest reaction section. To give these latter guidelines
greater prominence, they have been entitled 'Guidelines for Nomenclature of
Genes for Reaction to Pathogenic Diseases and Pests' and are reproduced at
the end of this supplement.
Additions to Symbols list:
Bls Reaction to Xanthomonas compestris pv undulosa
Bza Histone gene binding protein (bZIP class) subfamily 1a
Bzb Histone gene binding protein (bZIP class) subfamily 1b
Eg Elongated glume
Fe Iron deficiency
Hst Histone proteins
Anthocyanin pigmentation
1. Purple Anthers
Pan1 (9428). 7DS (9428). v: Ilyitchevka (9428);
Mironovskaya 808 (9428); Novosibirskaya 67
(9428); Pyrothrix 28(9428); Saratovskaya 210
(9428); Strela (9428); Ukrainka (9428).
tv: T. polonicum (9428).
4. Purple/red culm/straw/stem
Pc1. Pc (534).
Pc2 (9428). 7DS (9428). v: Ilyitchevka (9428);
Mironovskaya 808 (9428); Novosibirskaya 67
(9428); Pyrothrix 28 (9428); Saratovskaya 210
(9428); Strela (9428);
Ukrainka (9428).
5. Purple grain/pericarp
Complementary dominant genes
Pp1 (9430). 6A (9430). i: Saratovskaya 29*8/Purple
(Australia) Pp2 (9429).
Pp2 (9430). 7B (9430). tv: T. durum Desf. subsp.
abyssinicum Vav. (9429).
Piech and Evans (808) located complementary genes on chromosomes 3A and 7B.
Awnedness
1. Dominant Inhibitors
Tipped 1
Bla (9430). 5AL. s: Saratovskaya 29*8/ Festiguay 5A (9430).
Blb (9430). s: Saratovskaya 29*8/Aurora 5A (9430).
Blc (9430). s: Saratovskaya 29*8/Mironskaya 808 5A (9430).
In a common genetic background carriers of Bla have the shortest tip-awned
phenotype; carriers of Blb and Blc have awns 2 to 3 times longer depending
on environment. In F1 hybrids differences between the substitution line
combinations are significant.
Boron Tolerance
Bo1. 7B (9409).
Crossability with rye and Hordeum spp.
List of wheat/rye crossabilities: 9418.
DNA Markers
Delete XWx-4A from the Group 4S listings and delete XWx-7A and
XWx-7D from the Group 7S listings. These loci have been renamed
Wx-B1, Wx-A1 and Wx-D1, respectively (see 'Waxy Endosperm').
Add the following comment:
Two triplicate sets of loci that hybridize to histone-gene probes and four
triplicate sets of loci that hybridize to bZIP class DNA-binding-protein
gene probes were located in chromosome arms/ chromosomes by Masuda et
al.(9426), the former in the short arms of the homoeologous group 2
chromosomes and in the group 5 chromosomes and the latter in chromosome-arm
groups 3S, 3L, 4L, and 6S. A complete listing of these loci will appear in
the next supplement.
Elongated glume
Eg (9427). 7AL (9427). i: Saratovskaya 29*8// Novosibirskaya
67*2/T. polonicum (9427).
Glume colour
1. Red (brown/bronze)
Rg3 (9432). 1AS (9432). i: Saratovskaya 29*3//F2 CS
mono1A/Strela (9432).
v: Strela Rg1 (9432).
Rg3 was not linked with Hg (9432).
Hairy leaf
Hl v: Artemovka (9434); Caesium 111 (9434);
Lutescens 53/12 (9434); Lutescens 62
(9434); Pyrothrix 28 (9434); Poltavka
(9434); Sarrubra (9434).
Iron Deficiency
Fe1 (9436). 7DL (9437). v: Saratovskaya 29 (9436).
Fe2 (9436). 7BS (9437). v: CS (9437).
Nucleolus Organiser Regions
Nor-H4 7HS (9439).
Nor-H5 2HS (9439).
Proteins
2. Enzymes
IV. a-Amylase
a-Amy-H2 7HL (9439).
a-Amy-S1 (9424). 6SS (9424). v: Wembly derivative #31.
al: Ae. speltoides.
Response to Vernalization
Vrn2. 5B(9428,9433). The earlier location of 2B
(635) was not corrrect.5BL or 7BL (9438).
Vrn2a. Vrn2 (9428,9433) i: ANK-18 (9428, 9433).
s: Saratovskaya 29*8/ Mironovskaya 808 5A;
Saratovskaya 29*8/
Odesskaya 51 5A; Saratovskaya 29*8/
Skorospelka 35 5A
v: Pirothrix 28. Saratovskaya 29 Vrn1.
Vrn2b Vrn2 (9428,9433). s: Diamant 1*8/Mironovskaya
808 5A; Diamant 1*8/Skorospelka 35 5A.
v: Magali; Milturum 321; Milturum 553;
Ulyanovka 9 Diamant 1 Vrn1; Novosibirskaya
67 Vrn1.
Carriers of Vrn2a do not react to 15 and 30 days vernalization. Carriers of
Vrn2b show accelerated heading after 15 and 30 days vernalization (9428,
9433).
Vrn4 5D (9438).
Restorers for cytoplasmic male sterility
Restorers for T. timopheevii cytoplasm
Genes Rfc3 in chromosome 6RL and Rfc4 in chromosome 4L are reported in 9437.
Ribosomal RNA
5S rRrna genes
5S-Rrna-H3 [5SDNA-H3 (9439)]. 2H (514), 2HL (9439).
al: Betzes Barley; Sultan barley.
5S-Rrna-H4 [5SDNA-H4 (9439)]. 3HL (9439).
al: Betzes barley; Sultan barley.
5S-Rrna-H5. [5SDNA-H5 (9439)]. 4HL (9439).
al:Betzes barley; Sultan barley.
5S-Rrna-H6 [5SDNA-H6 (9439)]. 4HS (9439).
al: Betzes barley; Sultan barley.
Delete the paragraph that begins 'A single 5S rRNA hybridization site was
observed in barley. The chromosome......'
Pathogenic disease/pest reaction
Reaction to Erysiphe graminis tritici
Pm8. v: GR876 (9423).
dv: Cando*2/Veery, KS91WGRC14 (9410).
Pm12 (723). 6BS (T6BS-6SS) (9424,9414).The earlier location of
6A (723) was not correct.
v: Wembley*6/Ae. speltoides #31 (723,
9414).
al: Ae. speltoides CL214008 = K (723).
Pm16 v: Norman lines with resistance from T.
dicoccoides CL1060025 (719).
tv: T. dicoccoides CL1060025 (719).
Pm20 (9402). MlP6L (9401).6BL (T6BS.6RL) (9402).
v: KSWGRC27 (9402).
al: Prolific rye (9401).
Reaction to Mayetiola destructor
H3. v: GR876 (9423).
H6. v: Excel (9422).
H22 (848).
H23 (848). 6DL (848).
H24 (848). 3D (848).
H26. 4D (9403). v: KS92WGRC26 (9403).
dv: T. tauschii TA2473 (9403).
Reaction to Puccinia graminis
Sr9a. v: Excel Sr8a Sr17 (9422).
Sr31. v: GR876 (9423).
dv: Condo*2/Veery, KS91WGRC14 (9410).
Sr41 (9420). 4D (9420). v: WDR-B1 (9419). Waldron
Sr5(heterogeneous)Sr11 (heterogeneous).
Complex genotype: Roblin Sr5Sr7a?Sr11Sr12? Enhanced resistance is
associated with Lr34 (9412).
Reaction to Puccinia recondita
Lr3bg. i: RL6094 = Tc x 6/T6 (9417).
v: T6 Lr16 (9417).
Lr16. v: T6 Lr3bg (9417).
i: RL6096 = Tc*6/T6 (9417).
Lr26. v: GR876 (9423).
dv: Cando*2/Veery, KS91WGRC14
(9410).
Lr34. v: Others (9421).
Lr38. 6DL. i: RL6097 = Thatcher*6/T7
(9417).
v: T7 (265,9417).
Lr44 (9406). 1B (9406). i: Thatcher*6/T. spelta 7831
(9406).
v: T spelta 7831, T. spelta
7839 (9406).
Temporary Designations: A series of temporary designations for seedling and
adult plant resistance genes in six durums is given in 9415.
Complex genotype: Roblin Lr1Lr10Lr13Lr34 (9412).
Reaction to Puccinia striiformis
Yr9. v: GR876 (9423).
dv: Cando*2/Veery, KS91WGRC14(9410).
Yr18. v: Others (9421).
Reaction to Schizaphis graminum
Gb6. 1A (1AL.1RS) (9407).
v: GRS1201 (9408); GRS1202 (9408); GRS1203
(9408); GRS1204 (9408); GRS1205 (9408).
su: Tx4386 (9411).
ad: Tx4333 (9411).
al: Insave rye.
Reaction to Tilletia spp.
Bt10. v: Fairview (9416).
Reaction to Xanthomonas carpestris pv undulosa
Disease: Bacterial leaf streak
Bls1 (9413). v: Pavon Bls2, Mochis T88 Bls3Bls4, Angostura
F88 Bls5.
Bls2 (9413). v: Pavon Bls1.
Bls3 (9413). v: Mochis T88 Bls1Bls4.
Bls4 (9413). v: Mochis T88 Bls1Bls3.
Bls5 (9413). v: Turnco F88. Angostura F88 Bls1.
bls1 bls2 bls3 bls4 bls5: Alondra (9413).
Waxy Endosperm
Waxy variants are characterised by starch granules containing increased
amylopectin and reduced amylase.
Wx-A1 [140,9440]. [Xwx-7A (139,140), Wx-B1 (9440,9442)].
7AS (140,9440). v: CS.
Wx-A1a [9442]. [Wx-B1a (9442)]. v: CS; Joshuu.
Wx-A1b [9442]. [Wx-B1b (9442)]. v: Kanto 79; Kanto 107
(null allele).
Wx-B1 [140,9440]. [XWx-4B (139,140), XWx-4A (9441), Wx-A1
(9440,9442)].
4AL (140,9442). v: CS.
Wx-B1a [9442]. [Wx-A1a (9442)]. v: CS; Joshuu.
Wx-B1b [9442]. [Wx-A1b (9442)]. v: Kanto 79; Kanto 82;
Kanto 107; Norin 98
(null allele).
Wx-D1. [140],(9440). [XWx-7D (139,140)].
7DS (140,9440), v: CS.
Wx-D1a (9442). v: CS; all wheats.
Genetic Linkages
Chromosome 1B
Lr33 - Lr44 9406.
Chromosome 2B
2BS Hst2a-B1 - Centromere 20cM 9426.
Chromosome 3B
3BS Sr12 - Centromere 0 9404.
Lr27 - Sr12 I 9405.
Chromosome 4B
4BS pa - Hl 29+2.6cM 9428.
Chromosome 5A
5AL Vrn1 - B1 31 + 3.3 9434.
45 + 4.1 9434.
47 + 4.4 9434.
50 + 4.3 9434.
Chromosome 6A
6AS Bza3-A1 - Centromere 30cM 9426.
Gli-A2 - Centromere 26.2cM 9425.
6AL Centromere - Ep-A1 1cM 9425.
Centromere - a-Amy-A1 8cM 9425.
Chromosome 6B
6BS Pm12 - a-Amy-S1 1.1cM 9424.
Nor-B2 - Centromere 4.1cM 9425.
XCxp3-6B - Centromere 30.1cM 9425.
Ep-B2 - Centromere 33.1cM 9425.
6BL Centromere - a-Amy-B1 4.5cM 9425.
Chromosome 6D
6DL H13 - H23 25 + 5.0 cM (9848).
Chromosome 7D
7DS Pan1 - Pc2 13.3 + 2.3cM 9428.
14.4 + 2.7cM 9428.
REFERENCES
Amendments to references
47. Genome 36: 476-482.
265. 1993. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 86: 141-149.
719. Reader SM & Miller TE 1991 The introduction into bread wheat of a
major gene for resistance to powdery mildew from wild emmer wheat.
Euphytica 53: 57-60.
723. 1988.
848. Raupp WJ, Amri A, Hatchett JH, Gill BS, Wilson DL & Cox TS 1993
Chromosomal location of hessian fly-resistance genes H22, H23 and H24
derived from Triticum tauschii in the D genome of wheat. Journal of
Heredity 84: 142-145.
1193. Zeller FJ, Lutz J & Stephan U 1993 Chromosome location of genes
for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.)1. Mlk and other alleles of the Pm3 locus. Euphytica 68:
223-229.
9401. Heun M & Friebe B 1989 Introgression of powdery mildew resistance
from rye into wheat. Phytopathology 80: 242-245.
9402. Friebe B 1993 Personal communication.
9403. Cox TS & Hatchett JH 1993 Hessian fly - resistance gene H26
transferred from diploid goatgrass to common wheat. (Manuscript).
9404. McIntosh RA, Partridge M & Hare RA 1980 Telocentric mapping of
Sr12 in wheat chromosome 3B. Cereal Research Communications 8:
321-324.
9405. Singh RP & McIntosh RA 1992 Genetic association of wheat stem rust
resistance gene Sr12 and leaf rust resistance gene Lr27. Cereal
Research Communications 20: 217-220.
9406. Dyck PL 1993 Personal communication.
9407. Porter DR, Webster JA & Friebe B 1993 Inheritance of greenbug
biotype G resistance in wheat. (Manuscript).
9408. Porter DR, Webster JA, Burton RL, Puterka GJ & Smith EL 1991 New
sources of resistance to greenbug in wheat. Crop Science 31:
1502-1504.
9409. Chantachume Y, Rathjen AJ, Paull JG & Shepherd KW 1993 Genetic
studies on boron tolerance of wheat. Focussed Plant Improvement:
Towards Responsible and Sustainable Agriculture. Volume 2.
Proceedings of the 10th Australian Plant Breeding Conference (Imrie
BC & Hacker JB eds), 74-75.
9410. Friebe B, Gill BS, Cox TS & Zeller FJ 1993 Registration of
KS91WGRC14 stem rust and powdery mildew resistant T1BL.1RS durum
wheat germplasm. Crop Science 33: 220.
9411. Porter DR 1993 Personal communication.
9412. Dyck PL 1993 Inheritance of leaf rust and stem rust resistance in
Roblin wheat. Genome 36: 289-293.
9413. Deureiller E, van Ginkel M & Thizssen M 1993 Genetic analysis of
resistance to bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas campestris
pv undulosa in bread wheat. Euphytica 66: 35-43.
9414. Jia JZ, Miller TE, Reader SM & Gale MD 1993 RFLP tagging of a gene
for powdery mildew resistance Pm12 transferred to wheat (Triticum
aestivum) from Aegilops speltoides by linkage analysis. Proceedings
of the 8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing. (In
press).
9415. Zhang HT & Knott DR 1993 Inheritance of adult plant resistance to
leaf rust in six durum wheat cultivars. Crop Science 33: 694-697.
9416. Quick JS, Souza E & Sunderman DW 1993 Registration of Fairview
wheat. Crop Science 33: 378.
9417. Dyck PL & Friebe B 1993 Evaluation of leaf rust resistance from
wheat chromosomal translocation lines. Crop Science 33: 687-690.
9418. Luo MC, Yen C & Yang JL 1993 Crossability percentages of bread
wheat landraces from Shaanxi and Henan provinces, China, with rye.
Euphytica 67: 1-8.
9419. Riede CR, Williams ND & Miller JD 1993 Development of monogenic
lines with resistance to stem rust from wheat cultivar Waldron.
(In press).
9420. Riede CR, Williams ND, Miller JD & Joppa LR 1993 Chromosomal
location of genes for stem rust resistance derived from Waldron
wheat. (Manuscript).
9421. Singh RP 1993 Resistance to leaf rust in 26 Mexican wheat
cultivars. Crop Science 33: 633-637.
9422. Lafever HN & Berzovsky WA 1993 Registration of Excel wheat.
Crop Science 33: 648.
9423. Lafever HN & Berzovsky WA 1993 Registration of GR876 wheat.
Crop Science 33: 647-648.
9424. Jia JZ, Miller TE, Reader SM & Gale MD 1992 RFLP tagging of a gene
for powdery mildew resistance Pm12 transferred to wheat (Triticum
aestivum) from Aegilops speltoides by linkage analysis. In
Agricultural Biotechnology (You CB & Chen ZL eds) China Science and
Technology Press, Beijing.
9425. Jia JZ 1993 Personal communication.
9426. Masuda S, Liu YG, Sakamoto A, Nakajama T, Iwabuchi M & Tsunewaki K
1993 Chromosomal locations of the genes for histones and a histone
gene binding protein family HBP-1 in common wheat. Plant Molecular
Biology 22: 603-614.
9427. Maystrenko OI 1993 Chromosome localization of gene Eg controlling
the formation of elongated glumes in Triticum polonicum L. species.
(In press). (In Russian).
9428. Maystrenko OI 1992 The use of cytogenetic methods in ontogenesis
study of common wheat. In, Ontogenetics of Higher Plants. Kishinev,
Shtiintsa . p. 98-114. (In Russian).
9429. Arbuzova VS 1989 Development of isogenic forms of wheat
Saratovskaya 29 for introducing dominant gene-markers for separate
chromosomes in monosomic lines. Cytogenetics of Agricultural Plants
(Shumnyi VK & Shchapova AI eds). Novosibirsk, 1989. p. 147-160.
(In Russian).
9430. Arbuzova VS 1993 Chromosome localization of genes Pp for purple
grain pigmentation introgressed into common wheat. (In press). (In
Russian).
9431. Maystrenko OI 1993 Establishing allelism in the B1 locus on
expression of common wheat awnedness inhibitor. (In press). (In
Russian).
9432. Maystrenko OI 1993 Identification and chromosome localization of
gene Rg3 controlling red glume colour of the common wheat ear. (In
press). (In Russian).
9433. Maystrenko OI 1987 Discovery of allelism in Vrn2 locus of common
wheat, its development type and its chromosome localization.
Ecological Genetics of Plants and Animals. Thesis reports, 3rd
All-Union Conference. Kishinev, Shtiintsa . p. 148-149. (In
Russian).
9434. Maystrenko OI 1993 Personal communication.
9435. Maystrenko OI & Gamzikova OI 1989 Identification of wheat plant
genes reacting on iron deficiency. Particular Genetics of Plants,
Vol 1. Summary Thesis of Conference Reports, Kiev. p. 146-147.
(In Russian).
9436. Maystrenko OI & Gamzikova OI 1993 Mapping to chromosome arm of
genes Fe1 and Fe2 controlling the reaction of iron deficiency in
common wheat. (In press). (In Russian).
9437. Curtis CA & Lukaszewski AJ 1993 Localization of genes in rye that
restore male fertility to hexaploid wheat with timopheevi cytoplasm.
Plant Breeding 111: 106-112.
9438. Kato K, Nakagawa K & Kuno H 1993 Chromosomal location of the genes
for vernalization response, Vrn2 and Vrn4, in common wheat, Triticum
aestivum L. Wheat Information Service 76: 53.
9439. Leitch IJ & Heslop-Harrison JS 1993 Physical mapping of four sites
of 5S rDNA sequences and one site of the a-amylase-2 gene in barley
(Hordeum vulgare). Genome 36: 517-523.
9440. Nakamura T, Yamamori M, Hirano H & Hidaka S 1993 Identification of
three Wx proteins in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Biochem. Genet.
31: 75-86.
9441. McIntosh RA, Hart GE & Gale MD 1993 Catalogue of gene symbols for
wheat. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Wheat Genetics
Symposium (In press).
9442. Nakamura T, Yamamori M, Hirano H & Hidaka S 1993 Decrease of waxy
(Wx) protein in two common wheat cultivars with low amylose content.
Journal of Plant Breeding 111: 99-105.
Guidelines for Nomenclature of Biochemical/Molecular Loci in Wheat and
Related Species
Revision of section 5 and new section 6
5 SYMBOLS FOR DNA MARKERS AND ALLELES
This section describes nomenclature for genetic markers that are detected at
the DNA level, including those detected by hybridization with DNA probes
[e.g., RFLPs (restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms)] and by
amplification with primers [e.g., RAPDs (random-amplified-polymorphic DNAs)
and STSs (sequence-tagged sites, including loci detected with sequenced RFLP
clones, sequenced RAPDs and clones containing micro- and mini-satellites].
5.1 DNA markers of unknown function
5.1.1 Basic symbol
The basic symbol for DNA markers of unknown function should
be X.
5.1.2 Locus symbols
The 'X' should be followed by a laboratory designator (see section 5.6), a
number that identifies the probe or primer(s) used to detect the locus, a
hyphen (-), and the symbol for the chromosome in which the locus is located.
The laboratory designator and number should be assigned by the laboratory
that produced the clone or sequenced the primer(s) or, if that laboratory
chooses not to do so, then by the laboratory that mapped the locus. The
number should consist of one or more Arabic numerals and should begin with a
numeral other than zero, i.e., numbers such as '01,' '001,' and '002' should
not be used. The number assigned to a probe need bear no relationship to
the name of the clone used to produce the probe and, likewise, the number
assigned to a primer(s) need bear no relationship to any name that may have
been assigned to the primer(s). The letters in the laboratory designator
should be lower-case and all characters in the locus symbol should be
italicized. For example, Xpsr119-7A designates a RFLP locus located in
chromosome 7A detected with Plant Science Research probe 119 of the John
Innes Centre. DNA markers detected in different chromosomes with the same
probe or primer(s) should be assigned the same symbol except for the
chromosome designation. For example, Xpsr119-7D and Xpsr119-4A designate
other loci detected with probe 119.
5.1.3 Locus symbols for DNA markers detected with 'known-function' probes
or with primers that amplify genes
The locus symbols for RFLP markers of unknown function that are detected
with 'known-function' probes may include, in parentheses following the probe
number, a symbol for the gene from which the probe was obtained. For
example, Xpsr804(Sbp)-3A designates a chromosome 3A locus detected with a
sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase gene probe. Likewise, when the primers
used to amplify a DNA marker of unknown function are of sufficient length
and similarity to a known gene to amplify the gene, the DNA-marker symbol
may include the gene symbol in parentheses following the number assigned to
the primers. For genes for which the Commission on Plant Gene Nomenclature
has assigned mnemonic designations, the set number and other numbers
assigned by the Commission may also be included inside the parentheses
immediately after the gene symbol.
5.2 'Known-function' DNA markers
Loci that are detected with a DNA probe or DNA primers and whose function
has been demonstrated should be designated with a symbol that indicates the
function of the locus, as described in either section 2 or in the
Recommended Rules for Gene Symbolization in Wheat It must be emphasized,
however, that some clones and primers are likely to detect both loci whose
function is known (proven, for example, by a segregational test against
allelic forms of a gene encoding a protein) and additional loci of unknown
(i.e., unproven) function (either pseudogenes or unrelated loci whose
sequence homology to the probe or primers is sufficient to allow detection
by it). In this case, the two types of loci require different nomenclature,
namely, that described in section 2 or in the Recommended Rules for Gene
Symbolization in Wheat and in section 5.1, respectively.
5.3 Duplicate DNA-marker loci
DNA markers located in the same chromosome that hybridize with the same
probe or that are amplified with the same primer(s) should be assigned the
same symbol except for the addition of a period and an Arabic numeral
immediately after the chromosome designation. For example, Xpsr933-2A.1 and
Xpsr933-2A.2 designate duplicate loci located in 2A that are detected with
probe PSR933. As when two or more enzyme or protein protomers are produced
by one chromosome arm, multiple DNA fragments from one chromosome arm that
hybridize to one probe or that are amplified by one pair of primers (or by
one primer) should be assigned to only one locus until recombination
evidence indicates otherwise.
As noted in section 5.1, DNA markers located in different chromosomes that
hybridize with the same probe or that are amplified with the same primer(s)
should be assigned the same symbol except for the chromosome designation.
5.4 Allele symbols
Alleles should be designated as outlined in section 2.3 with the exception
that restriction-enzyme-specific alleles, e.g., RFLP- and indirect-STS
alleles, should be designated with the name of the restriction enzyme
followed by a lower-case letter. For example, Xtam1-5A-HindIIIa denotes an
allele detected with HindIII. Where possible, Chinese Spring should be the
prototype for allele 'a'. When a double-digest is used to detect an allele,
both restriction enzymes should be listed, separated by a slash. The name
and source of the probe or primer(s) and the length(s) of the DNA
fragment(s) detected normally should be stated in the first publication
describing an allele.
5.5 Abbreviation of locus and allele symbols
The chromosome designation is an integral part of the locus symbol for DNA
markers. Nevertheless, on chromosome maps and in a limited number of other
contexts, the chromosome designation and the hyphen preceding it may be
omitted. For example,
Xpsr35-3A may be abbreviated as Xpsr35 on a map of
chromosome 3A,
Xpsr933-2A.1 and Xpsr933-2A.2 may be abbreviated as
Xpsr933.1 and Xpsr933.2, respectively, on a map of 2A, and
Xpsr804(Sbp)-3A may be abbreviated as Xpsr804(Sbp)
on a map of 3A.
Also, the chromosome designation and the hyphen preceding it may be omitted
on chromosome maps from the symbols for intra-chromosomally duplicated loci
that are detected with a 'known-function' probe (or with primers that
amplify a gene) but that do not include a gene symbol. For example, if
Xtam200-1A.1 and Xtam200-1A.2 were the symbols for duplicated
loci detected with a 'known-function' clone designated
TAM200, then the symbols could be abbreviated as
Xtam200.1 and Xtam200.2, respectively, on a map of 1A.
Finally,
Xbgl485(Ger)-4D.2 may be abbreviated on a map of 4D by omission
of the hyphen, the chromosome designation and the period,
i.e., as Xbgl485(Ger)2.
In some contexts it will also be possible to abbreviate the symbols for
alleles as, for example, BamHIb, or even simply b.
5.6 Laboratory designators
Laboratory designators should consist of from two to four and preferably
three letters. When used in locus symbols, all of the letters should be
lower-case and italicized (see section 5.1.2).
Laboratory designators should be chosen carefully to insure that they
differ both from those used by other laboratories and from those that
compose gene symbols. As an aid in this regard, a list of laboratory
designators that have appeared in the literature is available electronically
via the Internet Gopher from host greengenes.cit.cornell.edu, port 70, menu
"Grains files to browse" / "Reserved Laboratory Designators for DNA Probes,
Primers and Markers".
Laboratories that are investigating DNA markers in different species
and/or of different types, e.g., RFLPs, STSs, and RAPDs, may choose to use
more than one designator. For example, oat and barley cDNA clones isolated
at Cornell University have been designated with the prefixes CDO and BCD,
respectively, and cdo and bcd, respectively, are appropriately used as
laboratory designators in symbols for loci detected with these clones.
Likewise, tam and txs, respectively, are being used as laboratory
designators in symbols for loci detected with wheat and sorghum DNA clones
isolated at Texas A&M University, and the John Innes Centre is using psr and
psm as laboratory designators in the symbols for DNA markers detected with
wheat and millet probes, respectively, and psp for wheat PCR markers.
5.7 Clone designations
Clone designations should minimally identify the type of vector, the species
from which the cloned DNA was obtained, and the source laboratory and cloned
DNA, in that order. p = plasmid, l = lambda,
c = cosmid, and m = M13 should be used to identify vectors. Initials of the
species name, e.g., Ta = Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale, should be
used to designate the source of the cloned DNA and a unique letter-number
combination chosen by the source laboratory should be used to designate the
source laboratory and the cloned DNA.
6 SYMBOLS FOR LOCI AND ALLELES CONTROLLING QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS
6.1 Genes identified by segregational analysis
Symbols for loci and alleles controlling quantitative characters that are
identified by segregational analysis should be in accord with the
Recommended Rules for Gene Symbolization in Wheat.
6.2 Quantitative trait loci (QTLs)
QTLs are loci controlling quantitative characters whose allelic classes do
not exhibit discontinuous variation or clear segregational patterns. They
are identified by association with one or more linked markers.
6.2.1 Basic symbol
The basic symbol for QTLs should be 'Q'.
6.2.2 Locus symbols
The 'Q' should be followed by a trait designator, a period, a laboratory
designator (see section 5.6), a hyphen (-), and the symbol for the
chromosome in which the QTL is located. The trait designator should consist
of no more than four and preferably three letters, the first of which is
capitalized. Different QTLs for the same trait that are identified in one
chromosome should be assigned the same symbol except for the addition of a
period and an Arabic numeral after the chromosome designation. All
characters in the locus symbol should be italicized. For example,
QYld.psr-7B.1 and QYld.psr-7B.2 would designate two yield QTLs identified in
chromosome 7B by the John Innes Centre. On a map of 7B, these could be
abbreviated as QYld.psr.1 and QYld.psr.2
6.2.3 Allele symbols
Alleles at QTL loci should be designated by a lower-case italic letter
following the locus designation.
Guidelines for Nomenclature of Genes for Reaction to Pathogenic Diseases
and Pest
1. All genes for resistance (low reaction) will be designated with a
capital letter, even though they behave as recessive alleles. Moreover, the
dominance of individual alleles may vary with the environment, the genetic
background and the particular culture of the pathogen. Symbols for
disease/pest-reaction genes are used by people of many disciplines, and
since they are frequently communicated verbally, dominance relationships are
not clear. Those alleles initially designated with a lower-case letter have
tended to be miswritten with a capital. For example, the usually recessive
resistance allele Sr17 was initially designated sr17, but its presentation
in some reports was confusing.
2. Where no recombination occurs between genes conferring resistance to
more than one pathogen, the gene(s) segment shall be designated separately
for each disease; e.g., Pm1, Sr15 and Lr20.
3 . Where recombination occurs between two closely linked factors for
reaction to a pathogen, the recombined 'allele' may be designated as a
combination of the separate alleles; e.g., the recombined 'allele' obtained
by combining Lr14a and Lr14b was designated as Lr14ab. The decision as to
whether a designation should be as a combination or as separate genes shall
be at the discretion of particular workers. A maximum value of 1 crossover
unit for designation as an 'allele' is suggested.
Although the need to consider uniform symbolization of corresponding genes
in pathogens is recognized, no recommendations are proposed.
-------------------------
V. ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND
Financial Statement Account Number 52-732-7, Brenton Bank & Trust Company,
Johnston, IA. Ian B. Edwards, Treasurer: Annual Wheat Newsletter.
The level of financial support for the Annual Wheat Newsletter decreased
during 93-94, and the current fund balance (as of April 15, 1994) is at
$4,268.03 (compared with $5,258.25 in 1992-93 and $5,484.53 in 1991-92).
We are pleased to welcome the following new corporate or institutional
contributors:
- Eastern Wheat Workers, Fred Kolb, Chair, Urbana, IL
- Northrup King, Bay, AR
- Southern Small Grain Workers, Steve Leath, Chair, Raleigh, NC
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide S.A.
A total of 140 individual contributors made donations to Volume 40,
compared to 132 for Volume 39. All those whose donations were received on or
before April 15 are acknowledged in the pages that follow. Those who
contributed between April 15 and June 1 may still expect to receive a copy
of the AWN, and their financial support is also appreciated.
A special thanks is extended to Dr. J. S. Noll (Canada), Dr. R. A.
McIntosh (Australia), Dr. Ricardo H. Maich (Argentina), and R. M. DePauw
(Canada) for coordinating individual contributions. We would encourage
individuals in other overseas countries to volunteer and coordinate local
contributions; the use of a single bank draft represents a substantial
savings in time and bank charges and is much appreciated by your treasurer.
Certain institutions have indicated that they are only able to pay by
invoice. In such instances, please notify your treasurer as to the amount
that you are willing to donate, and we will gladly send you an invoice.
I wish to thank all of you for your support over the past 12 years. It has
been my pleasure and privledge to serve as treasurer of the Wheat Newsletter
Fund since 1982. I have enjoyed corresponding with many wheat breeders
throughout the world, and appreciate their many contributions to the success
of this Newsletter. I have also enjoyed working with your Editor, Dr. Jim
Quick, whom I have known as a friend and colleague for the past 24 years.
Finally, my thanks go to Debra Portsche (Administrative Assistant) who has
put in many hours over the years in keeping track of incoming correspondence
and doin the banking. Dr. David Worrall will be taking over the duties of
treasurer, and future financial contributions should be sent to:
Dr. David Worrall
Texas A & M University Research Center
P.O. Box 1658
Vernon, TX 76384, USA
The Wheat Newsletter Account (#52-732-7 at the Brenton Bank & Trust
Company in Johnston, IA) will be closed after the costs of volume 40 have
been paid, and the balance will be transferred to a new account to be
established by Dr. Worrall. We will work closely during the transition
period, and I am confident that you will give him the same support that you
have provide me thes past 12 years.
Current Year Previous Year
Balance as of October 30, 1993 $ <1,229.73> $<506.75> <247.22>
Contributions (Oct. 30, 19932 to
April 15, 19943, plus interest
on checking): 5,497.76 5,765.00
Total Fund Balance (Previous
balance, plus 1993-94): $ 4,268.03 $ 5,258.25
1994 (VOLUME 40) AWN CONTRIBUTORS
(Contributions $200 to $500)
Agripro Biosciences, Inc., Rob Bruns, 806 North 2nd Street, P.O. Box 30,
Berthoud, CO, 80513
HybriTech Seed International, Inc., John Erickson, 5912 N. Meridian,
Wichita, RS, 67204
Eastern Wheat Workers, Fred Kolb, Department of Agronomy, University of
Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
Hybrinova, Alain Gervais Siege Social Z. A. de Courtaboeuf 1-16, Avenue de
la Baltique, 91953 Les Ulis Cedex, France
National Wheat Improvement Committee, Rollin Sears, Chairman, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, KS, 666506-5501
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Ian B. Edwards, 6800 Pioneer Parkway,
Johnston, IA; Greg Marshall, R.R. 1, Windfall, IN, 46076
Small Grain Center, H. Van Niekerk, Private Bag X 29, Bethlehem 9700 South
Africa
Southern Small Grain Workers, Steve Leath, Plant Pathology Dept., Box 7616,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-6819
(Contributions $100 to $199)
Camas Wheat Breeding, Warren Pope, 1206 E. F Str., Moscow, ID, 83843
CEBECO-HANDELSRAAD, R. K. Rai, Plant Breeding Station, P. O. Box 139, 8200
AC Lelystad, The Netherlands
John Innes Centre for Plant Science Research, Mike Gale, Colney Lane,
Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K.
Western Plant Breeders, Dale R. Clark, 8111 Timberline Dr., Bozeman, MT
59715
Ciba Agricultural Biotechnology, Susan M. Jayne, P. O. Box 12257, Research
Triangle Park, NC, 27709
R. A. Hare, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Centre, RMB
944, Tamworth, N.S.W., Australia
David Hole, Utah State University, UMC 4820, Logan, UT 84321
T. W. Hollins, Plant Breeding International, Maris Lane, Trumpington,
Cambridge, U.K.
Noirthrup King, P. O. Box 729, Bay, AR, 72411-0729
(Contributions $50 to $99)
Robert Allen, ARS-USDA - Dept. of Agronomy, Washington State University, 209
Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164
R. M. DePauw, Agriculture Canada, Box 1030, Swift Current, Saskatchewan,
Canada S9H 3X2
F. Du Toit, Pannar (PTY) Limited, P. O. Box 17164, Bainsvlei, 9339 South
Africa
Tamas Lelley, Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural
University, Gregor-Mendel-Sh. 33, Vienna, Austria A-1180
Scott Haley, Plant Science3 Dept., Box 2140 C., South Dakota State
University, Brookings, SD 57707
Instituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Drs. Norberto E. Pogna and
Marina Pasquini, Applied Genetics Section, 00191 Roma - Via Cassia, 176,
Italy
Jean-Pierre Josset, Svalof Weibull, 32 Grande Rue, 28310 Poinville, France
Roland F. Line, Washington State University, 361 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA
99164
David Luckett, NSW Agriculture, Agricultural Research Institute, Private
Mail Bag, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia
Nordsaat Saatzuchtges.mbH, Zuchtstation Langenstein, Boehnshausen, 0-3721
Germany
Oscar Priilinn, The Institute of Experimental Biology of the Estonian
Academy of Sciences, EE 3051, Harku, Tallinn-Harju, Estonia
Fred L. Patterson, Purdue University, Department of Agronomy, West
Lafayette, IN 47907
C. James Peterson, USDA-ARS, Department of Agronomy, 324 Keim Hall,
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
Rollin G. Sears, Agronomy Dept., Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS 66506
Rex K. Thompson, Farmers Marketing Corporation, P. O. Box 60578, Phoenix, AZ
85082
N. Watanabe, Faculty of Agriculture, GIFU University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu
501-11, Japan
James A. Anderson
T. Aung
Susana Avalos
Robert K. Bacon
P. Stephen Baenziger
Augusto C. Baier
Cheryl Baker
David BAltensperger
Alicia Barchuk
Mario Barrientos
A. Bayraktar
Robert Bequette
Gary Bergstrom
William Berzonsky
Marcelo D. Biachi
Harold E. Bockelman
Diego Ricardo Bonelli
Finn Borum
Myron Brakke
P. Brennan
Marshall Brinkman
Phil L. Bruckner
Robert Busch
Maria Cerana
John M. Clarke
M. Conles
Natalia Contin
Thomas S. Cox
Byrd C. Curtis
Christine Curtis
E. Deambrogio
Leo de Del Duca
Ottoni De Souza Rosa
Dennis J. Delaney
Maria Dubois
Dennis J. Dunphy
M. R. Fernandez
Lisardo J. Gonzalez
R. J. Graf
J. P. Gustafson
R. Gupta
S. Haber
D. Harder
Elmer G. Heyne
G. Hollamby
H. Esteban Hopp
Robert Hunger
Russell Karow
Ken Kephart
A. Khan
M. B. Kirkham
D. R. Knott
J. Kolmer
H. N. Lafever
E. Lagudah
Marie Langham
J. Dudley Leaphart
D. Leisle
Walter Hugo Londero
Adam J. Lukaszewski
O. Lukow
M. Mackay
Ricardo Hector Maich
G. F. Marais
D. Mares
D. R. Marshall
David Martin
Bob Matchett
Tom McCaig
R. A. McIntosh
R. I. J. McKenzie
Donald McVey
Udi Meidan
Gene Milus
S. Moore
A. Morgunov
Craig Morris
Charles F. Murphy
Timothy D. Murray
Hiro Nakamura
Hans G. Nass
Lloyd R. Nelson
J. S. Noll
L. O'Brien
Slavoj Palik
Juan Carlos Pavoni
Wayne L. Pedersen
--------------------------
VI. VOLUME 41 MANUSCRIPT GUIDELINES
1. The required format for Volume 41 will be the similar to that
for Volume 40. Cost of production and quality of the end product require
using computer files and a laser printer (see guidelines in #3 below). Send
your written contributions to Jon Raupp and financial contributions to David
Worrall. Manuscript and financial solicitation will be done in late 1994.
Your careful attention to editorial details below would be very helpful.
2. Subject matter contributions related to wheat:
- germplasm development and genetic stocks, new cultivars
- breeding procedures, equipment, techniques, computerization
- diseases, insects, quality, production practices, weed control,
fertilizer responses
- untried ideas
- personnel changes
- list of recent publications (not other references to support
materials and methods, etc.)
3. All text will be entered in computer files; therefore, please
submit your manuscript on a 5 1/4 inch diskette if at all possible. Use Word
Perfect 4.2, 5.0, or 5.1 programs or send an ASCII file which we can
convert. Use Courier 12 CPI and avoid indents (F4 in Word Perfect) and tabs
in the text. Maintenance of correct spacing during conversion of tables to a
reduced size script is difficult, so please submit tables in "Tables" format
in WP 5.1 if possible and send hard copies using CPI = 12 and a maximum
column width of 79 spaces. Double-space the text of your contribution if you
must use a typewriter. Do not fold your manuscript.
4. Do not submit manuscript with literature reviews. Tabular
material, if not in computer files, must be brief, simple, and camera-ready
in a maximum width of 17 cm (send original, not photocopy). Use CPI = 12.
5. If line drawings are presented, they should be suitable for
direct use, i.e., camera-ready original copy in a maximum space of 17 x 17
cm.
6. No acknowledgements of contributions are made.
7. Some editorial changes are made. PLEASE NOTE that "cultivar",
not variety, is used throughout, semidwarf is one word, kg/ha is preferred
to kg ha(-1) and Crop Science should be used as a guide. Use Volume 40 as a
guide for page headings for country, state or province, and authors.
Underline subject headings at the beginning of the first line of the
paragraph. Use the pedigree writing system of Purdy, et al., Crop Science.
Coordination of manuscript preparation, combined listing of authors, and
dispatch within research locations would aid in organization, provision of
copies, etc.
8. The mailing list is revised annually for contributors for all
countries and includes the following:
- those who make a written contribution; sent only to senior author
(identified by *) unless otherwise requested
- those who make a financial contribution
- for those who do neither, a request for a copy must be made in
writing
- the AWN is sent only to individuals. We suggest, however, that
you place a copy in your local library for others to use.
9. The Annual Wheat Newsletter is sponsored by the USA National
Wheat Improvement Committee and is financed by voluntary contributions.
Older copies may be available - contact Elmer Heyne, Kansas State
University.
10. Send only one copy of your written contributions to the editors by
15 February 1995.
11. The AWN size and contributions have increased considerably, and that
is good news! Include a minimum of tables and not much detail of apparent
local interest only; readers can correspond with the author for more
details.
12. The editor appreciates your careful assistance in manuscript
preparation, and suggestions for improved communication are appreciated.
The job has been made much easier by the receipt of information on computer
diskettes and local coordination of manuscripts.
Since this is my last year of editing the Annual Wheat Newsletter, I wish to
thank you for your cooperation over the past 12 years. It has been a
priviledge serving the world wheat workers in this capacity, and I trust
that you will provide the same support for my predecessor, Jon Raupp. We
will work together to facilitate good communication during a transition
period. I am pleased to note that during the past 12 years we have
progressed from a Newsletter that was completely hand typed to one which is
completely computer compiled, and now it is being distributed by diskette
and through electronic mail! I eagerly await future changes. During all of
the changes during the past 12 years, Carolyn Schultz, Administrative
Assistant III in the Soil and Crop Sciences Department at Colorado State
University, has done an outstanding job of typing, editing and collating the
many diverse materials. Also, CSU has supported this effort to improve
communication among wheat scientists.
J. S. Quick, Editor
-------------------------
VII. MAILING LIST
Carefully check the present mailing list to see that your address is
correct. We need complete information on each individual because in most
cases of multiple authors, we often do not know in what department or area
each person is involved. Please clearly type or print your name and
address.
At the time of printing the mailing list for Volume 40 was:
ARGENTINA
Jose Buck S.A., 7637 La Dulce, Necochea - L.J. Gonzales
Juan Carlos Pavoni, Calle 26 - Nro. 4017, 7630 Necochea, BsAs
Ricardo H. Maich, Faculty Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad
Nacional de Cordoba, Cassilla de Correo 509-C Central
H.E. Hopp, Instituto Biologia Molecular, CICV, INTA Castelar, CC77,
1708 Moron
Instituto de Recursos Biologicos, CIRN-INTA-Castellar-E. Suarez
R. H. Vallejos, CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, 200 Rosario
AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES
Agricultural Research Station, RMB 944, Tamworth, 2340, M. C. Mackay,
R. Hare
Agricultural Research Institute, Wagga Wagga 2650 - D. Luckett
Cargill Wheat Research, P. O. Box W252, West Tamworth 2340 - Peter
Wilson
I. A. Watson Wheat Research Center, P. O. Box 219, Narrabri 2390 - L.
O'Brien, F.W. Ellison, D. J. Mares, S. G. Moore
University of Sydney, Dept. of Crop Science, Sydney 2006 - D.R.
Marshall
University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Cobbitty Road,
Cobbitty
2570 - R.A. McIntosh, C. Wellings, P. Sharp, A. Khan
CSIRO Wheat Research Unit, P.O. Box 7, North Ryde 2113 - C. Wrigley
QUEENSLAND
Wheat Research Inst., P. O. Box 5282, Toowoomba, 4350 - Bob Rees,
D.J. Martin, P. Brennan, G. Wildermuth
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Waite Agricultural Research Inst., SARDI, Glen Osmond 5065 - H.
Wallwork
Roseworthy Agric. College, Roseworthy 5371 - G. Hollamby, A.
Bayraktor
WEST AUSTRALIA
Dept. of Agric., Jarrah Road, S. Perth 6151 - R. Wilson
BANGLADESH
CIMMYT, P. O. Box 6057, Gulshan, Dhaka 1212, Craig Meisner
BELGIUM
Station d'Amelioration des Plantes, Rue du Bordia 4, B-5800, Gembloux
G. Clamat
BRAZIL
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo, Caixa Postal 569, 99 100 Passo
Fundo, RS - C. N. A. Sousa, J.C.S. Moreira
CNPT/EMBRAPA, Cx Postal 569, 99001 Passo Fundo, R.S. - A.C. Baier
Universidade Federal do RS, Departamento de Genetica, Cx. P. 1953,
90.001 Porto Alegre, RS - Leo Porto Alegre, RS - Leo de J. A.
Del Duca
Melhoramento de Sementes, Rua Joao Battisti, 76 Passo Fundo, RS 99
050
- O.S. Rosa
EMBRAPA-UEPAE de Dorados, Caixa Postal 661, 79800 Dourados, MS -
A.C.P.
Goulart
BULGARIA
Institute of Introduction and Plant Genetic Resources, 4122 Sadovo,
Plovdiv - V.I. Vassilev
CANADA
MANITOBA
Agriculture Canada Research Station, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, R3T
2M9
- E. M. Czarnecki, P. L. Dyck, N. K. Howes, E. R. Kerber, O.
Lukow, D. Leisle, J. S. Noll, T. F. Townley-Smith, W. Kim, R. I.
McKenzie, S. Haber, T. Aung, P. Thomas, J.A. Kolmer, G. Pennar,
D. Procunier
Manitoba Pool Elevators, 220 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, R3C 0A6 - D. W.
Wilton
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Charlottetown, C1A 7M8 - H. G.
Nass, H.W. Johnston
SASKATCHEWAN
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Swift Current, S9H 3X2 - R. M.
DePauw, J. M. Clark, T. N. McCaig, M. R. Fernandez
CHINA
Wheat Inst., Henan Academy of Agric. Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan - Lin
Zuo-ji
Nanjing Agricultural College, Dept. of Agronomy, Nanjing, Jiangsu
210014 - Zhaosu Wu
Beijing Agricultural University, Dept. of Agronomy, Beijing - Q. Sun,
Luxiang Liu
Inst. of Crop Breeding and Cultivation, Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Department of Wheat Breeding, Beijing - Zhong-hu He
Dry Farming Institute, 6 Nan Men Kou St., East of Bridge, Hengshui
City, Hebei Province - Fengwu Zhao
CROATIA
Poljoprivredni Institut Zagub, Za Oplemenjivanje - Biblioteka,
Marulicev Trg 5/1, Box 309, 4100 Zagreb - S. Tomasovic, B. Koric
CZECH
Inst. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Praha 6, Ruzyne 507 - P.
Bartos,
Z. Stehno, J. Kosner
Cereal Research & Breeding Inst., Dept. of Genetics, Havlickova 2787,
767 41 Kromeriz - S. Palik
DENMARK
Sejet Plantbreeding, Noerremarksvej 67 Sejet, DK-870 Horsens-Finn
Borum
ESTONIA
Institute of Experimental Biology, Estonian Academy of Science, Harju
rajoon, Harku, 203051 Estonia, SSR, USSR - O. Priilinn, M. Tohver
ETHIOPIA
Holetta Research Station, Inst. of Agricultural Research, P. O. Box
2003, Addis Abada - Gebre-Mariam Hailu
FRANCE
Hybrinova, Z. E. de Courtaboef 1-16, Ave. de la Baltique, 91953 Les
Ulis Cedex - A. Gervais
Svalof Weibull, 32 Grande Rue, 28310 Janville - J. P. Jossett
INRA, BP29, 35650 Le Rheu, 35 Rennes Villejean - M. Trottet
GERMANY
Institut fur Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzuchtung, Der Universitat
Gottingen, 37077 Gottingen, V., Seibold Strasse 8 - K. Rudolf
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Genetics Institute, Corrensstrasse 3, D-
06466 Gatersleben - A. Boerner, R. Schlegel
Landesanstalt fur Bodenkultur u Pflanzenbau, P221, Vottinger Str. 38,
D85316 Freising - G. Zimmerman
Nordsaat S. Aatzuchtges, 24321 Behrensdorf, A M Muehlenberg 5A - A.
Meinel
HUNGARY
Agricultural Research Inst., Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462
Martonvasar - Z. Bedo, J. Sutka Cereal Research Inst., Wheat
Breeding
Dep., P.O. Box 391, 6701 Szeged - J. Matuz
INDIA
BIHAR
IARI Regional Res. Sta., Pusa 848125 - M. P. Jha
HARYANA
Indian Agricultural Research Inst., New Delhi - 110012
Division of Genetics - R. N. Sawhney, Dalmir Singh, S.M.S. Tomar, J.
G. Bhowal
HIMACHYAL PRADESH
H.P. Krishi Vishva Vidyalya Research Station, Palanpur 176062 -
Satish Sharma, G.S. Sethi
PUNJAB
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, - H. S.
Dhaliwal
IRAN
Seed and Plant Improv. Institute, 4119, Mardabad Road, Karaj - A.
Maroofi
ITALY
Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, via Cassia 176, 00191
Rome
- V. Vallega, M. Pasquini, M. G. D'Eggidio, N. E. Pogna
Istituto Cerealicoltura, via Mulino 3, 20079 San Angelo Lodigiano
(Milano) - B. Borghi
Societa Produttori Sementi, Via Macero 1, 40050 Argelato (BO) - E.
Deambrogio
JAPAN
National Agricultural Research Center, Kannondai 3-1-1, Tsukuba,
Ibaragi-Ken 305 - H. Nakamura
Gifu University, Faculty of Agriculture, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi
501-11
- N. Watanabe
Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Shimo-Kuriyagawa,
Morioka, Iwate 020-01 - S. Ito, M. Watanabe
MEXICO
CIMMYT, Lisboa 27, Apdo. Postal 6-641, Delg. Cuauhtemoc 06600 Mexico,
D. F. - R.A. Fischer, S. Rajaram, G. Varughese, B. Skovmand, A.
Morgunov, E. Saari, K. D. Sayre, R. Villareal
MOROCCO
INRA/USAID/MIAC, Aridoculture Centre, B. P. 290, Settat - M. Mergoum
NEPAL
CIMMYT/Winrock, P. O. Box 1336, Kathmandu - Jesse Dubin, P. Hobbs
NETHERLANDS
CEBECO Handelsraad Plant Breeding, P. O. Box 139, 8200 AC Lelystad -
R. K. Rai
PAKISTAN
Cereal Research Inst., P. O. NIH, Park Road, Islamabad - Munewar
Hussain
POLAND
Institute of Plant Genetics, ul. Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Pozna-W.
Sodkiewicz
ROMANIA
Res. Inst. for Cereal Crops, Fundulea 8264, Calarasi - Gh. Ittu, N.
Saulescu
RUSSIA
Ul. Efremova 18, Icv. 7, Moscow 119048 - A. K. Fedorov
Agric. Res. Inst. 7 Toulaikov Stn., Saratov 410020 - N. S.
Vassiltchouk , V. A. Krupnov
Computation Center, P. O. Emmans 171330, Tver - S. P. Martynov
SERBIA (former Yugoslavia)
Institutza strna zita, Save Kovacevica - 31, 34000 Kragujevac - M.
Kuburovic. D. Knezevic
SLOVAKIA
Selekt, VSU, 91928 Bucany - Ivan Fabian
SOUTH AFRICA
Small Grain Centre, Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700 - H. A. van Niekerk, W.H.
Kilian,
J. Smith, H. A. Smit, D. B. Scott, J. L. Purchase
University of Stellenbosch, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch 7600
-
R. de V. Pienaar, G. F. Marais
Department of Agronomy, University of the Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein - C.S. van Deventer, Z.A. Pretorius, F. K. Kloppers
Sensako, P.O. Box 556, Bethlehem 9700 - J.P. Jordaan, B. Lombard
Pannar Seed, P.O. Box 17164, Bainsvlei 9338 - F. du Toit
SPAIN
UPC-IRTA, Centre R+D de Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Rovre 177, 25006
Lerida
- J. A. Martin Sanchez
SYRIA
ICARDA, P. O. Box 5466, Aleppo - S. K. Yau, M. C. Saxena, D.
Ferrara, M. Nachit
TURKEY
Regional Agricultural Res. Inst., P. O. Box 9, Menemen, Izmir - The
Director
CIMMYT, R. F., P. O. 120, Yenimahalle, Ankara - Hans Braun, Tom Payne
UKRAINE
Remslo Mironovka Wheat Inst., P. O. Tsentralnoe, Mironovka dist.,
Kiev
reg. 256816 - A. Zhivotkov
UNITED KINGDOM
AFRC, J.I. Center for Plant Science Research, Cambridge Laboratory,
Colney Lane, Norwich N4R 74J - T. E. Miller, M. D. Gale, C. N. Law,
A. J. Worland, J. Snape, J. S. Heslop Harrison
Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23
3EB - J. Valentine
Plant Breeding International Cambridge Ltd., Maris Lane, Trumpington,
Cambridge CB2 2QL - P.I. Payne, W. Hollins
UNITED STATES
ARIZONA
Farmers Marketting Corp., P.O. Box 60578, Phoenix 85082 - R.K.
Thompson
Western Plant Breeders, 227 S. Smith Rd., Suite 104, Tempe AZ 85281
ARKANSAS
University of Arkansas, Agronomy Dep., Fayetteville 72701 - Robert
Bacon
Plant Pathology Dept. - Gene Milus
Northrup King Seed Co., P.O. Box 729, Hwy 158 E., Bay 72411
Agripro, P. O. Box 2365, Jonesboro 72401 - B. Fogelman
CALIFORNIA
Machett Farm, Goldsmith Seeds, P. O. Box 165, Zamora 95698 - R.
Matchett
University of California, Dep. Botany & Plant Sciences, Riverside
92521
- A.J. Leukaszewski, J.G. Waines
USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany 94710 - O. Anderson
COLORADO
Colorado State University, Agronomy Department, Fort Collins 80523 -
J.S. Quick, J. Stromberger, B. Clifford
Agripro, P. O. Box 30, 806 N. 2nd St., Berthoud, 80513 - Robert F.
Bruns, Joe A. Smith, J. Reeder, J. Moffat
Cargill Wheat Research, 2540 E Drake Rd., Fort Collins 80525 - D.
Johnston, Sid Perry, Jill Handwerk, Sally Clayshulte, D. Shellberg
FLORIDA
Agricultural Research and Educ. Center, Rt. 3, Box 4370, Quincy 32351
-
R. D. Barnett
GEORGIA
Agronomy Department, Georgia Exp. St., Experiment 30212 - Jerry W.
Johnston, John Roberts, B.M. Cunfer
IDAHO
Agricultural Exp. Station, P. O. Box AA, Aberdeen 83210 - H. E.
Bockelman, Ed Souza
University of Idaho, Plant & Soil Science Dept., Moscow 83343 - Bob
Zemetra, S. Guy
Camas Wheat Breeding, Orchard and F1206, Moscow 83343 - Warren Pope
ILLINOIS
Department of Agronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 - Fred
Kolb, Wayne Peterson
INDIANA
Agripro Biosciences, Inc., P. O. Box 411, Brookston 47923 - Koy E.
Miskin
Hybritech Seeds, 6025 W. 300 South, W. Lafayette 47905 - Gordon
Cisar, D. Dunphy
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Windfall 46076 - G.C. Marshall
Purdue University, West Lafayette 47901
Agronomy Department - H. W. Ohm,I.M. Dweikat, H.C. Sharma, F. L.
Patterson, W. Berzonsky
Botany and Plant Pathology Department - G. E. Shaner, D.M. Huber
Entomology Dept., Room 222, Ent. Hall - R. H. Radcliffe, R. H. Shukle
IOWA
Pioneer Hybrid International, 6800 Pioneer Parkway, P. O. Box 316,
Johnston 50131 - Ian Edwards
KANSAS
Kansas Crop & Livestock Reporting Service, 444 S. Quincy, Rm. 290,
Topeka 66683 - T.J. Byram
Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
Agronomy Department, Throckmorton Hall - T. S. Cox, R.G. Sears, E. G.
Heyne, M. B. Kirkham, G. H. Liang, W.J. Raupp
Entomology Department - J.H. Hatchett
Plant Pathology Department, Throckmorton Hall - B. S. Gill
Grain Science Dept., S. Shellenburger Hall - Bob Bequette
Hybritech Seed, 5912 N. Meridian, Wichita 67204 - John R. Erickson,
Jerry Wilson, Steve Kuhr, B. Hardesty, D. Delaney
Trio Research, Inc., 6414 N. Sheridan, Wichita 67212 - J. A. Wilson
U. S. Grain Marketing Research Center, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan
66502 - O. K. Chung, G.L. Lookhart, V. Smail, L.C. Bolte
Kansas State University, Fort Hays Experiment Station, Hays 67601 -
Joe Martin, Tom Harvey
KENTUCKY
University of Kentucky, Department of Agronomy, Lexington 40546 - D.
A. Van Sanford, C. T. MacKown
LOUISIANA
Louisiana State University, Dep. of Agronomy, Baton Rouge 70803 -
Steve Harrison, J. Russin
MARYLAND
University of Maryland, Agronomy Department, College Park 20742
USDA-ARS, NPS, 331-A, Bldg. 005, BARC-W, Beltsville 20705
Plant Genetics and Germplasm Inst. - C. F. Murphy
National Association of Wheat Growers, 425 Second St., NE, Suite 300,
Washington, D. C. 20002
MICHIGAN
Michigan State University, Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, E.
Lansing, 48823 - Rick Ward, E. Everson, P.K.W. Ng
MINNESOTA
University of Minnesota, Department of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, St.
Paul, 55108 - Robert H. Busch
Cooperative Rust Laboratory, USDA/ARS - Alan Roelfs, D. McVey, D. E.
Long, M. Hughes, J. J. Roberts
Trigen Seed Services, 8024 Telegraph Rd., Bloomington 55478 - R.
Romig
MISSOURI
University of Missouri, Agronomy Department, Curtis Hall, Columbia
65201 - J. P. Gustafson, Gordon Kimber, A. L. McKendry, K.D. Kephart
MONTANA
Montana State University, Bozeman 59715
Plant/Soil Science Department - P. L. Bruckner, L. E. Talbert
Western Plant Breeders, P. O. Box 1409, Bozeman 59715 - Dan
Biggerstaff, Dale Clark
NEBRASKA
University of Nebraska, Agronomy Department, Keim Hall, East Campus,
Lincoln 68583 - P.S. Baenziger, D. R. Shelton, C. J. Peterson, L. A.
Nelson, D.J. Lyons
Plant Pathology Department - R. A. Graybosch
Panhandle Res/Ext Center, 4502 Avenue I, Scottsbluff 69361 - David
Baltensperger, Gary Hein
NEW YORK
Cornell University, Dept. of Plant Breeding & Biometry, 420 Bradfield
Hall, Ithaca 14853 - Mark Sorrells
Dept. of Plant Pathology - Gary Bergstrom
NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105
Crop and Weed Sciences Department - N. D. Williams, Elias Elias, J.
Anderson, C. Reide
Cereal Science & Technology Dept. - C. E. McDonald, K. Khan, W.
Moore, G. Hareland
OHIO
Department of Agronomy - OARDC 1680 Madison, Ave., Wooster 44691 -
Kim Campbell, Pat Finney
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma State University - Stillwater 74074
Agronomy Department - Brett Carver, E. L. Smith
Plant Pathology Dept. - R. Hunger, J.L. Sherwood
USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Lab., 1301 N. Western St.,
Stillwater
74074 - David Porter, J. A. Webster, J. Burd, C. Baker, N.C.
Elliott,
D. Kindler
OREGON
Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330
Crop Science Department - Warren E. Kronstad, R. Karow, C. S. Love
SOUTH CAROLINA
Pioneer Hybrid Int., Rt. 3, Box 181-B, St. Mathews 29135 - B. E. Edge
SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota State University, Plant Science Department, Brookings
57007 - G. W. Buchenau, J. J. C. Rudd, J. Woodard, S. Haley
Wheat Quality Council, 106 W. Capitol, Suite 2, P. O. Box 966, Pierre
57501 - Ben Handcock
TEXAS
Texas A&M University
Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland 79012 - Mark
Lazar, Gary Peterson
Agric. Res. Center, Drawer E. Overton 75684 - L. R. Nelson
Soil & Crop Science Dept., College Station 77843 - M. E. McDaniel, N.
A. Tuleen, C. A. Erickson, G. Hart, L. W. Rooney
Plant Pathology Dep. - B. McDonald
Research & Extension Center, 17360 Coit Road, Dallas 75252 - D.
Marshall
Research Center, P. O. Box 1658, Vernon 76384 - W. David Worrall
Research Center, Rt. 7, Box 999, Beaumont 77713 - John Sij
Res. & Ext. Center, 6500 Amarillo Blvd. W., Amarillo 79106 - C.
M. Rush
UTAH
Utah State University, Plant Science Dept., Logan 84321 - Rulon S.
Albrechtsen, David Hole
VIRGINIA
Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Agronomy Department, Blacksburg 24061 -
Carl Griffey, M. K. Das, E. L. Stromberg, I. M. Johnson
WASHINGTON
Washington State University, Pullman 99163
Crop & Soil Sciences Department - Robert E. Allen, Calvin Konzak, C.
J. Peterson, M. Walker-Simmons, S. S. Jones
Plant Pathology Department - Roland F. Line, T. Murray
-------------------------
VIII. FAX/TELEPHONE
Name Loc. Tel. FAX
Bergstrom, G. C. NY,USA 6072557849 6072554471
Bockelman, H. ID, USA 2083974162 2083974165
Braun, H. J. UNK, TUR 9042872595 9042878955
Campbell, K. OHI, USA 2162633878 2162633658
Cox, T.S. KS, USA 9135327260 9135325692
Edwards, I.B. IL, USA 5152257507 5152703156
Elias, E.M. ND, USA 7012377971 7012377973
Fischer, R.A. CIM, MEX 59542100 59541069
Fisher, J.A. WAG, AUS 069230999 069230809
Gale, M. D. NR, UNK 4460352571 44603502270
Goertzens, K. KS, USA 3164657744 3164652693
Gustafson, P. MO, USA 3148824734 3148755359
Heslop, H. NR, UNK 4460352571 4460356844
Hole, David UTA, USA 8017502233 8017503376
Konzak, C. F. WAS, USA 5093353475 5093358674
Maich, R.H. COR, ARG 051602684 545137841
Matuz SZD, HUN 3662435235 3662434163
McIntosh, R. SYD, AUS 046512600 046512578
Miller, T. E. NR, UNK 4460352571 44603502241
Nelson, L.R. TX, USA 9038346191 9038347146
Ng, P. K. W. WI, USA 5173539605 5173538963
Ohm, H. IN, USA 3174948072 3174961368
Qualset, C.O. CA, USA 9167578921 9167578755
Quick, J.S. CO, USA 3034916483 3034910564
Sammons, D. NY, USA 3014543715 3014545680
Shaner, G. IN, USA 3174944651 3174940363
Snape, J. W. NR, UNK 4460352571 44603502241
Souza, E. ID, USA 2083974162 2083974311
Ward, Rick MI, USA 5173552231 5173535174
Worland, A. J. NR, UNK 4460352571 44603502241
Zwer, P. K. OR, USA 5032784186 5032784188
This partial telephone and FAX list will be updated if you return a
photocopy of it with changes clearly marked.
INTERNET EMAIL DIRECTORY FOR WHEAT WORKERS
NAME INTERNET EMAIL ID
Altman, David d-altman@cornell.edu
Anderson, Jim jaanders@plains.nodak.edu
Baenziger, P. Stephen agro104@unlvm.unl.edu
Bockelman, Harold E. hbockelman@sol.ars-grin.gov
Bruckner, Phil usspb@msu.oscs.montana.edu
Cambron, Sue sue-cambron@entm.purdue.edu
Campbell, Kim Garland kcampbel@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
Carver, Brett F. bfc@soilwater.agr.okstate.edu
Cox, Stan tsc@rust.pp.ksu.edu
DePauw, Ron depauw@skrssc.agr.ca
Dill-Macky ruthdm@puccini.crl.umn.edu
Edge, Benjamin edgeben@phibred.com
Edwards, Ian edwardsi@phibred.com
Fox, Paul pfox@alphac.cimmyt.mx
Gonzalez-de-Leon, Diego dgdeleon@alphac.cimmyt.mx
Graham, W. Doyce dgraham@clust1.clemson.edu
Graybosch, Bob agro100@unlvm.unl.edu
Guenzi, Arron acg@soilwater.agr.okstate.edu
Gustafson, Perry agro1375@mizzou1.missouri.edu
Haley, Scott haleys@mg.sdstate.edu
Hoisington, David dhoisinton@alphac.cimmyt.mx
Hole, David dhole@mendel-usu.edu
Hucl, Pierre hucl@sask.usask.ca
Keefer, Peg peg-keefer@entm.purdue.edu
Kephart, Ken kephart@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu
Koemel, John Butch jbk@soilwater.agr.okstate.edu
Kronstad, Warren E. kronstaw@css.orst.edu
Laskar, Bill laskarb@phibred.com
Leath, Steven steen-leath@ncsu.edu
Lively, Kyle livelyk@phibred.com
Maas, Fred fred-maas@entm.purdue.edu
Marshall, David d-marshall@tamu.edu
Marshall, Greg marshallg@phibred.com
Matthews, Dave matthews@cit.cornell.edu
McKenzie, R.I.H. rmckenzie@mbrswi.agr.ca
McVey, Donald donm@puccini.umn.edu
Milus, Gene gmilus@comp.uark.edu
Morris, Craig lnelson@overton-ctr.tamu.edu
Nyachiro, Joseph jnyachir@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca
Ohm, Herb hohm@dept.agry.purdue.edu
Papa, Dan danp@rust.pp.ksu.edu
Penix, Susan agsusan@mizzou1.missouri.edu
Peterson, Jim agro015@unlvm.unl.edu
Porter, David portdrp@vms.ucc.okstate.edu
Quick, J. jquick@ceres.agsci.colostate.edu
Rajaram, S. srajaram@alphac.cimmyt.mx
Ratcliff, Roger roger-ratcliffe@entm.purdue.edu
Raupp, Jon raupp@matt.ksu.ksu.edu
Safranski, Greg greg-safranski@entm.purdue.edu
Sears, Rollie rs@ksu.ksu.edu
Shields, Phil shieldsp@phibred.com
Shukle, Rich rich-shukle@entm.purdue.edu
Skovmand, Bent bskovmand@alphac.cimmyt.mx
Sorrells, Mark mark-sorrells@qmrelay.mail.cornell.edu
Stuart, Greg jeff-stuart@entm.purdue.edu
Talbert, Luther usslt@msu.oscs.montana.edu
Townley-Smith, T.F. tsmith@mbrswi.agr.ca
Van Sanford, Dave agr038@ukcc.uky.edu
Vida, Gyula h8607vid@eua.hu (after June)
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