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TABLE OF CONTENTS
BYRD CURTIS
EARL C. GILMORE
FRANCIS J. GOUGH
ERIC RUDOLF KERBER
ROSALIND MORRIS
THOMAS C. ROBERTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Members - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
Minutes - Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
II. CONTRIBUTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES
Rob Bruns, John Moffat, Joe Smith, Jim Reeder - Berthoud, CO
Koy Miskin, G. Holland Beazer - Brookston, IN
Barton Fogleman, C.K. Taylor - Jonesboro, AR
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS
D.R. Johnston, S.W. Perry, J.E. Handwerk, Sally R. Clayshulte, D.P.
Shellberg - Fort Collins, CO
R.P. Daniel, D. Donaldson, M. Materne, M.J.Nowland, C.J. Tyson, J.
Wilson, P. Wilson - Tamworth, Australia
Nestor Machado, Pedro Paulucci, Hector Mertinuzzi - Argentina
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Jerry Wilson, Steve Kuhr, Bud Hardesty, Karolyn Ely -
Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar - Lafayette, IN
Dennis Dunphy, Sam Wallance, Richard Evans - Lafayette IN; Leon
Fischer, Kent Baker - Mt. Hope, KS
NICKERSON
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
Fred Collins, June Hancock, Craig Allen - Bay, AR
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Johnston, IA - I.B. Edwards
Windfall, IN - G.C. Marshall, W.J. Laskar, K.J. Lively
St. Mathews, SC - B.E. Edge, P. L. Shields
Frouville, France - G. Dorencourt, R. Marchand, Q. Vanderpol
Sevilla, Spain - J.M. Urbano, I. Edwards, M. Hidalgo, M. Peinado
Sissa (Parma), Italy - M. Tanzi
Parndorf, Austria - G. Reichenberger
Woodland, CA - A. Young, I. Edwards
TRIO RESEARCH, INC.
J. Wilson - Wichita, KS
WEIBULL
J. P. Jossett et al. - Poinville, France
J. Johsson et al. - Landskrona, Sweden
WESTERN PLANT BREEDERS
D. Clark, Craig Cook, Amy Baroch - Bozernan, MT; K. Shantz, M. DeVries
- Tempe, AZ
ARGENTINA
M.L. Appendino, G.M.P. Camargo, N. Zelener, M. Argeaga, Enrique
Suarez, Laura Bullrich, G. Tranquilli - Buenos Aires
R.A. Heinz, Mariana Del Vas, L.C. Moratinos, H. E. Hopp - Castellar
F. Salvagiotti, S.E. Beas, N.C. Guzman, C.A. Ripoll, J. Casati, R.
Roldan, W. Londero, J.C.Funes, J.C. Miranda, M.J. Miarka, D. Bonelli,
A. Glade, G. Manera, E. Yanacon, R. Maich, O. Pagani, M. Canovas -
Cordoba
AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES
C.W. Wrigley, F. MacRitchie, I.L. Batey, F. Bekes, A.S. Hill, J.A.
Ronalds, R. Gupta, S. Rahman, J.H. Skerritt, J.L. Andrews, M.L. Bason,
P.W. Gras - CSIRO, Sydney
J. Bell, G.N. Brown, D. Backhouse, N.L. Darvey, L.W. Burgess, R.A.
McIntosh, J.D. Oates, R. Park, R. Roake, J. Sharp, D. The, C.R. Wellings
- Sydney and Cobbitty
B. Ballantyne, J. Fisher, A. Khan, L. Penrose - Wagga Wagga
L. O'Brien, F.W. Ellison, R.M. Trethowan, A.B. Pattison, D.J. Mares,
S.G. Moore - Narrabri
QUEENSLAND
G.B. Wildermuth. R.B. McNamara - Toowoomba
P.S. Brennan, L.R. Mason, J.A. Sheppard, R. W. Uebergang, M.L. Fiske,
I.C. Haak, P.I. Hocroft
R.G. Reese, P.S. Brennan, G.J. Platz, K.C.M. Blaikie - Toowoomba
BANGLADESH
M.A. Hossain et al. - Mymemsingh
BRAZIL
J.C.S. Moreira, C.N.A. deSousa, E.P. Gomes, L.J.A. Del Duca, P.L.
Scheeren, S.D. dos A. de Silva, et al. - Passo Fundo
A.C.P. Goulart, F. de A. Paiva - Dourados, M.S.
BULGARIA
V. Vassilev, Boyadjieva- Sadovo
CANADA
ALBERTA
R.S. Sadasivaiah
K.G. Briggs
MANITOBA
J.A. Kolmer, Steve Haber, O.M. Lukow, P.B.E. McVetty, P. Masojc -
Manitoba
ONTARIO
W.L. Seaman, E.F. Schneider
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
H.W. Johnston, H.G. Nass
SASKATCHEWAN
D.R. Knott
CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Zuoji Lin, Shenghui Jie, Zhensheng Lei - Henan
Zhaosu Wu, Shirong Yu, Xizhong Wei, Quimei Xia, Youjia Shen, Yong Xu,
Zhaoxia Chen, Jiming Wu, Guoliang Jiang - Nanjing
Li Huimin, Zhao Fengwu, Li Hongwa - Heibi
CROATIA
Slobodan Tomasovic - Zagreb
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Z. Stehno, M. Vlasek, J. Smocek
ESTONIA
O. Priilinn, T. Enno, H. Peusha, M. Tohver - Tallinn
FRANCE
J. De Buyser, J.L. Marcotte, Y. Henry - Orsay
G. Doussinault, J. Jahier, J. Pierre, M. Trottet, F. Dedryver - Rennes
GERMANY
A. Boerner, J. Plaschke, G. Schlegel, I.M. Ben Amer - Gatersleben
HUNGARY
L. Balla, Z. Bedo, L. Lang, L. Szunics, Lu. Szunics, I. Karsai, Gy.
Vida-Martonvasar
J. Sutka, B. Barnabas, O. Veisz, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, G. Kovacs,
E. Szakacs, B. Koszegi, I. Takacs, G. He, E. Korbulz, G. Kocsy -
Martonvasar
INDIA
P. Bahadur, K.D. Srivastava, S.M.S. Tomar, A. K. Vari, R.S. Yadava,
Dalmir Singh, B. Singh, M.K. Upadhayay, R.N. Sawhney, D.N. Sharma,
H.B. Chowdary, J.B. Sharma, D.V. Singh, R. Aggarwal, K.D.
Srivastava - New Delhi
M. Kochumadhavan, S.M.S. Tomar, P.N.N. Nambisan - Wellington
K.S. Singh, G.S. Dhinds - Ludhiana
M.P. Jha, K.M.P. Singh, B.P. Sinha, A.K. Sinha - Pusa
P.K. Gupta, H.S. Balyan, D.K. Garg, S. Kumar, N.K. Sharma, Bijendra
Pal - Meerut
A.N. Mishra - Indore
G.S. Sethi, Satish C. Sharma, K.S. Thakur, D.L. Sharma, Ashwani Kumar,
H.K. Chaudhary - Palampur
R.N. Brahma, R. Asir, A. Saikia - Wellington
ITALY
C. RubiesAutonell - Bologna
V. Vallega - Rome
B. Borghi, M. Perenzin, M. Cattaneo, Y.M. Qiao, R. Castagna, P. Gavuzzi,
N.E. Pogna, R. Redaelli, T. Dachkevitch, G.M. Borrelli, N. DiFonzo,
E. Luputto, F. Locatelli, G. Bossinger, M. Corbellini, P. Vacino, P.K.W.
Ng - Lodigiano
JAPAN
A. Oyanagi, A. Sato, M. Wada - Tsukuba
S. Ito, A. Sato, T. Hoshino - Tohuku
S. Oda, K. Komae, T. Yasui, C. Kiribuchi, H. Seko - Karmondai
N. Watanabe - Gifu
MEXICO
R.A. Fischer, G. Varughese
He Zhong-hu, R.J. Pena, S. Rajaram
P. A. Burnett, R. Ranieri, J. Robinson
A. Morgunov
G. Fuentes-Davila, S. Rajaram, W.H. Pfeiffer, O. Aballa
NEPAL
M.L. Morris. H.J. Dubin, T.P. Polchrel
POLAND
S. Wegrzyn, H. Grzesik - Krakow
ROMANIA
N.S. Saulescu, Mariana Ittu, Gh. Ittu - Fundulea
RUSSIA
Alexandr Federov - Moscow
SOUTH AFRICA
H.A. Van Niekerk, R. Cilliers, T.G. Paxton, R. Britz, S. Jordaan, T. van
Bredenkamp, S. Pelser, R. Pretorius, D. Exley, I.B.J. Smit, A. Otto,
F. Groenewald, F. Koekemoer, A. Grobbelaar, R. Prins, H.A. Smit,
J.L. Purchase, D. van Lill, P.A. Visser, H.A. van Tonder, A.H. Botha,
M. Maritz, M.F. Smith, B.S. Wentzel, C. Benson, C. van den Berg,
C.G. Burbidge, R.C. Lindeque, H.S.C. van der Merwe, W. van der
Westhuizen, B.L. deVilliers, H.H. Knobel, C. deWet, A. Rautenbach,
J. du Plessis, H. du Plessis, J.P. du Toit, S.C. Drijepondt, A. Bamard,
C.F. Pool, V. Wessels, W.H. Kilian, J. Smith, B.J. Pieterse,
J.P.C. Tolmay, G.J. Prinsloo, V.L. Tolmay, B. Koen, J.L. Hatting -
Bethlehem
R. de V. Pienaar, G.F. Marais, G.M. Littlejohn, H.S. Roux, J.M. Hay -
Stellenbosch
Z.A. Pretorius, F.J. Kloppers, C.S. van Deventer, M.T. Labuschagne,
M.C.B. Coetzee, E.G. Brink - Bloemfontein
F. du Toit, S.S. Walters, A. Brummer - Pannar, Ltd., Bainsvlei
TURKEY
H. Braun, T.S. Payne - Ankara
UNITED KINGDOM
NORWICH, Cambridge Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science Research -
A.J. Worland,
I.P. King, K.A. Purdie, T.E. Miller, C.N. Law, W.J. Rogers
T.E. Miller, S. M. Reader, I.P. King
S.A. Quarrie, A. Mahmood
S.A. Quarrie, A. Steed
M.D. Gale, J.B. Smith, M.D. Atkinson, K.M. Devos, C.N. Chinoy, R.L.
Harcourt, T. Millan, D.X. Xie, J. Jizeng, O.A. Rognli
R. Bowrgipour, J.W. Snape
R. Johnson
P. Nicholson, H. N. Rezanoor, T.W. Hollins - PBI, Cambridge
M.J. Ambrose
NORWICH, John Innes Institute
J.S. Heslop-Harrison, A.R. Leitch, T. Schwarzacher, K.
Anamthawt-Jonsson, I.J. Leitch, G. Moore, Mingli Wang
NICKERSON
W.J. Angus, D.R. Stephenson, R.E. Granger - Bury St. Edmunds
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ARKANSAS
R.K. Bacon, B.R. Wells, E.A. Milus, J.T. Kelly, D. Dombeck
CALIFORNIA
C.A. Curtis, Bahman, Ehdaie, A.J. Lukaszewski, M.S. Moghaddam, S.H.
Shah, J.G. Waines
COLORADO
J.S. Quick, G.H. Ellis, R. Normann, M. Mergoum, S. Haley, K. Ngongolo,
A. Saidi
GEORGIA
J.W. Johnson, B.N. Cunfer, P.L. Bruckner, J.J. Roberts, G.D. Buntin,
R.E. Wilkinson
IDAHO
R.S. Zemetra, E. Souza, S. Guy, S. Quisenberry, J. Johnson, G.
Knudsen, M. Lauver. D. Schotzko, J. Tyler, L. Pierola - Moscow and
Aberdeen
Warren Pope - Moscow
ILLINOIS
F.L. Kolb, E.D. Nafziger, A.D. Hewings, L.L. Domier, W.L. Pedersen,
C.J. D'Arcy, H.T. Wilkerson, E.M. Bauske, C.E. Eastman, M.E. Irwin,
W.H. Brink
INDIANA
H.W. Ohm, H.C. Sharma, I.M. Dweikat, S.A. MacKenzie, D. McFatridge,
F.L. Patterson, G. Shaner, R.M. Lister, D.M. Huber, G. Buechley,
R.H. Ratcliffe, R.H. Shukle, G. Safranski, S. Cambron
KANSAS
T.C. Roberts
O.K. Chung, G.L. Lookhart, V.V. Smail, D.B. Bechtel, D.B. Sauer, L.C.
Bolte, D.W. Hagstrum, W.S. Kim, L.M. Seitz, M.D. Shogren, J.D. Wilson,
C.R. Martin, W.H. McGaughey, M.D. Shogren, J.L. Steele, D.L. Brabec,
R.E. Dempster, R. Rouser, I. Zayas, C.S. Chang, H.H. Converse, B.W.
Seabourn, A.K. Dowdy, P.L. Flinn, W.D. Lin, K. Tilley, A. Xu
T.S. Cox, R.G. Sears, B.S. Gill, W.W. Bockus, R.L. Bowden, J. Hatchett
M.B. Kirkham, G.H. Liang, T. Harvey, T.J. Martin, M.D. Witt, L.C.
Coonrod, J.E. Werner, C.H. Carter, T. Endo, B. Freibe, K.S. Gill, L.G.
Harrell, A.K. Fritz, J. Jiang, P.D. Chen, R.S. Kota, L.E. Patton, W.J.
Raupp, D.L. Wilson, L. Michelson, D. Miller, D. Delaney, S. Hulbert,
G.L. Brown, G. He, G. Shu
T.J. Byram
LOUISIANA
S.A. Harrison, P. Colyer, S.H. Moore
MARYLAND
D.J. Sammons
MICHIGAN
R. Ward, D. Glenn, J. Han, H. Kim, T. Kisha, S. Wang
MINNESOTA
A.P. Roelfs, D.L. Long, D.H. Casper, M.E. Hughes, J.J. Roberts
R. Busch, R. Wilcoxson
D.V. McVey, R.H. Busch
MISSOURI
J.P. Gustafson, K.D. Kephart, G. Kimber, A.L. McKendry, H.
Aswidinnoor, H. Daud, R. Wilman, B. Winberg, K. Ross, D. Bittel, K.
Houchins, J. Berg, D. Tague, S. Madsen, J.V. Monte, M. Wanous, Z.
Zhou, J. Chen, P. Goicoechea, F. Kidwaro, J. Mehuys, M.M. Tague
NEBRASKA
P.S. Baenziger, C.J. Peterson, D.R. Shelton, R.A. Graybosch,
D.D. Baltensperger, L.A. Nelson, D.J. Lyons, G.L. Hein
P.S. Baenziger, C.J. Peterson, D.R. Shelton, D.D. Baltensperger
B. Moreno-Sevilla, P.S. Baenziger, C.J. Peterson, R.A. Graybosch
W. Stroup, D. Mulitze, P.S. Baenziger
A. Ouassou, P. S. Baenziger, J. Schmidt
A. Masrizal, P.S. Baenziger
C.J. Peterson, R.A. Graybosch, P. S. Baenziger, D.R. Shelton
D.R. Shelton
R.C. French, N.L. Robertson
NEW YORK
M.E. Sorrells, W.R. Coffman
G.C. Bergstrom, J.E. Carroll, D.W. Kalb, A.M.C. Schilder, D. Shah
NORTH CAROLINA
R.E. Jarrett, S. Leath, J.P. Murphy
NORTH DAKOTA
E.M. Elias, D.K. Steiger, O. Olmedo-Arcega, N. Nasarella, A. Stancyk,
C.M. Rystedt, B.L. D'Appolonia, K. Khan, C.E. McDonald, W.R. Moore, W.
Pitz, B. Donnelly, G. Hareland, L.A. Grant
OHIO
H.N. Lafever, W.A. Berzonsky, R.W. Gooding, L.D. Herald, R.J. Minyo,
Jr., T.L. Hoover
OKLAHOMA
E.L. Smith, G.H. Morgan, R.J. Sidwell, D.L. Jones
R.M. Hunger, G.L. Sherwood, R.E. Pennington, C.K. Evans, J.R. Montana
D.R. Porter, J.A. Webster, C.A. Baker, J.D. Burd, N.C. Elliot, G.J.
Puterka, D.K. Reed, R.L. Burton, F.J. Gough, E. Levy
OREGON
R.S. Karow
W.E. Kronstad, C.S. Love, D.K. Kelly, R.W. Knight, M.D. Moore,
S.E. Rowe, N.H. Scott, M.C. Verhoeven
P.K. Zwer, D.L. Sutherland, S.A. Dunnagan
SOUTH DAKOTA
F.A. Cholick, C.H. Chen, B. Farber, B. Ruden, S. Shin
G. Buchenau, D.J. Gallenberg, M. Langham, S. Ali
H.J. Woodard, G.W. Buchanan
J.L. Gellner, R.A. Schut, R.W. Kieckhefer, G.W. Buchenau
TEXAS
L.R. Nelson, Mark Lazar, C.A. Erickson, G.E. Hart, D. Marshall,
M.E. McDaniel, B. McDonald, Lloyd Rooney, J.E. Slosser, John Sij,
N.A. Tuleen, W. D. Worrall, R. Suttan, M. Harrington, R. Montandon,
W.A. Frank, G.L. Peterson. J. Hu
UTAH
R.S. Albrechtsen
D.J. Hole
VIRGINIA
C.A. Griffey, D.E. Brann, M.M. Alley, P. Scharf, E. Stromberg, M.K.
Das, A. Herbert, C. Hull, J.M. Johnson
WASHINGTON
R.E. Allan, J.A. Pritchett, L.M. Little
R.F. Line
C.F. Konzak
C.F. Morris, H.C. Jeffers, A.D. Bettge, D. Engle, M.L. Baldridge, B.S.
Patterson, R. Ader, J. Raykowski
M.K. Walker-Simmons, J.L. Reid, J. Curry, R. Anderberg, L. Holappa
WEST VIRGINIA
V.C. Baligar, L. Bona, K.D. Ritchey, R.J. Wright
WISCONSIN
R.A. Forsberg, E.S. Oplinger, R.D. Duerst, J.B. Stevens
YUGOSLOVIA
M. Jost et al. - Krizevci
M. Kuburovic et al. - Kragujevac
III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM
H.E. Bockelman, G.A. White - New Triticum PI Assignments
H.E. Bockelman - Triticum Accessions, National Small Grains Collection
H.E. Bockelman - Aegilops Accessions, National Small Grains
Collection
H.E. Bockelman, D.M. Wesenberg, M.A. Bohning, L.W. Briggle -
Evaluation of National Small Grains Collection Germplasm
R.E. Allan - CSSA Cultivar and Germplasm Registration
Weed Science Announcement
IV. CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS, 1992 SUPPLEMENT
R.A. McIntosh, G.E. Hart, M.D. Gale
V. ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND
VI. VOLUME 39 MANUSCRIPT GUIDELINES
VII. MAILING LIST
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I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes of the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) Meeting
November 22-23, 1991
Reno, Nevada
ATTENDANCE
Committee Members, I.B Edwards, Chair, R.H. Busch, Secretary, R.E.
Allan, H.F. Bockleman, R. Bruns, F.A. Cholick, T.S. Cox, G. Hareland, S.A.
Harris (R. Bacon), R.F. Line, C.J. Peterson, C. Qualset, D.J. Sammonds, J.A.
Smith, G. Statler, R. Stuckey, D. A. Van Sandford, W.D. Worrall, R.S.
Zemetra. Absent: C. Haugeberg (ex-officio member).
Non-Committee Members: O. Anderson, ARS, WRRC Albany, CA; K. Briggs,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; J.P. Gustafson, ARS-University of
Missouri; W. Martinez, ARS-NPS Beltsville, MD; D. McVey ARS-Cereal Rust
Laboratory, St. Paul, MN; C.F. Murphy, ARS-NPS Beltsville, MD; R. Sears,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Bent Skovmand, CIMMYT, Mexico; G.
Waines, University of California, CA.
PRELIMINARIES
Chairman Edwards called the meeting to order and made announcements
regarding meeting arrangements.
MINUTES OF THE 1990 MEETING
Minutes were published in AWN 37, Busch asked for a motion to waive
reading them. Motion was made and passed.
WHEAT NEWSLETTER
The following reports are included by J.S. Quick , Editor, and I.
Edwards, Treasurer, of the Annual Wheat Newsletter:
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
1991 Annual Report to NWIC, J.S. Quick, Editor
The editing and publishing of Volume 37 of the Annual Wheat Newsletter
(AWN) followed the format of previous newsletters except that Volume 37 was
the first volume directly printed in reduced font size almost entirely from
computer files. There were 440 copies printed and each copy had 235 pages.
Ten copies of Volume 37 and about 20 of Volume 35 are still available. A
summary of information about each volume printed since 1954 (Volume 1) was
published in the AWN, Volume 32 (1986). The number of pages has increased
by 100 since 1980, the number of contributors increased considerably, and
the cost of publication increased until 1988. Due to rising costs, an
effort was made to reduce the number of copies printed by encouraging
multiple use. Cost of production was reduced from about $4500 in 1987 to
about $3900 in 1988, increased to $5416 in 1989, and decreased to $4690 in
1991 due to limited distribution. Cost per copy is about $9.50.
In addition to the total cost of production, Colorado State University
Agronomy Department has contributed part of my time, computer facilities,
and some occasional letter typing. An Agronomy Department secretary,
Carolyn Schultz, has done an excellent job of manuscript preparation since
1983.
All AWN address lists are computerized, and mailing and sorting has
become simple and routine. We are requesting that all workers provide their
manuscripts on computer diskettes if at all possible. All text will be
entered into computer files and laser printed with reduced font size to save
space. Manuscripts can also be provided through the BITNET system. About
500 requests for manuscripts and financial assistance are sent to U.S.,
Australian and Canadian wheat workers each January. The requests for
manuscripts and financial contributions from other foreign scientists are
included as an insert in the Newsletter mailing in June. Additionally
regional manuscript and financial solicitation and coordination are done by
scientists in other counties.
The cost of producing Volume 38 will probably be similar to that of
Volume 37. I believe it is now feasible and perhaps financially necessary
to consider AWN distribution by diskette to some overseas and other
locations. Suggestions from the NWIC would be appreciated. Ian Edwards,
AWN treasurer, has done an excellent job of securing cooperative and
institutional financial contributions allowing us to maintain a sound
financial position.
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER TREASURER'S REPORT
1991 Annual Report to NWIC
I.B. Edwards, Treasurer
ITEM DEBIT CREDIT BALANCE
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1. Balance reported
June 1, 1990 AWN $4065.65
2. Mailing Request Letters $62.20 4003.45
3. Envelopes 11.00 3992.45
4. Photocopy Charges 12.50 3979.95
5. Mailing,Vol.37 July,1991 896.00 3083.95
6. Printing and Binding 3175.21 <91.26>
7. Mailing Bags & Envelopes 30.50 <121.76>
8. Typing Editing(C. Schultz) 500.00 <621.76>
9. Misc. Bank Charges 20.00 <641.76>
10. New Contributions $318.00 <323.76>
(Since June 1)
11. Interest on Checking 76.54 <247.22>
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Comments:
1. The total cost of Volume 37 was $4,687.41. This cost divided by 440
copies printed is about $10.65/copy. Volume 37 is 40 pages shorter than
Volume 36 (235 vs 275), and 40 more copies of Volume 37 were printed. The
total printed pages of Volume 37 was 87% of volume 36, and the total cost
was 9% higher. Volume 37 was printed in slightly smaller font size than
Volume 36, so direct page number comparisons are not useful. The
distribution increased slightly from last year. Volume 37 was the first
volume printed almost entirely from computer files.
2. Current fund balance, at the present time, is $[247.22] compared
with $[70.25] a year ago. It must be noted that there is still an
outstanding balance owing for production costs in the amount of $300.00. In
the past three years contributions have not matched the rising costs, and
this is an area of concern.
3. Although corporate contributions have increased in recent years, this
past year showed a decline. A number of institutions and companies require
an invoice in order to make payments. We ae encouraging them to notify your
treasurer as to the amount they wish to donate, and we will gladly furnish
an invoice. Private contributions remain our major source of revenue. We
will need a very strong appeal in 1992 to keep the Annual Wheat Newsletter
solvent.
Discussion of possible solutions to the financial problem of the Annual
Wheat Newsletter followed the above reports. Agreement was reached by a
majority of the NWIC members to suggest including an invoice (suggested
donation) for each copy of the Annual Wheat Newsletter of $20.00 to allow
choice of payment either through project billing or private donation.
Distribution by diskette was not thought to be a viable alternative at the
present time.
RESPONSE TO 1990 RESOLUTIONS
Chairman Edwards summarized responses received to the 1990 resolutions
regarding increased support for Russian wheat aphid and leaf rust research,
funding for genetic mapping of wheat, and princi;les relating to test weight
as a measurement of wheat quality. Dr. Plowman acknowledged and thanked the
NWIC as resolutions would be given serious consideration is discussions of
future program directions to provide proper balance in the ARS research
programs. Dr. Plowman indicated that the Russian wheat aphid research has
obtained increased funding. The funding increase will be partially used to
support the area of biological controls for this insect. The NWIC this
reply to be encouraging and positive. John Foltz, Administrator of Federal
Grain Inspection Service, replied to the test weight resolution also in a
positive manner thanking the NWIC for our support to FGIS on the test weight
issue and looking forward to further inaction and work with the NWIC.
REVIEW OF CROP ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING
Chairman P. Gustafson added three new members (see CAC minutes) to the
CAC. Key issues at this meeting were as follows: 1) The entire collection
will be screened, at this time, not just cores. Core information is felt to
be less valuable. 2) Quality traits were discussed for inclusion into the
data base of the collection and especially alien segments. Suggested traits
were: hardness, protein, and glutenins.3) Plant collection is needed badly
in Turkey because of large scale irrigation development which will eliminate
many of the natural habitats of related species of wheat. Proposal for this
needed collection trip are being prepared. 4) Funds for Dr. R. Morris's
genetic stocks are needed to ensure their avialablity. 5) CIMMYT is
attempting to continue the International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery
which University of Nebraska-ARS had to be dropped due to lack of funding.
6) Update on GRIN system was presented and its use, ultility and traits
evaluated were discussed. Concluded that it is more user friendly and is
beginning to be used by breeders as needed. 7) No change in quarintine on
seed from Mexico. Cost of phytopathological clearance ($30) in Missouri was
discussed since about 500 requests for genetic stocks are filled per year
from ARS-Univ. of Missouri.
LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS
Report of Legislative Subcommittee
Sammons reported that no trip was conducted during 1991 due to the War
in Iraq. Several things are needed before the next trip; problems with
widespread needs which can be documented, and a champion in the legislature.
Other committee members (Cholick, Sears, Zemetra) suggested that: a) Name
recognition is need at Congress, so trips should be conducted each year, b)
a committee is needed to respond on key legislative issues, c) No
professional lobbist outside nor major support outside the public sector are
major problems. Sammons indicated that this must be a continuous effort with
no high expectation immediately since skills need improving, d) Certain
congressmen are being approached in the southeast to support a plant
pathologist position, and e) strong support was needed from researchers and
seed-growers.
Murphy suggested the following approach: Choose a few specific problems
(example: Kansas State University federal positions funding and Grain
Quality Laboratory); plan to work several years atleast so set the goal and
work toward it. It is important to identify issues for Congress. Line
suggest that visitation is very important but other contact are as
well.Stuckey suggested that the needed items be sent to the NAWG for
inclusion into their list. Lobbyist from NWAG primarily works on economic
problems but suggested that issues be coordinated through their office,
possibly directly through the lobbyist, for input.
In summary:
1. Need the committee to visit Congress annually.
2. Need a response committee.
3. Name recognition needs establishment.
4. Need economic impact of wheat on a state by state basis.
5. Send needs in the form of resolutions to NAWG and tie issues more
closely with their concerns if possible.
6. Need prime users support to better obtain research funding.
7. When presenting needs to the legislature, it needs to be tied into
dollar return in constant dollars.
8. Maintain contact with ARS and CSRS to inform and support their
programs.
9. The Legislative Sub-Committee needs a funding source if it is to be
effective.
RESEARCH FUNDING
ARS Grain Crop Production and Quality Review
I. Edwards reported that this conference provided an excellent forum to
allow input and review of ongoing grain crop research in ARS. It identified
areas of weakness but state research supplied important support in these
areas. A letter commending this review as an excellent method of informing
and obtaining input into the ARS research program was suggested with the
motion made by Cholick and seconded by Bruns. Motion passed, Busch will
draft a letter to Dr. Plowman (Administrator of ARS) commending ARS-NPS for
conducting this meeting.
Leaf Rust Research
R. Sears indicated that leaf rust appears to be the disease causing
most economic loss in the Great Plains. Browder's old position (leaf rust
pathologist ARS) has been collapsed to provide support funding for the unit.
This position is critical for cooperation with T.S. Cox to provide better
adapted, leaf rust resistant wheats. A discussion followed indicating a
need for an integrated leaf rust strategy on a national basis. This
position was suggested as being linked to a general support package for
Kansas State University ARS units as part of the Legislative Committees
lobbying effort for $400,000 support.
Smut Position
R. Line updated the committee on a potential national smut position to
be tentatively established at Montana State University when a retirement
takes place.
Eastern Small Grains Pathologist
D. Van Sanford indicated the number of diseases which attacked
southeastern wheat in 1991. No pathologist works of `minor' diseases such
as Septoria nodorum, bacteria leaf blight and others. After discussion by
the committee it was decided that the Eastern wheat workers put together a
package with requirements ,location and other important factors before it
becomes a lobby issue.
Scab Research
R. Busch discussed R. Wilcoxson's retirement indicating that this is
the only active research program in the USA on Fusarium head blight.
University of Minnesota hiring freeze is now in place. A position was also
discussed for eastern wheats which are also affected by scab. No decision
was reached following discussion.
Missouri Cytogenetics Position
P. Gustafson discussed the problems of maintaining and distributing E.
Sears genetic stocks. A technician is employed to send out seed stocks as
requested, which amount to about 500-700 per year. The demand for stocks as
increased as molecular geneticists require them for genetic analysis. There
is a need for more genetic stocks but several cytogenetists are retiring in
both the USA and Canada. A cytogenetics position was obtained once, but
funding was diverted to other research. Why? Possibly because it lacked a
`champion' from Missouri. This issue was deferred to the Legislative
Committee.
Winterhardiness in Western Winter Wheat
R. Allan addressed the issue of a serious lack of winterhardiness
research in the USA. This problem has been emphasized by the 70-80% winter
kill in both 1989 and 1991 in Washington. Losses exceeded the total ARS
budget for a year. Only one researcher is devoting much effort to the
problem and is poorly funded. Germplasm needs to be evaluated for
winterhardiness before release. R. Bruns suggested contacting B. Fowler in
Canada since he has done most work recently on this problem. Perhaps a
joint screening effort could be negotiated.
GERMPLASM ENHANCEMENT, NURSERIES, EXCHANGE
Trait Evaluation Selection for Small Grain Collection
H. Bockelman presented the progress of the trait evaluation for the
germplasm in the Small Grains Collection. Over eleven different pathogens
and insect pest are/or have been/ being used to screen for resistant
germplasm. Over 15,000 accessions have been evaluated for 11 agronomic
descriptors and over 8,000 for spike traits and shattering. Other
descriptors discussed related to quality traits and the possibility of
evaluating protein and glutenins. Sensitivity to daylength was also
discussed as another trait to evaluate.
Design of Wheat Database
O. Anderson discussed the wheat database as a part of the Plant Genome
Initiative. The objective is to provide a master database for all crops of
their genetic maps. Each crop is designing its own, but compatibility is
important. Needed are: 1) Software to run information; 2) Repository of
markers and free distribution; 3) Main database must have reference to GRIN
descriptors. O. Anderson is the coordinator among crops for the database.
Coordination with the ITMI for linkage groups to enter as well as barley
groups. Enough data is hoped to be entered by late spring to begin to
access and provide demonstrations. Wheat has much lower funding that other
crops, such as corn, beans, and pine. The National Research Initiative was
briefly discussed as to its lack of funding for major crop plants.
International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery (IWWPN) and CIMMYT
J. Peterson indicated that the IWWPN is not being conducted from the
Nebraska location because of lack of funding. CIMMYT has began to try to
continue the nursery, although they are also not additionally funded. U.S.
participation in this nursery is yet to be determined. D. Worrall reported
that he attended a meeting in Mexico. Kronstad will increase Turkish
material and distribute to the U.S. A Yuma, AZ increase of material by
Worrall and Peterson is a possibility. Clearance by APHIS and AZ APHIS is
pending. Next fall would be the earliest possible depending upon finances.
Germplasm Exchange in Public Sector
F. Cholick initiated the discussion of potential problems of obtaining
germplasm in the future from other public programs as patenting becomes more
common. Intellectual rights allows discoverer about 30% of the profits back
directly. This will lead directly to a lack of willingness to exchange
germplasm. I. Edwards indicated that the Florida program takes the
royalties back to the program, not to the individual. D. Worrall indicated
that greed must be managed in plant breeding for the public good. Team
research is vital and must be continued. Relationships need to re-evolve
and become more structured in the future, but germplasm will continue to be
exchanged.
Germplasm Exchange Internationally
R. Sears indicated the need for a germplasm contact person and the lack
there of in wheat. R. Busch asked about international exchange other than
on an individual basis. No structure exists for obtaining on a systematic
basis new releases in the world. It was suggested that Foreign Agricultural
Service (FAS) and H. Bockelman could possibly work to obtain new releases
from around the world. W. Martinez indicated FAS has a meeting with her
soon and the problem of obtaining new releases would be approached. A
subcommittee of R. Busch, chair, I. Edwards, J. Peterson, and H. Bockelman
would be available to document the need for this type of system. Certainly
with this type of germplasm available in the Small Grains Collection, the
use of GRIN would increase dramatically.
Documentation for Wheat Variety Survey
W. Martinez indicated the need for documentation for a national wheat
variety survey. R. Sears and R. Bruns will jointly coordinate a letter to
be sent documenting the need of a national survey and its uses.
PRIORITIES FOR LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE
Immediate Concerns
1) Leaf Rust Project - National in scope, funding level of about
$500,000 for Plant Science Unit, based at Kansas State to allow interaction
with geneticists for testing and incorporation into useful germplasm. R.
Sears and S. Cox subcommittee. Champion in the Legislature needs to be
identified.
2) Genetics Stocks Position - P. Gustafson to supply old job
description. Position is for: maintaining, development, and distribution of
genetic stocks. Need a local Champion in the Legislature for this position.
Long Term Strategic Needs
1) National need on Fusarium head blight.
2) Eastern Region needs a foliar plant pathologist.
3) Cold hardiness basic and applied research.
Time Table
1) February 10-14 appears to be the best time to avoid overlap with Oat and
Barley Workers.
2) Visited approximately 25 members of the House and Senate on who serve on
either Appropriations or Agricultural Committees last visit (1990).
3) It would be helpful to have a grower with each group of researchers.
Lobbyist at NWAG would review the potential list and make suggestions.
4) Also visit APHIS, ARS, and CSRS.
-------------------------
CANADA BREEDING AND RESEARCH
K. Briggs gave a general report on research status in Canada on wheat.
Detailed information can be obtained on this research report by writing for:
Agricultural Canada Publication 5252, Communications Branch, Agric. Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OC7
WHEAT QUALITY AND MARKETING
Wheat Classification
R. Sears discussed the status if wheat classification, mostly in regard
to the new machines being developed to allow differentiation between soft
and hard wheats. The ARS\GMRL machines appear to offer the best suited. It
measurements are based on crushing factoring in both kernel weight and size.
It can evaluate about 300 kernels in 3 minutes. Testing in 1992 will
include: 1) calibration of all units, 2) adjustment to temperature
variations, and 3) instrument definition of hard. FGIS hopes to have
implemented this new technology by 1994, but 1995 is more likely.
Soft Wheat Quality Issues
D. Van Sandford presented and led the discussion of quality
recommendations made by Mennel Milling Co. sent to wheat suppliers. The
Eastern Soft Wheat Quality Council is not yet operating to allow easy
communications with breeders and millers to discuss what is wanted in
quality. Fusarium head blight, septorias, and bacteria leaf blight were
serious problems in 1991. Test weights were low and very severe dockage was
applied to lower test weight wheats.
D. Sammons reviewed the test weight issue for soft wheat which began
with the NWIC in 1987. NWIC sent resolutions and letters of support
encouraging further research on this issue in 1988, 1989, and 1990. The
domestic issue of test weight is not dead among the producers since
discounts for lower test weight wheat are large and are seen as unfair.
R. Allan explained the western soft wheat concerns about removing test
weight as a evaluative tool or lowering its level because of the potential
effect on the export market. Whatever is suggested to replace it must be
well accepted. Test weight has been shown to have high heritability.
Semidwarf wheat had lower test weight but this has been overcome with
selection. Discussion followed as to whether more stringent selection would
help overcome the problem in the East.
R. Stuckey indicated that there was little support for lowering the
test weight standards from a NAWG perspective. The eastern states have
restless growers and need progress on the marketing issues. Discussion
followed with eastern wheat breeders indicating that heritabilities of test
weight appeared much lower in their conditions. C. Murphy indicated the need
in the east for better communication among breeders, millers and bakers
since they are consumers of the wheat. A firm commitment to quality is
important on the part of the breeders which would be aided by a Soft Wheat
Quality Council. W. Martinez indicated that there is good agreement of low
test weight with increasing physical defects. Test weight is also useful
information in the export trade because it gives packing density. Problems
result with test weight when it is used as an indicator of milling yield.
Genotype X environment interaction also has a major effect of test weight.
Sammonds summarized the discussion as follows:
1) Breeders do consider quality in their new varieties,
2) Test weight is not a consistantly reliable measure of flour yield
or quality, especially in sound wheat
3) Soft Wheat Quality Council is important to establish needed links
among interested parties and provide a forum for discussion.
Definition of Wheat Quality
R. Bruns (NWIC representative on the Grain Quality Workshop) has been
involved in working on the definition of quality. He presented a schematic
of grain quality, dividing it into Physical and Compositional Quality.
These together form the grain quality performance. This schematic as
presented was discussed as a possible visual for use at meetings and to
orient everyone to similar thought process when quality is mentioned.
-------------------------
January 2, 1992
Dr. R. D. Plowman, Administrator
USDA-ARS
Room 302A Administration Building
Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Dear Dr. Plowman:
The National Wheat Improvement Committee wishes to express our appreciation
and thanks to Dr. Charles Murphy, National Program Staff for Cereal Crops,
for developing and executing the highly informative ARS Grain Crop
Production and Quality Review, held in May, 1991 in St. Louis, MO. This
review allowed invited specialists from both the public and the industry to
have an overall, integrated picture of small grains research in the United
States as conducted by the Agricultural Research Service. Areas of research
which may need more emphasis in the future were suggested and, although
funds are limited, the overall research effort is impressive. The
willingness of Dr. Murphy to initiate and conduct this review is greatly
appreciated especially considering the large amount of work it required.
Dr. Murphy's input at the National Wheat Improvement Committee meetings is
quite valuable and his attendance is of considerable importance to the
success of the meetings. Dr. Wilda Martinez (National Program Staff,
Quality) contributes greatly to the discussions on wheat quality aspects and
to issues regarding wheat classification with the Federal Grain Inspection
Service. Clearer national perspectives are obtained on many issues when
National Program Staff personnel are present and the committee would like to
acknowledge their contributions.
Sincerely, signed: I. Edwards, Chairman, NWIC
cc: E. B. Knipling
RESOLUTIONS
RESOLUTION ADOPTED AT THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE MEETING,
RENO, NEVADA, NOVEMBER, 22-23, 1991
SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF HOSTS
WHEREAS, the Circus Circus Hotel served as an excellent host of the 1991
National Wheat Improvement Committee and the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee,
and;
WHEREAS, the hosts have expended time and effort to insure that the meetings
were successful,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the members of the NWIC sincerely thank Dr.
C. Qualset and the Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University
ofCalifornia, and management and staff of the Circus Circus Hotel, Reno,
Nevada.
RESOLUTION ADOPTED AT THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE MEETING,
RENO, NEVADA, NOVEMBER 22-23, 1991
SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF DR. IAN EDWARDS' CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE, 1985-1991
WHEREAS, Dr. I. Edwards has given 7 years of dedicated service to the wheat
research community through his position as Chairman of the National Wheat
Improvement Committee, and;
WHEREAS, during this period many significant changes and activities have
occurred which have required the Chairman's efforts in political and
research areas beyond normal duty, and;
WHEREAS, his leadership and vision have made significant contributions to
the effectiveness and future directions of the NWIC's activities;
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the NWIC express their collective
appreciation to Dr. Ian Edwards for his distinguished service.
-------------------------
MEMBERS OF NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
January 1992
Dr. R.G. Sears, Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
Kansas State Unversity
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-7245
Dr. R.H. Busch, Secretary
USDA-ARS
411 Borlaug Hall
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, MN 55108
(612) 625-1975
FAX: (612) 625-1268
EASTERN WHEAT REGION
Dr. D.J. Sammons, Chair
Department of Agronomy
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
(301) 454-3715
FAX: (301) 454-5680
Dr. H.E.Bockelman, Secretary
Univ. of Idaho Res. & Ext. Ctr.
P.O. Box AA
Aberdeen, ID 83210
(208) 397-4162
FAX: (208) 397-4162
Dr. D. VanSanford
Dept. of Agronomy
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506
(606) 257-5811
FAX: (606) 258-5842
Dr. R. Bacon
115 Plant Science
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, AR 72701
(501) 575-5725
FAX: (501) 575-7465
NATIONAL ASSOC. OF WHEAT GROWERS
Dr. Richard Stuckey
Director, NAWG Foundation
415 Second St. NE Suite 300
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 547-7800
FAX: (202) 546-2638
GREAT PLAINS SPRING WHEAT REGION
Dr. Glen Statler, Chair
Dept. of Plant Pathology
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7058
FAX: (701) 237-7851
Dr. Leonard Joppa, Secretary
USDA-ARS-NPA
Northern Crop Science Lab
1307 N 18th St
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 239-1339
FAX:
Dr. Gary Hareland
USDA-ARS-NPA
Northern Crop Science Lab
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7728
Dr. R. Frohberg
Dept. of Crop and Weed Science
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7971
FAX:
GREAT PLAINS WINTER WHEAT REGION
Dr. W.D. Worrall, Chair
P.O. Box 1658
Vernon, TX 76384
(817) 552-9941
FAX: (817) 553-4657
Dr. C.J. Peterson, Secretary
USDA-ARS
Dept. of Agronomy
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583
(402) 472-5191
FAX: (402) 437-5254
Dr. R. Bruns
Agripro Bioscience, Inc.
806 N. Second St., P.O. Box 30
Berthaud, CO 80513
(303) 532-3721
FAX: (303) 532-2035
Dr. T.S. Cox
USDA-ARS
Throckmorton Hall, Rm. 421
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-5692
FAX:
WESTERN WHEAT REGION
Dr. R.S. Zemetra, Chair
Dept. of Plant, Soil & Ent. Sci.
University of Idaho
Moscow, ID 83843
(208) 885-7810
FAX: (208) 885-7760
Dr. R.F. Line, Secretary
USDA-ARS
361 Johnson Hall
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3755
FAX: (509) 335-7674
Dr. C.O. Qualset
Dept. of Agronomy & Range Science
University of California - Davis
Davis, CA 95616
(916) 752-3265
FAX:
Dr. R.E. Allan
USDA-ARS
Johnson Hall
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3632
FAX: (509) 335-8674
The National Wheat Improvement Committee requests that wheat workers use the
following guidelines when distributing seed:
WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
"This seed is being distributed in accordance with the 'Wheat Workers
Code of Ethics for Distribution of Germplasm' developed by the National
Wheat Improvement Committee 10/27/76. Acceptance of this seed
constitutes Agreement."
1. The originating breeder, station or company has certain rights to
the unreleased material. These rights are not waived with the distribution
of seeds or plant materials but remain with the originator for disposal at
his initiative.
2. The recipient of unreleased seeds or plant material shall make no
secondary distributions of the germplasm without the permission of the
owner/breeder.
3. The owner/breeder in distributing unreleased seeds or other
propagating material, grants permission for use (1) in tests under the
recipient's control, (2) as a parent for making crosses from which
selections will be made, and (3) for induction of mutations. All other
uses, such as testing in regional nurseries, increase and release as a
cultivar, selection from the stock, use as parents in commercial F1 hybrids
or synthetic or multiline cultivars, require the written approval of the
owner/breeder.
4. Plant materials of this nature entered in crop cultivar trials
shall not be used for seed increase. Reasonable precautions to insure
retention or recovery of plant materials at harvest shall be taken.
5. The distributor of wheat germplasm stocks may impose additional
restrictions on use or may waiver any of the above.
-------------------------
MINUTES
Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
Thursday, Nov. 21, 1991 - Reno, NV
Committee members in attendance were J. P. Gustafson (Chair), T. S.
Cox, (Vice-chair), J. G. Waines, R. Bruns (proxy for J. S. Quick), B.
Skovmand, O. Anderson, R. Line, K. Briggs, R. Busch, D. McVey, I. B.
Edwards, C. F. Murphy (ex-officio), and H. Bockelman (ex-officio).
Minutes of the 1990 meeting, as published in the Annual Wheat
Newsletter, were approved by voice vote.
Dr. Gustafson noted that the by-laws permit 16 committee members,
whereas there are now only 12. He agreed to solicit nominations for new
members on which the committee can vote later.
Dr. Gustafson distributed 1992 USDA guidelines for plant exploration
proposals and encouraged participation in the program.
A discussion of the "core collection" concept as it might apply to
wheat brought out the following points. There would be two possible types
of cores. The first, a simple, geographically representative sample to be
sent to wheat workers making nonspecific requests or for "prescreening,"
could be identified relatively simply. However, theory notwithstanding, it
was considered doubtful that any core could adequately capture a significant
amount of the variability in the wheat collection. The second type of core,
one enriched for genes affecting target traits, was considered infeasible.
Dr. Steve Harrison presented a proposal to screen for the bacterial
streak disease, for endorsement by the CAC before submitting it to USDA.
This disease, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv translucens, causes
serious yield losses, especially in the Deep South of the U.S. The
experiences of several committee members confirmed that the disease is
becoming more common. Although no vote was taken, committee members urged
Dr. Harrison to submit the proposal for funding from Dr. Henry Shands'
program.
Dr. Waines described an emergency in southeast Turkey, where several
wild wheat species are widely threatened by a huge irrigation project. He
proposed collecting in the area soon. Dr. Waines was appointed to chair a
subcommittee that will write up a proposal to USDA for funding such a trip.
A copy will be sent to Plant Genetic Resources of Canada.
In response to a request from Dr. Rosalind Morris for funding to
regenerate substitution, monosomic, and other genetic stocks for deposition
in the collection, Dr. Gustafson was approved to transfer $4,000 of the
genetic stocks funds to Lincoln. Dr. Gustafson announced that Dr. E. R.
Sears' stocks are still being maintained and distributed, but no other work
is being done on his collection. The stocks were well-catalogued by Dr.
Sears on cards, and it is hoped to computerize that file.
Dr. Jim Peterson noted that CIMMYT is organizing a nursery to replace
partially the now-defunct International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery,
once run by the USDA. There are questions about how seed can be widely
distributed by CIMMYT from either Turkey or Mexico, because of quarantine
regulations. It was generally agreed that CIMMYT is going beyond the call
of duty in taking over this nursery.
Dr. Briggs summarized current wheat germplasm activities in Canada.
Since, of the small grains, Plant Genetic Resources of Canada has primary
responsibility for barley and oats, they intend to maintain only a limited
number of wheat accessions: registered Canadian cultivars, failed but
"good" entries in national trials, related species, amphiploids and evolved
relatives, single-gene resistance stocks, standard differentials, lines with
unique traits, and items collected by Canadian expeditions. Aneuploids and
other genetic stocks will have lower priority. Material not kept will be
offered to the USDA collection.
Dr. Skovmand described a new CIMMYT germplasm database that has
connections to its breeding database but is independent and more suited to
germplasm management. It handles field books, cluster analyses, "Mendelian
contributions," coefficients of parentage, and abbreviations, but no other
statistical analyses. The abbreviation list is described in CIMMYT Wheat
Special Report No. 4.
Dr. Anderson described the new wheat database that is part of the USDA
Plant Genome project; wheat is one of four species serving as models for an
eventual "superbase" at the National Agricultural Library. It will contain
genetic mapping data and information on genetic stocks (wheat and probes).
The system is accessible by phone or INTERNET by any system with X-terminal
capacity. However, only the leaders for wheat's seven homoeologous groups
(as designated by ITME) will be authorized to modify data. The database is
on a SUN computer at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab but eventually will be moved
to the Western Regional Research Center at Albany, CA.
Dr. Anderson agreed to provide funds from the wheat genome database
project to assist in computerization of Dr. Gibler's card index of 21,000
wheat pedigrees, with CIMMYT cooperation.
Dr. Skovmand noted that quarantine regulations for bringing seed from
Mexico to the U.S. have not changed. Dr. Briggs announced new regulations
for sending seed into Canada that will facilitate germplasm exchange [see
regulations printed in this volume].
Dr. Mark Bohning of the USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network
attended the meeting and told the committee that GRIN has a new, much larger
and faster computer. GRIN is now on INTERNET and CGNET. They also are now
sending out more information on diskettes rather than hard copy. Seven
hundred logon ID's have been issued, and use has increased. Possibilities
for connections between GRIN and the Plant Genome database were discussed.
There was a discussion of comments made concerning GRIN at the "ARS
Grain Crop Production and Quality Review" in May, 1991. There was agreement
within the CAC on several points:
- "Success" of a system such as GRIN need not be measured by
frequency of logons.
- Because breeders, etc., do log on infrequently, GRIN must be more
user-friendly than most programs.
- A GRIN user group would be helpful.
- Wheat quality data loaded into GRIN should be limited to (1)
description of HMW glutenin subunits, (2) grain color, (3)
presence and description of alien chromatin known to be present
in a line, (4) hardness, and (5) protein level. Items (4) and
(5) should be entered as "High", "Medium", or "Low" only, with
proper consideration given to environmental influences.
Dr. Gustafson informed the committee of the increased charges now
attached to issuance of phytosanitary certificates. There was a discussion
of the potential impact on germplasm exchange.
The meeting was adjourned at 11:00 p.m.
-------------------------
National Association of Wheat Growers Foundation
Summary Programs, January, 1992
Jennifer L. Moog
A. NEW PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
1. WHEAT UTILIZATION COMMITTEE. The Wheat Utilization Committee is
comprised of fifteen state wheat commissions. Their purpose is to develop
and support national research projects in order to increase the utilization
of wheat in both food and industrial areas. The first organizational
meeting was held in July, 1991. Currently, the committee funds two research
proposals entitled "Small Wheat Starch Granules for Tableting and Cosmetics"
and "Biodegradable Packaging from Starch to Enable Naval Compliance with the
Marpol Treaty."
2. FARMER-TO-FARMER. The NAWG Foundation(NAWGF) and Winrock
International have been selected by the Agency for International Development
to administer the Farmer-to-Farmer(FTF) program, a program designed to
provide technical assistance overseas to middle income countries, emerging
democracies, and developing countries.
In response to U.S. Congressional legislation, the goal of the proposed FTF
program is to increase productivity, income, and the well-being of male and
female farmers in countries where there is a potential for substantial
increases in food production, processing, and marketing and where there is
opportunity for stimulating private enterprise and/or enhancing the
democratic process. The stated goal will be accomplished through the
transfer of technology, knowledge, skills, and information to groups of
beneficiary farmers by volunteer U.S. farmers, extensionists,
agriculturalists, university staff, agribusiness and private-sector
specialists, and nonprofit organizations's staffs. Technical expertise will
be provided in five broad areas of agriculture -- environment, forestry,
crop production, animal agriculture and agribusiness.
Winrock International with the NAWGF as a subgrantee has been granted 1.3
million for a three year period. Together NAWGF and Winrock will establish
and maintain an extensive network of U.S. Volunteers who will travel to the
established beneficiary farmer networks in Eastern Europe, Mexico/Central
America, and Southern Africa.
3. FARM SAFETY PROGRAM. The Farm Safety program has become a reality
for The NAWG Foundation. The Foundation was delighted with the positive
response through program and financial support from Dow Elanco, Deere and
Company and Case International. In early December the Foundation sponsored
a pilot day camp conducted in Fort Collins Colorado. One-hundred-sixty kids
participated in the camp which was deemed a huge success by all those who
attended. Based on the positive results, the Foundation will encourage
other states to conduct similar
programs. The Farm Safety Committee has agreed to feature safety in the
program at each convention. At the summer leadership conference, a
children's session was conducted by C.W. Lawrence from "4 Just Kids". Mr.
Lawrence also spoke on the importance of safety at a general session. A
video library is available to all states at the NAWG office in D.C.
4. 1991 SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT QUALITY: ISSUES FOR PRODUCERS,
MERCHANTS, AND MILLERS. At the request of wheat growers from state
associations in the soft red winter wheat production areas, the NAWG
Foundation contacted various agencies of USDA to request their assistance in
meeting with wheat producers at the summer leadership conference in July,
1991. With the assistance of USDA agencies, ARS, ES, FGIS, ERS, ASCS, the
Wheat Industry Resource Committee, the Southern Extension and Southern Grain
Marketing Committees, Virginia Tech, University of Missouri, Farm Foundation
and many private and public individuals, 257 samples from 14 states and 52
market samples from 10 commercial mills were analyzed. All samples were
analyzed for test weight, total digestible nutrients, damage and scab
content, vomitoxin content, and alpha amylase content. Flour yield and
composition and flour performance were also determined. The results of this
study were presented in a national video satellite teleconference Sept. 4
from Virginia Tech. A video tape and printed copies of the teleconference
as well as a shortened highlight video have been produced and are available.
5. RESEARCH PROJECT FUNDED AND SOURCE OF FUNDING
a. Wheat Marketing Logistics Program; $29,000. Burlington Northern Railroad
Foundation, Red River Valley and Western Railroad, Montana Wheat and Barley
Committee.
b. Small Wheat Starch Granules as Fat Mimics; $22,800. Nebraska Wheat Board.
c. Small Wheat Starch Granules for Tableting and Cosmetics; $16,000. Wheat
Utilization Committee.
d. Biodegradable Packaging from Starch to Enable Naval Compliance with the
MARPOL Treaty; $5,000. Wheat Utilization Committee.
e. Utilization of Polyvinyl Alcohol in Wheat Starch-Based Foam Insulation;
$15,000. Wheat Utilization Committee and Agricultural Utilization Research
Institute.
f. International Triticeae Mapping Initiative Project; $2,500. Kansas Wheat
Commission.
B. CURRENT AND ON-GOING PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
1. WHEAT MARKETING LOGISTICS PROGRAM. The Foundation has embarked on a
U.S. Wheat Industry Logistics project provided through grants from
Burlington Northern Foundation, Red River Valley and Western Railroad, and
Montana Wheat and Barley Committee. The Upper Great Plains Transportation
Institute at North Dakota State University is nearing completion of research
papers in four specific areas: a) historical elements of wheat industry
logistics, b) description of today's wheat industry logistics system, c)
pricing transportation services, and d) wheat transportation and
merchandising relationships. The Wheat Industry Resource Committee will
develop educational materials from the research and prepare the information
for dissemination. Completion of this project is anticipated by late 1992
or early 1993.
2. MARKETING ALTERNATIVES WORKSHOP. These workshops, now in their
third year, are co-sponsored by the Foundation and the Chicago Board of
Trade. The workshops are intended to increase grower awareness on marketing
alternatives, the benefits and risk of futures and options trading, and
methods to provide income protection. The workshop is available to any
interested state associations or commissions and requires a 40 person
minimum attendance. To date, workshops have been conducted in Oregon,
Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and Colorado.
3. CONSERVATION RECOGNITION PROGRAM. The conservation recognition
program, intended to promote greater awareness and more prolific use of
conservation practices in farming will be sponsored for a third year by The
NAWG Foundation and ICI Americas. The program format will remain the same.
Four wheat producers are selected from four regions which are comprised of
all NAWG member states. The selected growers travel within their regions to
gain and share information on conservation practices and communicate this
knowledge to other growers. Growers will also inform the nonagricultural
community of continuing efforts by farmers to preserve soil and water
resources. The winners also receive a free trip to the NAWG annual
convention where they participate in the Conservation workshop. Candidates
for this program are nominated by the states. The states are responsible
for helping the candidate submit an application with references.
Applications are available at the NAWG Foundation.
4. YOUNG LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT AWARDS PROGRAM. For the seventh year,
the NAWG Foundation and Monsanto Agricultural Company are sponsoring a
nationwide program which provides farmers under the age of 35 an opportunity
to attend the NAWG Annual Convention or Summer Leadership conference. This
year the competition for awards has increased as the number of awards have
been reduced from 60 to 40. Accordingly, the grant awarded has increased
from $500 to $750. The program is designed to establish young leaders
within the organization and in the wheat communities of America. In the
past years, the participants have proven the merit of the program, as many
have become involved in their state and national associations.
5. WHEAT YIELD CHALLENGE EVALUATION. In conjunction with "The Wheat
Grower" and "Farm Journal," and with the support of Ciba-Geigy, the
Foundation judged the national yield contest to select winners in each of 5
irrigated and 5 non-irrigated wheat classes. The program is designed to add
competition to the task of introducing wheat farmers to the latest and most
effective methods to produce high quality, economic wheat yields. By
experimenting with a small portion of their acreage, growers may discover
production practices that increase wheat profitability for their remaining
acreage, while improving good economic production in the U.S. Contest
results were announced and national winners will participate at the 1992
Annual Convention in Reno, Nevada. The Yield Challenge Contest will be
conducted a third year with slightly modified rules.
6. LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. State associations seeking
concentrated leadership training in specific areas can request the
Leadership Development Program, a half-day to two-day workshop sponsored by
the Rhone-Poulenc Agricultural Company. State associations can choose from
19 different topics related to leadership, allowing trainers to focus on
areas most beneficial to each state. Training can center on building more
effective committees, exercising parliamentary procedure, employing
different techniques of leadership, using successful communications and
media relations, motivating membership involvement, or lobbying and
understanding Congress among others. Programs were conducted this year in
Washington and Idaho and are scheduled for Colorado and Wyoming for next
year.
7. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PROGRAM. The Sustainable Agriculture
program sponsored by ICI Americas Inc. is designed to provide a leadership
and educational role in understanding sustainable agriculture. The six
commodity programs (corn, cotton, rice, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat) and
the National Association of Conservation Districts are cooperating in the
project. Demonstration plots with varying levels of inputs were established
the last two years at Agricenter International in Memphis, Tennessee. Test
plots are available for tours throughout the summer and were part of a media
day held on July 26, 1991, at the Center. A favorable review of the project
has led to plans for continuation of a third year with an emphasis on
another symposium and a showcase of demonstration plots July 20-22, 1992.
8. EXCELLENCE IN EXTENSION. The Foundation, in cooperation with the
Wheat Industry Resource Committee, has established a national "Excellence in
Extension" awards program to recognize Cooperative Extension System workers
at the county, multi-county and state levels for their work to improve the
U.S. wheat industry. Recipients of the award receive $250 to support their
wheat-related programs for the benefit of U.S. wheat producers, as well as a
plaque in recognition of their contributions. This program is currently in
its third year.
9. DEVELOPING OPPORTUNITIES FOR U.S. AGRICULTURE. The Developing
World: Opportunities for U.S. Agriculture is a three year development
education program funded, in part, by the State Department's Agency for
International Development. The objective of the program is to increase the
public's awareness of the potential growth demand for U.S. exports in Less
Developed Countries (LDCs). The program trains 68 wheat growers to become
spokespersons on issues of aid, trade, and development with LDCs.
Spokespersons participate in initial issue and media skills training in
Washington, D.C. During the second year, spokespersons are exposed to U.S.
development assistance strategies while at Winrock International Institute
for Agricultural Development. Spokespersons are then eligible for
specialized individual learning experiences and for participation on a
smaller international development and trade team, which will make
presentations to national and international audiences. Throughout
participation in this program, all spokespersons communicate the goals of
the program and related issues to audiences on local and state levels.
Representatives from other commodity groups and national Extensions agents'
associations are invited to attend training sessions and are encouraged to
implement similar training programs for their membership.
10. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AWARENESS PROGRAM. Funded by Monsanto
Agricultural Company, this project is designed to help the U.S. wheat
industry take a positive approach to environmental issues. The project has
15 participants from member states. The participants are now providing
leadership within their state associations related to environmental issues,
including soil conservation, pesticide residues and wetlands preservation.
Many have had a number of speaking engagements before state association
conventions, other farm groups, as well as community organizations, and are
actively monitoring state environmental legislation and regulation. By
recruiting spokespersons from around the country to educate farmers and the
public about conservation practices and chemical use, the project will serve
to improve awareness of environmental concern.
11. WHEAT TECHNOLOGY. The newsletter features the latest
breakthroughs in wheat research, production and marketing technology. It
provides in depth coverage of issues affecting all aspects of the industry;
informative production practices, meetings, new publications and products.
Four regional editors bring news from the various wheat producing regions in
every issue; NAWG Foundation Development Committee members contribute a
feature article to each publication; and, a recent feature, the wheat
quality labs are reporting their current work, projects, problems, and
future goals and direction. Wheat Technology will continue to feature the
unique agencies, companies, and persons influencing the wheat industry and
helping to secure its successful future. We encourage articles from
representatives of the U.S. wheat industry.
-------------------------
ITMI Management Office, Genetic Resources Conservation Program, University
of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
The International Triticeae Mapping Initiative
The International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) concept was
developed in 1988 by Jan Dvorak and Cal Qualset (University of California,
Davis), Gary Hart (Texas A&M University) and Bikram Gill (Kansas State
University). They saw a need to coordinate and strengthen international
scientific efforts on genome mapping of wheat and related species. The
primary purpose of ITMI is to facilitate strong international collaboration
among investigators by division of labor among the participants, reducing
repetition of work, and thus maximizing the rate of progress in RFLP mapping
of the various Triticeae genomes. The aims of ITMI were clarified by a small
group at a workshop in Davis in June, 1989:
1) To develop linkage and metaphase chromosome maps utilizing RFLP markers
of the chromosomes of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) and common wheat (T.
aestivum).
2) To develop a comparative map of barley (Hordeum vulgare) utilizing RFLP
markers.
3) To develop a comparative map of rye (Secale cereale) utilizing RFLP
markers.
4) To develop comparative maps of representative diploid species of the
genera in the Triticeae.
5) To construct comparative linkage maps of the diploid ancestors of the
wheat A, B, and D genomes.
6) To determine linkage between RFLP markers and genes controlling specific
agronomically important traits.
Scientists who took on the responsibility for coordination of a
particular chromosome group in wheat, or for the map of another related
species, or for other particular functions (such as database development),
are called ITMI Coordinators. This responsibility implies the coordination
of linkage and physical map development for the assigned chromosomes or
genome. Presently, the ITMI Coordinators comprise Olin Anderson (USDA/ARS,
Albany, California) - database development; Rudi Appels (CSIRO, Canberra) -
Group 1; Jan Dvorak - Group 4; Michael Gale (Cambridge Laboratory, Norwich,
England) - Group 7; Bikram Gill - Group 5; Perry Gustafson (USDA/ARS,
University of Missouri) - R genome; Gary Hart - Group 6; David Hoisington
(CIMMYT, Mexico) - Group 3 (joint); Rafiqul Islam, Peter Langridge and Ken
Shepherd (University of Adelaide) - Group 1 (joint); Peter Sharp (University
of Sydney) - Group 2; and Mark Sorrells and Steven Tanksley (Cornell
University) - Group 3 (joint). ITMI is coordinated at the University of
California, Davis, by Calvin Qualset.
ITMI Investigators are scientists not necessarily involved in mapping,
but are active in cereal genetics, wish to be associated with ITMI, and can
contribute stocks and probes to the mapping effort or utilize mapped probes
for application to wheat improvement. ITMI Affiliate Members are
organizations not necessarily actively developing maps but who will utilize
or benefit from the results of genome mapping. At present these
organizations financially supporting ITMI are Sogetal, Inc. (Hayward, CA),
CIMMYT and ICRISAT. Also, INTA of Argentina have sent a visiting scientist
to work in Jan Dvorak's lab to contribute to the objectives of ITMI. ITMI
Coordinators, Investigators, and Affiliate Member representatives, and
others interested in mapping meet each year at a Public Workshop. This helps
to ensure close ties between researchers and the cereal industry, and
assures that genome mapping results are readily available to public or
private organizations.
The first ITMI Public Workshop, was held in Sacramento, California in
1990, the second in Manhattan, Kansas in 1991, and the third is planned to
be hosted by CIMMYT, Mexico in September 1992. The workshop proceedings are
published. Rapid progress in being made, with some maps presented at the
meetings doubling in the number of mapped probes between 1990 and 1991.
ITMI emphasizes the free exchange of information, materials, probes,
and genetic stocks. As mapping progress advances, masses of data accumulate.
As a result, the communication role of ITMI has become increasingly
important in facilitating information flow. The USDA Plant Genome Research
Program recognizes the importance of computer database development in making
the results of mapping efforts available to all researchers. Olin Anderson
is leading work on the wheat database project, in collaboration with
programmers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and staff of the National
Agricultural Library. A wheat database group meeting was held just before
the ITMI Public Workshop in September 1991 in Manhattan, Kansas. A prototype
database with a user-friendly graphic interface was shown by John McCarthy
of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Researchers were able to discuss their
needs and expectations of the database. The ITMI Management Office also
functions as an information resource, and is developing, with financial
support from Olin Anderson's program, an ITMI newsletter.
Further information about ITMI may be obtained from the ITMI Management
Office, Genetic Resources Conservation Program, University of California,
Davis, CA 95616 USA, phone (916) 757-8920, fax (916) 757-8755.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES, INC.
Koy E. Miskin*, Gregory J. Holland*, Curtis L. Beazer -- Brookston, IN;
317/563-3111
J. Barton Fogleman*, C. Keith Taylor -- Jonesboro, AR; 501/935-3941
Rob Bruns*, John Moffatt*, Joe Smith*, Jim Reeder* -- Berthoud, CO;
303/532-3721
Northern Soft Red Winter Wheat. This 1991 crop season for soft red
winter wheat was a very severe year. The very wet conditions during heading
and flowering caused extremely severe levels of head scab and the Septorias.
This was coupled with a very hot, dry grain filling period and resulting in
lower yields with very low test weights. Many commercial fields had test
weights in the low 50's and upper 40's.
We conducted a study comparing yields of SRW wheat lines when planted
by weight and adjusted to account for differences in TKW. Eight lines were
used with TKW's ranging from 26 to 42. When seeded by weight each packet of
each line contained 59 grams of seed. This is equal to 30K/square foot
(323K/square meter) if the average TKW is equal to 35. Thus, low TKW lines
will have more K/square foot and high TKW lines will have fewer K/square
foot than desired when planted by weight. When seeded by TKW the correct
numbers of kernels were planted so that all lines were planted at
323K/square meter. Three reps were planted at three locations. Regardless
of which method of determining seeding rate was used the relative ranking of
the varieties was exactly the same. Perhaps it is not necessary to go to
all the labor expense of counting TKW's to determine relative yield.
Table 1. 1991 Packeting Study; Packet by Weight vs. packet by TKW
Three loc.
Var. Grams/Packet Yield (bu/a)
Variety TKW by Wght by TKW % Diff by Wght by TKW
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
89M-447 42 59 71 120 53.5 51.0
88M-3143 26 59 44 75 52.7 50.7
89I-4581 31 59 52 88 48.0 49.9
88M*2451 42 59 71 120 46.6 47.9
89M-4194 31 59 52 88 45.0 45.3
E86*302-7 30 59 51 86 44.4 43.7
E86*302-12 36 59 61 103 41.4 40.6
89M*4307 26 59 44 75 39.0 35.9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
MEANS 46.3 45.6
AgriPro Sawyer (formerly ABI 85-81) was released in 1991 and certified
seed will be available for the 1992-93 season. AgriPro Sawyer is a soft
red winter wheat bred and developed by AgriPro Biosciences Inc. It
originated from the cross Timwin/Monon//Fredrick/Oasis. AgriPro Sawyer is
adapted to the area from eastern Kansas to the east coast and from North
Carolina back to Arkansas and to Wisconsin. AgriPro Sawyer is high
yielding, strong strawed, early maturing and very broadly adapted to the
SRWW region. AgriPro Sawyer provided excellent protection against wheat
spindle streak virus and stem rust; very good protection against powdery
mildew, Septoria nodorum, Rhizoctonia and soilborne mosaic virus. Good
protection is provided against barley yellow dwarf virus, wheat streak
virus, Septoria tritici and leaf rust. AgriPro Sawyer has no known genes
for Hessian fly resistance. Milling quality is very good and baking quality
is rated good. Juvenile growth habit is semi-erect. Coleoptiles are red.
Plant color at boot stage is green with a twisted recurved flag leaf. Head
shape is tapering to strap, mid-dense, and awnletted. Auricles are purple
and pubescence is present. Glumes are midlong and midwide with square to
oblique shoulders and obtuse beaks. Seed is red, ovate in shape with
rounded cheeks. Seed crease width is narrow and depth is shallow. Brush is
large, non-collared and medium long. The germ is medium sized. AgriPro
Biosciences Inc. maintains seed stock and certified classes of foundation,
registered and certified. Application for Plant Variety Protection has been
made and AgriPro Sawyer may only be sold as a class of certified seed.
Dr. Gregory J. Holland has joined AgriPro Biosciences Inc. as the soft
wheat breeder. Dr. Holland comes to us from the University of Minnesota
where his research involved evaluation of a maize recurrent selection
program, the evaluation of maize tissue culture regenerants and the
utilization of RFLP's to investigate DNA methylation patterns in maize. He
is also well trained in genetics, pathology, statistics and quantitative
genetics. We are especially pleased with Dr. Holland's training and hybrid
experience and look forward to the contributions he will make in our
company.
Southern Soft Winter Wheat. Plague and pestilence due to excessive
rainfall devastated the region. Soil viruses, a freak Easter snowstorm and
freeze, a myriad of foliar and head diseases, head scab due to heavy rains
(four or more inches per week during heading and anthesis), army worms, low
wheat prices and heavy discounts (some TW's <40 lb./bu) combined to produce
the worst wheat year we've ever seen. On the bright side, selection
pressures were superb.
AgriPro Mallard (formerly ABI 86-5941) will be available as certified
seed for the 1992-93 season. Mallard is a soft red winter wheat bred and
developed by AgriPro Biosciences Inc. It is high yielding, has medium
maturity and has short, very strong straw. Mallard provides excellent
protection against stem rust and good protection against leaf rust, scab,
Septoria nodorum and wheat spindle streak virus. It also gives good
protection to soilborne mosaic virus, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici and
barley yellow dwarf virus. It has the H6 gene for Hessian fly which gives
protection against biotypes A, B, E, H, I, J and M. Mallard offers little
protection against Rhizoctonia. The milling quality is excellent and baking
quality is very good based on several years of testing. Mallard is best
adapted to the mid south soft wheat region of the United States.
Charles Keith Taylor, assistant wheat breeder, is a welcome addition to
our southern breeding team. Keith (MS'88) has experience in rice breeding,
large farm operations and is a past assistant county supervisor for the
FmHA.
The wet season provided opportunity to get soil virus notes at
Jonesboro, AR, Sikeston, MO and Rutherford, TN. Our speculation is that
Sikeston is primarily SBMV and Rutherford is primarily WSSMV but this was
not assayed. A few trials at Cleveland, MS were heavily infected with downy
mildew. Data are reported below with all ratings on a 1-9 scale (1 =
disease free; 9 = total devastation).
Table 2. 1990-91 Trial Data
SBMV? BOTH? WSSMV? DOWNY MILDEW
Cultivar MO AR TN MS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABI 87-6646 4.5 3 5.5 1.0
AgriPro Cherokee 2.5 3 3.0 7.0
AgriPro Hunter 4.5 6 5.5 2.5
AgriPro Magnum 5.0 5 6.0 4.5
AgriPro Mallard 5.5 4 7.0 7.0
AgriPro Savannah 5.5 4 5.5 2.0
AgriPro Sawyer 4.5 6 6.0 5.5
AgriPro Traveler 3.5 8 7.5 4.5
AgriPro Twain 3.0 3 2.5 4.0
Bayles 5.5 7 7.0 2.5
FFR 525W 4.5 4 6.5 4.0
Florida 302 4.0 6 7.0 3.5
Georgia 100 3.5 2 4.0 2.5
Keiser 3.5 3 2.5 2.5
Madison 2.5 3 2.0 3.0
NK/Coker 9024 5.0 4 2.0 7.0
NK/Coker 9227 4.0 7 6.5 1.0
NK/Coker 9803 5.5 7 4.5 4.5
NK/Coker 9835 5.0 4 4.5 5.0
NK/Coker 9877 2.0 2 3.0 4.0
Pioneer 2548 6.5 7 7.0 5.0
Pioneer 2555 2.5 3 2.0 6.0
Saluda 4.5 7 7.0 7.0
Terral 101 2.0 2 3.5 2.5
Verne 7.0 7 3.0 5.5
Wakefield 4.0 5 5.0 5.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hard Red Winter Wheat. Assistant Plant Breeder Scott Dorsch resigned
effective August 18, 1991. Scott moved on to a position with Anheuser Busch
Inc. working in their International Barley Division. We want to acknowledge
the tremendous contribution that Scott made to our program and wish him well
in his new endeavor.
The 1990/91 crop year provided relatively good yield information from
nine of twelve locations planted with trial means ranging from 38.9 bu/a at
Nardin, OK to 111.0 bu/a at Berthoud, CO. We experienced significant levels
of leaf rust at every test site and heavy stem rust at our northern and
western sites. Two locations, Everest, KS and Geneva, NE, were lost to hail
damage. Cattle grazing preference for experimental materials over TAM 200
resulted in the loss of several experiments at Garden City, KS. Yield
performance under stress conditions at various stages of crop development in
conjunction with good notes for leaf rust, stem rust, tan spot, Septoria,
spindle streak mosaic virus and shattering helped to move the program
forward.
Two varieties, "Tomahawk" and "Longhorn", were released to our
associate system in 1991 and will be available to the farmer in the fall of
1992. Tomahawk is best described as an improved Victory with broad
adaptation for the southern Great Plains. Tomahawk was previously tested as
WI88-083. It has improved resistances to tan spot, glume blotch, powdery
mildew, and leaf rust over Victory with slightly heavier test weight
patterns.
Longhorn, formerly tested as WI88-024, is an awnless, tall semidwarf with
long coleoptile expression and good grazing characteristics. It is
susceptible to soilborne mosaic and spindle streak mosaic viruses and has
been targeted for the western region as a graze-out wheat. Longhorn also
has acceptable to good bread baking characteristics offering the option to
harvest for grain.
Hard Red Spring Wheat. The hard red spring wheat project personnel
consist of Joe A. Smith, Breeder; John Martin, Assistant Breeder; Barb Cook,
Technician; Linda Sizemore, Technician.
All of our testing sites in 1991 were located in the Red River Valley.
We experienced a very abnormal season for disease, insects and temperature
related problems. This was especially true for areas south of Grand Forks,
ND. Xanthomonas and Fusarium were the primary diseases. Other problems
included high early season temperatures, heat stress at grain filling,
greenbugs, Hessian fly and barley yellow dwarf virus. Trial results in
these areas were highly variable and varietal performance did not correlate
with our long term averages. Early varieties such as 2375 and Butte 86 had
the best performance. At our northern site in Stephen, MN, yields and
diseases more closely resembled past results. It was a very difficult
season for making progress in all stages of the breeding program.
We will be releasing a new hard red spring wheat cultivar in 1992 named
Krona. It was previously tested as N86-0542. Krona is a strong strawed
semidwarf with medium maturity. It has very good protection to leaf and
stem rust, tan spot and Septoria. Its protein levels are low, similar to
Wheaton. Krona will be recommended for the high production areas of the
spring wheat region.
Hybrid Wheat Development. The Hard Wheat Hybrid Development Project
includes Jim Reeder, Manager, and Steve Askelson - Assistant Plant Breeder.
Over 800 HRWW hybrids were made in 1991 at Berthoud, CO, Garden City,
KS and Dumas, TX. Chemical hybridizing agent technology was used to produce
these hybrids. The top 500+ that proved to be producible will be yield
tested in 1992 throughout the region. The yield advantages of previously
made hybrids were very encouraging. The yield stability of hybrids over
locations and over years continues to be high. It is also encouraging to
note that the increase in yield of our hybrids is increasing faster than
that of our varieties. During the 1992 season, out-location test hybrid
production will be done at either Dumas or Hereford, TX in anticipation of
full production as CHA's become registered.
Approximately 450 HRSW hybrids were made at Berthoud using CHA
technology. These will be tested for heterosis in the Red River Valley of
North Dakota and Minnesota. The heterosis observed in 1991 was very
encouraging. Approximately 100 of these hybrids will be retested in 1992.
The purification of inbreds is progressing so that pilot production can be
done as soon as a CHA is registered.
-------------------------
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, Fort Collins, Colorado
Sid Perry, Dave Johnston, Sally Clayshulte, Jill Handwerk and Dana
Shellberg
1990-91 Season. Above normal winter survival differential was obtained
in both Colorado and Nebraska nurseries. Heavy leaf rust infection occurred
late in Fort Collins. Our location in Western Missouri had extremely severe
glume blotch. The Texas panhandle provided a very good environment for
hybrid performance.
Production. CHA and CMS hybrids were produced in Colorado. CHA
hybrids were also produced in Argentina, including WxW, SxW, and SxS. The
effectiveness of hybrid production and consolidation of our production
efforts among our international programs may make Argentina in strategic
test hybrid production area for Cargill in the future.
Testing. We are testing large numbers of F1 and F2 hybrids. While the
F1 remains the premium product, some F2 combinations are giving surprising
results, with a corresponding "cheaper to produce" advantage. We will
continue evaluating this possibility. We are utilizing several public and
private programs to provide additional testing over more environments.
-------------------------
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, Tamworth, N.S.W., Australia
Richard Daniel, David Donaldson, Michael Materne, Michael Nowland,
Chris Tyson, Jane and Peter Wilson
Low Wheat Prices. The low wheat prices secured by growers for their
crop harvested November/December, 1990, and the depressed price expectation
at planting (April/July, 1991) forced growers to:
1) sow alternative crops
2) reduce wheat areas
3) reduce wheat crop inputs
This had the effect of severely reducing the quantity of hybrid seed
purchased by growers.
These events illustrate the impact of grain price on the profitability
of growing F1 hybrid wheat compared to growing varieties.
Planting Time. The major planting period for wheat in northwest N.S.W.
is between April and July but regardless of planting time, it is highly
desirable that the crops flower in early October. Earlier flowering greatly
increases the risk of frost damage to the peduncle and inflorescence and
later flowering increases the likelihood of yield loss due to high
temperatures and moisture stress during flowering and grain development.
Breeders manipulate the genes for vernalization and photoperiod response to
control the flowering time of their varieties. Inadequate moisture for
planting or prolonged periods of wet weather inhibiting planting generally
determine the actual planting time(s) each season. In some years, farmers
are unable to sow varieties of particular maturity groups as suitable
planting conditions do not occur at the optimum sowing time for those
varieties.
As a consequence, some of the more progressive growers retain up to
200% of their expected wheat varietal seed requirements in order to ensure
they have adequate seed of a suitable variety, or varieties, to plant when
conditions allow. This uncertainty of sowing time also has the effect, that
if growers consider growing F1 hybrid varieties, they only purchase seed
immediately prior to sowing, and hybrid in certain maturity groups may not
be sown at all in some years. This creates an inventory problem for hybrid
seed companies.
In order to alleviate this problem, we have attempted to develop
hybrids that include a wider range of maturity groups, and to better
manipulate the genes for vernalization response to produce hybrid with no
increased planting window.
Specific Incompatibility for Fertility Restoration. The expression
difficult to restore females has previously been used to describe
cytoplasmically sterile lines (timpoheevi cytoplasm) that are not as
effectively restored by particular restorer lines(s) as others. One very
high yielding A-line was poorly restored by what were considered to be good
restorer lines and was about to be discarded as being too difficult to
restore. However, other equally good restorer lines were inadvertently
found to adequately restore the line in question. Furthermore, crosses
between restorer lines (carrying timpoheevi cytoplasm) each having been
selected for their ability to restore one or more A-lines, produced F1
progeny that varied in fertility nearly sterile to completely fertile.
These evens serve to illustrate our poor understanding of fertility
restoration for the timpoheevi cytoplasm, and are being further
investigated.
-------------------------
CARGILL ARGENTINE - Hybrid Wheat Program
Nestor G. Machado - Pedro M. Paulucci - Hector J. Martinuzzi
General environmental conditions we had in our nurseries were fairly
representative of what happened on farmer's plots. During winter time,
excessive rains delayed plantings 30 to 45 days. This was quite restrictive
for some winter types and for some long cycle springs. Fortunately, weather
during spring time was cooler than normal allowing acceptable tillering and
very good head fertility. As a result of all these factors, good yield were
obtained in almost all areas. At harvesting time some areas were severely
damaged by heavy hail and wind storms.
Diseases were present and diversified. Fusarium sp., P. graminis, P.
recondita and Septoria tritici were the ost commonly present diseases.
Lodging and shattering at harvesting time were also causes of discarding.
As a result of these adversities a good selection was accomplished for the
breeding material and a good evaluation was done on the hybrid yield trials.
In spite of the presence of diseases, yields were not affected as expected.
Except for the very susceptible ones, many varieties and hybrids performed
very well at a level of historical records for each location.
Considering our Advanced Yield Trial #1, we found:
Location Pergamino 9 de Julio Necochea
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Hybrids Avg. 4623 122 6934 112 8009 106
Varieties Avg. 3169 83 5627 91 7281 96
Yield Trial Avg. 3809 100 6208 100 7604 100
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Averages of 20 commercial varieties and 16 hybrids.
Pergamino can be described as an environment with high disease infection and
medium fertility soil, 9 de Julio as a medium disease infection and high
fertility soil and Necochea as a low disease infection and high fertility
soil.
Hybrids production 408 cms hybrids were produced in 23 isolated plots that
produced good amount of seed. Two new experimental A lines achieved 100%
seed set being the first time we have this in our lines. Our commercial
production plots also had outstanding yields on those plots with good
nicking. 1167 chemical hybrids were produced using the gametocide Monsanto
21200. Combinations of winter/winter, winter/spring and spring/spring were
done including advance dlines from different origins and breeding material
as well. Using different planting dates for male and females, very
different growth habits can be outcrossed under our conditions.
Hybrids evaluation: 391 cms hybrids were evaluated in 3 research stations
and 5 precommercial hybrids were tested in 12 locations. We have just
finished the statistical analysis of these trials and have selected 1 more
hybrid as a new commercial for 1992 season, and 2 more will probably be
released in 1993. 1832 chemical hybrids were evaluated in 2 locations and
we are now processing the obtained data. Some winter/winter and
winter/spring that were planted too late did not express their total
potential. The information we will get from these trials will be useful to
know and classify the lines and germplasm according to their combining
ability.
-------------------------
GOERTZEN SEED RESEARCH
Kenneth, Betty, and Kevin Goertzen
A few hard red winter wheat varieties were identified to be used in
identity preserved production programs. All are high protein, high quality,
good yielding, bread wheats which can be used where wheats of outstanding
bread quality are desired.
One hard white winter wheat with excellent bread making characteristics
and good yield capability is being increased for use.
A winter hardy forage Triticale developed in the GSR program was
marketed in 1991.
Our breeding goals continue to emphasize characteristics of greatest
economic importance.
Breeders seed cleaning facilities were added in 1991. Additional seed
storage, cleaning and warehousing facilities were leased for use in 1992.
Additional bins have been installed for breeders seed storage.
A new company was formed by Goertzen Seed Research employees to serve
as a marketing organization for GSR developments. President is Kenbe D.
Goertzen. Roy Lanning is Vice President and Manager. Vice President for
technology is Kenneth L. Goertzen. Betty L. Goertzen is secretary and Kevin
W. Goertzen is Treasurer. Goertzen Quality Wheat, Inc., will work with
present identity preserved programs for contract grain production and sales.
Goertzen Seed Research will increase its contract research and will
increase parents for identify preserved hybrids.
-------------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Jerry Wilson, Bud Hardesty, Karolyn Ely -
Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar - Lafayette, IN
Hybrid Evaluation. Analyses of five years of data from the SRPN and
NRPN regional nurseries are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The hybrids yielded
from 7 to 13 percent above public or private pure lines. Hybrids were also
more responsive to changes in environment and were more stable than pure
line entries. Data from HybriTech trials confirm the response and stability
comparisons.
Hybrid performance has been gaining compared to varietal checks at a
rate of about 2% per year. Current levels of performance are about 12%
above the best check variety and 22% above the average of several good
varieties. Two experimental hybrids in Montana have been about 28% better
than the best check averaged over two years.
A new hybrid for irrigated areas, Quantum 588A, was released in 1991.
It has been about 6 bu/A higher yielding than Quantum 588, which it will
replace.
Table 1. Performance data from the SRPN
Yield (% of Checks)
Source 1986(#) 1987(#) 1988(#) 1989(#) 1990(#) avg(sum)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 118(27) 114(27) 116(28) 103(24) 120 (26) 114(132)
Private 116 (7) 115 (6) 119 (9) 104 (12) 108 (4) 112(38)
Hybrid 127 (8) 119 (7) 119 (5) 113 (6) 126 (4) 121(30)
Response (b)
Public 1.01 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00
Private 0.98 1.03 1.03 0.97 0.98 1.00
Hybrid 1.04 1.08 1.09 1.12 1.07 1.08
Stability (r2)
Public 0.88 0.90 0.88 0.89 0.92 0.89
Private 0.86 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.93 0.90
Hybrid 0.92 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.93
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Performance data from the NRPN
Yield (% of Checks)
Source 1986(#) 1987(#) 1988(#) 1989(#) 1990(#) avg(sum)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 111 (20) 108 (24) 107 (20) 108 (13) 110 (18) 109(95)
Private 121 (1) 102 (5) 127 (1) 100 (2) - (0) 106(9)
Hybrid 116 (6) 124 (4) 118 (2) 117 (4) 119 (4) 119(20)
Response (b)
Public 1.03 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.99 1.00
Private 1.15 0.91 1.16 0.94 - 0.97
Hybrid 1.00 1.31 1.24 1.11 1.23 1.15
Stability (r2)
Public 0.83 0.86 0.90 0.89 0.94 0.88
Private 0.91 0.83 0.88 0.89 - 0.86
Hybrid 0.83 0.93 0.89 0.95 0.96 0.91
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Male Project. Restorer lines may be evaluated in hybrid form by using
them as females in GHA (Genesis hybridizing agent) crossing blocks, using
B-line males. Hybrids produced are performance tested and evaluated for
restoration in replicated trials at four sites. In three such southern
trials in 1991, the mean of the best five hybrids vs. the check mean was
108%, 119%, and 123% respectively. We have now generated three years of
this type of data in our southern program based in Wichita and two years
from the northern program based in Billings.
Line yield testing continues. Two-hundred thirty-six and 82 advanced
lines were tested respectively from the southern and northern programs in
1991. Data from 92 station years from 1987 through 1991 indicates an 18%
yield improvement over older restorer lines used as checks. The same data
shows a slight but not significant increase over new varieties used as
checks.
Results from 1991 crossing blocks at Wichita and Halstead, Kansas were
similar to the long term. CMS female yield levels across 14 males at
Wichita were 94% of the male with male test weights averaging 60.4% pounds
per bushel. The blocks are irrigated and treated with fungicide.
Female Project. Weather for the 1990/91 crop year generally was
favorable throughout the Great Plains. The crop went into winter in good
shape although conditions turned relatively dry in late fall. Survival was
very good in our southern nursery sites at Wichita, Mt. Hope, and Leoti,
Kansas. Some winter-killing occurred at Hastings, Nebraska, especially in
the headrow nurseries where stand densities were low. The Pryor, Montana
site was totally lost to high winds which desiccated the plants and drifted
the dry soil.
Some leaf rust was observed at Wichita and Mt. Hope as well as some
SBMV. However, the rust developed too late to be of much use in making
selections. Stem rust expression was excellent at Hastings and Sidney,
Nebraska.
Three relatively late-maturing A-lines were sent to our foundation seed
division for initial seed increase. They have shown hybrid potential for
the northern plains. An earlier dwarf A-line was retained for further
purification of height differences.
Adaptation Project. In an effort to keep abreast of the major problem
affecting the southern Great Plains, eight inbreds were sent to the Cereal
Rust Lab in St. Paul, Minnesota. Initial tests indicate good levels of leaf
rust resistance in most of these lines. A continual effort will be made by
this project to pyramid genes for resistance into all parental lines that
will be used in hybrid combination.
Several lines have been developed with Russian Wheat Aphid tolerance (a
low level of resistance) when tested at this facility. In an effort to
bolster our level of resistance a crossing program will be initiated this
spring with the crossing of these lines to the Colorado RWA resistant
germplasm line CORWA 1.
Quality Lab. We finished the 1990 crop with slightly over 11,000
samples tested. Because of the large numbers, we did not bake as many of
the Hard Winter samples as we would have liked. Baking tests were continued
until mid-July, overlapping testing of the 1991 early generation and
observation samples which began in early July. A major goal for this season
is to complete the bread baking tests by mid-June.
The total number of samples being tested for the 1991 crop is down
slightly from last year. We have processed approximately 9,400 samples thus
far and will not have many more before the end of the season. Testing at
all levels (early generation, preliminary and advanced) is down for the Hard
Winter wheats but numbers for preliminary and advanced testing for the Soft
Winter program are up sharply; approximately 2 1/2 times more samples than
last year.
Because of the large number of samples being processed, much of our
effort this past year went into finding ways to be faster and more
efficient. New computer methods have helped considerably in this regard.
We now receive a computer list from the breeder when he submits samples to
the lab. This list can be transferred directly into the quality file and
lab numbers are then assigned by the computer. This saves the time of
recording the samples by hand, stamping the lab numbers on the paper and
typing the information into the computer. We have also started sending the
quality reports back to the breeder on the computer. In this way he can
transfer the data directly into his files even before he receives the
printed copy of the report.
Soft Red Winter Project. Hybrid Testing and Heterosis
A total of 1530 single-cross hybrids were evaluated over eight test
locations in the Corn Belt region of the U.S.A. in 1991. A number of our
hybrid trials have one or both parents included in the test in an attempt to
monitor the amount of heterosis we are observing in our soft red winter
wheat germplasm. This information is also used to assign breeding lines to
our germplasm pools. The average amount of best parent heterosis [(F-1
yield/Best Parent yield) x 100] for grain yield, and the number of hybrids
the average is based on, is presented below for each of eight crop years:
Average
Best Parent Heterosis Number of
Year for Grain Yield (%) Hybrids
------------------------------------------------------------
1984 99 50
1985 103 91
1986 111 127
1987 103 37
1988 102 57
1989 103 114
1990 104 427
1991 112 1204
------------------------------------------------------------
Average: 104.6
We've also evaluated best parent heterosis for test weight for several
years, though with fewer hybrids. Test weight of the hybrid is frequently
equal to test weight of the better parent. Average best parent heterosis
for test weight, and the number of hybrids evaluated, is given below for
five crop years:
Average
Best Parent Heterosis Number of
Year for Test Weight (%) Hybrids
-------------------------------------------------------------
1984 100.3 61
1986 99.8 18
1989 99.0 36
1990 100.0 24
1991 102.1 112
-------------------------------------------------------------
Average: 100.2
Hybrid Production. A total of 453 females and 25 males were used in an
attempt to produce 2400 unique hybrid combinations with the hybridizing
agent 'Genesis" (MON 21250). We were successful in producing 2249 hybrids,
abandoning 151 hybrids (6.3%) due to poor sterility or unacceptable nick.
Average percent hybrid seed on the 2249 successful hybrids was 98.1%.
Although we achieved good sterility in 1991, seed yields were the
lowest on record. This was due to several factors, including a critical
lack of wind during the early days of the flowering season, and also due to
the scab epiphytotic which occurred throughout much of the soft wheat region
in 1991. Average seed yield from our crossing block program is presented
below. For comparison purposes, the average yield of all entries in our
elite line test, which is grown on the same farm, is also presented. Our
long-term seed yield average is approaching 50% of the yield from our elite
line trials:
Average Hybrid Average Yield
Number of Seed Yield Elite Line Test
Year Hybrids (Bu/A)
(Bu/A)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
1984 290 23.5 49.8
1985 334 40.9 63.7
1986 62 22.1 38.2
1989 1433 28.1 91.0
1990 2111 40.2 64.8
1991 2249 14.9 54.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Averages: 28.3 60.3
We are continuing to develop wheat hybrids with the goal of entering
the commercial market in the mid-90's. Our better hybrids which we continue
to test and develop are approaching a 15-20% yield advantage over the
average performance of four competitive regional check varieties.
-------------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL - CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Dennis Dunphy*, Sam Wallace, Richard Evans - Lafayette, IN; Leon
Fischer, Kent Baker* - Mt. Hope, KS
Performance of MON 21200 in 1991. MON 21200 is being developed as a
hybridizing agent for wheat. MON 21200 again performed very well over a
wide range of environments and genotypes in 1991. Excellent sterility was
obtained in all regions. Seed yield in the SRW region was lower than
normal. Warm, rainy weather at pollination time reduced outcrossing in seed
production tests, and also favored a high incidence of head scab which
further reduced seed yields. Seed yields of the long term check line in
research plots averaged 50 to 73 percent outcrossing, compared to the six
year average for this region of 79%. Seed set in the western HRW region was
outstanding at all locations, averaging 78 to 99%. The five year average
for this region is 87%.
Commercialization. HybriTech will use the trademark name Genesisr for
marketing commercially the compound MON 21200. Registration of Genesisr is
proceeding on schedule, and we anticipate obtaining full registration for
this compound. We are continuing to provide technical support for
cooperating breeding programs that license this hybridization technology,
with a goal of being able to place wheat hybrids produced with Genesisr on
the market by the mid-1990's.
-------------------------
NICKERSON S. A. Chartainvilliers - France
Since October 1989 the share-holding company has changed from SHELL to
LIMAGRAIN. This for the moment has no direct effects on the wheat breeding
programme for France. The objective of the program remains the same - to
breed wheat for France, particularly North of the Loire Valley with the main
selection objectives being yield and quality, disease resistance,
agronomics. Two varieties were listed recently: ARCHE, C1 with high
productivity (89), and ARUM, a feed wheat with high productivity (90); both
are available if any colleagues are interested.
-------------------------
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
Fred Collins*, June Hancock*, and Craig Allen* - Bay, AR
Production Season. The 1992 season will go down in infamy for most
soft red winter wheat growers. Generally the crop potential was good to
excellent until grain fill at which time weather conditions deteriorated and
head blight diseases exploded. Along the Gulf Coast, farmers had excellent
crops but many were never able to harvest due to an extended rainy period.
In the Mid-South and Mid-West regions, yield and grain quality were
devastated by a complex of bacterial black chaff, Septoria nodorum, and
scab. Black chaff was worse in southern areas while scab was more severe in
the northern part, particularly behind no-till corn. Farmers in the
Southeast ended up with a fairly good crop but they experienced losses from
powdery mildew and hessian fly.
New Releases. Two varieties were released to seed growers in 1991.
Coker 9105 is positioned for the Gulf Coastal area based on its short
vernalization, medium maturity and resistance to leaf and stem rust. Coker
9543 should fit the niche that had been occupied by Coker 747; it has high
test weight grain, resistance to the prevalent foliar diseases and biotype E
of hessian fly, and the most winter hardiness present in the line-up of
Coker varieties.
Two experimental lines have been named and turned over to production.
Coker 9134 was tested as C87-13wh; it will be positioned generally south of
Interstate highway 40. Coker 9904 was tested as CL850643 and will be sold
primarily in the region from Maryland to S.Carolina where the new powdery
mildew race is attacking existing varieties.
Low Soil pH Tolerance. A screening nursery was grown in Northeast
Arkansas on an acid (pH of 4.7 to 4.9) soil which was high in manganese.
Varieties were grown as paired plots (limed versus unlimed) using two
replications. Dramatic differences were observed. Varietal entries
represented a broad cross section of presently available soft red winter
wheats. Preliminary data has been shared with breeders and extension
specialists in the region.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Dept. of Wheat Breeding, Johnston, Iowa, Ian B. Edwards
Pioneer's wheat research operations include breeding stations at
Windfall, Indiana; St. Matthews, South Carolina; Frouville, France; and
Sevilla, Spain. In addition, screening nurseries and/or field trials are
conducted in ten other countries, primarily Europe. Support is provided
from Johnston, IA, in the areas of data management, plant pathology,
entomology, biotechnology, biochemistry laboratory support, and quality
analyses.
Varietal Releases. a) U.S.:Pioneer Soft Red Winter varieties, 2510 and
2545, received commercial numbers and will be marketed in 1992. Our first
Soft White Winter wheat variety, 2737W, received a commercial number and
will be marketed in Michigan in 1992. b) Spain: Pioneer Hard Red Winter
wheat variety, Trento, was officially registered and will be marketed in
northern Spain.
Quality Evaluation. Our laboratory at Johnston is currently handling
all soft wheat quality analysis for our U.S. wheat stations. Lisa Hagen,
formerly spring wheat research technician for Pioneer at Glyndon, Minnesota,
is in charge of the program.
In France our station at Frouville conducts protein, SDS sedimentation,
milling, and mixograph tests. Alveograph and baking tests are contracted.
The quality laboratory at Aussonne provides support with high molecular
weight glutenin sub-unit analyses. Our laboratories in France are also
evaluating samples from other European countries. In Spain our program
currently conducts NIR protein, and the remaining tests are contracted
locally.
Staff. Jose-Maria Urbano was appointed wheat breeder and project
leader for Pioneer in Spain in June 1991. He is from Cordoba, Spain, and
will shortly submit his doctoral thesis at the University of Cordoba.
Tina Marshall was appointed data coordinator for the wheat department
and is providing support to both our U.S. and European wheat stations. She
is based in Windfall, Indiana, and also conducts several projects supporting
our soft wheat research.
Bill Laskar, staff breeder at Windfall, IN, has broadened his germplasm
and special project responsibilities. He will coordinate germplasm movement
between our U.S. and European programs.
-------------------------
Windfall, IN - Gregory C. Marshall, William J. Laskar, and
Kyle J. Lively
The 1990-91 Season. Late harvests of corn and soybeans, accompanied by
frequent rains, significantly reduced the total acreage of Soft Red Winter
wheat planted in the fall of 1990. Fortunately, we had few difficulties in
getting all of our nursery and yield tests planted. The wheat crop and our
plots generally looked excellent with the spring green-up through to
heading. In fact, as the wheat was heading, many crop reports
optimistically predicted the best soft wheat crop in years in much of the
"corn belt" region. Within a matter of days, however, the picture changed
drastically. Light showers, unseasonably warm temperatures, and high
humidity, while much of the wheat crop was flowering, caused a veritable
explosion of Fusarium head scab in much of the area of southern Ohio,
Kentucky, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and Missouri. Levels of head
scab were higher than ever seen before, destroying many fields, and severely
damaging most other fields. The damage to the crop was further compounded
by Septoria nodorum glume blotch, bacterial leaf blight, leaf rust, and the
abnormal heat and drought that pushed the crop to early maturity as well.
The resulting crop was of very poor quality, and farmers received little for
the grain in the worst areas, if they were able to sell it at all. In more
northern parts of the soft wheat region, the crop was much better, though
still adversely affected by moderate scab, other diseases, and the short,
hot growing season.
Selection and Yield Testing. The extreme levels of head scab rendered
most of our yield and selection nurseries nearly useless in the southern
part of our testing region, however, we did collect some interesting
information on cultivar reaction to the head scab. While the level of scab
infection in soft wheat is almost entirely due to environmental conditions,
and the soft wheat is almost entirely due to environmental conditions, and
the maturity of specific cultivars at the time of infection, there did
appear to be some slight differences in tolerance to the disease within
maturity groups.
The following table contains yield data and scores for head scab ranked by
heading date, as noted for our commercial test, entries grown at our Ft.
Branch, IN, test location.
Scab Scores and Grain Yields of Commercial Cultivars Ranked by Heading Date
Scab Heading Grain
Cultivar Score Date Yield
(1-9)* (bu/ac)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Auburn 6.0 129.0 41.6
Cardinal 7.0 127.0 53.9
2510 7.0 127.0 51.7
Becker 5.5 126.0 37.1
Dynasty 3.5 126.0 25.9
2545 5.0 125.0 40.3
2550 5.0 124.0 38.6
Caldwell 4.0 123.5 28.8
2551 4.5 123.5 29.9
Pacer 4.5 123.0 36.2
Wakefield 5.5 123.0 50.2
2548 5.0 121.5 38.0
2555 2.0 121.0 37.2
Madison 4.0 119.5 55.1
Twain 4.5 119.5 54.0
Clark 4.5 119.0 45.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* 9 = no symptoms, 1 = severe symptoms
New Releases. In August of 1991, Pioneer released two new Soft Red
Winter wheats and a new Soft White Winter wheat for fall 1992 sales.
Pioneer cultivar "2510" is an awnless, late maturity Soft Red Winter wheat,
with outstanding yield potential and disease resistance. It has shown an
average 4% yield advantage over 2548 the last 4 years in the soft wheat
region, with greater advantages in the northern portion of the region.
Pioneer cultivar "2545" is also an awnless Soft Red Winter wheat, with
medium maturity, winterhardiness, and an excellent yield potential. It has
averaged about a 1% yield advantage over 2548 the last 4 years, but is less
adapted to areas in the south due to its high vernalization requirement.
Pioneer cultivar "2737W" is an awnless Soft White Winter wheat which is much
earlier maturity than other white wheats sold in the region. At about 7
days earlier maturity, 2737W has shown average 14% and 17% yield advantages
over Augusta and Frankenmuth, respectively, the last 5 years.
-------------------------
St. Mathews, SC - Benjamin E. Edge and Phil L. Shields
The 1990-91 Season. Excessive rainfall was the over-riding
environmental influence in the 1990-91 wheat growing season in the
southeastern U.S. Wet weather caused problems in planting with waterlogged
soils during the season, delayed top-dressing, and created ideal conditions
for disease development.
We saw considerable amounts of leaf rust and powdery mildew on wheat
along the East Coast. Lines with the Lr26 and Pm8 genes associated with
1B/1R were widely susceptible in this area for the first time. Leaf
blights, particularly tan spot and Septoria nodorum, were very severe. The
diseases and wet weather during grain fill and harvest led to very low test
weights. Southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, which were
drier than other areas, had respectable yields and test weights.
We initiated a leaf blight screening nursery for our elite yield test.
The results of the study are reported below for the commercial cultivars in
the test. The predominant pathogen present was tan spot. We inoculated two
replications of headrows with wheat straw from the previous season. Pioneer
2548 and 2510 had the highest level of resistance at the juvenile stage;
while Florida 302, Coker 916, and Coker 9766, had resistance equal to 2548
and 2510 at the adult plant stage.
Tan Spot Resistance Scores
Cultivar Juvenile Plant Adult Plant
Name Score* Score*
--------------------------------------------------
2510 8.0 6.5
2548 7.0 6.5
2555 5.5 6.0
Coker 916 5.0 6.5
Coker 983 5.0 4.0
Coker 9766 6.0 6.5
Florida 302 6.0 7.0
Florida 303 5.0 5.0
--------------------------------------------------
* 9 = no symptoms, 1 = severe symptoms
The mid-South area suffered from excess water from planting to harvest.
Some fields were essentially drowned, and much acreage just did not get
planted. Bacterial leaf blight reached epidemic levels under these
conditions, and Septoria tritici added to the problem. Then, after
flowering, Fusarium head scab destroyed most of the yield potential
remaining. Farmers had a difficult time selling their wheat due to the low
test weights and toxin concerns.
Selection Nursery. All of the disease pressure actually made for a
productive selection season. Despite heavy infection levels, our F2 nursery
contained some very promising material, and F3 headrows for 1991-92 will be
at a new high for us of 53,000 rows. Our mini-plot observation nursery for
the F4 and F5 generations worked very well, and our F6 numbers for 1991-92
will be up. We feel this should help feed our yield testing program, where
numbers will be down due to the severe disease pressure this year. Our
biggest concern is that early maturity provided a distinct yield advantage
this year, whereas, it may not be desirable for wide adaptation in most
years. Therefore, we have retained some later-maturing lines that performed
well at our northern testing locations.
Equipment. We installed a cell counter on our mini-plot planter, which
makes it much easier to calibrate plot length. For our headrow trays, we
built metal racks that can be loaded onto a truck as a unit, eliminating
some of the lifting work and much of the wear and tear on the trays. We
tried drip irrigation in our greenhouse, but we had more success with weekly
soakings by spray nozzles.
Personnel. Mark Jumper and Bob Williamson joined our staff as
technicians during the latter part of 1990. Mark has experience in metal
fabrication, and Bob was a farmer and seed salesman before joining Pioneer.
-------------------------
Frouville, France, Guy Dorlencourt, Robert Marchand, and Quitterie
Vanderpol
The 1990-91 Season. Normal January conditions were followed by a very cold
February with snow -17o for a three-day period following moderate frosts.
Good winterhardiness observations were made at our test locations.
Precipitation remained well below normal overall, and this was the third
successive year of moisture deficits. However, cool temperatures and some
timely rain around flowering helped the crop through. The main nursery was
planted at Frouville, with additional test locations at Reims, Peronne, and
Beauvais. Yields were good in most parts of France, with an average of 7
tons/hectare. While yields in southern France were above the 1990 harvest,
in northern France early-maturing varieties were adversely affected by
temperatures of -8o on April 28, and frost also occurred at anthesis. Under
these conditions, the late-maturing lines, Apollo, Thesee, and Soissons,
performed very well, while Recital (early) was 10% lower in yield. Powdery
mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was present at a high level and provided a good
screening. In contrast, the levels of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) and
Septoria were below normal.
Hybrid Wheat. Fifteen yield trials of 30 entries each were conducted.
Entries were selected on the basis of preliminary test performance and/or
productability with the chemical hybridizing agent. With the season
favoring late-maturing varieties, the yield advantage of the top hybrids was
slightly lower than in previous years, ranging from 9-16 percent above the
top check cultivars. Each year, we evaluate the top five lines from each of
our germplasm pools for per se yield performance. The mean yields in our
1991 experiment were as follows:
Germplasm Pool Mean Yield (qu/ha) %
-------------------------------------------------------
1. France 92.8 100
2. U.K. 89.8 97
3. Pioneer (U.S.) 88.0 95
4. Northern Europe 87.6 94
5. Eastern Europe 84.7 91
6. Mediterranean 79.4 86
-------------------------------------------------------
Varietal Development. The elite test was grown at four locations, and
the overall mean yield was 88.1 quintals/hectare (CV. 5.0%). Apollo was the
top-yielding check, with a mean yield of 100.2 qu/ha compared with 97.5,
92.8, and 88.3 qu/ha for Soissons, Thesee, and Recital, respectively. Three
top-yielding Pioneer lines are currently undergoing seed purification and
increase for registration. Three generations per year of single seed
descent have been achieved on specifically targeted crosses. The program is
also developing lines targeted for the U.K. and northern Europe; and the
seed purification and increase program in France is handling lines for
registration in other EC countries.
-------------------------
Sevilla, Spain: Jose-Maria Urbano, Ian Edwards, Maximiliano Hidalgo and
Manuel Peinado
Spring Wheat Varietal Development. The elite spring wheat variety test
was grown at 6 locations and had a mean yield of 43.7 qu/ha (CV 8.1%). The
top-yielding variety, RBI0104, outyielded the top check (Cartaya) by 11% and
Anza by 21%. It is currently undergoing seed purification and increase.
Two new spring wheats passed first year registration. They are:
ESTERO -A Hard White dwarf wheat of very high baking quality. In five years
of testing, it has
outyielded Yecora rojo by 10% and has better resistance to leaf rust,
powdery mildew, and Septoria. It is 4 days later-maturing as a result of
better leaf survival.
MULERO -A HRS wheat with broad adaptability. It has a 4% yield advantage
over Anza in northern Spain and a3% yield advantage over Cartaya in southern
Spain, with superior test weight and good overall disease resistance.
Winter Wheat Varietal Development. Testing is conducted at four
locations in northern Spain. One location, Huesca, could not be planted in
1990-91. Our program in France supports the winter wheat testing, and
Pioneer HRW wheats are also evaluated. Our first winter wheat was
registered in Spain in 1991:
TRENTO - A HRW wheat that has undergone five years of testing in Spain. Its
yield is equivalent to the top check cultivars, but Trento has superior
milling and baking quality. It will save on the transportation of quality
wheat to northern Spain and will command a premium price.
Durum Wheat Development. A program to develop spring and facultative
wheats for the Mediterranean region is underway, and the first products from
this program are yield-tested in 1991-92. The durum wheat acreage in Spain
has increased in recent years.
Hybrid Wheat. Three hybrid yield tests were grown during 1990-91, and
12 hybrid production blocks were used to produce new and advanced hybrids
for testing. The elite hybrid test was grown at three locations and
produced a mean yield of 35.5 quintals/hectare (CV 8.7%). There was a
relatively narrow bracketing of yields from 31.6 qu/ha (Yecora rojo check)
to 40.5 qu/ha (hybrid RHL0026). The top 5 hybrids out-yielded the check
mean (Cartaya, Anza, Yecora rojo) by 12-18 percent. High parent heterosis
in the top hybrid was 11%.
New Varieties. Three new varieties entered first year registration in
1991-92. Trueno is a HRW wheat with short straw and resistance to powdery
mildew. Mercero and Usero are HRS wheats with resistance to Septoria and
powdery mildew; both have a significant yield advantage over Anza in
northern Spain.
Our program in Spain is now producing varieties for several countries, and
these lines are at various stages of registration and seed multiplication.
The program has benefited from conducting two full breeding cycles per year.
-------------------------
Sissa (Parna), Italy - Mauro Tanzi
Three durum wheat and three bread wheat experiments were conducted at four
locations in Italy during 1990-91. In the advanced durum trial, the leading
experimental line outyielded the top check, Appio, by 10%. Yield advantages
of up to 12% above Appio were obtained in the preliminary tests. Our
French and Spanish durum programs are currently supporting our efforts in
Italy, and seed purification and multiplication is being undertaken at the
present time.
-------------------------
Parndorf, Austria - Gunther Reichenberger
Our program in Austria is focussed primarily on the quality and milling
wheat markets, although a limited number of winter durum wheats are
evaluated. In 1990-91 two yield tests were grown. Six new lines were
indentified with yield advantages over the check cultivars, Perlo and
Expert, of 6-13 percent. Quality classes in Austria are very clearly
defined based upon the wet gluten and gluten-swelling tests. The SDS
sedimentation test can be used as a quick screen to eliminate poor quality
feed wheats. Percent protein is assigned a low level of importance in the
official tests.
Three new wheat varieties completed first year registration in Austria in
1991. They were: PGL0144 and PVM0007 (bread wheats) and FDJ003 (a durum
wheat). They are in second year registration tests in 1991-92.
-------------------------
Woodland, California: Adam Young and Ian Edwards
Selection Nursery. 5,000 headrows comprising of winter and spring wheats
(F4-F6) were grown during 1991. The selected lines were shipped to Spain
for introgression into our program. Segregating populations of HRW and HRS
wheats (F2/F3) were grown, and selected bulks were targeted for France and
Spain.
Single Replicate Yield Test. A single replicate yield test was grown
consisting of 510 entries in 17 sets of 30 lines each, including 3 checks,
arranged in a nested design. Selection within each set was based upon the
check mean.
Yield Tests. Advanced spring and winter wheat yield tests were grown side-
by-side. The mean yield of the spring and winter wheat tests were 79.9 and
85.2 quintals/hectare, respectively, and average heading date was ten days
later in the winter wheat test. Among the spring wheats, key pedigrees have
emerged that have performed very well in both the Sacramento Valley of
California and in Andalucia, Spain. Two varieties, RBI0104 and RBI0161,
completed two years in the California State Trials. Both are Hard White
Spring wheats. Both have performed very well, with RBI0104 being the top-
yielding variety in the Sacramento Valley over two years of testing.
RBI0161 was also one of the varieties least affected by Russian Wheat,
Aphid. Seed of both lines is being increased for release in California. We
are also increasing Estero (ex. Spain and Woodland) for release, since it
has the potential to replace significant Yecora Rojo acreage.
Hybrid Production. Eight hybrid production blocks were grown, and the
females were treated with CHA. Hybrids exceeding 90% seed purity have been
routed to Spain for evaluation in 1992.
-------------------------
TRIO RESEARCH INC.
James A. Wilson - Wichita, KS
A decision has been made to seek the establishment of parent stocks of
singlecross hybrids on farms in the southern plains region prior to the
marketing of hybrid seed. This decision is based on the economic
requirements for the production of hybrid seed. Isolation could be obtained
more easily for the production of male sterile seed and hybrid seed. The
male sterile seed would be produced in the areas where the B line is
established and the hybrid seed in areas where the R line is established.
This demands that the characteristics that led to superior yield performance
be fixed in the inbreds. Currently, we have identified very high yielding R
lines that could be used as cultivars. At the present time no R lines have
been utilized alone in field grain production in the U.S. With lines
established on the basis of their own production merits, a hybrid seed
production contract with growers should be readily accomplished with a fair
and equitable contract for both parties. Farm use of the parent stocks will
be arranged under grower contract agreements.
We have increased the number of crosses involving white wheat parents
and were able to start our first increase of a HWW selection made in the
breeding nursery this year. We are utilizing modified backcrossing to
increase the gene frequency for white kernels in the segregating
populations.
We are continuing with the development of red winter wheats having soft
and hard endosperm. Intercrossing the hard red and soft red classes has
been emphasized over the years and some potentially successful lines have
been derived that carry genetic traits from both classes. Lines having
standard hard endosperm are now available that have a soft wheat parent.
-------------------------
WEIBULL
J. P. Jossett, E. Menager, S. Martinon, Semonville - Poinville, France
Jo. Jonsson, I. Happstadius, P. Henriksson - Landskrona, Sweden
The national 1991 yield average reached 6 800 kg/ha on an area of about
4,800,000 hectares accounting for a total production of 32.6 million tons.
Leading cultivars were Soissons, Thesee, Apollo, Recital, Scipion, Festival,
Sleipner, Baroudeur, Campremy, Arminda. All these cultivars are of winter
or semi-winter type insofar as there is practically no more true spring
wheat grown in France.
Our winter wheat `Sleipner' which has been successful in a number of
European countries is now stable in France, being multiplied on about 2,500
ha for seed production.
A new winter wheat `Champetre' was released in the fall of 1991. It is
high yielding, medium-early, has good levels of disease resistance and
acceptable quality for French bread making. Preliminary tests tend to
demonstrate that it also possesses some resistance to W S B M V. Breeders
seed and certified seed is under production. Two new cultivars not yet
named were entered into the first year of official trials. For the third
year in succession, the season has been hot and dry with the exception of a
cold spell during the period april 15 - May 15 - June was also cool and wet
until the 22nd. The summer was hot and dry from July through September.
Although later than in the exceptional years of 1990 and 1989, the harvest
was on the early side with excellent conditions prevailing from the
beginning up to the end. There was less penalty than usual from diseases.
The cooperation between the various Weibull's stations in Europe has been
reinforced and shuttle breeding with the Southern hemisphere intensified to
accelerate our facultative wheat program.
A joint program, involving Sweden, France and Chile is described below.
The two wheat breeding teams, at the Resistance Breeding Department at
W. Weibull AB in Sweden and at the Station de Selection Weibull in France,
cooperate very closely in a project with the objectives to introduce new
resistance genes into high yielding winter wheat adapted for France.
The initial resistance breeding work has been focused on resistance
genes against mildew (Erysiphe graminis), yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis)
and leaf rust (Piccinia recondita). Resistance sources originating from
China, Ethiopia, South America and old cultivars from France and Scandinavia
have been used against mildew and leaf rust. Minor genes with incomplete
resistance at adult plant stage and no expression at seedling stage have
been used against yellow rust. Major genes with overall resistance to
yellow rust or genes with very strong expression at adult plant stage have
been avoided as this type of resistance by experience is less durable
against yellow rust.
The resistance genes were first transferred by back-crossing from the
original low yielding and unadapted sources, to high yielding Scandinavian
spring wheat lines of good baking quality. Intercrossing resulted in spring
wheat lines with resistance to several diseases and hopefully oligogenic
resistance to each pathogen. These lines were used as crossing parents when
the resistance genes finally were transferred to French winter wheat. Two
or three backcrosses with high yielding French winter wheat lines resulted
in populations with interesting variation and with reasonable chances to
find plants of good agronomic type with resistance were made at the 2-3 leaf
stage in F2 in glasshouse in Sweden. Further selections for adult plant
resistance to yellow and leaf rust were made in field plots in France.
The most advanced lines from this crossing program have now advanced to
preliminary and advanced yield trials in France. Simultaneously with yield
and quality evaluation in France the lines are tested with key races of
mildew and leaf rust at 2-3 leaf stage in Sweden for evaluation of the
resistance gene combination in each line. After evaluation and further
selection the lines will continue the breeding scheme in France, hopefully
to a final variety and/or be included in new crossing blocks in the winter
wheat breeding program in France and/or be recycled in the Swedish crossing
program.
A shuttle-breeding program has been organized and carried out for the
first time in 1991 between Sweden, Chile and France, to accelerate the
breeding project described above and improve the selection especially for
adult plant resistance to yellow rust and leaf rust. F1 and F2 are grown in
glasshouse in Sweden. F2 plants are harvested in June and sent to Chile for
planting in June/July. The F3 plant progeny plots grown in Chile are
evaluated for agronomic type and diseases and the best F3 lines are
harvested. The harvest is finished in the end of January and the F4 plots
are sown in France in the middle of February. The F4 plots are later than
normal because of late sowing but ripen early enough to produce a good grain
yield for the next year preliminary yield trial planted in normal time in
France.
A new F3 generation will be send to Chile in June 1992. The trial
field is located close to San Carlos and are carried out in an excellent way
by ANASAC in Chile.
-------------------------
WESTERN PLANT BREEDERS
Dale Clark*, Craig Cook, Amy Baroch - Bozeman, MT; Kim Shantz*, Michael
DeVries - Tempe, AZ
Western Plant Breeders has recently been acquired by Barkley Seed Company of
Yuma, AZ. The Barkley Seed Company is a major exporter of wheat and barley
seed to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Western Plant Breeders is now a wholly
owned subsidiary of Barkley Seed. The northern research and business office
will remain in Bozeman, MT and the southern research office will remain in
Tempe, AZ.
Research will continue on developing superior inbreds of durum, soft white
winter, soft white spring, and hard red spring wheat for the Pacific
Northwest, the Southwest Desert, and the Central Valleys of California.
Our most recent release for California, WestBred Express, performed very
well last year in the Sacramento Valley under large scale testing. The
grain quality of WestBred Express is superior to that of locally grown Anza
and Yolo and is currently being sought after by the local milling
industries.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ARGENTINA
Institute of Biological Resources - INTA - Castelar and Cathedra of
Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires
M. L. Appendino and G. M. Petez Camargo
Heterotic expression in reconstituted euploids of Chinese Spring
Reconstituted euploid of wheat can be obtained after crossing
reciprocal balanced Nulli-Tetrasomics (i.e., Nulli 1A-Tetra 1B and Nulli 1B-
Tetra 1A). Reciprocal Chinese Spring Nulli-Tetrasomics belonging to
chromosome groups 1 and 7 were crossed in order to obtain the six
reconstituted euploids. After cytological analysis, 2n=42 plants from the
six reconstituted euploid were compared in a field experiment to normal
euploid Chinese Spring and the six Nulli-Tetrasomics of chromosome groups 1
and 7. Ear emergence time and plant height were measured. Precocity and
tallness are always associated to heterotic expression in wheat. Here
Heterotic expression is considered when the reconstituted euploid are
earlier and taller than normal euploid Chinese Spring and the corresponding
Nulli-Tetrasomics. Strikingly heterotic expression was observed for every
reconstituted euploid for plant height and ear-emergence time (Table 1).
Table 1. Ear emergence time and plant height for reconstituted
euploid, normal euploid and parent Nulli-Tetrasomics of
Chinese Spring (CS).
Nulli-Tetrasomics
Reciprocal CS (eup) Reconstituted (Parents)
Nulli-Tetraso- Normal var. vs CS euploids vs
mics crosses Heading time Pl. Height Heading time Pl. Height
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1A-1B/1B-1A +* - ns -* +*
1A-1D/1D-1A + ns -* - ns +*
1B-1D/1D-1B +* -* -* +*
7A-7B/7B-7A + ns -* - ns +*
7A-7D/7D-7A +* -* -* +*
7B-7D/7D-7B + ns - ns - ns + ns
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Since no phenotypic variation associated to mayor genes like disease
reaction, spike morphology or awn characteristics, were observed, the
phenotypic expression of reconstituted euploid could be associated to minor
changes in the DNA, producing little variation in gene expression (Flavell,
et al., 1988) or a similar process.
-------------------------
L. Bullrich, N. Zelener, M. Argeaga, G. Tranquilli, M. Appendino, G.
Perez Camargo and E. Suarez
Dosage effect of Rht1 and Rht2 on plant height in wheat
Hormones like gibberellins associate to particular "active sites" in
the cell in order to effect their bilogical action. In wheat probably such
"active sites" are in excess of those needed for the normal amount of
gibberellins produced naturally by the cells, since variable response is
observed when gibberellic acid is added.
However genotypes carrying Rht1, Rht2, kRht3 and Rht10 show no response
(or very little) to gibberellic acid addition. From the previous situation
it can be suspected that these Rht alleles, known to be actives, are
responsible for the production of molecules that in some way interfere with
the normal response to gibberellic acid, probably by blocking a number of
"active sites" in the cells.
Reduced plant height is always observed when Rht1 or Rht2 is
incorporated into different backgrounds and also a recessive (or near
recessive) effect is mentioned for plant height and a dominant (or near
dominant) effect for gibberellic acid response.
The behaviour of Rht genotypes and pleiotropic opposite expressions can
be explained by considering those free "active sites" mentioned previously.
Thus the effect of one Rht allele (like in a monohybrid F1) is partially
matched by the free "active sites", producing little plant height reduction
(about 5% observed in different experiments) and little response to the
addition of gibberellic acid.
On the other hand when more than one Rht allele is present a further
plant height reduction is observed, but in this case the plant height
reduction is approximately 15% for every Rht1 or Rht2 allele added.
(percentage of plant height reduction is referred always to original
genotype plant height without any Rht allele).
Based on this assumption, the expected and observed plant height for
different allelic dosage belong to different experiments are shown in Table
1.
Table 1. Expected and observed plant height for various Rht
allelic dosage in different field experiments.
Rht Allelic # of Plant height (cm)
Exp. Line or Cross Dosage plants Expected Observed Diff.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maringa(Mar) 0 27 -- 100.77 --
MarxMar Rht1 1 48 95.73 93.36 2.37
Mar Rht1;Mar Rht2
I MarxMar Rht1+2 2 95 80.62 82.90 -2.29
Mar Rht1xMar Rht2
Mar Rht1xMar Rht1+2 3 46 65.50 63.38 2.12
Mar Rht2xMar Rht1+2
Mar Rht1+2 4 26 50.38 53.55 -3.17
Maringa x Pampa 0 -- 105.00 -- --
INTA (without Rht)
Maringa x Pampa 1 25 99.75 98.04 1.71
INTA (Rht2)
II Mar Rht1xPampa INTA
Mar Rht2xPampa I NTA 2 50 84.00 87.88 -3.88
Mar Rht1+2 Pampa INTA 3 23 68.25 62.6 5.65
Maringa 0 48 -- 127.5 --
III Mar Rht1 2 96 101.38 103.46 -2.08
Mar Rht2
Mar Rht1+2 4 48 63.75 56.33 7.42
Maringa 0 48 -- 108.17 --
Mar Rht1 2 96 86.54 87.78 -1.24
IV Mar Rht2
Mar Rht1+2 4 48 54.08 48.29 5.79
Maringa
Mar Sib Rht1 0 120 -- 113.54 --
Mar Sib Rht2
V Mar Rht1 2 80 90.83 89.45 1.38
Mar Rht2
Mar Rht1+2 4 40 56.77 59.10 -2.33
Maringa 0 13 -- 105.15 --
Mar Rht1 2 25 84.12 89.17 -5.05
VI Mar Rht2
Mar Rht1+2 4 10 52.58 51.34 1.24
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
G. Tranquilli and E. Suarez
Allelic dosage effect on host-pathogen interaction
Using Sinvalocho M. A. (carrying probably an allelic form of Lr3),
Chinese Spring (susceptible and three clones of Puccinia recondita differing
in virulent allelic dosage for the corresponding Sinvalocho M. allele, the
following seedling raction were observed when confronted both organisms.
Corresponding Pathogen Genotype
Clone 20 Clone 66 New Clone
Line/Cross Genotype Po Po Po po po po
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese Spring A1 A1 1 1 1
CS (eupl)
(CS x Sinvalocho) Ao A1 0 1 1
F1 (Sin)
Sin Mono 6B Ao - 0 1 1
Sin (euploid) Ao Ao 0 0 1
Sin (Tetra 6 B) AoAoAoAo 0 0 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 = Compatible interaction 0 = Incompatible interaction
A clear example of seedling resistance obtained by increasing allelic
dosage can be observed for every clone. Clone 20 shows phenotypic reaction
change when Ao doses increase form 0 to 1. Clone 66 shows phenotypic
reaction change when Ao doses increase from 1 to 2. New Clone shows
phenotypic reactijon change when Ao doses increase from 2 to 4 (probably
also from 2 to 3). The last interaction is very interesting, since the only
way the pathogen can overcome the incompatible interaction is by additioning
a new gene with virulent alleles corresponding to Ao.
-------------------------
G. Tranquilli and E. Suarez
Preferential Chromosome Pairing in Wheat
Trisomics derived crossing tetrasomics of a variety by normal disomics
of another variety has proven very buseful material for analyzing
preferential chromosome pairing, when markets are included.
Preferential pairing strength allows to understand the basic mechanisms
associated to pairing and recombination.
Three chromosomes have been evaluated through this methodology,
including one case showing different chromosome estructure (1RS/1BL-1B) and
2 cases showing similar or near identical chromosome estructure (1A and 6B).
Chromosome 1B: Very clear preferential pairing was observed for this
combination. Test was performed by crossing Chinese Spring tetrasomic 1B by
Cruz Alta INTA (1RS/1BL). The trisomic "F1" so obtained showed 2n=43
chromosomes and only 4 satellite chromosomes since 1RS/1BL does not express
its satellite in wheat background. Backcrossing by Chinese Spring previous
trisomic and analyzing chromosome and satellite number in the progeny
preferential pairing can be tested. (Table 1).
Table 1. Chromosome and satellite number at first backcross for 1B
chromosome
Chromosome Number
2 n = 42 ChiSq(1:2) 2 n = 43 ChiSq(2:1)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chromosome with
satellites 3 4 4 5
Number of
individuals 6 40 8.5** 17 0 8.5*8
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**: P < 0.01
Chromosome 1A. Test was performed by crossing Chinese Spring
tetrasomic 1A by Chul (resistant by Erysiphe graminis of Argentinian
population). Trisomic "F1" (resistant phenotype) was backcrossed by euploid
Chinese Spring. B1 shoed a clear result implying preferential pairing only
for disomic plants (Table 2). On the other hand when increased homozygous
was achieved in successive backcrosses to euploid Chinese Sprring of "F1"
like plants, preferential pairing was eliminated in most families. No
hypothesis has been advanced in order to explain the absence of preferential
pairing among trisomic individuals.
Table 2. Chromosome number and powdery mildew reaction progenies
B1-B3 and B4 for chromosome 1A.
Chromosome Number
2 n = 42 ChiSq(2:1) 2 n = 43 ChiSq(1:2)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Powdery mildew reaction S R S R
Backcross 1 83 14 16.6** 13 34 0.7 ns
Backcrosses 2 and 3 121 36 7.6** 34 74 0.2 ns
(3 progenies)
Backcrosses 3 and 4 203 97 0.1 ns 56 89 0.8 ns
(4 progenies)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
**: P < 0.01
Chromosome 6B. Using alternatively Chinese Spring tetrasomic 6B or
Sinvalocho M. A. tetrasomic 6B and crossing by Sinvalocho M. A. or Chinese
Spring, respectively, both reciprocal "F1" trisomics were obtained. First
backcrosses were derived crossing by Sinvalocho M. A. in both cases.
The gene marker from Sinvalocho M. A. is probably al allele of Lr3
showing resistance to Argentinian clone 66 or Puccinia recondita.
Expression of this allele shows dosage effect. Thus 1 doses shows
compatible reaction, while 2 or more doses show incompatible reaction in any
allelic combination.
Table 3 shows the results obtained when B1 are analyzed, implying a
clear reciprocal preferential pairing.
Table 3. Chromosome number and rust reaction for reciprocal
progenies B1 for chromosome 6B.
Chromosome Number
2n = 42 2n = 43
Rust Reaction S R ChiSq S R ChiSq *1:2)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Backcross
(CS T6B x Sinv.) x Sinv. 106 8 (2:1)=35.5** 3 35 11.1**
(Sinv. T6B x CS) x Sinv. 4 22 (1:2)=3.7* 1? 8 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*: P < 0.06
**: P < 0.01
-------------------------
M. Artgeaga and L. Bullrich
Pleiotropic Expressions in different Environments
Recombinant lines for chromosomes 2D from Mara (Ppd1-Rht8-Yr16) and
Cappelle Desprez (ppd1-rht8-Yr16) on Cappelle Desprez background, were
evaluated for autumn and spring or early and late sowing time at Cambridge,
England (Worland and Law, 1986) and Castelar, Argentina (1990-1991).
Primary or main effects of Ppd1 vs ppd1 genotypes showed bigger
differences for ear-emergence time at Castelar after both sowing times
(Table 1).
Plant height differences between Rht8 and rht8 genotypes were similar
at both localities after early sowing. Late sowing showed no differences at
Castelar, while at Cambridge they were similar to autumn sowing (Table 1).
Yr16 vs yr16 differences were observed only at Cambridge. Puccinia
striiformis does not affect wheat at Castelar latitud, however heavy
infection of P. recondita and P. gramins was observed.
Pleiotropic or secondary effects showed a very different expression at
both localities. Thus at Castelar ear-emergbence time was shortened for
about 8 days by Rht8 alleles only in Ppd1 genotypes, after late sowing
(Table 1), while no effects was observed at Cambridge.
Plant height was reduced by Ppd1 after both sowing time at Cambridge.
Strikingly autumn sowing at Castelar showed a clear opposite effect of Ppd1
on plant height (Table 1). Even this contrasting result could be more
evident if one genotype (Ppd1- rht8- Yr16) is not considered at Castelar
experiment, where it showed an abnormally ? short phenotype:
Table 1. Primary or main and pleiotropic effects for 2D
recombinant genotypes
Ear Emergence time (days) Plant height (cm)
Cambridge(1) Castelar(2) Cambridge) Castelar
Genotypes Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ppd1 vs ppd1 -5 -3 -23 -12 -4.5 -2.2 +4.9(3) -(6)
Rht8 vs rht8 - - - -8(4) -9 -9 -6.7(5) -
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) : 52deg NL
(2) : 34deg SL
(3)and 5) : Eliminating Ppd1- rht8- Yr16 abnormal(?)phenotypes
the differences are +11.2 and -9.5, respectively
(4) : Expressed only among Ppd1 genotypes
(6) : Non significant differences.
-------------------------
L. Bullrich and N. Zelener
Artificial and Natural Aging Effects on Seed
Germinability and Chromosome Damage
Artificial aging using combinations of temperature and seed moisture
content during different periods has been considered as equivalent to
natural seed aging process.
In wheat natural seed aging is always associated to chromosome damage
at early stages of the process. Chromosome damage are expressed at
anaphase, metaphase or interphase (micronuclei). It shows a steady increase
for 1 or 2 years once initiated, occurring finally the embryo dead.
However, contrary to the previous process, when seeds are subjected to
different artificial aging processes, no chromosomal damage occurs although
germinability decrease drastically at the beginning of the treatments.
Results shown in Table 1 suggest that both processes are not based on the
same physiological phenomena and consequently are not comparable.
Table 1. Artificial and Natural Aging Effects in Wheat
Artificial Aging Natural Aging
(Average of different treatments (Average of different varieties
and varieties) and 2 harvest times)
Germinability and Micronuclei Germinability and Micronuclei
(Percentages) (Percentages)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Initial 24 day 52 days Initial 42 months
98.25 < 1 87.00 <1 86.12 <2 98.25 <1 84.20 22.29
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Ruth A. Heinz, Mariana Del Vas, Laura C. Moratinos H. Esteban Hopp*.
Molecular Biology Institute-CICV-INTA-Castelar
Host pathogen specific cDNA clones from wheat leaves infected with leaf
rust. The interaction between Triticum aestivum and Puccinia recondita
tritici provides an excellent model to analyze specific relationships due to
the well established knowledge on the involved genes in the context of
genetically related genotypes of both host and pathogen. A criss-cross
host-pathogen interaction system has been developed in which wheat lines
with very homogeneous genetic backgrounds carry genes that react
differentially with closely related clones of P. recondita tritici.
We have previously shown an association between synthesis of
polypeptides and specific interactions in wheat seedlings infected with
these characterized pathogenic races of wheat rust Eight day old seedlings
grown in hydroponia were inoculated with spores or solely with talc
(controls) in humid chambers. Messenger RNA was isolated towards the third
day of the infection process and checked by translation using a commercial
rabbit lysate.
A cDNA clone likely involved in race specific induction was detected
from mRNA of Gamma 1R inoculated with F0(1)pathogen race. It is induced in
both Gamma 1R and Sinvalocho plants inoculated with this pathogen race. This
result confirms the induction of race specific mRNAs detected in in vitro
translation experiments which was previously reported (Annual Wheat
Newsletter 35 (1991): 35.
-------------------------
F.Salvagiotti, S.E.Beas and R.H.Maich; Facultad de Ciencias
Agropecuarias (UNC), Cordoba
Relationship between seed size and response to selection in segregating
populations of wheat
Mechanical classification of seeds have the finality to procure
material, from a physiological point of view, suitable to produce vigorous
seedlings; however, doesn't imply to increase the efficiency of visual
selection when we work with segregating populations. A F(2) bulk of seeds
was classified using a 2.5 mm diameter sieve in three classes: larger,
intermediate and lesser. During 1989 the material was grown in two sowing
dates. From each experimental unit a F(2) plant was selected, wich progeny
(F(2:3)) was evaluated for grain yield in 1990 in three dates of seeding
without replication per date. Only sowing date had a significant effect on
efficiency of visual selection, where the progenies of the plant selected in
june (normal) produced higher grain yield than those selected in may. The
non-significant yield differences between F(2:3) lines, whose F(2) plants
were originated from seed with different size indicate that mechanical
classification of seeds before sowing was not beneficial in increasing the
genetic progress.
-------------------------
R.H.Maich, N.C.Guzman, C.A.Ripoll and G.A.Manera; Facultad de Ciencias
Agropecuarias (UNC)
Alternative strategies of recurrent selection for grain yield in wheat.
Studies were conducted to measure the efficiency of three recurrent
selection strategies in wheat in one cycle of selection. During 1986 83 F(1)
or S(0) progenies were evaluated (P(0)), the best fifteen progenies were
selected and intermated to constitute P(1)filial population. In 1987, the
F(2) or S(1) progenies product of selfing the correspondingly and above
mentioned 83 S(0) were tested, twelve of them were selected and intercrossed
to constitute P(4) filial population. During 1988 and 1989 (summer crop)
nearly four handred F(2:3) or S(1:2) lines selected from each one of the 83
segregating populations were grown, the best 20 lines were intercrossed to
constitute P(6) filial population. During 1989, 160 S(0) progenies (a random
sample of 40 per population) were evaluated, in 1990 the same was performed
testing the S(1) progenies. Significant differences between mean values of
population samples were found, after one cycle of recurrent
selection the response was 23.9% (P(1)), 25.4% (P(4)) and 4.9% (P(6)).
Selection for earweight during S(0) progenies evaluation was an effective
method for increasing the yield of the base population.
-------------------------
G.A.Manera, E.Yanacon and R.H.Maich; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias
(UNC)
Influence of selection environment x length of biological cycle
Interactions on genetic progress in wheat. The efficiency of selection is
also affected by environmental conditions (EC). The objective of this study
was to determine the effect of EC on the genetic progress in segregating
populations of wheat with different biological cycles (BC). During 1988, two
groups of six wheat F(2) populations each one (short and long-season
materials) were cultivated in three locations (Ferreyra-CE, Ordonez-ON and
Casilda-CA). One plant was selected from each plot. In 1990, the yield of
F(2:4) lines was tested at CE, Marcos Juarez and CA. There was abundant
evidence of EC x BC interactions. Significant differences were found between
long-season lines selected under different EC, where the highest yield lines
were selected under optimal EC (ON and CA). Even though there were not
significant differences between short-season lines, those lines selected
under marginal EC (CE) showed a highest yield performance.
-------------------------
R.H.Maich, J.Casati, R.Rold n and G.A.Manera; Facultad de Ciencias
Agropecuarias (UNC), Cordoba, Argentina.
The effect of spatial arrangement and seeding rate on response to
Selection in wheat and barley
To determine the effects of plant density (25, 50 and 100 seeds/m(2)
and spatial arrangament (equidistance: 10x10, 15x15 and 20x20, and rows:
5x20, 10x20 and 10x40 cm within and between rows respectively) on gain from
selection for yield, four wheat and two barley F(2) populations were
cultivated during 1989 under the above mentionated environmental conditions.
From each experimental unit a plant was selected, wich progeny (F(2:3)) was
evaluated during 1990 in one-row plots in four sowing dates. Significant
species x density and species x spatial arrangament interactions existed for
grain yield. In wheat, the highest response to selection was obtained
selecting under equidistance and with 25 seeds/m(2); on the other hand, in
barley, that aim was achieved selecting in rows and with a density of 50
seeds/m(2). The efficiency of phenotypic selection depended on biological
characteristics of the material as well as of the environment conditions
under they were selected.
-------------------------
W.Londero, J.C.Funes and R.H.Maich; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias
(UNC)
Relationship between grid characteristics and genetic progress in wheat
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between
grain yield of F(3:4) lines of wheat and the agricultural characteristics of
the grids from wich the correspondingly F(3) plants were selected. During
1989 a bulk of F(3) seeds was cultivated on an area of 900 m(2). It was
subdivided in 80 grids characterized through the final plant population,
height and yield. A plant was selected from each grid. In 1990, in three
sowing dates, two groups (superior and inferior) of 13 F(3:4) lines each one
were tested. The classification of the lines were performed on the basis of
the agronomical characteristics of the grids from wich they derived.
Significant differences (10%) were found between groups of lines, where the
material selected from agronomically inferior grids yielded more than those
superior ones. The data suggest may be merit in the characerizing the field
after gridding if we would improve the mass selection efficiency.
-------------------------
J.C.Miranda, M.J.Miarka, D.Bonelli and R.H.Maich; Facultad de Ciencias
Agropecuarias (UNC)
Selection during early generations under interspecific and intergeneric
competition conditions in bread wheat
Studies were conducted to measure the effect of competition on the
response to selection in segregating populations of bread wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.). Two F(2) populations of bread wheat were grown in alternated
rows with others of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) and barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.). The materials were cultivated during 1989 in two sowing dates.
From each experimental unit a plant was selected. During 1990 the F(2:3)
lines of bread wheat were evaluated for grain yield in one-row plots and in
three sowing dates. The selection under intergeneric competition conditions
affected significantly and negatively the efficiency of selection. On the
other hand, there were not significant differences between means of the
material selected under intraspecific and interspecific competition
conditions; even though the material selected under intraspecific
competition conditions performed better. The phenotypic superior plants
selected under intergeneric or interspecific competition conditions were not
necessarely so from an agronomic point of view when tested under
intraspecific competition conditions in the corresponding progeny tests.
-------------------------
O.Pagani, M.Canovas, A.Glade and R.H.Maich; Facultad de Ciencias
Agropecuarias (UNC)
Indirect selection for grain yield in wheat
The objective of the present work was to measure the response to
indirect selection for grain yield using the harvest index (HI) and
earweight (PSP) as selection criteria. In 1988, 437 F(2:3) lines of wheat
were evaluated through HI and PSP. Two groups (superior and inferior) of ten
lines from each selection criteria were performed, each one constituted in
similar proportion by material with different biological cycles (BC). During
1990 in three sowing dates, 40 F(2:5) lines were evaluated. No significant
differences between superior and inferior group means were observed;
however, as a consequence of a significant biological cycle x group
interactions a statistical analysis of variance was conducted according to
the BC of the materials. Significant differences were observed in the short-
season material when HI was used as indirect selection criteria.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES
CSIRO Grain Quality Research Laboratory (formerly Wheat Research Unit)
Division of Plant Industry, P.O. Box 7, North Ryde, NSW 2113 (Sydney)
C.W. Wrigley, F. MacRitchie, I.L. Batey, J.H. Skerritt, J.L.
Andrews, M.L. Bason, F. Bekes, P.W. Gras, R. Gupta, A.S.Hill, S.
Rahman, J.A. Ronalds
The name of the Wheat Research Unit has been changed to Grain Quality
Research Laboratory, to reflect a wider interest in grain research extending
beyond wheat. Nevertheless, the Laboratory's major accent is on quality
aspects relating to wheat processing and providing an understanding of this
in chemical and genetic terms. These results have provided a sound basis
for devising more efficient tests for grain quality to use in breeding and
at grain receival during the harvest.
Improved testing of wheat quality at receival. In Australia,
evaluation of wheat quality on receival at the silo depends mainly on
testing for protein content and checking variety specification, having first
established that the grain is plump, sound and largely free of contaminants.
Recent introduction of payment for protein content has focused attention on
the need for accuracy in this aspect of silo-based testing. All aspects of
this task have been thoroughly reviewed for all states in a collaborative
project undertaken with the Bread Research Institute at the request of the
Wheat Research Council. The resulting report provides recommendations on
improving procedures at many stages of the process, including sampling,
calibration of protein testing (NIR) instruments, through to auditing of
performance. Separate publications focus on problems of calibration of
near infrared instruments, possibilities for further evaluation of baking
quality with this technique, and prospects for genetic improvement in
protein accumulation.
More efficient methods of identifying wheat grain according to variety
have been developed, and passed on to user laboratories where they are now
in use. These include rapid electrophoresis in small gel cassettes (being
manufactured as the Micrograd range by Gradipore Ltd, Sydney),
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of grain proteins, and
software (Patmatch) to provide automatic identification of HPLC profiles.
A further software program (WhatWheat) assists in choosing the most
efficient approach to a particular problem of identification.
More efficient analysis for pesticide residues. In response to the
need for more careful monitoring of the use of grain protectants, we are
developing a series of test kits that will provide more efficient testing
for the presence of the major insecticides on Australia's grain crop.
Rapid-test versions of these kits are designed for on-the-spot field use
(e.g. at the silo and export terminal), while the lab-test versions will
permit quantitative analysis of large numbers of samples.
The development of these tests has involved the production of specific
antibodies to pesticide-protein conjugates, evaluation of sensitivity and
specificity, streamlining of the test procedure and checking for adequate
stability of all reagents.
A commercialisation agreement has been signed with Millipore Australia
Pty Ltd to facilitate the final development, manufacture and marketing
(world wide) of kits as part of the Millipore Corporation's EnviroGard
range. This will ensure that the results of this research are promptly
available to the grain industry. The initial set of kits from this
agreement will provide test methods for fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl
and pirimiphos-methyl. Tests for other grain protectants and agrochemicals
are in the process of development.
Antibody-based tests for wheat quality. In addition to its use for
pesticide analysis, antibody technology is proving valuable in screening for
aspects of wheat quality. The first of these test methods, now being made
available to Australian wheat breeders for evaluation, provides prediction
of dough strength based on the reaction of a wheatmeal extract with
antibodies that bind selectively to key glutenin proteins. Further
quality-evaluation procedures being developed, based on antibody reaction,
include detection of grain-softness protein and of rye proteins,
localisation of specific endosperm components and identification of
homologies between groups of endosperm proteins. Many aspects of this work
have been covered in a provisional patent.
Gluten chemistry and processing quality. Studies of gluten in
relation to processing quality have also concentrated on molecular aspects.
Attention has focused on the polypeptides of glutenin, the portion of gluten
that forms large disulfide-bonded aggregates. An improved method was
devised for studying the degree of aggregation of the gluten proteins, based
on size exclusion HPLC and the application of this approach to predicting
dough properties. This degree of aggregative interaction appears to be
determined by the allelic composition of high- and low-molecular-weight
(HMW, LMW) glutenin subunits and the ratio of HMW to LMW subunits. An
improved one-step method of electrophoretic analysis and a software program
have facilitated attempts to rank individual HMW and LMW alleles to permit
better prediction of dough properties in breeding. This information has
been passed on to breeders at conferences, has been implemented in some
breeding programs, is being used in the Unit's antibody-based testing, and
is being used to overcome dough-stickiness problems arising from the use of
wheat-rye translocation lines in breeding.
Additional studies have included chemical and genetic characterisation
of certain high-molecular-weight albumin proteins (mainly beta-amylases),
and detailed analysis of the amino acid sequences of gliadins 42 and 45
whose presence correlates with pasta-making quality in durum wheat.
Identification of polypeptides correlating with dough strength has led
to the isolation of the corresponding genes. Clones for HMW glutenin
subunits have been used as probes in developing a test system, based on
restriction fragment
length polymorphisms (RFLP), to permit breeders to predict dough strength
potential of a seedling based on the analysis of leaf DNA.
Direct-drive micro Mixograph. While these biochemical tests are
proving to have predictive value, direct testing of dough properties is
needed for definitive evaluation of new breeding lines or for isolated flour
fractions. The direct-drive Mixograph is proving capable of providing such
information as this (the reasons for its development). The first batch of
two-gram Mixographs is being manufactured under licence by TMCO-National
Manufacturing (Nebraska), holders of the Mixograph trade mark. Interaction
with breeders has shown that the Mixograph can be used to select for dough
properties as early as the second and third generations after an initial
cross, with high heritability for properties such as time to mixing peak and
rate of breakdown.
The two-gram and 35-g models have been tested in parallel with large
commercial mixers to demonstrate the relevance of the small-scale testing
and to evaluate the new software for analysing the full range of mixing
curves.
Starch properties and wheat quality. The Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA),
originally developed to detect rain damage in wheat, is also being used to
evaluate starch properties suited to noodle-making quality. In parallel,
the structure of starches of contrasting quality is being examined to
further understand the chemical basis of noodle quality. The amylose
content of starch from good noodle-making wheats was 22%. However, other
aspects of starch structure must also be involved, since not all starches
with this amylose content come from wheats suited to noodle manufacture.
Chemical markers of grain hardness. Study of a 15,000-dalton
polypeptide from starch granules has led to the elucidation of an amino-acid
sequence that may relate to a major gene for grain softness. However, this
sequence appears to also be prominent in protein extracted from the
endosperm of hard wheats. An RFLP test, developed from a DNA clone
relating to this sequence, has been shown to distinguish between hard and
soft isogenic lines. Antibodies have also been used extensively in this
project to distinguish between members of the family of 15,000-dalton
peptides and to examine their homologies to gluten proteins.
-------------------------
B. Ballantyne, J. Fisher, A. Khan, L. Penrose
NSW Agriculture, Agricultural Research Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650
1991 Season. The drought affecting Queensland and Northern NSW did not
severely affect southern NSW. Opening rains were unusually late, but
permitted seeding by late May in most areas. Above average rainfall in
winter, with a cool though dry spring, enabled achievement of average grain
yields in the main wheat belt in southern NSW. However yields were more
variable than usual, very high yields (>8t/ha) were achieved in some trials
in the eastern part of the wheat belt and in irrigated trials, in the
western wheat belt some sites only averaged 0.4 t/ha.
Diseases were not important in 1991, with very little stripe rust and
little Septoria tritici following delayed sowing times. Sowings of winter
wheats were restricted by the late break to the season.
Sowings of wheat were considerably down in acreage, independently of
the season, due to depressed wheat prices. Recent improvements in varieties
of Canola was also a factor.
Wheat breeding. Delayed sowing time restricted representative
assessment of wheats suited to early sowings. Truly early sown trials were
restricted to irrigated areas. Selection for rust resistance was also
restricted by seasonal conditions, though some Septoria developed in
nurseries.
Rosella was the highest yielding cultivar in early sown trials in 1991.
This agrees with the results of previous trials. Rosella is a soft white
winter wheat, in 1990 13% of the wheat in silogroup 4 and 24% of the wheat
in silogroup 5 was
Rosella. Unfortunately Rosella is susceptible to the Sr30 attacking
pathotype of P. graminis, so it needs to be replaced before this pathotype
becomes more common.
In the mid/late sown trial series, the Queensland variety Janz was the
highest yielding cultivar. In 1991, Dollarbird was about 3% lower yielding
than Janz, however in trials since 1988 these two varieties have the same
average yield. Dollarbird has good tolerance to acid soils, and performs
well in the eastern part of the wheat belt. It has not perform as well at
sites where there is severe moisture stress during grain filling, K1939 has
the same pattern of adaptation.
At sites with severe moisture stress, the varieties which perform
relatively better are Kiata and Sunbird. Both these varieties are derived
from Condor. Vulcan is still the most popular variety for mid/late sowing,
but it is being displaced by Janz and Dollarbird.
Release of Shrike. The quick maturing winter cultivar Shrike (formerly
M3856) was released for commercial sowings in 1991 as a replacement for
Osprey. Shrike has Sr26 conferring resistance to all P. graminis pathotypes
in Australia, and is now the only recommended main season winter cultivar in
NSW with resistance to the Sr30 attacking pathotype. Shrike has adult plant
resistance to P. striiformis and P. recondida, and is moderately resistant
to Septoria tritici and flagsmut. Shrike is about 3 days earlier than
Osprey with 1% higher yield overall, and 2% more yield than Osprey in silo
group 3 west, its main areas of adaptation.
Advanced crossbreds. K1939 (NS732/Pima//K2023). Mainseason hard
grained white wheat. Similar maturity to Dollarbird, good acid soils
tolerance, resistant to stripe and stem rusts. There is no consensus on the
acceptability of it's grain quality, a semi-commercial scale pilot milling
is planned to clarify the issue.
WW1203 (Cleo-Inia/Sundor). Mainseason hard grained white wheat,
suitable for Australian Standard White grade. Excellent resistance to
Septoria tritici blotch, resistant to stripe and stem rusts. Shorter
stronger straw than alternative cultivars. Expected to have an advantage in
higher rainfall and irrigation environments, it has however performed well
over all environments.
WW879 (Condor/3Ag14//Romany/4189). Mainseason hard grained white
wheat. Good resistance to Septoria tritici blotch, resistant to stripe and
stem rusts. Short straw, moderate acid soils tolerance. It's performance
has been variable, there are some regions where it appears to be well
adapted, however it's future will depend on whether we are able to identify
the reason for this apparent adaptation. It has desirable grain qualities
for this region.
-------------------------
L. Penrose
Evaluation of winter habit. Selection for both spring and winter
habits is undertaken at the ARI. Winter habit permits early sowings of
wheat in Autumn, with greater flexibility than is possible with photoperiod
sensitive spring wheats. Early sowings are frequently possible following
March/April rain from tropical airmasses, before the arrival of temperate
air masses from the south-west. Early sowings enhance flexibility of
farming operations, and may also provide higher yield potential.
A research project has been undertaken to quantify degree of winter
habit in local cultivars and breeding material, and its control of
development in conjunction with effects of photoperiod and intrinsic rate of
development. Cultivars with winter habit suitable for general sowings in
the main wheat belt in NSW have been developed relatively recently (first
being cvs. Osprey and Quarrion in 1983), and configuration of developmental
controls in maximising yield has not been thoroughly explored.
Publication
Penrose LDJ, Martin RH & Landers CF. (1991). Measurement of response to
vernalization in Australian wheats with winter habit. Euphytica 57,9-17.
-------------------------
The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute
Plant Pathology, Sydney and PBI, Cobbitty
D. Backhouse, J. Bell, G.N. Brown, L.W. Burgess, N.L. Darvey, R.A.
McIntosh, J.D. Oates, R.F. Park, J.Roake, P.J. Sharp, D. The, C.R.
Wellings.
Professor D.R. Marshall has taken up the appointment of Professor of
Plant Breeding and Director of the Plant Breeding Institute. His office is
located at the main campus in Sydney. Settling in at Cobbitty is proving to
be a long process. Many of the greenhouse rooms for research are still to
be assembled and some problems continue to affect the control systems of
those that are operating. Unreliable rust infections were overcome by
changing the potting mix. It appears that the spent mushroom compost that
was being used as a component, had very high pH.
Due to resistant cultivars in more rust-prone areas and drought
conditions over much of eastern Australia during the second half of the 1991
wheat season, stem rust on wheat and triticale reached historically low
levels. Less than 10 samples were received for the entire country. Leaf
rust also occurred at low levels, the main pathotypes being 104-2,3,6,(7),11
and 104-1,2,3,6,7,11. These Lr16-virulent forms now occur throughout the
country. Lr16 is not present in any current or recent Australian cultivar.
Early reports of natural infections of stripe rust came from research
centres in northern N.S.W., but dry conditions precluded significant spread
to more resistant commercial crops. Stripe rust was more widespread in the
south and losses, if any, were restricted to more susceptible cultivars.
Pt. 104 E137 A- continued to prevail, but Yr6 virulence was recovered from
border areas of N.S.W. and Victoria, indicating localized carryover from the
previous season. For future surveys we have adopted Kalyansona and
Federation*4/Kavkaz as replacement genotypes for Heines VII (Yr2) and
Clement (Yr9) and have added Selkirk (unnamed gene) and a VPM1 derivative
(Yr17) as bearers of genes not present in the previous survey set. A line
with Yr15 will be added in 1992.
A second P. recondita pathotype with avirulence for Lr22b in Thatcher
has been identified. Pt. 64-11 was first isolated in Queensland in 1990.
It appears to have no relationship with 53-1,6,(7),10,11 which is also
avirulent for Lr22b. Multipathotype adult plant tests of Thatcher and
various near-isogenic derivatives established that we have pathogenic
variability for Lr12 and Lr3ka. Isolates identified as pathotypes 104-
2,3,5,6,(7),11 and 104-1,2,3,5,6,(7),11 recorded as virulent on seedlings of
Klein Titan (Lr3ka) in 1990 proved virulent on adult plants of Tc + Lr3ka,
but were avirulent on Tc + Lr13. From other studies we concluded that Klein
Titan carries at least Lr3ka and Lr13. These results confirmed that
combinations of Lr13 and genes such as Lr1, Lr2a alleles, Lr3 and Lr14a will
continue to provide resistance in Australia.
Further work has confirmed the presence of two adult plant resistance
genes in Hartog (= Pavon 'S') and the close genetic association of Lr34 and
Yr18. Attempts to locate the chromosome bearing the second complementary
gene comprising the "Avocet" resistance to stripe rust were unsuccessful.
Yr15 mapped in chromosome 1BS about 10 units from the centromere; it readily
recombines with Yr10. Genetic studies of adult plant stripe rust resistance
in several Australian wheats, using selections of Avocet as susceptible
parents, indicated 2-5 genes depending on the particular cross. We are now
attempting to isolate genes segregating at single loci from F3-F4
populations. The behaviour of these genes will be studied in intercrosses
and later, they will be subjected to monosomic analysis using a set of
monosomic stocks currently being produced in a highly susceptible Avocet
selection.
Funding for the international collaborative wheat rust program was
terminated in June 1991. Some testing of SSD lines developed for the
genetic studies is continuing. Some studies have been initiated to follow
up on findings and research papers reporting results are in preparation.
More than 14,000 lines were screened for Australian wheat breeders as
part of the National Wheat Rust Control Program. One hundred advanced lines
and 12 controls were entered in the Disease Progress
Nursery which was subjected to multipathotype and multilocation rust
tests and also screened for response to several additional diseases and
stresses.
Screening of Australian lines for anther culture response indicated an
amenability to culture among materials from the Queensland Wheat Research
Institute (particularly Hartog derivatives and their F1 hybrids), Waite
Agricultural Research Institute and sprouting-resistant lines N72-72 and
AUS1490 from the I. A. Watson Wheat Research Centre. Among triticales,
Juanillo was particularly responsive and gave many green regenerants. Using
a membrane raft technique for ease of transfer, a 2,4-D and Kinetin medium
was very effective for the first induction phase (14 days) which was
followed by the use of IBA and Zeatin. Direct regeneration of embryoids
into plants then occurred on the membrane.
The dual-purpose triticale cultivar "Madonna" was released in 1991.
In 1991 the tan spot resistance breeding program moved to Cobbitty, enabling
seedling screening of early generation material. F2 populations using Fink
and Vicam as resistant parents were screened in 1991 with BC1F2 crosses to
be screened in 1992. Drought conditions precluded field surveys and
screening of advanced lines.
-------------------------
I. A. Watson Wheat Research Centre, Narrabri
L. O'Brien, F.W. Ellison, R.M. Trethowan, D.J. Mares, S.G. Moore and
A.B. Pattison
Seasonal conditions: A protracted dry spell from January to April
demanded nursery areas to be pre-irrigated in order that winter and long
season wheats could be planted at the correct time. Flights of plague
locusts in April and early May "ate-off" early planted nurseries.
Irrigation revived them, only for further locust flights to arrive and
finish them off. All of these nurseries had to be replanted after their
optimum time. Substantial rains in late May interrupted planting operations.
Regular rains in June and July allowed frequent but limited planting
opportunities. Planting was not completed until late July.
From early August until mid-December, low rainfall demanded that all
nursery areas be regularly irrigated to promote growth and enable single
plant selection for height and straw strength. Stripe rust developed on
infection rows in late July but failed to move through the nursery areas
despite irrigation. Heavy rains in mid-December followed by overcast and
showery conditions resulted in sprouting damage to all materials still to be
harvested. Some material will have to be replanted from residue seed.
Recent releases: Growers who purchased Sunbri in 1991 were pleased
with its performance in the dry season. Yields were above expectation and
grain was mostly prime hard quality. Miskle continued to perform well in
mid-season plantings. It has been reselected for homogeneity of its stem
rust resistance genes (Sr13 + Sr30) and rapid seed increase will allow a re-
release in 1993.
Advanced lines: SUN155C (Cook//Lr28/Combination III) which had been
approved for registration will be released early in 1994. Seed production
was interrupted because of the discovery of segregation for degrees of
stripe rust resistance. All plants possessed resistance to stripe rust, but
varied in the amount of sporulation. Plants with the Cook level of adult
plant resistance were selected and these will form the basis of the seed to
be released for commercial production.
Advanced lines with potential prime hard quality characteristics
include SUN146F, SUN148L and SUN231A. Two promising lines with shorter
dough-mixing times and dough strength suited to the domestic market are
SUN190A and SUN231A. Two long season lines, SUN224A and SUN225A, are
showing promise for early plantings (April-early May).
Pure seed production: The delay in pure seed production of SUN155C
will be minimised using summer generations combined with winter increases in
1992 and 1993. This should result in more than 20,000 bags being available
for commercial plantings in 1994, only one year later than originally
planned.
Sprouting tolerance: Research on sprouting tolerance is now being
directed at the factors involved in the development, expression, chromosomal
location and inheritance of dormancy. The accumulation of à-amylase in some
wheat lines during grain ripening is also a problem under investigation.
This phenomenon is associated with grain samples of sound appearance but
unacceptably low falling numbers and has been identified in germplasm from
most Australian breeding programs.
Biochemical and molecular markers are being developed for the selection
of important characteristics, especially environmentally mediated traits
such as dormancy and late maturity à-amylase production.
Root and crown diseases: Screening of advanced lines for tolerance to
crown rot (Fusarium) and root lesion nematode (RLN) continued in 1991.
Surveys for RLN in northern N.S.W. suggested that the nematode is more
widespread than previously realised. Studies on environmental factors
influencing nematode populations, and interactions between nematodes and
other root pathogens are underway.
-------------------------
QUEENSLAND
Queensland Wheat Research Institute, Toowoomba
G.B. Wildermuth and R.B. McNamara
Crown rot. Incidence and severity of crown rot caused by Fusarium
graminearum Group 1 was less in 1991 than in 1990. Whilst incidence
decreased from 45 to 32% in a tillage and stubble treatment experiment, the
incidence of deadheads was reduced from 24 to 10%. The winter season of
1991 was an extremely dry one even in the early part of
the season. For this reason, infection by F. graminearum was lower and
incidence of deadheads also lower than in the previous year.
Cultivar resistance is the most desirable means of controlling crown
rot although crop rotation is also practised. Eleven of the thirteen
cultivars recommended for planting in Queensland in 1991, are susceptible to
the disease. Lines with partial resistance to crown rot have been
identified and one of the aims of the breeding program is to incorporate
this resistance into adapted cultivars. One hindrance to breeding for
resistance has been the screening method. Previously, lines and cultivars
have been screened by growing plants to maturity in the field and rating
these plants for severity of the disease. This procedure would be time
consuming and tedious in a breeding program. A seedling technique has been
developed to overcome this problem. Plants are grown in inoculated soil for
21 days at 25degC and the leaf sheaths of leaves 1, 2 and 3 examined for
severity of browning. The correlation between the rating of leaf sheaths 1,
2 and an index of susceptibility based on field experiments was significant
(r=0.78). It is hoped that use of screening for resistance with seedlings
will enable faster progress to be made in breeding for resistance to this
disease.
Common root rot. Incidence and severity of common root rot caused by
Bipolaris sorokiniana was similar to the levels of previous seasons.
Incorporation of resistance into adapted cultivars in association with Dr P.
Brennan is continuing. The most advanced crosses are in the preliminary
stages of yield evaluation.
-------------------------
P.S. Brennan, J.A. Sheppard, L.R. Mason, R.W. Uebergang, M.L. Fiske.
I.C. Haak and P.I. Hocroft
Wheat Breeding
Season. The 1991 wheat growing season coincided with an extremely
severe drought. Planting intentions were well below average due to low
wheat price expectation. The drought reduced planting options dramatically
and an undefined portion of the crop was cut for hay to feed drought
affected cattle and sheep. The net result was a harvest roughly 10% of that
obtained in 1990.
Varietal release. The variety Batavia was released in September
1991. This variety was derived from the cross between the CIMMYT line
Brochis's' and Banks. Batavia has high yield and excellent straw strength
from Brochis and very good quality (high milling extraction, low flour
colour grade and long dough extensibility) from Banks.
The poor seasonal conditions reduced seed multiplication to less than
half the target.
In 1992 three lines will be considered for release. QT5360 developed
in collaboration with Dr Rees is discussed elsewhere. QT4636 is an awnless
Hartog type (Jarral/Gamut//4*Hartog). Jarral/Gamut (QT2338) was used as a
source of awnlessness to produce a variety that, in the event of crop
failure, would be more acceptable for stock feed. This line also has a
higher level of yellow spot resistance than the recurrent parent Hartog
which must be derived from QT2338. The possibility that the gene(s) for
yellow spot resistance are linked to one of the genes for awnlessness should
be investigated.
The third line, QT4336, is very high yielding and is derived from the
cross Brochis's'/Hartog.
RFLP tagging of genes for high protein
Research Activities. Five crosses involving the low protein achiever
Hartog and putative high protein achievers (QT2200-20, Laura, Atlas 66
derivative, Plainsman V derivative, Cunningham) have been produced. About
100 random inbred lines from each cross are being generated using single
seed descent.
The use of pollination with maize coupled with 2,4-D treatment to
generate haploids, is being investigated. Seed sets range from 1 to 5%. A
number of options will be explored to produce higher seed sets.
The object of the study is to determine the protein content and RFLP
profile for each random inbred line to identify RFLPs closely linked to
gene(s) for high protein.
This project is being carried out in conjunction with Dr P.J. Sharp,
Sydney University.
-------------------------
R.G. Rees, P.S. Brennan, G.J. Platz and K.C.M. Blaikie
Resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Severe drought for much of
the 1991 winter crop season greatly reduced crops and yellow or tan spot was
not a problem.
The backcrossing program to incorporate resistance to P. tritici-
repentis into adapted cultivars continued. Resistance sources such as Vicam
71, Fink 'S', Red Chief and lines from CIMMYT nurseries such as Fourth
Aluminium Screening Nursery entry 29 (single plant selection) are being
used. Recurrent parents are popular adapted cultivars or advanced lines
from the Queensland wheat breeding program. Resistant lines based on Hartog
performed best in yield evaluation trials, largely reflecting the high
yielding ability of Hartog under our conditions. One Vicam/3*Hartog line
(QT5360) again performed well in evaluation trials at 18 sites with an
average yield advantage over Hartog of about 4%. Seed has been increased
and this line is to be considered for release in 1992.
In a greenhouse trial, the massive effects of yellow spot on root
development measured previously were confirmed. Severe yellow spot
throughout the plant life reduced root weight by 76% while weight of plant
tops and grain yield were reduced by 43 and 62% respectively.
-------------------------
ITEM FROM BANGLADESH
Research Progress on alien variation into Bandladeshi Wheat
M. Azhar Hossain, M. Bahadur Meah, Alya Momotaz, Pear Mohammad, N.
Pezaul Hag, H. Imam Akand, Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh
Agricultural University, Mymemsingh, Department of Plant Pathology
Bangladesh is basically a tropical rice producing country. The
cultivation of wheat in Bangladesh started in mid seventies and it is
estimated that 1.02 million metric tons of wheat have been produced on
560,000 ha of land in 1990 (BBS, 1990). By now, wheat has become the second
important cereal crop in Bangladesh. This is due to wide acceptability of
wheat for "Route" and the short time span required for its cultivation.
Except for some legume and brassica crops, no other cash crops could be
cultivated with residual moisture. Generally, wheat is cultivated after the
harvest of "Amam" and when the land is kept fallow. Farmers want to plant
wheat as an additional cereal crop. With the passage of time, the yield of
wheat has increased with the increase in total wheat cultivation area.
However, further expansion of wheat production areas has suddenly ceased due
to leaf blight disease and unusual sterility. It has been estimated, based
on various prevailing environmental conditions, that the leaf blight disease
alone can reduce yield from 25% to 40% (Dr. Saunders, personal
communication). The combinations of both sterility and leaf blight disease
further reduce the yield. Presently, it is thought that boron deficiency in
the wheat might be one of the factors for sterility. Application of boron
has increased grain setting (Dr. Jahiruddin, personal communication).
However, more complicated factors might be involved in failure of grain
setting. Rerkasem et al., (1989) reported that boron application in wheat
improved the grain setting in Thailand. However, thorough and comprehensive
research is going on this aspects. A three year's period will help to
clarify the causes of sterility.
Since leaf blight is a major and a very devastating disease in many
tropical wheat producing countries such as Thailand, Nepal, Pakistan,
Brazil, Zambia and the Eastern part of India, search for leaf blight
resistance genes in wheat was made. A few hundred promising wheat cultivars
were tested against the pathogen in several seasons at their various growth
stages. None was found to possess resistance. This is in confirmation with
Dr. Lapis of Philippines who could not get a single wheat cultivar resistant
to this pathogen after screening 40,000 wheats. This has necessitated the
introduction of alien leaf blight resistance gene(s) into Bangladeshi
wheats. The most important and available accessions of all the species of
Triticeae under Triticinae and Hordeinae listed by Feldman and Sears (1981),
Kimber and Sears (1987), and Kimber and Feldman (1987) including various
wheat-secale, wheat-Agropyron, wheat-umbellulatum and wheat-Haynaldia
addition lines were screened at their various growth stage both in
controlled and natural environmental conditions for 3 to 5 growing seasons.
Only T. tauschii, T. ventricosum and A. elongatum showed tolerant reactions.
Fifteen accessions of Boro Rice (Oryza sativa L., 2n=24) were also tested
against the pathogen. Three accessions were resistant. The most powerful
and useful resistance gene source was found in Haynaldia villosa syn.
Dasypyrum villosum. Three accessions of H. villosa, originally kindly
supplied by the late E. R. Sears, showed a unique resistant reaction from
seedling to mature stage both in controlled and natural conditions.
However, wide genetic variation for disease reaction among the species
listed by those authors has been found in various growth stages and
environmental conditions. (Hossain, in preparation). Also, except for the
3 Hv. addition line, the remaining six wheat-Haynaldia addition lines were
tested. Except for the wheat-7 Hv addition line, all other five addition
lines were susceptible to leaf blight disease indicating that the resistant
gene(s) is located in chromosome 7 of H. villosa. Some wheat-7 Hv. addition
plants displayed chimeral behavior for disease reaction. The critical arm
of 7 Hv. might be lost due to mis-division of centromere. The six wheat-
Haynaldia addition lines were karyotype analyzed by C-banding (Hossain,
1985). Since wheat-3 Hv. addition is not available at the present time, its
karyotype was made from the C-banded karyotype of H. villosa perpared from
its root tip and comparison was made with addition lines and finally 3 Hv.
was sorted out. The C-banded karyotype of H. villosa is as follows:
1 Hv. is a heterobrachial chromosome. The short arm possesses a faint
terminal band. The nucleolar band is also faint. The long arm possesses a
prominent heavy terminal band. Occasionally , an interstitial very faint
band is found in the middle of the long arm in some preparations. 2 Hv. is
a submedian chromosome with almost equal terminal bands at both arms. A
distinct band is found in close proximity to the centromere of the long arm.
Sometimes a faint band is noticed near the terminal band of the long arm. 3
Hv. is a median type chromosome. The long arm has a more prominent terminal
band than the short arm. 4 Hv. is a submedian chromosome with a distinct
terminal C-band in the short arm than long arm. This arm possesses a faint
terminal band. Occasionally, a massive sub-terminal C-band in the long arm
is noticed. 5 Hv. is the most heterobrachial chromosome in the complement.
The short arm possesses a distinctive terminal C-band and the long arm
possesses a very faint terminal band. In some preparations a prominent C-
band is found in the long arm. 6 Hv. is a second heterobrachial chromosome
with equal amount of terminal bands in both arms. 7 Hv. is a median type
chromosome. The short arm possesses a fainter band than the long arm. One
interstitial band is found in the middle of the short arm. Also, a small
faint band is noticed near the terminal end of the long arm. All the
chromosomes possess distinctive centromeric bands.
Both A. elonogatum and H. villosa were separately crossed to Sears phI
mutant. The amphiploid produced showed tolerant and resistant reactions,
respectively. Meiotic study was made on several wheat-Haynaldia amphiploids
in Sears' ph mutant background. Very poor chromosome pairing was observed
indicating that H. villosa chromosomes might have undergone some
modifications and differentiation during evolution resulting in no further
homoeology retained, or the wrong seed stock used as Sears' ph mutant.
However, a new program has been initiated. Authentic Sears' ph mutants on 5B
and 3D have separately been crossed to H. villosa. The chromosome pairing
behavior in the amphiploids will be studied next season. Alternately, both
5B and 3D mutants have been crossed together to produce homozygous stock for
both loci in a single background. F(1) plants are being selfed for F(2)
seeds.
Three accessions of tritordeums were evaluated for their performances
in Bangladesh. The three accessions produced a segregating population.
The main problem of tritordeum is its male sterility. The early tillers
produced very tiny anthers. Some of the anthers were transformed into
feathery stigmas. These tillers do not produce any seeds at all. However,
late tillers produce normal anthers with viable pollen grains and these
tillers produce 2 to 3 seeds per spike. These tritordeums have been crossed
to local wheats and four triticales to induce translocations among the
chromosomes for wheat, barley and rye through centric fusion. Application
of gibberellic acid following pollination, and embryo culture are the
prerequisites for successful amphiploid production. All tritideums are very
late in flowering and maturity.
-------------------------
Md. Sultan Uddin Bhuiya, Department of Agronomy
Study on Growth Phases and Stages of Wheat
Field experiments were set up at the Bangladesh Agricultural University
farm at Mymemsingh during the rabi season of 1988-89 and 1989-90 to identify
the developmental phases and stages and their duration in five cultivars and
two advanced lines of wheat. Six phases and their durations were:
germination and emergence (0-8 days), tillering (9-43 days), stem elongation
(33-65 days), heading (56 to 75 days), flowering (61-81 days) and grain
formation and ripening (65-115 days). Each of these phases was further sub-
divided into one or more stages depending on morphological characters and
developmental events. Thus, 12 stages under six phases were identified
with their durations which were: emergence (0-8 days), seedling (9-18 days),
crown root (17-29 days), tillering (22-43 days), jointing (33-51 days,
shooting (42-59 days), booting (51-65 days), heading (65-75 days), flowering
(61-88 days), dough (79-98 days) and ripening (92-115 days).
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM BRAZIL
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo/EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo, RS
C.N.A. de Sousa
Resistance to aluminum toxicity. The resistance to aluminum toxicity is
a general objective in most wheat breeding programs in Brazil because there
are aluminum problem in a great part of all states where this cereal is
grown in Brazil. A nursery has been evaluated every year under field
conditions in soil with aluminum toxicity in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil in order to know the reaction of wheat cutivars. The reaction of the
cultivar is the information of one or more years. The cultivars under
recommendatoin in Brazil in 1991 (more than 100) that presented better
reaction (tolerant) to aluminum toxicity are listed: BH 1146, CEP 19-Jatai,
CEP 21-Campos, IAC 5-Maringa, IAC 18-Xavantes, IAC 21-Iguacu, IAC 27-
Pantaneiro, IAPAR 18-Marumbi, IAPAR 34-Guaraji, Minuano 82, RS 4-Ibiraiaras,
RS 8-Whestphalen, Trigo BR 4, Trigo BR 14, Trigo BR 15, Trigo BR 20-Guato,
Trigo BR 25, Trigo BR 28, Trigo BR 32, Trigo BR 35, Trigo BR 37, Trigo BR
38, Trigo BR 41-Ofaie e Trigo BR 43.
-------------------------
S. D. dos A. Silva, C. N. A. de Sousa and P. L. Scheeren
Screening of wheat cultivars for soilborne wheat mosaic virus. Soilborne
wheat mosaic virus (SWMV) is a disease that causes losses in the yield of
wheat in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in South Brazil. A wheat cultivar
nursery was organized to survey for SWMV resistance in 1991. The nursery
was located in three different places in the experimental area of the
National Research Center for Wheat/EMBRAPA in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil. Although the disease was not important in Passo Fundo in 1991,
there was good infection of SWMV in one of the places. The disease was
severe and widespread in the experimental field in 1990. The cultivars that
presented good reaction to SWMV (resistant or moderately resistant) in 1991
and also in 1990 are listed.
I - Brazilian cultivars that are descendant from Londrina: BR 38, PF
83438, PF 839085, PF 85491, PF 859232, PF 859244, PF 859248, and PF 859255.
II - Other Brazilian cultivars: BR 32, CPAC 8597, IAS 54, IAPAR 6-
Tapejara, PF 79583, PF 8237, PF 83349, PF 839197, PF 84316, PF 84330, PF
858, PF 8545, PF 85119, PF 85130, PF 85137, PF 85159, PF 85161, PF 85175, PF
85229, PF 85235, PF 85363, PF 85434, PF 85631, PF 8619, PF 86236, PF 86238,
PF 86509, PF 86771, Pf 86780, PF 86801, Pf 8722, PF 87107, PF 87949, PF
88490, PF 88501, PF 88521, PF 88543, PF 891, PF 895, PF 897, Pf 8933, PF
8944, and PF 89263.
III - Non-Braqzilian cultivars: Ariano (from Italy), Century (USA),
CPAC 841218 (Mex), IPF 41644 (Mex), IPF 43544 (Mex), IPF 43548 (Mex), IPF
43550 (Mex), IPF 49865 (Mex), IPF 57277 (Mex) and PF 801034 (Mex).
-------------------------
J. C. S. Moreira and C. N. A. de Sousa
1991 Wheat Cultivar Yield Trials in Passo Fundo, Brazil
About 460 wheat genotypes were tested in 22 yield trials in the
National Research Center for Wheat of EMBRAPA in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil, during 1991. The process for releasing a new cultivar in Rio
Grande do Sul, the farthest south state in Brazil, was described in the 1986
Annual Wheat Newsletter, 32:38-39.
The precipitation in August, September and November was inferior to the
normal and the humidity from August to November was also inferior. However,
the year was good for the wheat development. The disease that causes more
damages during the vegetative phase was the leaf rust. The yield in 1991
were superior to that obtained in the year before. Several genotypes
reached yield above 3000 kg/ha.
Trials were carried out in a rotation area (2 years without wheat) and
the fertilizer application was 15 kg/ha N, 65 kg/ha P205, 65 kg/ha K20 and
45 kg/ha N as top-dressing. No fungicide was used in most trials. However,
some trials are conducted in Passo Fundo with and without fungicide in order
to know the reaction of different cultivars.
The best check in 1991 was BR 23 the main cultivar in Rio Grande do Sul
occupying about 350.000 ha (53%) of the wheat area in this state.
Cultivars having outstanding yield in trials carried out in Passo
Fundo-RS are shown below.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CULTIVAR CROSS YIELD (kg/ha) in Passo Fundo
No fungicide With fungicide
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Cultivar State Trial
(22 locals in RS)
BR 35 IAC 5*2/3/CNT 7*3/LD//IAC 5/HADDEN 3581 3918
BR 37 MAZOE/F13279//PELADO MARAU 3512 3940
BR 23-(Check) CC/ALONDRA SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 3487 3959
BR 43 PF 833007/JACUI 3472 3967
RS 8-Westphalen CNT 10/BURGAS 2//JACUI 3322 2967
RS 1-FENIX PF 70100/J 15157-69 3294 3867
BR 34 ALZ 110/2/IAS 54//F 5530 3264 3527
BR 38 IAS 55*4/AGENT//IAS 55*4/CI 14123 3163 3816
TRIAL MEAN - 2975 3959
2. South Brazilian Trial
(22 locals in RS)
PF 869120 PF 83743//PF 83182/F 25716 4375 3865
PF 869107 PF 83743//PF 83182/F/25716 4103 4265
PF 87107 ENC/PF 79768//PF 80284 4097 3875
PF 86238 HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3986 3985
PF 87103 SL 5200/PAT 7219//TIFTON 3920 3728
PF 87116 ENC/PF 79768//PF 80284 3776 3755
BR 23 (Check) CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 3393 4085
TRIAL MEAN 3496 3578
3. Regional Yield Trial
(12 locals in RS)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CULTIVAR CROSS YIELD (kg/ha)
With fungicide
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PF 88566 AMIGO/JACUI//PF 7673/CANDIOTA 4209
PF 87453 COKER 762/BR 14 4100
CEP 8878 CEP 8057/BUTUI//CEP 8324 4063
PF 88603 TIFTON SEL/PF 79763/3/N BOZU/3*LD//8 7902 3972
PF 889199 PF 839197/5/F 16946/3/N BAY*2//LD*2/ALD SIB/4/F 16955 3911
BR 23 (Check) CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 3254
4. Multilocated Preliminar Trials (5 locals with lines
in 2nd year of test)
1st M.P.T.
PF 883188 PF 839278/MNO 82//PF 839278/PF 79547 4175
PF 891 CEP 14/PF 79782//CEP 14 4173
PF 8946 PF 839197/5/F 16946/3/N BAY*2//LD*2//ALD SIB/4/F 16955 4144
PF 892 COKER 762/PF 81172//PF 79782 4117
BR 23 (Check) CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP//CNT 8 4079
2nd M.P.T.
PF 89142 COKER 762/PF 81172//PF 79782 4916
PF 89292 PF 8515/PF 85271//PF 82252/BR 35 4873
PF 89231 COKER 762/2*PF 79547 4773
PF 89232 CI 14119/2*PF 8237 4725
PF 89230 COKER 762/2*PF 79547 4696
BR 32 (Check) CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-20/COP/CNT 8 4608
5. Preliminar Trials (1st year trials)
Wheat genotypes yielding more than 4000 kg/ha
out of 260 lines, in preliminar trials in Passo
Fundo, 1991
PF 87373 - 4298
PF 89626 PF 79547//AMIGO/PAT 7219 4282
PF 889299 BR 35//COKER 762/IAC 5 4254
PF 9099 PF 82252/BR 35//IA 7998/PF 8550 4017
PF 9078 COKER 762/CEP 82114//BR 14 4015
PF 889300 BR 35//COKER 762/IAC 5 4000
6. 27th International Spring Wheat Yield Trial - CIMMYT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CULTIVAR Origin YIELD (kg/ha)
No fungicide With fungicide
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PVN MEXICO 2978 2953
BR 16 BRASIL 2792 2475
FALKE MEXICO 2511 2875
PAPAGO 86 MEXICO 2473 2462
QUIAN/FENG#2 CHINA 2176 2506
BR 23 (Check) BRASIL 3186 3341
7. 12th Elite Spring Wheat Yield Trial - CIMMYT
FALKE MEXICO 2732 3550
PGO/SERI MEXICO 2682 3573
HE 1/2*CNO 79 MEXICO 2593 2777
PGO/SERI MEXICO 2515 2840
TUI MEXICO 2467 3357
CUMPAS 86 MEXICO 2440 3503
BR 23 (Check) BRASIL 3440 4243
-------------------------
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo/EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo, RS
P. L. Scheeren, C.N.A. de Sousa, L.de J.A. Del Duca, S.D. dos A. e
Silva, E.P. Gomes, J.F. Sartori, W.I. Linhares, J.C.S. Moreira, J.R.
Salvadori, M.C. Medeiros, J.S. Sobrinho, M.I.B. de Moraes-Fernandez, L.
A. Staudt, V. da R. Caetano
Development of wheat germplasm through the backcross method
Disease and insect resistance. This work is being conducted by a
multidisciplinary team at CNPT/EMBRAPA in Passo fundo since 1975. This
project tries to correct defects of wheat cultivars that show good
adaptation at several wheat regions in Brazil and that require correction of
some problems related to disease or insect resistance or improvement of
agronomic characteristics and industrial quality. Hundreds of backcrosses
are made every year in order to achieve such objectives. The descendants of
these crosses are tested under both field and controlled conditions
(greenhouse, growth chamber, screen house and lab) with artificial
inoculation of diseases and pests. Hundreds of lines bearing desired
characteristics have been produced among which nine (BR 20, BR 24, BR 25, BR
27, BR 35, BR 36, BR 38, BR 41, and BR 42) were released for growing in
different Brazilian wheat regions. Several lines were placed in the Active
Germplasm Bank in Passo Fundo in 1991 and among them there are lines
resistant to rust (Puccinia recondita and Puccinia graminis tritici),
powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis tritici), and/or greenbug (Schizaphis
graminum). Information on some resistances that were incorporated into the
lines descending from the recurrent parents CNT 10, BR 14, BR 35 and CEP 11
is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Cross, height and resistance in lines obtained through
backcross at CNPR, Passo Fundo, RS.
Resistance (R)
-------------------------
Height P.R. P.g.t. E.g.t. S.g.
Line Cross (cm) (1) (2) (3) (4)
------------------------------------------------------------------
PF969107 PF83743/PF 83182/4/CNT 85 R R R -
10*4//LV*5/AGA/3/DL*4/AGENT
//LD*3/N. BAY
PF869120 PF83743/5/PF 83182/4/CNT 90 R R R -
10*4/LV 5/AGA/LD 84/AGENT
/LD*3N. BAY
PF889268 BR14*4/LD*6/FB 6627 100 R R R -
PF889273 BR14*5/3/BH 1146*6/ALD 95 R R R -
SIB//PAR 214*6/FB 6631
PF889279 BR14*6//LD*6/CI 14123 100 R R R -
PF889283 BR14*5//LD*6/CI 14123 95 - R - R
PF 89349 BR35*3//BR14*2/LARGO 100 - R - R
PF89353 BR35*3//BR14*2/LARGO 100 - R - R
PF89361 BR35*3//BR14*2/LARGO 100 - R - R
PF89364 BR14*3/CI 17959 100 - R - R
PF89374 BR14//JUP73*4/AMIGO SEL 90 - R - R
PF89383 BR14*4/LARGO 100 - R - R
PF89389 BR14*4/LARGO 110 - R - R
PF89396 BR14*4/CI 17959 100 - R - R
PF89411 BR14*3/CI 17959 100 - R - R
PF89422 CNT10*5/ST 1/3/CNT 100 R R R -
10*6//IAS54-21*2/CI14123
PF89427 CEP 11*3/3/BH 1146*2// 105 R R - R
JUP 73*3/AMIGO SEL
PF89468 BR14*4//LD*6/CI 14123 90 - R R -
PF89473 BR14*5//LD*6/CI 14123 100 - R R -
PF89476 BR14*4//LD*6/FB 6629 100 - R R -
* --------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: (1) Puccinia recondita
(2) Puccinia grammis tritici
(3) Erysiphe graminis tritici
(4) Schizaphis graminum
Agronomic characteristics. A study on agronomic characteristics
through the backcross method conducted from 1980 up to now is centered on
getting short lines using the recurrent parents BH 1146, BR 2, NNT 1, CNT 8,
CNT 10, IAC 5-Maringa, and Jacui, better straw in relation to BR 2, IAS 58,
and Jacui, in the incorporation of earliness in CNT 8, CNT 10, and Jacui and
shattering resistance in IAC 5-Maringa. The objectives were realized in
most cases and several lines from this work are now available. The level of
difficulty was higher in relation to the improvement of straw and lower in
relation to the incorporation of earliness. Information on days to heading,
height, and culm diameter of some of the lines and their recurrent parent is
shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Cross, days to heading, height, culm diameter, and
special characteristics of lines obtained through backcross
in relation to the recurrent parent in 1990 at Passo Fundo
Culm
Line/ Days to Height diameter Special
Cultivar Cross heading (cm) (mm) characteristics
--------------------------------------------------------------------
BH 1146 - 99 90 3.50 Recurrent parent
PF 86780 ALD SIB/4*BH1146 101 95 3.57 Good type/spike
PF89313 BH1146*5/H567-71 97 65 3.44 Short
PF89315 MS7851/4*BH1146 99 45 3.44 Dwarf
PF89316 BH1146*5/H567-71 97 70 3.27 Short
BR2 - 101 90 3.02 Recurrent parent
PF89317 ITL/2*BR2 109 90 3.61 Good straw
CNT 1 - 100 100 3.62 Recurrent parent
PF88623 CNT1*3//TETRA/
CM 1577 109 70 2.99 Short
PF89319 CNT1*6/JUP 73 99 55 3.16 Short
CNT 8 - 109 105 3.53 Recurrent parent
PF88629 PF772003//CNT
8*3/SON 64 89 80 3.18 Very early
PF88638 PF772003*2/PF813 101 60 3.16 Short
PF782021 - 113 90 3.43 Recurrent parent
Pf84409 IAS52/SOLO//JUP73/3/
CNT10/4/PF 782021 109 70 3.60 Short
PF8535 CNT10/RC7205//3*
PF 782021 101 70 3.21 Short
PF89324 CNT9*2/PF8614//CNT
10/3/3*PF 782021 89 85 3.21 Very early
IAC 5-
Maringa - 101 - 3.84 Recurrent parent
PF89326 S948A1/SE//3*IAC5 99 60 3.60 Short
PF89327 PF782023*2/MS 7851//
IAC 5/3/PF 782023 99 55 3.85 Short
PF89330 JUP 73/3*IAC 5//3*
PF 782023 99 65 3.58 Short
GD 8840 IAC5/NOBRE//PF
782023 - - - Shat. resistance
GD 88138 IAC5*2/NOBRE//PF
782023 - - - Shat. resistance
IAS 58 - 99 85 3.08 Recurrent parent
PF 8545 FB6632/2*IAS58 101 70 3.50 Good type/spike
PF 8776 ALD SIB/4*IAS 58 107 115 4.35 Good straw
PF 88647 ALD SIB/4*IAS 58 106 85 3.99 Good type
Jacui - 108 100 3.36 Recurrent parent
PF 89333 ITL/2*Jacui 97 90 3.98 Good straw
PF 89334 Jacui*4/CMH
75A-919 112 50 3.24 Dwarf
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: PF 772003 = CNT 8 Cit
PF 782021 = CNT 10 Cit
PF 782023 = IAC 5 Cit
-------------------------
M. I. B. de Moraes-Fernandes
New Brazilian wheat cultivars. Four new wheat cultivars from lines
produced at EMBRAPA (National Research Center for Wheat, in Passo Fundo, Rio
Grande do Sul and UEPAE-Dourados, in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul), were
released for cultivation in 1991.
Cultivar Line Cross State
--------------------------------------------------------------------
BR 40-TUIUCA MS208-84 ANAHUAC 75/HUACAMAYO SIB MS
BR 41-OFAIE GD 833 BH 1146*6/ALONDRA SIB MS
BR 42-NAMBIQUARA PF 85634 JAPATECO 73*5//LAGOA VERMELHA*5/
AGATHA MS
BR 43 PF 853031 PF 833007/JACUI RS
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: MS - Mato Grosso do Sul; RS = Rio Grande do Sul.
All these cultivars have a spring type and erect leaves. BR 40 is short
while the others are intermediate (mid-tall). BR 40, BR 41, and BR 42 are
awned, while BR 43 is awnless. BR 41 and BR 43 are tolerant to soil acidity
(aluminum toxicity) and susceptible to some races of Puccinia recondita
(leaf rust), while BR 40 and 42 are susceptible to soil acidity and
resistant to leaf rust. All of them are resistant to all races of Puccinia
graminis tritici (stem rust) and susceptible to Erysiphe graminis tritici
(powdery mildew), except BR 43, which is moderately resistant to powdery
mildew. BR 43 is the first Brazilian wheat cultivar, released in Brazil,
which was bred through the anther culture method.
-------------------------
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo/EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo, RS
L.J.A. Del Duca, A.M. Araujo, E.P. Gomes, L.C. Federizzi, J.F.
Philipousky, C.N.A. Souza, S.A. Silva and Pl.L. Scheeren
Evaluating Research Breeding Procedures
A more consistent support to research activities, besides other
favorable aspects, led to self-sufficiency in 1987, and to increased yield
levels for the wheat crop. Among the technologies used the genetic breeding
performed a prominent role, enabling the release of new outstanding
cultivars.
The time, work and economic losses due to a few efficient selection
procedures are very difficult to estimate, but would certainly have a strong
adverse impact in a country with economic difficulties like Brazil. A great
number of references comparing early generations are relevant to compare
homozygous advanced lines from different breeding methodologies.
In order to obtain more efficiency in the selection procedures,
experiments with segregating populations of wheat were conducted over the
1978-87 period, with the objective to determine: a) the effects of natural
selection and environmental factors on the population structure of bulk
crosses; b) the efficiency of different breeding methods to select higher
yielding lines with resistance to diseases and good agronomic
characteristics; c) and the efficiency of early yield tests to identify
populations and subpopulations from which higher yielding lines can be
obtained.
Natural selection on bulk hybrid crosses. Natural selection affects
both genic and genotypic frequencies, acting upon important characters like
grain yield, test weight, plant height, and cycle maturity. This study was
carried out because the competition among genotypes can play a noticeable
role, and the survival of the best agronomic plant types in heterogeneous
bulk populations is not clear under Rio Grande do Sul conditions. The
better knowledge of natural selection action is essential, when bulk methods
and their modifications are contemplated. Five populations were analyzed
for natural selection and the generation effect was not uniform for grain
yield, test weight (TW), kernel weight (KW), plant height, and very early
cycle (PP), early (P), intermediate (PT) and late cycle (T). Natural
selection effect was dependent on the population and parameters analyzed.
In order to obtain a broader interpretation, population means were compared
in only one year (Table 1). There was positive variation by increasing the
generations on grain yield, TW, KW, and P cycle, and negative variation on
plant height (short type) and PP, PT and T cycles. The tendency of
reduction in the number of short plants in the population can be an
indication that natural selection does not necessarily lead to the best
agronomic types. However, these shifts did not show enough magnitude to
affect the possibilities to select shorter genotypes. The slow and
relatively small shifts in characters like grain yield and KW, show that the
period in which the populations were under selection could have been too
short to concentrate superior genotypes at significant levels. However,
significant effects of generation were obtained for TW and P cycle, with 53
and 73%, respectively, of the variation in the two characters explained by
generation and natural selection.
Table 1.Simple regression analysis of means of the five populations for the
studied characters (dependent variables) and generation (independent
variable) in 1983.
Y a B S(b) P r-sq Y s
------------------------------------------------------------------
Yield 5.82 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.23 5.90 0.05
TW (Test
weight) 4.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 4.30 0.01
KW (Kernel
weight) 3.37 0.00 0.01 0.85 0.00 3.39 0.06
Plant
height 23.23 -0.54 0.56 0.34 0.07 20.48 3.06
Cycle PP 30.01 -1.52 0.74 0.06 0.25 22.37 4.85
Cycle P 27.97 2.87 0.48 0.00 0.73 42.30 4.90
Cycle PT-T 44.27 -1.22 0.61 0.07 0.24 38.14 3.70
------------------------------------------------------------------
Data obtained in the F(3-F)7 generation in 1983.
Y = dependent variable; a = intercept; B = regression coefficient; S(b) =
standard error of B; p = probability level (t-statistics); r-sq =
coefficient of determination; Y = mean of y; s = standard
deviation of Y.
Influence of environmental parameters on the structure of bulk
populations. In order to formulate operational decisions, it is necessary
to know the environmental factors that interfere in the phenotypic
expression of selected characters. A better comprehension of the action of
such climatic parameters could help to improve breeding procedures.
The analysis of the data obtained over the 1978-83 period clearly shows
the environmental effect on the phenotypic expression of the studied
characters. The stepwise multiple regression analysis, acting together with
generation, allowed to identify, the environmental parameters playing a more
remarkable role (Table 2). The significant influence of the average
temperature in August, rainfall and solar radiation in October, as well as
generation, accounted for, approximately 87% of the variation in grain
yield. Similarly, rainfall in October, average temperature in July (test
weight-TW) or September (kernel weight-KW), and generation accounted for
approximately 98 and 82% of the TW and KW variations, respectively. The
analysis among the papulation averages obtained in 1983 and the climatic
parameters occurring in the previous generation showed a greater effect of
generation on grain yield and TW due to the comparison of the different
generations in a single year. The rainfall of October affected directly the
grain yield obtained from that generation while cycle and plant height were
affected in the next generation.
Table 2. Stepwise regression analysis of characters studied (dependent
variables) on generation and environmental parameters (independent
variables) in the 1978-83 period.
Y X X B B r-sq rsq-ad P
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Grain yield
Y = 5.20 Prec(10-) 212.62 -0.00 -0.43 0.56 0.13 <0.0001
s = 0.65 Temp X(8) 14.47 -0.41 -0.51 0.86 0.10 <0.0001
INS(10) 6.19 0.37 0.36 0.86 0.10 <0.0001
F 4.19 0.05 0.12 0.87 0.13 0.0473
a = 9.33
TW (Test Weight)
Y = 4.30 Prec(10X) 187.62 -0.00 -0.73 0.10 0.50 <0.0001
s = 0.03 Temp 7 12.23 0.02 0.63 0.95 0.29 <0.0001
F 4.08 0.00 0.19 0.98 0.02 <0.0001
a = 4.05
KW (Kernel weight)
Y = 3.30 Prec(10-) 212.61 -0.00 -0.71 0.57 0.48 <0.0001
s = 0.21 Temp X(9) 14.68 -0.07 -0.47 0.76 0.21 <0.0001
F 4.19 -0.04 -0.26 0.82 0.06 <0.0002
--------------------------------------------------------------------
a = 4.92
* Data obtained in g/plot and transformed in log(e)(correction factor for
yield = 5.56) - average for the five replications.
Y = dependent variable (grain yield; test weight; kernel weight); X =
independent variables (Prec(10) = amount of rainfall in (ctober; Temp. X(7),
X(8m), X(9)= temperatures averages/July, August, September; INS(10) = dairy
solar radiation average/October; F = generation; X = average of X; Y =
average of Y; a = intercept; s = standard deviation of Y; B = regression
coefficient; B = standardized regression coefficient; r-sq= sequential R-
squared; rsq-ad = the amount that would be added to (or removed from) R-
squared if this variable were included in (or removed from) the model; P =
probability level for t-test.
Pedigree and modified bulk methods comparisons. Considering the
methods used to breed wheat in Brazil, the pedigree method has predominated
in most research institutions. However, over the last years, some programs
have conducted the populations under more than one system or processed deep
modifications in the methodology of selection.
These changes could be due to attempts to save time and labor or a
consequence of insecurity regarding the adequate methodology for specific
conditions of selection in the different regions. Inadequate selection
procedures can reduce the effect of efforts on the selection of superior
genotypes.
The efficiency of six selection methods was evaluated using eight
segregating populations. The six methods were: (1) pedigree; (2) modified
bulk; (3) natural selection under low density; (4) natural selection under
normal density; (5) bulk method with grain selection; (6) bulk method with
clipping of the taller plants. By comparing the methods through the
selected lines, significant differences were observed among the populations
for all the characteristics evaluated in the F7 and F8 generations: grain
yield, test weight (TW), kernel weight (KW), cycle, plant height, reaction
to diseases, and kernel score (KN). These differences occurred among
methods for grain yield, plant height, reaction to disease and cycle,
identifying characters that can be more efficiently used, depending on the
adopted selection procedure. Significant interactions among populations and
methods were observed for most of the parameters evaluated, characterizing
differential response of populations to the methods employed.
Methods 1 and 2 showed the best performance on the averages of the
lines for grain yield, while method 5 showed the worst (Table 3) result.
Nevertheless, considering only the line with the highest grain yield, method
6 also was outstanding. This method produced lines with shorter plants,
while method 5 produced lines with the tallest and the latest plants. No
significant differences were observed among methods for TW and KW. Method 1
showed the best performance in relation to diseases, and method 5 had the
worst.
Greater progress on characteristics such as grain yield and plant
height was obtained by methods that used artificial selection (1, 2 and 6)
in relation to those where only natural selection was employed (3 and 4).
Natural selection pressure seems to be weaker than artificial selection to
promote remarkable shifts in wheat plant adaptability. The constant
selection pressure, such as on characters like plant height, was efficient
and may have promoted a genetic gain for grain yield. On the other hand,
grain selection apparently strengthened unfavorable effects of the natural
selection, leading to more competitive and lower yielding genotypes.
Considering the results, it seems unreasonable to look upon the
possibility of more generalized use of method 2, alone or in combination
with methods 1 and 6.
Table 3. Comparison of the effects of six selection methods on five
studied characters in the F8 selected lines (LM) from eight
segregant populations. CNPT, Passo Fundo, RS, 1987.
Lines means (LM)
Grain Yield
% rela- Test Kernel
tive to weight weight Plant
(kg/ CNT8 TW KW Cycle height
Methods N ha) (check) (kg/ha) (g) (days) (cm)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Pedigree 95 3.617 115.3A 74.1A 31.4A 104.4AB 90.0A
Bulk modified 33 3.754 116.2A 74.7A 31.4A 101.3BC 89.7A
Nat'l selection 12 3.463 109.9AB 74.3A 31.2A 105.4AB 93.3A
- LD
Nat'l selection 18 3.411 107.4BC 75.3A 31.4A 103.8AB 93.9A
- ND
Bulk method with 10 3.115 97.2D 75.8A 29.4A 106.2A 94.5A
grain selection
Bulk method with 19 3.181 102.3CD 73.7A 29.8C 98.8C 81.8B
dipping
Duncan 5%
CV (%) 15.39 15.44 4.4 10.6 6.0 8.9
-------------------------------------------------------------------
N = number of the evaluated lines for each method; Means with a column
followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05,
according to Duncan's test; CNT 8 - check cultivar in all trials (randomized
block design); Cycle = days to flowering; LM = means of lines studied; LD =
low density; ND = normal density.
Early generation tests on bulk populations and derived subpopulations.
In Brazil, the yield tests for wheat cultivar selection are normally carried
out after the lines are bulked (from F7 or F8 generations) and show good
uniformity for practical purposes. Before these tests are performed, visual
selections are realized in the first generations, although references about
low efficiency of such procedures are reported. However, the among-lines
variability in the most advanced generations is reduced and promising
segregants visually classified as poor can be lost. Early yield tests could
be an alternative solution, because most of the variability would still be
present. Furthermore, it would allow us to reduce the number of populations
and to concentrate on more promising genotypes, in spite of the problems
represented by the low heritability of the grain yield character and the
climatic instability prevailing in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
To estimate the efficiency of selecting lines with higher grain yield,
early yield test were performed in 13 bulk populations and derived
subpopulations. The highly significant differences observed on grain yield
and kernel weight (KW) among selected F4 genotypes (high and low yields) and
between F4 and F8 generations identify comparisons that could be used as
selection criteria in early yield tests.
The interaction cross x type, cross x generation, and cross x type x
generation were significant for all evaluated characters. However, the type
x generation interaction was not significant for grain yield and KW, showing
that the selected types had a consistent performance in all the generations
evaluated.
By comparing F4 with F8 and F9 generations, the population means seem to
indicate that effective gains were obtained by reselection within
subpopulations, and that efficiency appeared to be obtained in
discriminating F4 genotypes according to their grain yield potential.
Significant and positive associations between the generations among 78
subpopulations and lines for grain yield were obtained in all but one
comparison. The highest phenotypic correlation coefficients among different
generations in the same year in relation to the same generation in different
years for grain yield and KW, indicate that the environmental influence must
be greatly considered when decisions for early yield tests are made,
especially under unstable environments like those in the State of Rio Grande
do Sul. The lack of association or low values of the correlation
coefficients among subpopulations and lines with the bulk populations for
grain yield and test weight (TW) lead to the hypothesis of the inefficiency
of bulk population evaluations for these parameters. Highly significant
associations were observed for KW, and in contrast with those for grain
yield, the correlations with bulk populations were generally high.
Therefore, bulk population tests do not seem to be indicated for grain
yield, but could be useful for KW.
In spite of the low associations found in bulk populations for grain yield
tests, higher and significant correlations among F4 subpopulations and F8 or
F9 advanced lines, can be considered to be an encouraging result, since they
imply the possibility of the breeder reducing the number or size of the
populations in order to concentrate in the best subpopulations.
An alternative wheat ecoideotype for Southern Brazil. In the Southern
of Brazil regions that comprise the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa
Catarina, and southern-Center of Parana, serious damages from erosion,
fertility losses and environmental contamination negatively interfere in the
economy and ecological balance. This occurs particularly in periods that
the soil is uncovered, after soybean harvest (March-April) and before
planting the winter crops (from June in most areas) or in fallow areas.
Depending on harvesting and planting dates specified, there is a period from
one to two months of soil exposure to losses caused by rains. Furthermore,
rainfall in the most preferred periods to sow can delay the soil preparation
and sowing activities, especially in higher clay-soils.
Besides soil considerations, some farmers have anticipated the sowing due
to increased grain yields, lower disease incidence and consequently higher
economic return of fungicides. This is encouraged by some farmer's
cooperatives that have required the anticipation of sowing date.
Nevertheless, this practice, using the available cultivars, implies high
risks of losses caused by frosts.
The different problems and difficulties to be solved (as soil
conservation, nutrient losses, ecological equilibrium, better plant
development, frost losses, increasing grain yield potential, diversification
of cultivars and sowing dates, utilization for double purpose, adaptation to
wheat-soybean succession) lead to a comprehensive view trying to gather the
solutions, anticipating the sowing time and by the conception of an
alternative ecoideotype for the crop.
By obtaining cultivars adapted to early sowing, with a long vegetative
phase and a short reproductive phase and with good agronomic type and
resistance to prevalent diseases, it would be possible to: a) reduce soil
losses caused by erosion and smaller nutrient losses due to a better soil
covering; b) increase grain yield potential due to better crop development
(increasing root development and best agronomic type) and to the possibility
of enhancing nitrogen absorption, resulting from extending the vegetative
phase; c) escape the frost damage at flowering, due to extending the
vegetative stage; d) fit the wheat-soybean succession as a consequence of
the shorter flowering-maturity stage; e) reduce grain yield losses and
achieve greater stability in crop production, due to the diversification of
cultivars and periods of sowing; f) favor potential use of wheat cultivars
for double purpose (pasture and grain), only made feasible by anticipated
sowing and by delaying the ear initiation, and making possible the
enlargement of the pasture period during the winter months when nourishment
needs are critical.
Certain genotypes from the southeast areas of the USA (lines from Georgia,
Florida, and Coker, especially C762) are particularly adapted and suitable
for the objectives described. Therefore, this germplasm has been used
extensively in crosses, and derived populations are being selected in a
specific breeding project.
-------------------------
Unidade de jExecucao de Pesquisa de Ambito Estadual de Dourados, EMBRAPA-
UEPAE de Dourados. MS
A. C. P. Goulart and F. de A. Paiva
Control of brown spot (Helminthosporium sativum) and blast
(Pyricularia oryzae in wheat)
The aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of several
fungicides in the control of brown spot (Helminthosporium sativum) and blast
(Pyricularia oryzae) in wheat, under field conditions, in 1990. For brown
spot, the cultivar used was IAPAR 6-Tapejara and for blast, Anahuac. The
fungicides spraying were made with CO(2), presurrized-sprayer (rate of flow-
240 l/ha). The best control of brown spot was obtained with propiconazole
and tebuconazole, followed by mancozeb + flusilazole, flusilazole and
flutriafol. These fungicides reduced more than 92% of brown spot symptoms.
The propiconazole (62.5 g a.i./ha) and propiconazole + cancozeb (62.5 +
2,000 g a.i./ha) gave lower control than propiconazole (125 g a.i./ha).
Best results on the control of wheat blast were obtained with tricyclazole +
mancozeb (44% of control efficiency), tricyclazole (38%), fembuconazole
(38%), fembuconazole + mancozeb (37%) and tebuconazole (31%). In general,
treatments with mancozeb showed lowest percentage of spikelets infected.
Higher yields were obtained with the fungicide treatments for both diseases.
Publications
Goulart, A.C.P., and Paiva, F. de A. Controle da helmintosporiose do trigo
pela aplicacao foliar de fungicidas. In: Reuniao Nacional de Pesquiza De
Trigo, 16, Dourados, 1991. Resumos: Dourados, EMBRAPA-UEPAE Dourados, 1991.
p. 88.
Goulart, A.C.P, and Paiva, F. de A. Chemical control of wheat blast
(Pyricularia oryzae). In: International Plant Protection Congress, 12, Rio
de Janeiro, 1991. Contributed papers: oral and poster sessions programs and
abstracts. s.l., 1991. n.p.
-------------------------
Incidence of fungi in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds produced in
Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 1990
Samples of wheat seeds of several cultivars, from six counties
(Dourados, Itapora, Amambai, Maracaju, Ponta Pora and Rio Brilhante) were
analyzed using the blotter test, with the aim to determine the fungi
incidence in wheat seeds produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil,
during 1990. Twenty-eight genera of fungi were detected. The most
prevalent fungus and the most important pathogen associated with the seeds
was Helminthosporium sativum, detected in 100% of the analyzed samples. The
average incidence of H. sativum in the seeds was 27.1% (min = 20.5%; max =
95.5%). P. oryzae was registered in 8% of the analyzed samples, in low
levels with average of 0.4%. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were
detected at high levels. Fungi of Fusarium genera were detected in 36% of
the analyzed samples, with average of 5.2%.
Publication
Goulart, A.C.P. and Paiva, F. de A. Fungos associados as sementes de trigo
(Triticum aestivum L.) produzidas em Mato Grosso do Sul, 1990. In:
Congresso Brasileiro de Sementes, 7, Campo Grande, MS. Resumo dos trabalhos
tecnicos. Brasilia, Abrates, 1991. p. 56.
-------------------------
Wheat seeds chemical treatment for the control of Helminthosporium sativum
and Pyricularia oryzae
The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of fungicides
applied as seed dressing in the control of Helminthosporium sativum and
Pyricularia oryzae. In lab (blotter test) and field tests, seeds of the
cultivar "Anahuac" with 9% and 60% of natural contamination with P. oryzae
and H. sativum, respectively, were used. All chemical treatments reduced
the incidence of both pathogens in the seeds. Iprodione + thiram, carboxin
+ thiram, guazatine + imazalil, iminoctadine, prochloraz and carboxin +
prochloraz were the best in the control of P. oryzae, eliminating this
pathogen on the treated seeds. The best control of H. sativum in the seeds
was obtained with iprodione + thiram, guazatine + imazailil, iminoctadine,
NF-128 and NF-114. In the field, besides these fungicides, CGA-169374
(difenoconazole), prochloraz, tebuconazole + tolyfluanid and triadimenol
were the best for controlling H. sativum. P. oryzae was not detected on the
seedling in the field.
Publication
Goulart, A.C.P. and Paiva, F. de A. Control of Helminthosporium sativum and
Pyricularia oryzae by wheat seed treatment. In: International Plant
Protection Congress, 12, Rio de Janeiro, 1991. Contributed papers: oral and
poster sessions programs and abstracts. s.l., 1991. n.p.
-------------------------
Efficiency of several fungicides in the wheat seeds chemical treatments
with different levels of Helminthosporium sativum
This work was carried out with the aim to determine the level of
Helminthosporium sativum in wheat seeds that justify the seed chemical
treatment. In lab (blotter test) and greenhouse tests (growing on test),
seeds of cv. "Anahuac" with eight natural contamination levels of H. sativum
(3.0; 11.5; 16.0; 29.5; 33.5; 46.0; 53.7 and 70.0%) were used. The
fungicides and dose (g a.i./100 kg of seeds) evaluated were as follows:
iprodione + thiram, 50 + 150; iprodione, 50; thiram, 210; tebuconazole, 5;
carboxin + thiram, 94 + 94 and iminoctadine, 62.5, besides the control
untreated. The efficiency of fungicide in lab, emergency, transmission and
number of source primary inoculum/ha were evaluated. The best results were
obtained with the fungicides iprodione + thiram and iminoctadein. These
fungicides erradicating the pathogen when the seeds showed maximum level of
29.5%; above this level, the fungus was not controlled completely. When the
seeds were treated with chemicals, the emergency was affected when the level
was higher than 33.5% of H. sativum; without the fungicides, this level was
29.5%, with the germination decaying below of standard. The transmission of
the pathogen was demonstrated by its stablishment on the coleoptils. The
transmission index was variable (average = 1.6:1), with higher values
corresponding to higher seed contamination indices.
Publication
Goulart, A.C.P. and Paiva, F. de A. Efficiencia de alguns fungicidas no
tratamento quimico de sementes de trigo com difedrentes niveis de
Helminthosporium sativum. In: Reuniao Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo, 16,
Dourados, 1991. Resumos...Dourados, EMBRAPA-UEPAE Dourados, 1991. p. 97.
-------------------------
Association of Helminthosporium sativum with wheat seeds
with "black point"
This work was done with the aim to evaluate the acting degree of
Helminthosporium sativum in the darken process of wheat seeds and their
effects on emergency, germination and incidence on coleoptils. Lab tests
(blotter test and germination) and greenhouse tests (growing on test) were
made, using five samples of seeds of the cultivars BR 20 L-64, BR 20 L-69,
BR 20-R, BR 31 L-109 and BR 31 L-112. These samples were classified in
three categories: N (Normal = samples of seeds with and without "black
point"; Ne (neat) = samples of seeds without "black point" and BP (black
point) = samples of seeds with "black point". In average, considering the
five cultivars analyzed, was observed that 95% of darken process ("black
point") in wheat seeds is caused by H. sativum. The number of seedlings
with H. sativum was always bigger in the seed category "BP". The
transmission of the pathogen from seeds to wheat coleoptils was detected in
all cultivars and category, with higher values corresponding to higher seed
contamination indices. The germination and emergency decreased due to the
increase of incidence of H. sativum in the seeds. Correlation coefficient
(r = 0.80, in average) was observed among seeds with "black point" and
occurrence of H. sativum in the seeds and transmission of pathogen.
Correlation coefficient (r = 0.75, in average) was registered among seeds
with "black point", germination and emergency.
TABLE 1. Incidence of Helminthosporium sativum, seedlings with
H. sativum, transmission and rate of transmission, emergency
in greenhouse and germination in laboratory, of different
cultivars and of 5 replications). EMBRAPA-UEPAE de
Dourados, MS, 1990.
Incidence of Seedlings Emergency
H. sativum (%) with H. Transmission Rate of in green-
(blotter rate) sativum (%) (%) transmission house(%)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
N* Ne** BP*** N Ne BP N Ne BP N Ne BP N Ne BP
54 49 95 25 20 51 50 49 55 2.2:1 2.4:1 1.9:1 61 71 47
Germination
in labora-
tory (%)
-----------
N Ne BP
67 75 54
*N - Normal; **Ne - Neat; ***BP - Black point.
Publication
Goulart, A.C.P., and Paiva, F. de A. Associacao de Helminthosporium sativum
com sementes de trigo com "ponta preta". In: REUNIAO NATIONAL DE PESQUISA
DE TRIGO, 16, Dourados, 1991. Resumos ... Dourados, EMBRPAPA-UEPAE
Dourados, 1991. p. 85.
-------------------------
Response of wheat cultivars due the blast (Pyricularia oryzae)
in field conditions
The objective of this work was to evaluate the reponse of wheat
cultivars due the blast (Pyricularia oryzae) in field conditions. The
experiment was conducted at Itapora county, Mato Grosso do Sul State,
Brazil, in 1990. The evaluations were made in laboratory and only the
spikes that showed the characteristic blast symptoms (infection black point
in the rachis) were considered infected. The cultivars were classified
using the following scale which was related with percentage of blanched
heads: R (resistant) = 1 to 5%; MR (moderately resistant) = 6 to 25%; MS
(moderately susceptible) = 26 to 50%; S (susceptible) = 51 to 75% and HS
(highly susceptible) = more than 75%. The results obtained showed different
behavior among the cultivars. Only the cv. BH 1146 was resistant (R). The
cultivars BR 18-Terena and BR 21-Nhandeva were moderately resistant (MR) and
the cultivars IAC 18-Xavantes, BR 30-Cadiueu, BR 20-Guato and IAC 5-Maringa
were moderately susceptible (MS). The cutivars BR 17-Caiua, BR 29-Javae, BR
11-Guarani and BR 31-Miriti were susceptibles (S). The cultivars highly
susceptibles (HS), with more than 90% of blanched heads were: IAPAR 6-
Tapejara, BR 10-Formosa, IAPAR 17-Caete, IAC 24-Tucurui, INIA 66, IAC 13-
Lorena, Jupateco 73, Anahuac, OCEPAR 7-Batuira and Cocoraque. The
correlation analysis showed a correlation coefficient (r = 0.70) among
spikes with P. oryzae and yield.
TABLE 1. Percentage of blanched heads (Pyricularia oryzae), type of response
and yield of wheat. EMBRAPA-UEPAE de Dourados, MS, 1990.
Blanched
Cultivar heads* Type of Yield
(%) response** (kg/ha)
---------------------------------------------------------
BHl 1146 4.7 f R 3,043 def
BR 18-Terena 24.0 e MR 4,604 a
BR 21-Nhandeva 25.0 e MR 4,155 ab
IAC 18-Xavantes 42.0 d MS 3,412 bcde
BR 30-Cadiueu 45.6 cd MS 4,020 abc
BR 20-Guato 48.7 cd MS 3,319 cde
IAC 5-Maringa 49.6 cd MS 3,071 def
BR 17-Caiua 58.0 bc S 3,314 cde
BR 29-Javae 64.7 b S 3,476 bcde
BR 11-Guarani 67.0 b S 3,912 abc
BR 31-Miriti 72.3 b S 3,720 bcd
IAPAR 6-Tapejara 91.6 a HS 2,078 g
BR 10-Formosa 92.3 a HS 2,387 fg
IAPAR 17-Caete 93.0 a HS 2,276 fg
IAC 24-Tucurui 93.7 a HS 2,350 fg
INIA 66 93.7 a HS 2,201 g
IAC 13-Lorena 95.0 a HS 2,137 g
Jupateco 73 95.3 a HS 2,196 g
Anahuac 96.3 a HS 2,039 g
OCEPAR 7-Batuira 97.0 a HS 2,087 g
Cocoraque 98.3 a HS 2,154 g
--------------------------------------------------------
* Transformation used: arc sen sqrt(x/100). ** R = resistant; MR =
moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible; S = susceptible; HS =
highly susceptible. Means followers by the same letter are not significantly
different (Duncan, 5 %).
Publication
Goulart, A.C.P. and Paiva, F. de A. Reacao de cultivares de trigo a brusone
(Pyricularia oryzae) en campo. In" REUNIAO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA DE TRIGO,
16, Dourados, 1991. Resumos...Dourados, EMBRAPA-UEPAE Dourados, 1991. p.
116.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM BULGARIA
Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 4122 Sadovo-Plovdiv
V. Vassilev
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens (PSA) and Fusarium culmorum (FC)
cause the most harmful diseases of the group of facultative pathogens in
Bulgaria. We have evaluated the infectivity titration and checked the "dose
response" type reaction since 1982. The median effective dose (Ed(50)) at
which 50% of the inoculated plants exhibited a sensitive reaction, was
calculated by the method of moving acreages. Ear scab (FC) was estimated
twice-first appearance of symptoms (7-10th day) and secondary spreading of
the disease (30-40th day) before the yellowing of ears. We counted the
necrotic spikelets and the total number of ear spikelets atomized with
fungus. The controls were treated with sterilized distilled water. ED(50)
at which 50% of the spikelets were infected, was calculated by the
regression analysis (Vassilev & Dechevska 1989) for the first and second
estimations. The evaluation of wheat resistance to the corresponding
pathogens was made by comparing ED50. Our results confirm the quantitative
character of wheat resistance to the studied facultative pathogens. In the
wheat-PSA and whet-FC systems, irrespective of the different methods of
inoculation - either PSA infection or FC spraying, the relative frequency of
the infected plants or spikelets increases with the increase of the inoculum
level. The advantages of the injection are in the precise inoculum dosage,
the certainty in the infective process, and less dependence on the
environment factors. Its disadvantage lies in the breaking of resistance
barriers before the realization of the infective process, i.e., only the
active plant resistance is observed. The FC spraying allows the rating of
the primary fungal penetration into the wheat tissue as well as the
secondary spreading of the disease development. The process is highly
dependent on the environment factors, and it is more difficult to spray
uniform inoculum amounts. The variability is compensated for by the
increased number of the tested plants - 10 to 15 plants at infection vs. 600
to 1000 spikelets at spraying.
The methods applied allowed us to precisely evaluate the resistance of
cultivars used. Their estimations coincide with their reaction to the
corresponding pathogens at a slight, moderate and severe natural attack by
PSA and FC in the field. They give the possibility to check a sufficient
number of accessions in all phases of the selection process.
REFERENCES
Vassilev, V. and Dechevska, M. 1989. Evaluation of the quantitative
resistance of winter soft wheat cultivars to fusariose in the ears through
infectivity titration with Fusarium culmorum. Plant Science 26(7):74-80.
Vassilev, V. 1990. On the quantitative evaluation of wheat resistance to
facultative pathogens. Genetics and Breeding 23(5):409-415.
-------------------------
K. Malkov Institute of Introduction and Plant Genetic Resources -
Sadovo
D. Boyadjieva
Bread wheat breeding programme. The wheat breeding work in Sadovo was
started during early 1900. At first it was at Sadovdo agricultural
experimental station and since 1979 in IIPGR. Some valuable traditions of
the past has been inherited. Many practical cultivars were created.
The wheat production in Bulgaria is basically formed by Bulgarian
cultivars and 40% of them are IIPGR cultivars. As a result of these created
and introduced into production during the last 20 years, the average yields
have increased by 14 t/ha. The highest average yield for the country was
47.7t/ha obtained in 1988 when according to FAO's information about European
countries having considerable wheat areas, Bulgaria ranks fourth after
England, Germany and France. IIPGR - Sadovo cultivars in production now are:
Sadovo-1, Katya, Pobeda and Momchil. Sadovo-1 is one of the basic
cultivars. It covers one fifth of the wheat sown areas and it is a complex
standard. Pobeda is a strong wheat, flour improver and a standard for
strong wheats. IIPGR cultivars have a great ecological plasticity. The
results from the IWWPN are proof for that, where Sadovo-1, Sadovo-super and
Katya have taken leading positions.
Breeding methods. Basic method in breeding work is intervarietal
hybridization. During the past two decades through this method were
consecutively created the cultivars: "SADOVSKA RANOZREIKA", "NADEZDA-2",
"SADOVO-1", "SADOVO SUPER", "LADA", "KATYA", "MOMCHIL", and "BONONIA".
Some cultivars from European selections participate in the hybridization
program: Russia, Great Britain, France, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia,
as well as cultivars from Mexico, USA and other countries. A great role was
especially played by Russian cultivars. Hybrids between two cultivars are
also used, as well as backcross hybridization with a third parent or more
complicated schemes of hybridization.
Basic achievements in wheat breeding through these methods are -
cultivars having great productive potentials like Sadovo-1, Katya, Sadovo
Super and Bononia. The productive potential of these cultivars is 100-120
t/ha; cultivars having very good technological properties, suitable for
independent baking like: Sadovo-1, Katya, Bononia and strong wheats like
Momchil and Pobeda; cultivars having high drought resistance and wide
adaptive possibilities like Sadovo-1, Katya, etc; cultivars having excellent
cold resistance, nearing the level of Bezostaya are Sadodo-1, Momchil.
The remote hybridization is used in parallel to this. Intensive work
has been carried out especially on crossing of T. sphaerococcum with T.
aestivum and tetraploid species T. durum and T. dicoccum. As a result of
complex interspecific hybridization, Pobeda cultivar was selected. It has
the best cold resistance in comparison with all other Bulgarian wheats.
Other modern methods are also used: experimental mutagenesis with
hybridization, amphiploidy, anther and embryo cultures. The productivity of
120-150 t/ha and, creation of cultivars resistant to economically most
important diseases, leaf and stem rust, powdery mildew, loose smut fusarium
and basal glume in wheat, etc. In this connection some sources are
discovered for resistance to these diseases. For the first time in our
country we identified wheat dwarf virus and streak mosaic in wheat and the
agent of the basal glume. We also create drought resistant, winter and cold
resistant cultivrs. These physiological examinations are oriented to
solution of the most actual problems in the country: drought influence on
the wheat yields. The influence of the soil drought upon a number of
physiological processes connected with productivity are studied. Another
trend is studying the winter and cold resistance of triticale and other
wheat cultivars.
We also create high baking quality cultivars. An assessment is
performed on the grain and flour properties in the laboratory "Grain
Technology", which provides a possibility for a purposeful screening when
creating high technological quality cultivars.
Harvest index as a criterian of selection for productivity. A study of
the harvest index including P1, P2, F1, F2, F3 and F4 of the crosses Sadovo
1 x Hobbit, C-885 x Mini Mano and 2Fr x K 660 was made during 1985-1989.
Selection effectiveness of the harvest index was assessed by use of mean
values for the groups with lowest (L) and highest (H) value (Alexander et
al., 1984), by the realized heritability (Falconer 1960), and by the
significant differences between groups with H and L value of the character
in F2 and the following F3 and F4 generations.
It was found that the harvest index could be a promising criterion of
selection of higher producing forms, mainly in crosses between cultivars
with contrasting plant height. Taking into account that in dry years, which
limit normal grain filling, the harvest index cannot distinguish the forms
of differing in productivity, it should not be recommended as the only
criterion of selection for productivity in hybrid generations, but should be
used in combination with direct selection for grain yield.
The bread wheat breeding program personnel are:
B. Boyadjieva, Ph.D., DSc - wheat breeder by intervarietal
hybridization
I. Stankov, PhD., DSc - wheat breeder by intervarietal and
interspecies hybridization and triticale
Iv. Govedarov, Ph.D. - wheat breeder by intervarietal
hybridization
P. Boyadjiev, Ph.D. - wheat breeder by anther and embryo
cultures
G. Rachovska - wheat breeder by mutagenesis
As. Dimov, Ph.D., DSc - Phytopathologist
P. Stankova, Ph.D. - Physiologist
V. Vassilev, Ph.D. - Phytopathologist
M. Mangova - grain technologist
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CANADA
Prairie Wheat Variety Survey and Production
The 1991 Prairie Wheat Variety Survey was conducted jointly by Alberta
Wheat Pool, Manitoba Pool Elevators and Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. Percentage
of area is indicated with the 1991 figures in brackets.
Common - Katepwa 37.3 (44.3), Neepawa 11.4 (13.5), Columbus 14.5
(16.1), Conway 4.6 (4.4), Park 1.5 (1.9), Laura 15.6 (9.5), Roblin 5.7
(4.3), Leader 1.0 (0.9), Kenyon 0.2 (0.7), Biggar 3.3 (0.5), Genesis 1.6
(0.9), Lancer 1.2 (0.9), Glenlea 0.7 (0.3), Oslo 0.2 (0.1), unlicensed 0.5
(0.5), and others 0.8 (1.0) of 12.3 (11.1) million hectares.
Durum - Kyle 52.2 (47.0), Wakooma 11.3 ( 16.3), Medora 9.1 (12.3),
Wascana 9.4 (9.0), Sceptre 11.3 (8.8), Arcola 2.1 (2.5), Pelissier 3.6
(2.2), Coulter 0.1 (0.9), and others 0.9 (1.0) of 2.05 (2.26) million
hectares.
Winter -Norstar 95.9 (95.0), Norwin 2.9 (3.2), others 1.2 (1.8) of 0.07
(.15) million hectares.
Statistics Canada's November estimates of 1991 wheat production on the
prairies:
1000 Hectares 1000 Metric Tonnes
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Manitoba Spring 2124.0 4682.0
Durum 113.0 253.0
Winter 8.1 19.1
Saskatchewan Spring 7082.0 15131.0
Durum 1578.0 3592.0
Winter 32.4 65.3
Alberta Spring 2913.0 7213.0
Durum 308.0 751.0
Winter 36.4 93.0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
ALBERTA
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lethbridge
Breeding for Pre-harvest Sprouting Resistance in Soft White Spring
Wheat. - R. S. Sadasivaiah
Pre-harvest sprouting is one of the major agronomic limitations
associated with soft white spring wheat production in southern Alberta.
Lack of dormancy in soft white spring wheat cultivars contributes to
widespread sprouting when prolonged periods of rain delay harvest.
Increased alpha-amylase activity accompanies sprouting and detrimentally
affects the grade, marketability, milling and baking quality of wheat, thus
affecting the net return to the producer. The major soft white spring wheat
cultivar Fielder, grown extensively in southern Alberta, is highly
susceptible to sprouting. In 1985, for example, about 80% of the harvested
soft wheat crop in southern Alberta was downgraded to feed grade. Pre-
harvest sprouting resistance has thus become one of the major objectives of
the soft white spring wheat breeding program at Lethbridge.
Pre-harvest sprouting in cereals is a complex trait involving a number
of factors such as seed dormancy, starch sensitivity, alpha-amylase
synthesis, response to gibberellic acid, physical characteristics of the
spike etc. However, breeders usually have associated pre-harvest sprouting
resistance with dormancy. In wheat, although seed dormancy appears to be
closely associated with red grain color, the findings of several workers
indicate that the white-grained wheats also possess varying degrees of
sprouting resistance. This suggests that dormancy can be effected by
factors
independent of the red kernel color loci. Grain dormancy identified in
white-kernelled wheats may thus provide the basis for wheat improvement
programs where pre-harvest sprouting resistance is considered.
In the breeding program at Lethbridge, the white-grained spring wheat
cultivars Kenya 321, Ford, 8021V2 (DePauw, Swift Current Research Station)
and RL 4555 (Czarnecki, Winnipeg Research Station) have been used as sources
of resistance to pre-harvest sprouting. Although these cultivars seem to be
useful as sources of dormancy among white-kernelled wheats, their agronomic
performance and kernel quality are inferior. Hence they are used either in
backcross programs as donors, non-recurrent parents or in three or four-way
crosses with adapted parents. A number of promising lines with moderate
resistance to pre-harvest sprouting (based on rain simulator studies) have
been developed following both backcross and modified pedigree breeding
methods. Studies are currently underway to evaluate the agronomic and
quality traits, and the level of pre-harvest sprouting resistance in these
lines as determined by the Hagberg falling number and alpha-amylase
activities. Promising lines identified in the study will be useful as
potential cultivars or as germplasm in the soft wheat breeding program.
-------------------------
University of Alberta, Dept of Plant Science, Edmonton
The following two items will be of interest to wheat researchers sending
wheat samples to Canada - K. G. Briggs
Item 1. Code of Ethics for Plant Breeders and Operators of Co-
operative cultivar tests of small grains, oilseeds and special crops (Canada
Committee on Grain Breeding, 1987)
The mutual interests of all engaged in cultivar development are served
by a climate which engenders the greatest freedom of communication and
exchange of breeding material, while at the same time providing adequate
safeguards to the originator of the material. It is the desire of all
breeding institutions to receive credit for their discoveries and to
recognize the discoveries of other institutions, both privately and publicly
funded. For this reason, the breeders and institutions which enter lines
into the co-operative cultivar tests in order to obtain data for the
registration of new crop cultivars subscribe to the following code of
conduct:
1. We recognize the existence of the genetic property which belongs to the
"breeder" who is free to do as he wishes with his property.
2. Breeders, and co-operators shall respect the property rights of the
originator of any material that comes into their possession.
3. Unregistered plant strains in co-operative trials, may be used in a
breeding program only with the written consent of the breeder.
4. No secondary distribution or seed increase of unregistered cultivars can
be made without the expressed written approval of the breeder.
5. Reasonable precautions to ensure retention, recovery, and disposal of
plant material at harvest shall be taken.
6. Once a cultivar has been marketed it is in the public domain and can be
used freely as genetic material (unless restricted by Patents or contractual
agreements).
7. Use of proprietary varieties for germplasm will be limited to making
crosses and can be used as either the male or female parent unless
specifically limited by the originator.
8. The isolation and any use of parental lines of hybrids is not ethical.
9. The re-selection of self-pollinated cultivars is not considered as
breeding as is no ethical.
Item 2. New Canadian Import System for Seed for Plant Breeding
Purposes and for Plant Gene Resources of Canada (September, 1991).
1. Introduction. This memorandum describes the import system which
regulates the importation of seed intended for plant breeding purposes and
seed required to service the gene bank of the Plant Gene Resources of Canada
(PGRC), Research Branch, Ottawa.
A special procedure is developed to expedite the entry of valuable germ
plasm for use by plant breeders and the PGRC. The quantity of seed imported
under this procedure must be limited to seed lots of 5 kg as the procedure
is developed primarily to accommodate small quantities of germ plasm
normally imported by plant breeders. Seed of prohibited species may not be
imported under this import system.
2. The Import System.
2.1Regular Requirements. The importation of seed is normally subject to the
following requirements:
A. Import Permit. A permit to import is a general requirement for seeds
for propagation. It is also required for seeds for plant breeding purposes
and the PGRC. A permit to import will be issued to a plant breeder or PGRC
under Section 8 of the Plant Quarantine Regulations which governs
importations for scientific, research and industrial purposes and will be
valid for a period of three years.
B. Phytosanitary Certificate. A phytosanitary certificate issued by the
country of origin is a general and normal requirement for seeds imported for
propagation. Seeds under "winter increase" programs come under normal
import requirements, i.e. they require phytosanitary certificates to enter
Canada. Regular seed imports are subject to Canada Customs screening and
referral to Agriculture Canada for inspection and release.
2.2 Special Procedure. The following procedure is offered as an option to
plant breeders and the PGRC when they are unable to obtain a phytosanitary
certificate. (Note: a permit to import is required in all cases.)
Exemptions from the phytosanitary certificate requirement apply only to
small quantities of seed, i.e. less than 5 kg. Exemptions will be confined
to germ plasm not readily available in Canada, and shall not include seed
intended for commercial sale and propagation. Exemption will be provided to
qualified importers only (see Section 6).
A. Routing to Diagnostic Service Phytopathology Laboratory. All
importations of seed for plant breeding purposes and the PGRC must be routed
to the Diagnostic Service Phytopathology (DSP) Laboratory, Nepean, Ontario
for examination prior to release to the importer.
B. Pre-Addressed Mailing Label. Automatic routing to the DSP Laboratory
will be facilitated by a special pre-addressed mailing label to be included
with the import permit. This should be applied to the package only when the
importer wishes to bypass the normal channel of Canada Customs screening and
referral to Agriculture Canada for inspection and release.
C. Laboratory Examination and Release of Seed Consignment. At the
Diagnostic Services Phytopathology (DSP) Laboratory the seeds will be
examined for the presence of new or regulated plant pest organisms
considered to be of significance to Canada. Following the examination, one
of the following decisions will be taken:
a. The seed will be released unconditionally, if found free of pest
organisms;
b. The seed may be released with condition that may require treatment
at the laboratory or by the importer or grown in a
greenhouse or isolated location for a prescribed period of time;
c. For seed that is refused entry, the importer has the option of
either returning the material to origin at his/her own expense, or
having the material destroyed at the DSP Laboratory. Follow up by an
Agriculture Canada inspector may also be required.
3. Regulated Commodities. These include seed of all genera, species
and varieties or cultivars of plants that may vector plant pests that are
considered to be of economic significance to Canadian agricultural and
forestry industries.
4. Regulated Areas. All geographic areas of the world. However,
particular attention and emphasis will be given to seed from off-continent
sources (i.e. from areas outside North America).
5. Quantity Restrictions. The quantity of seed in any consignment
must be limited to seed lots of 5 kg. This system is primarily designed to
accommodate small quantities of germ plasm normally imported by plant
breeders. Larger quantities of seeds, e.g. from "winter increase" programs
will be imported, inspected and released in accordance with standard
operating procedures, i.e. via Customs clearance and reference to
Agriculture Canada inspectors.
6. Qualified Importers. Well established organizations and firms
actively engaged in plant breeding work in Canada, such as members of the
Canadian Seed Growers' Association and the gene bank of the Plant Gene
Resources of Canada (PGRC), may use this system.
Individual plant breeders may also apply to this Division for
consideration as importers of exotic seed under this system. A list of
plant breeders approved to import seeds under this system will be maintained
by the Permit Unit of this Division. The Permit Unit will screen all
applications and issue permits to those plant breeders that qualify to
import seed under this special program.
The major criteria required to qualify for a permit to import under
this system are the following:
A. The company must be well established and known for plant breeding
and development work.
B. Membership in the Canadian Seed Growers' Association (CSGA).
7. Unsolicited Shipments. Unsolicited shipments of seed are
normally refused entry. This seed may, in special cases, such as when
destined for the Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC), be routed by
Agriculture Canada inspectors to the Diagnostic Services Phytopathology
(DSP) Laboratory for examination. The Import Section of the Plant
Protection Division will then decide on the appropriate action.
8. Special Mailing Label. A quantity of special mailing labels
(Form Agr 3876) will be issued with the import permit. The label (see
Appendix A) bears the address of the Diagnostic Services Phytopathology
(DSP) Laboratory, Nepean, Ontario and when used by the exporter, as
directed, will ensure routing directly to this laboratory. Plant breeders
should apply for a permit to import using the permit application (Form Agr.
1274, Appendix B) and the supplementary information (Form Agr. 3721,
Appendix C).
9. Permit Processing. The importer must forward these labels to the
foreign exporter with instructions to affix the label to the outside of the
seed package(s). The shipper must also provide the name and address of the
Canadian plant breeder or other importer on a separate document and include
this inside the package. This will enable the seed examiners to forward the
seed to the intended destination following the laboratory examination. The
parcel with the label will be automatically addressed to the Diagnostic
Services Phytopathology (DSP) Laboratory, Nepean, Ontario. The label will
instruct Canada Customs at the first International Mail Sortation Centre to
forward all such packages to this laboratory for processing without delay.
Under this system, applicants approved to import seed from foreign
countries shall receive a permit to import, a quantity of mailing labels
(Form Agr. 3876) and one or more technical letters advising of prohibitions
or special restrictions that may apply for any specific seed species.
10. Obligations. The importer may be required to carry out certain
precautions or safeguard the seed in isolation from other similar plants or
apply specified treatments as may be deemed necessary by the Director of the
Plant Protection Division. The plant breeder will be obliged to report any
sign or symptom of a plant disease that may develop on the growing seedlings
or plants in the greenhouse, growth chamber or on the test plots in the
field. Inspectors of this Department must be permitted access to the seed
plots and propagation facilities at all reasonable times to perform follow
up inspections where deemed necessary. All costs involved in the mailing of
permits and stickers and the routing of breeder seed packages will be the
responsibility of the shipper or the importer, as the case may be. After
examination at the laboratory, seed shipments will be sent `courier collect'
to the address of the consignee plant breeder, unless the consignee advises
or request otherwise.
11. Plant Protection Contacts. The following office of the Plant
Protection Division in Ottawa may be contacted should more information
regarding the new system be required: Permit Unit Plant Protection
Division, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 (613) 995-7900.
-------------------------
MANITOBA
Agriculture Canada Research Station - Winnipeg
Rust in Canada In 1991. - J.A. Kolmer
Leaf rust was first observed on June 11 in spring wheat fields in
southeastern Manitoba. By the last week in June leaf rust was present in
light to trace amounts in spring wheat fields throughout southern Manitoba.
Leaf rust severities were very high by the end of July throughout Manitoba
due to the early arrival of rust, and the abundant rainfall in the previous
two months that provided excellent conditions for rust to increase. In
Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan fields of the cultivars Katepwa, Neepawa,
and Biggar had leaf rust severities from 50-100%, resulting in the loss of
flag leaves before the heads had completed grain filling. An average yield
loss of 10% in these cultivars was expected due to leaf rust. The cultivars
Roblin, Laura, Columbus, Pasqua, and the American semi-dwarf Marshall were
resistant to leaf rust, although these cultivars also had higher leaf rust
severities than in past years due to the high inoculum pressure.
PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION OF Puccinia recondita ON WHEAT IN CANADA IN
1991. PERCENTAGES OF THE MOST COMMON VIRULENCE PHENOTYPES AS
IDENTIFIED ON THE Prt DIFFERENTIALS.
VIRULENCE MANITOBA/
PHENOTYPE VIRULENCES ONTARIO SASKATCHEWAN ALBERTA BC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
FBL-B 2c,3,3ka,B 23.5 0.00 0.00 0.00
KBG-14a 2a,2c,3,11,14a 0.0 31.7 0.00 9.1
MBB-14a 1,3,14a 2.0 0.0 12.5 54.5
MBG-14a 1,3,11,14a 25.5 1.8 12.5 0.0
MFB-14a 1,3,24,26,14a 0.0 25.4 3.1 0.0
NBB-B,18 1,2c,B,18 0.0 0.0 9.4 27.3
PBL-B 1,2c,3,3ka,B 47.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
TBG-14a 1,2a,2c,3,11,14a 2.0 24.1 43.8 0.0
TDB-14a 1,2a,2c,3,24,14a 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of
Isolates 51 224 32 11
Effect of cultivar and environment on quality characteristics of spring
wheat. O.M. Lukow and P.B.E. McVetty. Both cultivars and environment had a
significant effect on quality characteristics. Cultivar by environment
effects were statistically significant but relatively small in magnitude for
most parameters. Composited samples over locations would be suitable for
quality assessment of semidwarf wheats grown in western Canada for most of
the characters studies. For the quality characteristics which displayed
large cultivar by environment interaction (test weight, thousand kernel
weight), samples from several environments should be used for quality
evaluation, particularly in advanced generation breeding lines.
Use of anther culture to improve spring wheat quality. O.M. Lukow and
P. Masojc. The responsiveness to anther culture of 34 cultivars and 6 F(1)
crosses representing different quality classes of spring wheat was tested on
a modified N6 medium. The ranges of calli induction and green plant
regeneration frequencies were 1-75% and 0-9%, respectively. The highest
numbers of green plants per 100 anthers were derived in the cultivars Leader
(3.6), BW 15 (1.2), HY 611 (1.1), Blue Sky (0.9) and Roblin (0.9). The
cultivars Ning, Sumai 3, Guard, Pasqua and Oslo did not respond. The
responsiveness of the crosses was affected by maternal genotype.
`Flame Chlorosis' is increasing in severity in wheat in Manitoba.
Steve Haber
Flame chlorosis (FC) is a novel, soil-transmitted, virus-like disease
of barley, wheat and oat in Manitoba (1). Until recently, FC was almost
exclusively a disease of barley (2). Although, the first instances of FC in
wheat were observed in 1988, the disease has been infrequent and at low
levels compared to its occurrence in barley (1). In an extensive survey
carried out in Manitoba in 1990, only 8 of 57 confirmed FC sites were wheat
fields and disease incidence in wheat never exceeded trace levels (3).
Last year I described in the Wheat Newsletter the evidence that
confirmed the occurrence of FC in wheat, and noted the possibility that the
disease outbreak in wheat might be following, with a lag of several years,
the trend of the disease in barley (4). In a 1991 survey of Manitoba and
eastern Saskatchewan that was similar in scope and methodology to the 1990
survey, FC was confirmed in wheat at 18 sites (2); at 3 sites in western
Manitoba and 2 in the Red River valley, disease levels were high enough to
cause economic losses as high as 20%. However, the total losses in wheat
due to FC, even in those districts where the disease is readily detected
every year, are still very small (1,2). The observations of the 1991 survey
are nonetheless potentially worrisome, as FC incidence in wheat in 1991 was
markedly higher than ever observed before. A trend to higher FC levels in
wheat, if it continued, would raise the threat posed by FC to cereal grain
cultivation in Manitoba.
An additional concern arises from the observation in July, 1991 of
FC-like symptoms and FC-specific RNA in specimens of green foxtail (Setaria
viridis L.) found near Winnipeg (Haber and Harder, unpublished). If green
foxtail and perhaps other grassy weeds prove to be FC hosts, there might be
additional reservoirs of inoculum to speed the spread and intensification of
FC in wheat.
References
Haber, S., D.J.S. Barr and R. G. Platford. 1991. Observations on the
distribution of flame `chlorosis in Manitoba and its association with
certain zoosporic fungi and the intense cultivation of cereals. Can. J.
Pl. Pathol. 13(3):xxx-xxx (in press).
Haber, S., R.G. Platford, K. Bailey and L. Duczek. 1992. 1991 Survey of
flame chlorosis in Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan. Can. Pl. Dis. Survey
72(1):xxx (in press).
Haber, S. and R. G. Platford. 1991. 1990 survey of flame chlorosis in
Manitoba. Can. Pl. Dis. Survey 71(1):79-80.
Haber, S. 1991. Flame chlorosis confirmed in wheat in Manitoba. Wheat
Newsletter 37:42-43.
-------------------------
M.I.P. Kovacs, N.K. Howes and D. Leisle. The effect of high molecular
weight glutenin subunit composition on tests used to predict durum wheat
quality.
To evaluate durum wheat quality the relationship between sodium dodecyl
sulphate sedimentation test (ST), cooked gluten viscoelasticity (CGV) and
mixing development time (MDT) and the effect of high molecular weight
glutenin subunits (HMWGS) on these tests was studied. Durum wheat whole
meal flours from 143 F(2) derived F(4) families from the Vic Berillo cross
were tested for ST, CGV and MDT. 50% 2-propanol extracts were used for SDS-
PAGE. Vic (gamma-gliadin 45 and HMWGS 6 + 8) and Berillo (gamma-gliadin 42
and HMWGS 20) both have the same low molecular weight glutenin group (LMW-2)
which is believed to be a major contributor of gluten strength, and thus
should not segregate for this component. Vic and Berillo both had high CGV.
Vic also had high ST and MDT, while Berillo had a relatively lower ST and
MDT. CGV was not correlated with ST, HMWGS but was correlated with MDT (r =
0.53 P<.001) and protein (r = -0.53 P<.001). St was correlated with HMWGS 6
+ 8 (r = 0.90 P<.001), MDT (r = 0.58 P<.001). MDT was also correlated with
HMWGS 6 + 8 (r = 0.69 P<.001). These results show that ST and CGV measure
independent quality parameters and that most variation in ST can be
attributed to HMWGS type.
-------------------------
ONTARIO
Plant Research Centre, Ottawa
W. L. Seaman and E. F. Schneider
Diseases. Survival of soft white winter wheat was satisfactory in
most areas of Ontario following a mild winter and limited snow cover.
However, in the southwest most fields seeded in late October were damaged by
heaving and many were plowed under. In the north-central portion of the
wheat producing area, snow mold damage was observed in about one third of
the commercial fields examined. The most common pathogens were three
Typhula species, T. incarnata, T. ishikariensis and T. phacorrhiza, and
Microdochium nivale; crop damage varied from 2 to 25%. At Ottawa ice
encasement severely damaged research plots. Cool early spring conditions
again were favorable for development of whet spindle streak mosaic in
infested soils in the southwest. Powdery mildew and septoria tritici leaf
blotch were widespread on the lower canopy early in the season, and although
mildew progressed to the flag leaf in heavier stands, fewer fields in the
west-central areas were sprayed with fungicide than in 1990. Tan spot was
more widespread and severe than usual in spring wheat in the east and in a
small acreage in the northwest. Leaf rust incidence was moderate, and
yellowing of flag leaves at heading in the Niagara area, especially in
September seedings, was attributed to barley yellow dwarf virus. Hot dry
conditions in most areas in June resulted in very low levels of fusarium
head blight and no problems with mycotoxin contamination of grain were
reported.
-------------------------
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Charlottetown
H. G. Nass and H.W. Johnston
New cultivar. AC Baltic, a new spring wheat cultivar, was registered
in 1991. AC Baltic (AW 117) is a high yielding, strong strawed, early
maturing feed wheat. AC Baltic is resistant to powdery mildew, moderately
susceptible to septoria leaf and glume blotch and similar to Belvedere and
Messier in reaction to fusarium head blight but superior to Max. It was
derived from the same cross as Belvedere (Kolibri/Gamenya) and has many of
the same good characteristics of Belvedere. AC Baltic has a slightly higher
yield advantage and matures slightly earlier than Belvedere. AC Baltic has
similar test weight and kernel weight as Belvedere. It is approximately 3
to 5 cm shorter than Belvedere and Messier, respectively, and has similar
straw strength to Belvedere and Max and stronger straw than Messier. It can
not be distinguished visibly from Belvedere in that it has awns in the top
third of the spike like Belvedere. SECAN is responsible for seed
distribution of this variety in Canada.
Outcrossing. Outcrossing in winter wheat is an increasing problem in
Canadian Maritime Winter Wheat Registration Trials. Outcrossing is
genetically controlled and is prevalent in specific cultivars. Material
that has outcrossed may take the appearance of a segregating or impure crop
and/or sterile spikelets are common. Evidence that outcrossing is likely
occurring can be seen during pollination by looking against the sun and
observing open florets which are taking longer in setting seed than other
florets. Cultivars such as Absolvent and Fundulea and lines having these
parents in their pedigree show this phenomenon to varying degree depending
upon the environment at pollination in the year in which the seed is
produced. When a cultivar is grown from outcrossed seed of the previous
year one can usually expect a decrease in yield. Breeder seed of such
material must be produced in an environment where outcrossing is less likely
to occur or in isolation from other winter wheat cultivars. Outcrossing
does not seem to be a problem in spring wheat in our area.
-------------------------
SASKATCHEWAN
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
D.R. Knott
Genotype-Environment Interactions in Durum Wheat Yield Trials
The 1991 growing season provided an excellent example of genotype-
environment interactions and their effect on durum wheat yield trials in
Saskatchewan. Growing conditions were excellent with ample moisture until
the middle of July (just around heading) but then were very dry. These
conditions were expected to favor early cultivars.
At Saskatoon, 31 preliminary (first year) durum yield trials and 11
standard (second year) yield trials were in 1991, each with three checks,
Sceptre, Wascana and Plenty. Most of the preliminary tests were seeded 1 or
2 days later than the standard tests and could, therefore, have suffered a
little more drought stress. At Saskatoon, Sceptre heads and matures about
1.5 days earlier than Wascana and Wascana is about 1 day earlier than
Plenty, although these differences can vary considerably from year to year.
In yield, Plenty averages about 10% above Sceptre, while Sceptre averages
about 2% above Wascana. In protein concentration the normal order is
Wascana (highest), Plenty and Sceptre.
In 1991, the yield results were very consistent. In 40 of the 42
tests, the order was Sceptre (highest), Plenty and Wascana, with Sceptre
often significantly above Plenty, while Plenty was often close to Wascana.
In one test, Wascana was above Plenty, and in another, Plenty was slightly
above Sceptre. As anticipated the drought stress had favored Sceptre over
Plenty but the swing in yields was surprisingly large.
The figures on protein concentration were even more surprising. The
average protein concentrations in the two sets of tests were as follows:
31 standard tests 31 preliminary tests
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Plenty 17.24 17.16
Wascana 17.17 16.86
Sceptre 15.54 15.16
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Thus, Plenty, which is normally below Wascana and only slightly above
Sceptre, was slightly above Wascana and 1.70 to 2.00% above Sceptre.
The key question posed by the data is how does one use them to make
selections. The only answer seems to be, very cautiously. What in fact I
ended up doing was comparing early lines with Sceptre for yield and protein
concentration and late lines with Plenty, and assuming that intermediate
lines should be somewhere in between the two. Pretty subjective! The
results illustrate how critical genotype-environment interactions can be,
and how difficult they can make plant breeding and selection.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CHINA
Wheat Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences - Zhengzhou,
Henan
Zuoji Lin, Shenhui Jie, Zhensheng Lei
The 1990-1991 season. This past wheat growing season was dominated by
abnormal climate, the winter was warmer but high rainfall and short of
sunshine in early summer especially at grain-filling stage, resulted in the
decrease of 1000 grain weight. Although grains were spike and spike per
m(2) increased a bit, the yield still decreased to compare with last year.
Breeding for widely adapted high-yielding variety. Yumai 13 (Zhengzhou
891), a winter wheat, was registered in China as national variety in 1991.
It is well adapted to most of Huang-Huai wheat growing area in North China
(over seven provinces) and its yielding potential was up to 9000 kg/ha.
According to its performances and other widely adapted varieties, we suggest
that the widely adapted high-yielding varieties should have common traits as
follows:
1. Moderately high tillering ability and higher shoot survival. The
yield components can compensate each other automatically in case
the other is in deficiency. To compare with grain weight, the
number of kernels per unit area is more important.
2. Insensitive to day length. The spike develops slowly before
winter but fast in late spring, endurable to low temperature
during winter season and booting stage as well as high
temperature at grain-filling stage.
3. With better resources to utilize efficiency, such as water,
sunlight, temperature and fertilizer; and adapted to a range of
agronomic practices such as sowing date and seeding rate.
4. Semidwarf, with a higher harvest index; root system should be
more developed to use the nutrients and moisture in the deeper
soil.
5. With a changeable canopy structure, i.e., the upper leaves are
erect at booting stage, while they are somewhat horizontal
smaller leaves or curving larger leaves at grain-filling stage.
The LAD should be longer.
6. Resistant or tolerant to natural disasters and main diseases and
pests such as freeze, drought, dry-hot wind, water-logging,
rusts, powdery mildew, scab, etc.
-------------------------
Wheat Breeding Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing
210014
Zhaosu Wu, Shirong Yu, Xizhong Wei, Youjia Shen, Guoliang Jinag, Jimin
Wu, Yong Xu, Zhaoxia Chen, Qimei Xia
Studies on the Development of the Gene Pool with Improved Resistance to
Scab in Wheat. Five different recurrent selection populations during the
development of the scab resistant gene pool in wheat were investigated under
the condition of artificial Fusarium graminearum infection for effects of
phenotypic recurrent selection during 1988-1989. It was preliminarily
demonstrated that the population mean of resistance to scab was
significantly improved with increased frequency of resistant plants cycle by
cycle. The numbers of infected spikelets of male-fertile plants in the
populations LC1, LC2, RC1 and RC2, representing the long-term and resistance
resource gene pools after one or two cycles of selection, respectively, were
less than that of the original population CO. Recurrent selection for the
resistance with the resistance resource gene pool showed a more obvious
effect than that with the long-term pool. The resistance of male-fertile
plants might be higher than that of male-sterile ones in all the populations
observed. Thus different criteria should be used for the male-sterile and
fertile plants separately. The variance of resistance showed no significant
changes with the long-term gene pool but it tended to decrease obviously
with the resistance resource pool. At the same time, the coefficient of
variation was enlarged significantly, indicating that relative variability
of resistance was increased under the selection. The diverse changes in
plant height, spikes per plant, total and seeded spikelets and kernels per
spike accompanying the improvement of the resistance were not found in most
cases. There was no significant undesirable association between the
resistance and these agronomic characters. Moreover, the results of
experiment with RCO, RC1, RC2 and RC3 populations of the resistance resource
gene pool during two crop seasons 1988-1990 indicated that probability of
obtaining superior individuals with both improved scab resistance and other
desired agronomic characteristics from the selected populations was markedly
greater than that of the original population. It could be believed that
more significant efficiency of improvement would be produced by further
recurrent selection for the resistance associated with desirable agronomic
characters.
Breeding Cultivars and Development of Germplasm Resources. Some
superior cultivars, strains and genetic resources with the desirable
characteristics have been bred by utilizing the Taigu genic male-sterile
gene Ta1 (Ms2), an available tool of genetic improvement in wheat found at
Taigu County, Shanxi Province, China in 1972. Changjiang 8809, Changjiang
8863, Changjiang 8865, Changjiang 9021, TFSL037, etc. developed through
recurrent selection during the development of the gene pool with improved
resistance to scab in wheat, have high-yielding potential, semi-dwarf plant
height, scab resistance and tolerance to other diseases and water logging.
A multi-site trial with 3-replicate randomized block was conducted during
1989-1991. In comparison with the check Yangmai 5, grown most widely in the
Mid-Lower Yangtze Region for the last years, Changjiang 8809 was increased
by about 5% in grain yield per unit area, and showed higher resistance or
tolerance to scab as well as soilborne mosaic virus, leaf rust and pre-
harvest sprouting. It had above 40 g/l higher than Yangmai 5 in test
weight. The resistance of Changjiang 8809 to scab spread in spike was
similar to that of Sumai 3, most-known resistant variety all over the world,
under artificial infection by single-floret inoculation with ascospore
suspension of Gibberella zeae. Most of the other advanced breeding lines
mentioned above and below presented more or less the same grain yield as
Yangmai 5. Changjiang 8802 with white seedcoat and preharvest sprouting
resistance, Changjiang 8853 with early maturity and good quality, and
Changjiang 8897 with early maturity, high grain weight and good quality were
developed from the simple crosses Ta Ningmai 3/Ning 7840, Ta Nimgmai
6/S.G.D. and Ta Ningmai 4/Mianyang 11, respectively.
In addition to screening and selection of breeding lines and genetic
resource materials in multi-site trials for agronomic performance,
assessments of scab resistance were made at naturally epidemic area
Jianyang, Fujian Province, and under artificial infection conditions in
Nanjing and Shanghai, respectively, for more than twenty advanced breeding
lines.
A study on the Variation and Interrelationship of Quality
Characteristics in Wheat Cultivars Grown in North-Huai Plain and Mid-Lower
Yangtze Region. The quality characteristics of 36 and 19 cultivars grown
in North-Huai Plain and Mid-Lower Yangtze Region respectively were evaluated
in 1985 and 1986. The results showed that the means of vitreousness, 1000
kernel weight, protein and wet gluten content of the cultivars of North-Huai
Plain were significantly higher than those of Mid-Lower Yangtze Region.
Test weight and specific gravity were significantly positively correlated
with protein content, sedimentation value, major parameters from frinogram
of flour and steamed bread quality. Steamed bread quality was significantly
positively correlated with protein content, sedimentation value, water
absorption and valorimeter value. It was suggested that vitreousness, test
weight and specific gravity of kernel, and protein content and sedimentation
value should be increased for quality improvement in these two regions.
Study on Value of Wheat Multiline in Mottled-Salt Soil. The
experiments were conducted at Tianwangtang village, Binzhou and experimental
farm of Huimin Agricultural Institute, Shandong Province, during 1989-1991.
12 wheat blends were combined with incomplete diallel ways using 3 salt-
resistant and 4 salt-sensitive wheat cultivars at equal seed rate. The
results showed that LD-1 and Lumai 10 were most resistant, while selected
strain of Shannongfu 63 was most sensitive in salt-resistant diagnoses.
Correlate analysis of yield and its related characters showed that the main
factor affecting wheat yield was spike number, which was determined by
survival seedling number. So survival seedling number was much more
important to wheat yield in strongly mottled-salt soil, while the grain
weight per spike was main factor in light mottled-salt soil, particularly in
rainy seasons.
The average yield in wheat blends increased by 23.46 kg/mu (9.1%)
compared with in the pure stands, and the difference was most significant.
So the application of multiline was a more efficient way to increase wheat
yields in mottled-salt soil. The ecological combining ability was
significantly different among the cultivars at the same experiment, and was
also different among the experiments for the same cultivar. The component
cultivars with higher general and specific ecological combining ability
should be selected when a wheat multiline was combined, thus the multiline
with strongly ecological combining ability would be easily obtained. In
addition, maturing and plant height difference should be coordinated, and
grain white.
Studies on Pre-Harvest Sprouting Resistance in Wheat Cultivars. Pre-
harvest sprouting and its related traits were examined among 22 wheat
cultivars in 1986-1988. The plastic sack sprouting test was the most simple
and reliable one of the four test methods. The water extracts of glume from
22 wheat cultivars with germination percentage differed markedly for
Ningfeng white grains immersed in them. The glume extracts of Nannong 80566
and Kenya 321 sib possessed the highest inhibition effect. Other results
implied that a direct inhibition of glume leachate on grains in intact ear
as well as interaction between glume extract and grain germination existed
possibly.
Significantly negative correlations were shown between grain-coat
redness and à-amylase activity, falling number and germination percentage.
Nonsignificant correlations were found between grain-coat redness and
sprouting in the field, grain-coat redness and falling number.
PUBLICATIONS
Wu, Zhaosu, Shaojun Chen and Zhancai Zhu. 1991. A study on the variation
and interrelationship of quality characteristics in wheat cultivars grown in
North-Huai Plain and Mid-Lower Yangtze Region. J. of Nanjing Agricultural
University, 14(1):1-5.
Jiang, Guoliang, Zhaoxia Chen and Zhaosu Wu. 1991. A research on effects
of recurrent selection of the gene pool with improved resistance to scab in
wheat. J. of Nanjing Agricultural University, 14(2):6-11.
Jiang, Guoliang, Zhaosu Wu and Zhaoxia Chen. 1991. Preliminary report on
the application of Taigu genic male-sterile gene Ta1 to wheat breeding.
Seed 1991,(3):10-15.
Jiang, Guoliang, Zhaoxia Chen and Zhaosu, Wu. 1991. Studies on the
development of scab resistant gene pool in wheat. I. Analysis of the scab
resistance and plant height in different recurrent selection populations.
ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 17(5):346-351.
Jiang, Guoliang. 1991. A study of recurrent selection for resistance to
scab (Gibberella zeae) in superior populations and plants in wheat gene
pool. J. of Southwest Agricultural University, 13(2):137-141.
Yang, Zhuping, Zhaosu Wu and Yibo Lin. 1991. Inheritance and selection of
agronomic characters in an intermating population of wheat. Acta
Agriculturae Shaghai, 7(1):23-28.
Xia, Zhonghua, Shirong Yu and Zhaosu Wu. 1991. Comparison of methods of
estimating stability and adaptability parameters in wheat varietal trials.
J. of Nanjing Agricultural University, 14(3):12-15.
Xu, Yong, Shirong Yu and Zhaosu Wu. 1991. Efficiency comparison of complex
selection methods in advanced generation lines of wheat. J. of Nanjing
Agricultural University, 14(3):16-20.
Yu, Shiron and Yong, Xu. 1991. Studies on multi-check design in cultivar
regional trial and improvement for adaptability parameter estimations. J.
of Nanjing Agricultural University, 14(4):7-12.
Shen, Zhengxing, Shirong Yu and Zhaosu Wu. 1991. Studies on pre-harvest
sprouting resistance in wheat cultivars. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,
24(5):44-50.
Wei, Xiezhong, Shirong Yu, Hexian Song and Xunwu Shang. 1991. A
comparative study on plant type of wheat in three ecological regions.
Jiangsu J. of Agr. Sci., 7(1):20-26.
Wu, Jimin, et al., 1992. Growth analysis on the grain filling in wheat.
Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 1992. (3). (In press).
Wei, Xiezhong, Zhaosu Wu, Jimin Wu, Shirong Yu and Yong, Xu. 1991.
Analyses of Plant Type and a Consultative System for Yield Breeding in Wheat
(Monograph). Southeast University Press, Nanjing.
-------------------------
Dry Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry
Sciences, PRC.
Li Huimin, Zhao Fengwu*, Li Hongwu
Preliminary Research on Four CHA in Wheat
The experiment of 70 cultivars/new advanced lines treated with four new
CHA has shown that the four CHA's emasculated rates (ER) were all up to the
CHA's criteria. From the seed set point of view the plant treated with CHA
EK and CHA EKH whose average seed set rates (SSR) were all over 80% which
were much superior to treated with CHA ENa and CHA ENH. There were no
significant differences for the plant characters among the plant height
(PH), the length of head neck (LHN), emasculation rate (ER) and seed set
rate (SSR) between CHA EK and CHA EKH by means of t-test. The two CHA could
be used in hybrid seed production in wheat. Four correlative curves have
been found for the two CHA affecting the plant characters after spraying
which could be used to direct hybrid seed production and anticipate female
performance in the field.
Materials and Methods. 70 cultivars/new advanced lines were randomly
selected whose flag-time were quite similar but other characters were much
different, when planted at normal season, i.e., 10th October, 1990. 4 CHA
were sprayed at flag-time, i.e., 23rd April, whose concentration were: EK,
7000 ppm; EKH, 6000 ppm; ENH 6000 ppm; ENa, 6000 ppm individually. The
dosages were 1500 kg/ha for all of them in which 1 ppm triconol was added to
each. On the 24th April 20, ppm gibberellin acid was sprayed whose dosage
was 750 kg/ha. The plot/sprayed area was 100 m(2) (20*5). Between the
sprayed areas there was 5 m isolated plot or nonsprayed area called male
plot which was used as pollinator. Same amount of water was sprayed on
check plot which was in the middle of CHA sprayed plots. After heading time
10 plants/heads were bagged for counting ER and another 10, for other
characters. The formula used in counting ER and SR was:
A
ER/SSR % = - - - * 100
B
A = Total seeds of basic spikelet of ear per head, and
B = Total basic spikelet of ear per head.
Results and Analyses. The average values for 70 cultivars treated with
four CH are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Average Effects of New CHA on Plant Characters
PH LHN ER SSR
Type cm cm PH:LHN % %
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CK 90.14 32.37 2.78:1
EK 55.24 14.52 3.88:1 97.25 82.91
EKH 55.46 14.42 3.85:1 95.82 83.41
ENH 57.41 13.58 4.23:1 98.65 60.79
ENa 48.09 12.51 3.85:1 98.96 58.31
----------------------------------------------------------------------
From Table 1 we can see that the ER were all satisfied which were all
over 95%. But the SSR treated with ENH and ENa were far lower than those
treated with EK and EKH. It seems that the pistil was damaged by both of
them, so they should be discarded. Character correlations were also
conducted.
Discussion. 70 cultivars evaluated have shown that the four CHA's ER
were all satisfied but after spraying, the SSR, i.e., the damage degree were
different. CHA EK and EKH could be used in hybrid seed production directly
which all meet the CHA's criteria. But from the cost point of view more
attention should be paid to the CHA EKH whose price was half CHA EK.
The four correlative curves gotten from the experiment could be used to
advise hybrid seed production workers as well as to anticipate female
performance in the field.
The two CHA EK and EKH have a side effect on plant height (PH), but
different cultivars gave different responses. Generally speaking, the
higher the PH, the more LHN decreases. In this experiment, the PH decreased
from 8.4 to 32.4 cm and LHN decreased from 7.1 to 32.1 in which the
proportion between the LHN to PH changed from 1:2.3 to 1:3.8 before and
after spraying.
The LHN is an inherited character, and differences among cultivars were
observed in this experiment. The range of PH:LHN is 1:2.04-3.94. To solve
the problem that the LHN become shorter after spraying, the longer the
cultivar's LHN is, the more suitable as a female in the combination
selected.
* Address: Dry Farming Inst., 6 Nan Men Kou Street, East of Bridge,
Hengshui City, Hebei Province, P.R. C.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CROATIA
Slobodan Tomasovic, Institute for Breeding and Production of Field
Crops - Zagreb, Department of Cereal Crops
Some More Important Traits of the New ZG Winter Wheat Varieties
Breeding work on developing wheat varieties in the Zagreb Institute
represents a part of the program of wheat production advancement in this
country. The results of this work are well known to wheat growers both in
the country and abroad. The work on developing domestic wheat varieties of
intensive type has been going on for over 30 years. In this Institute and
in other institutes in the country, varieties with high yielding capacity
have been developed. Indeed, there are still certain improvements that can
be made, which have not yet been completely utilized, though further
progress will be less speedy because even greater efforts will be made to
develop varieties that combine genes for high yields, good quality,
resistance to many diseases and different climatic stresses.
The principle objective of our breeding program is development of high-
yielding varieties, with good disease resistance and improved kernel and
flour quality. The growing interest in high-yielding wheat varieties and
improved quality is an incentive to develop varieties that would meet market
demands through breeding work. Varieties Marija, Sana, Marina and some
others are exactly such. They present a significant progress in overcoming
the "antagonism" existing between yield and its quality. The Zagreb
Institute for Breeding and Production of Field Crops has in it work on wheat
breeding developed so far an array of varieties that have been accepted by
the agricultural practice. By their high yielding ability and good flour
and bread quality, Sana and Marija have been accepted by the agricultural
practice both in the country and abroad for several years. Moreover, the
trend of their spread is growing. Owing to their wide adaptability and
great biological plasticity, the results they give are high yield of grain.
For instance, in 1990, on 7,609 has in the region of Slavonia and Baranja
the variety Sana produced mean yield of 8.44 t/ha of grain. In the region
of Bjelovar, on 444 has its average yield was 7.15 t/ha. Because of its
high yielding capacity, and its earlier results achieved in agricultural
production, Sana has been chosen by the Committee for Varietal Registration
since last fall as a check variety for high yields. Likewise, variety
Marija produced mean yield of 7.79 t/ha in the region of Slavonija and
Baranja on 10,306 ha. In the Bjelovar region, on 2,271 ha it produced
average yield of 6.41 t/ha.
Marina (ZG 3021/84). Winter wheat variety Marina represents a model of
intensive wheat with moderately high straw that provides possibility to form
a large number of spikes per unit area. According to its quality
characteristics, it belongs to bread wheats. It was developed from crossing
high-yielding semidwarf line ZG 2468/74 and a source of resistance to
Septoria spp., P-3030, whose distant ancestors are American variety Arthur
and Brazilian material IAS-20. It was tested by the Registration Committee
in 1986-1988 and released in 1989.
In terms of botany, it belongs to Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare var.
lutescens. Spikes are pale yellow,k glabrous. At full maturity, they are
mostly erect, somewhat dense and tapering. There are 18-20 spikelets in a
spike with 3-5 kernels in each. The kernel has extended form, semi-hard
consistency, dark red in colour. Kernel weight is 41-43 mg, hectoliter
weight 78-80 kg.
At juvenile stage, leaves are bluish green, long and narrow with
unexpressed nervature. It tillers as semiprostratum types, productive
tillering potential is high. Stem is strong and elastic, with very good
resistance to lodging, 83-85 cm high. Marina belongs to mid-early wheats,
by three days later than Super Zlatna. It expresses resistance to
shattering, thus tolerates later planting dates.
Its resistance to stresses such as low temperatures (-17degC without
snow), drought and high temperatures in grain-fill stage is quite good. It
possesses high resistance to leaf and spike Septoria and rust. Its
resistance to powdery mildew and scab is satisfactory. Quality of grain and
flour is very good. By its protein content (13.0-13.5%) and sedimentation
value (35-40 ml) it belongs to quality class I (II). Its farinograph
quality number is 56.62-62.8, thus it belongs to the subgroup B(1). It
produces high yield of flour and good bread quality.
Prior to its recognition, it was included in numerous large- and small-
scale trials on the territory of former Yugoslavia. According to long-term
data, it expressed high productivity and stability. Yields of over 9 t/ha
were recorded at certain locations. We are speaking about a variety
effective in terms of economy because of its universality of utilization at
different soils. Its spread in production is increasing. Optimal planting
date is 10-25 October, planting rate 650-700 viable kernels/m(2). Under
favorable conditions it can produce 700-800 fertile spikes/m(2).
Biljana (ZG 343/80). Winter wheat variety Biljana was developed from
crossing variety ZG 5994/66 and TP 114/1965 A. In the trials of the
Varietal Committee, it was tested in 1985-1987 and released in 1988.
Botanically, it belongs to Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare var. lutescens.
Spikes are cylindrical, with 18-20 spikelets and 3-4 kernels in each.
Kernels are semitransparent, light brown in colour. Kernel weight is about
40 mg, hectoliter weight is 79-81 kg. It belongs to quality subgroups B(1)-
B(2).
Stem height is about 80 cm, very good resistance to lodging. Leaves
are mid-long and mid-wide, spirally attached, intensively green. Biljana is
mid-early, by about 2 days later than Super Zlatna. Possesses very good
winter hardiness. It is resistant to powdery mildew, leaf and stem rust,
and shows tolerance to Septoria spp. and fusarium head blight. Biljana is a
very head productive variety with genetic yielding potential above 10 t/ha.
It has exhibited great adaptability to different agroecological conditions.
Its spread in production is increasing. Optimal seeding date is October 10-
25. Seeding rate 650-700 viable kernels/m(2).
Alena (ZG 241/84). Winter wheat variety Alena is high-yielding, white,
and awnless. In trials conducted by the Varietal Committee in 1987-1989, in
all growing regions it gave appreciably higher yields than both standards.
It was released in 1990. Botanically, it belongs to Triticum aestivum ssp.
vulgare var. lutescens. Spikes are cylindrical, with 20 spikelets on the
average and 3-4 kernels in each. At full maturity spikes are mostly erect.
Kernels are semitransparent, light brown in colour. Kernel weight is about
43 mg, hectoliter weight 80-82 kg.
Straw is about 85 cm high with good resistance to lodging. Leaves are
mid-long and mid-wide with more horizontal growth habit, dark green, later
they get waxy coating. Alena belongs to a group of mid-early wheats, by 1-2
days later than Super Zlatna. Possesses very good resistance to leaf and
stem rust, and good resistance to powdery mildew and Septoria spp. It is a
very productive variety. Thus, at some locations in large- and small-scale
trials, it gave yields exceeding 9.5 t/ha. Its yielding ability is somewhat
higher than Sana's. Its kernel and flour quality is satisfactory, belongs
to II quality class, subgroup B(1)-B(2). As we can see, it is a variety
that can assure substantial profits per square unit. Optimal planting date
is October 15-25, seeding rate 600 viable kernels/m(2). It shows great
biological plasticity and adaptability to diverse agroecological conditions.
Its production is still experimental.
-------------------------
The Present Level of Knowledge on How to Improve Wheat Yield
Through Increased Production per Spike and Increased Resistance to
Fuasarium spp. on Spikes
Continuous intensification of wheat production requires permanent
development of new varieties with high genetic yield potential, and adequate
grain and flour quality. It presents a task assigned primarily to genetics
and breeding. Given the high genetic yield potential of the varieties
from the present assortment, and their good grain and flour quality, in
developing new varieties special attention had to be given to the most
important traits which play a decisive role in formation of yield and
quality of grain and flour.
Kernel weight and number of grain per spike are very important elements
of yield. Since these two traits are very interdependent, and it is
virtually impossible to expect from them to be both expressed to a maximum.
In new genotypes it is necessary to find the best relationship between the
two, in order to obtain as high yielding spikes as possible. High yield in
new genotypes is achieved primarily owing to a considerably lower stem,
somewhat higher kernel weight, greater number of kernels per spike and
better resistance to diseases. Very important trait of new intensive
varieties is their stem height. Under our agroecological conditions, from
the view point of resistance to lodging and physiological balance between
the straw and kernels, the best genotypes seem to be those with straw height
between 60 and 80 cm (Borojevic 1971). Shortened straw in new genotypes is
a result of shortening internode length. In this way, photosynthetic
activity in semidwarf and dwarf genotypes is changed.
Wheat yield is a very complex trait because in its formation genetic
factors of a number of traits take place, for example, factors that
determine spike fertility, straw height, resistance to lodging, fungal
disease, intensity and duration of photosynthetic activity, winter hardiness
and others. Yielding is a character of a wheat plant as a cultivar, whereas
yield per square unit is a result of activity of cultivar's yielding ability
in interaction with its adaptability to a particular habitat and level of
technology. In breeding, therefore, one should always aim at developing
varieties not only high yielding, but with good adaptability, i.e., aim at
developing varieties capable of producing as high quantity of grain as
possible under specific conditions of light, heat, moisture and nutrient
supply (Mac Key 1966). High yields of a certain variety cannot be obtained
unless a satisfactory relationship is obtained between factors that
determine yield (plant density and production per spike) and factors that
influence yield (climatic conditions, fertilization, tillage intensity and
other). They create the so-called optimal yield structure (Heuser 1928,
Jonard-Koller 1951), Lein-Rosenstiel-Wien-Hues 1954).
Today, new varieties catch up with the best foreign varieties in their
yield and quality. Therefore, for further work in breeding one needs to
have a better insight into genetic constitution of individual traits. One
needs to acquire genetic approach in breeding, marked with the gene-trait
concept (Allard 1960, Borojevic 1966). Wheat yield can be increased by
changing and improving plant structure and by increasing photosynthesis
effectiveness. Plant structure can be changed by reasonable limitation of
the vegetative weight growth by and stimulating the development of the
generative part, especially the components upon which grain yield is
dependent. There has been a trend to develop semi-dwarf genotypes in which
grain and straw ratio is approximately 50:50, because genotypes require less
water, nutrients and solar energy for production of kernel dry matter unit,
and in intensive production they exhibit higher yield potential. The
advantage of semi-dwarf genotypes lies in considerably larger number of
grains per spike or spikelet, as compared to tall genotypes. Genes for
larger number of spikelets per spike were found in the Italian genotype
Forlani (Forlani 1953) and in the Moroccan type of spikes (CIMMYT program).
The ability to develop 7 kernels per spikelet will in the future probably be
inherited primarily from Triticum turgidum species. Other possibilities for
increasing spike productivity is to develop branching spikes (Bonvicini
1955, Koric 1966, Cicin 1971) or four-rowing spike types (Koric 1978). In
long ears, considerable achievement would be made by increasing glumes using
T. polonicum genes, rather than to have many long leaves, as suggested by
MacKey (1980).
It is not only important to develop a variety with high genetic yield
potential, but it is equally important to provide conditions that would
permit full exploitation of such potential. One of the yield limiting
factors generally are wheat diseases caused by fungi. In former Yugoslavia,
work on developing resistant varieties had been in progress for some time.
Owing to a well developed breeding program (Borojevic, Potocanac 1966), a
large number of varieties was developed, many of which were high yielding
and with good quality, some also with improved disease resistance,
especially to rusts and powdery mildew. Work on resistance to other
pathogens, for example, Fusarium spp. has been less successful. Semi-dwarf
genotypes and dense stands have lately caused higher severities of Fusarium
headblight, most frequently head caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw.
(Milatovic, Vlahovic, Tomasovic 1982, Tomasovic, Vlahovic, Milatovic 1983).
Therefore, work was initiated in 1978 at the Zagreb Institute for Breeding
and Production of Field Crops on developing varieties resistant to this
disease. The program of incorporating resistance to Fusarium on spikes is
very complex. Pathogens of the Fusarium species (most often Fusarium
graminearum Schw.) are permanently present in the soil, and as saprophytes,
have little requirements in nutrients. As a contrast, parasites cause
considerable damages on crops, under conditions favouring their development
(Tomasovic 1981). Therefore, further research and improvement of the
resistance level, requires new techniques and methods, i.e., more effective
methods of wheat breeding, primarily recurrent selection. Because by
improving new techniques and methods, reliability and effectiveness of
breeding for resistance to Fusaria on spikes would be increased, which in
terms of economy, are becoming increasingly important diseases in certain
wheat growing regions.
Carriers of resistance (sources of resistance) to spike Fusaria in
wheat possess many unfavorable agronomic characters (extensive genotypes,
taller growth habit, poor resistance to other diseases, susceptibility to
low temperatures). Because of that, a task was assigned (1) to breed
sources of resistance because such do not exist to be incorporated into a
variety and (2) to improve resistance to spike Fusaria of the newly
developed intensive wheat lines (varieties) adapted to intensive growing
conditions.
Because of the growing importance of damages in wheat from attacks of
spike Fusaria, it is necessary to do the following:
- To select sources of resistance to spike Fusaria for intensive
conditions of production
- By mutual crossing of selected sources of resistance develop new
improved sources with improved resistance to spike Fusaria.
During this process, sources of resistance would be compared by
their degree of resistance with their crosses both from earlier
and later generations. Degree of resistance to spike Fusaria
would be estimated by assessing pathogen's attack severity and
its influence on yield and its components.
- Improved sources of resistance to be combined into the Zg wheat
breeding program, thus developing new lines (varieties) to meet
agricultural practice.
Description and method of work. Genetic material we are studying is
very rich. It was obtained from mutual crossing the best genotypes, the
carriers of traits for the programmed wheat ideotype. By accumulating
various polymeric genes, among which are fertility genes, recombination of
favorable genes took place, which resulted in obtaining the most fertile
genotypes.
Multiple combined crossing gave spike forms with elongated rachis and
increased rows of spikelets and increased number of kernels in them. Those
crossings produced spike forms with 33 well-developed spikelets. Spikes
were found with over 100 kernels. These traits largely come from branching
or four-rowing genes (RmRm and TsTs genes) incorporated into these genotypes
which stimulate increased production per spike. Three wheat types were
developed from this genic complex: branched, four-rowing and normal spike
wheats which contain branching and four-rowing genic complex. Normal spike
forms contain apart form those already mentioned, also inhibitor of
branching (four-rowing), i.e., normalizer (NrNr) which controls spike form
without reducing fertility. In this spike form, increased fertility is
achieved through increased number of spikelets per spike and higher kernel
weight. Many results and knowledge from these investigations have helped to
develop new genetic population carriers of high grain productivity per
spike.
In breeding new higher yielding winter wheat lines, the conventional
crossing methods would be used. Material from different generations will be
observed to see how they exhibit the desired traits. Accordingly, analysis
of selected spikes would be made as regards of the following traits: ear
length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grain per spike and total
production per spike. So, the following would be made in one research year:
1. Selection of parental components for crossing
2. Selection and analysis of spikes for heterozygous progenies
3. Selection of homozygous lines and quality testing (kernel weight,
hectoliter weight, sedimentation value, crude protein content).
4. Testing homozygous lines in preliminary variety testing
5. Testing homozygous lines in small-scale variety experiments
Throughout the vegetation period the whole material will be observed
for quality testing, resistance to lodging, diseases, low temperatures and
so on.
The results of investigations conducted for testing resistance to
Fusarium scab indicate that by applying adequate crossing methods,
resistance genes can be accumulated from various sources, and thus lines
with improved resistance degree obtained which can successfully be used in
wheat breeding program as new sources. Because sources of resistance genes
in wheat are often extensive types, which, as a rule, also carry some
unfavorable traits, they need to be improved in "pre-selection", so that
their resistance degree is raised, at the same time eliminating the negative
factors. Collected sources of resistance need first to be tested with
virulent isolates from pure culture. Since symptoms of infections are best
seen in adult stage, testing of genetic material will be made at that stage.
Infection with a suspension of spores has to be made at flowering stage.
In the first year, selection of sources of resistance is made by
crossing healthy spikes that will serve as parents for crossing in the
following year. Grown F(2) generation is then tested for resistance to
Fusarium and resistant plants picked out. The following year, F(3)
generations with different resistance degrees would be crossed again, in
order to raise the level of resistance to this disease. Progenies of F(2)
generations from these crossings would again be tested for resistance and
resistant materials picked out to serve as sources of resistance for
developing new high-yielding wheat varieties resistant to fusarium.
-------------------------
Improvement of Wheat Yield Through Increased Production Per Spike
Objectives. The most recently released varieties and lines produce
yields of more than 10 t/ha. With permanent reduction of acreage under
wheat, a need has arisen to increase yield per unit area. Therefore,
breeders continue to be facing the principal task to create varieties with
increased genetic yield potential and satisfactory grain and flour quality.
One of the means of increasing yield is through higher grain production per
spike, which is one of the basic yield components. Yielding depends on the
number of spikes per square unit, number of grains in a spike, and kernel
weight. The objective of the investigation is to develop new winter wheat
genotypes superior in genetic yielding potential to the existing varieties.
Higher yielding potential would be achieved on the basis of spike
lengthening, i.e., number of fertile spikelets in a spike and number of
rains in a spikelet. Investigations carried out until now have shown that
most genotypes carriers of hereditary basis for long ear are characteristic
by their increased plant height, prolonged vegetation and reduced resistance
to certain diseases. To make the effects of extended spike become fully
manifested, it is necessary to screen desirable varieties through breeding,
finally testing plant density, levels of mineral fertilizer, planting dates
and so on in agrotechnical trials.
Method of investigations. Genetic material we are working with is very
rich. It is obtained by mutual crossing of the genotypes - the carriers of
properties for the programmed wheat ideotype. By accumulating various
polymeric genes, including yield genes, recombination of desirable genes
took place, resulting in obtaining the most fertile genotypes.
Repeated continuous crossings have given spike forms with longer
rachises, increased spikelet nodes and greater grain number in spikelets.
These crossings produced a spike form with 33 well-developed spikelets.
Spikes with over 100 grains were found. These traits largely derive from
branching and four-rowing factors (RmRm and TsTs genes) incorporated into
these genotypes, stimulating higher spike production. Three wheat types
were developed from this genic complex: branched, four-rowing and lines with
normal spike form containing branching and four-rowing genic complex. In
normal spike form, beside the aforesaid genes, there is also branching
inhibitor, normalizer (NrNr) determining spike form, without affecting its
fertility. In this spike forms increased yielding is based on the number of
spikelets per spike, greater number of kernels per spike and higher kernel
weight. Many results and findings from these investigations have helped in
developing new genetic populations, the carriers of high grain production
per spike.
In the breeding process at creating new higher yielding winter wheat
lines, conventional crossing and breeding methods would be used. Breeding
materials will be monitored for the manifestation of desirable traits,
during which the selected spikes would be analyzed for traits such as spike
length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains in a spike and total
production per spike.
During the vegetation period, phenological observations of all material
would be made, as well as testing to evaluate quality, resistance to
lodging, low temperatures and some more serious wheat diseases.
Justification. This investigation would provide conditions for
intensive exchange of ideas and experience, exchange of basic and breeding
materials, and finally, exploitation of improved genetic material with
increased production per spike resulting from this work.
The ultimate objective of these investigations is to develop new winter
wheat genotypes with increased genetic yield potential. The obtained
materials would be tested under different agroecological conditions. The
results achieved in these investigations would be presented at scientific
meetings.
Acknowledgement. Author's would like to thank very much Prof. Jasenka
Skoblar for her translation into the English language and for her technical
assistance.
PUBLICATIONS
Javor, Petar, Martinic-Jercic, Zdravko. 1989. Programmes of wheat breeding
in the Institute for Breeding and production of field crops - Zagreb. XII
Eucarpia Congress 1989. Vortrage fur Pflanzenzuchtung Bok of Poster
Abstracts, 15.
Koric, Bogdan. 1987. Work on yield stability of Zg-wheats. II.
International Crop Production Symposium Debrecen-Nadudvar, 23-26. VI.
Koric, Bogdan. 1989. Importance of Septoria nodorum blotch and its
chemical control on quantity, quality and sanitary seed condition in seed
production of winter wheat. Poljoprivredna znanstvena smotra (Agriculturae
Conspectus Scientificus), Vol. 55, No. 3-4, 477-484, Zagreb - Proceedings of
Third International Workshop on Septoria of Cereals, Zurich, 74-76.
Koric, Bogdan. 1989. Achievement in wheat breeding for resistance to some
diseases. Agronomski glasnik (Agronomy Journal), No. 4-5, 47-64. Zagreb
(Croatian with English summary).
Koric, Bogdan. 1989. Five-years investigations of pathological types of
Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici in western part of Yugoslavia. Zastita
bilja (Plant Protection), 40(4), 481-486, BEograd (Croatian with English
summary).
Koric, Bogdan, Mlinar, Rade, Slobodan Tomasovic, Jaovr, Peter and Vlahovic,
Viktorija. 1989. Wheat breeding for resistance to diseases in Institute for
Breeding and Production of Field Crops of the Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences in Zagreb. Glasnik zastite bilja (Journal of Plant Protection),
No. 6, 228-233, Zagreb (Croatian with English summary).
Koric, Bogdan, and Tomasovic, Slobodan. 1989. Effect of Fusarium
graminearum Schw. on wheat yield. Agronomskiglasnik (Agronomy Journal), No.
3, 49-53, Zagreb (Croatian with English summary).
Koric, Bogdan. 1991. Incidence of pathological types of Erysiphe graminis
DC. f. sp. tritici March. in the western part of Yugoslavia from 1968 to
1990. Agronomski glasnik (Agronomy Journal), No. 4-5, 241-253, Zagreb
(Croatian with English summary).
Matijasevic, Mladen, Mlinar, Rade and Javor, Petar. 1988. Characteristics
of the newly registered Zg-winter wheat varieties, Agronomski glasnik
(Agronomy Journal), No. 2-3, 41-55, Zagreb (Croatian with English summary).
Matijasevic, Mladen, and Mlinar, Rade. 1989. Marija - a new high yielding
and high quality winter wheat variety. Semenarstvo (Journal of the Yugoslav
seed society), No. 5, 131-140, Zagreb (Croatian with English summary).
Mlinar, Rade and Matijasevic, Mladen. 1989. Agronomic traits of some
foreign winter wheat varieties in relation to domestic ones. Agronomski
glasnik (Agronomy Journal), No. 6, 3-9, Zagreb (Croation with English
summary).
Mlinar, Rade. 1990. Marina - new winter wheat variety. Semenarstvo
(Journal of the Yugoslav seed society), No. 6, 339-343, Zagreb (Croatian
with English summary).
Mlinar, Rade. 1991. The results of two-year testings of some foreign wheat
varieties in relation to the domestic. Poljoprivredne aktualnosti
(Agricultural actuality), Vol. 38, No. 1-2, 149-156, Zagreb (Croation with
English summary).
Tomasovic, Slobodan. 1988. Fusarium Diseases of Wheat with Particular
Reference to Fusarium Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum Schw.) Ann. Wheat
Newsletter, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO., SAD, and Canada
Dept. of Agriculture, Vol. 34, 170-173.
Tomasovic, Slobodan, Vlahovic, Viktorija, and Matisjasevic, Mladen. 1989.
Wheat breeding for resistance to Fusarium diseases, especially to Fusarium
graminearum Schw. Wheat Information Service, No. 69, 13-17, Yokohama,
Japan.
Tomasovic, Slobodan, and Koric, Bogdan. 1990. Breeding winter wheat in the
Institute for Breeding and Productiuon of Field Crops - Zagreb - High
yielding wheat cultivars. Ann. Wheat Newsletter, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, Colorado, SAD, and Canada Department of Agriculture, Vol. 36,
225-227.
Tomasovic, Slobodan, and Koric, Bogdan. 1990. Work on breeding winter
wheat varieties in the Institute for Breeding and Production of Field Crops
of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zagreb, High-yielding wheat
varieties. Wheat Information Service, Number 71, 32-35, Yokohama, Japan.
Tomasovic. Slobodovan. 1991. Improvement of sources of resistance of new
wheat lines (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare) to Fusarium Head Blight
(Fusarium graminearum Schw.) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Novi Sad,
Agricultural Faculty, Novi Sad. 116 pp. (Croatian with English summary).
Tomasovic, slobodan, Vlahovic, Viktorija, Matijasevic, Mladen and Sesar,
Branko. 1991. Breeding wheat for resistance to Fusarium disease on spike
(Head Blight). Sjemenar-stvo (Journal of the Croatian Seed Society), No. 2,
67-76, Zagreb (Croatian with English summary).
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague - Ruzyne
Z. Stehno, M. Vlasak
Genetic resources evaluation and temporary wheat cultivars released in
CSFR. At present 18 cultivars of winter wheat and 4 of spring wheat are
released in Czechoslovakia. Another cultivar, `Butin' is released only for
export. Among all released cultivars, only Mironovska was not bred in the
CSFR and it is kept on the list mainly because of its very favorable
response to late time of sowing and its high baking quality. Only two
cultivars `Hana' and `Vlada', have the same quality level as Mironovska.
During 1991 three new cultivars of winter wheat were released:
`Livia' (K 3756-1-76/Kosutka) was bred at Breeding Station Sladkovicovo
as an early ripening cultivar for feeding purposes. It is tolerant to
growing as subsequent crop after cereals. `Livia' has good resistance to
Septoria nodorum and stem rust and medium resistance to powdery mildew and
leaf rust. Resistance to race Clement of stripe rust is lower. It has
medium winterhardiness and good resistance to lodging.
`Senta' (Benno/Sava//Mironovska/Artois Desprez) was bred at Breeding
Station Stupice. It is a mid-late cultivar for feeding purposes. Under
good conditions of growing it has quite good tolerance to growing after
cereals. Resistance to stripe and stem rusts and to Septoria nodorum are
good. Resistance to powdery mildew and winter hardiness do not reach a high
level and are practically the same as `Zdar'. `Senta' has medium resistance
to lodging and quite good sprouting resistance.
`Simona' (Weihenstephan 378/57/Maris Huntsman//Zdar) was bred at
Breeding Station Stupice and is a mid-late cultivar for feeding purposes.
Growing as subsequent crop after cereals is possible. Resistances to
powdery mildew, Septoria nodorum and temporary races of stripe rust are
good. Resistance to stem rust is weak to mid level. Winterhardiness is
low. `Simona' has middle resistance to lodging and good resistance to
kernel sprouting.
`Maja' and `Saxana' spring wheats were released in 1990. ST 3
(REna//Mironovska/Siete Cerros) is very promising and will be released as
`Linda'. Yield stability and lower baking quality are characteristic for
this material.
We used some of the earlier released Cs. cultivars as checks in our
experiments in 1991. They were `Zdar' and `Regina' winter wheats and `Jara'
and `Sandra' spring cultivars. 325 winter and 314 spring cultivars were
evaluated in this experiment in 4 m(2) plots with 4 replications and sowing
rate of 4.5 million germinative grains per ha. Table 1 shows only the top
yielding cultivars among the whole set.
`Julius', `Armur' and `Magnus' outyielded the check Regina under
suitable conditions of the growing period in 1990/1991. The spring
cultivars reached the yield level of the winters. Only `Cornette' from
Sweden outyielded the zechoslovak checks.
Table 1. Survey of the best yielding winter and spring wheat
cultivars evaluated in 1991 under Prague locality conditions.
Country Number Plant Grain
of Yield of ears height weight
Cultivar Origin t.ha(-1) per m(2) cm mg
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Winter
Julius AUT 6.94 288 72 42.0
Armur FRA 6.81 348 66 42.0
Magnus AUT 6.74 292 67 41.5
Regina(check) CSK 6.57 428 61 39.0
Adular DEU 6.48 296 74 49.0
Agron AUT 6.45 344 69 49.5
Titus AUT 6.42 380 66 44.0
Heiduck AUT 6.36 272 71 45.0
Tombola NLD 6.25 360 62 44.0
Miller NLD 6.15 444 60 42.0
Zdar(check) CSK 6.03 308 66 43.0
Hubertus AUT 6.02 268 70 54.0
Spring
Cornette SWE 7.56 416 96 39.0
Maja CSK 7.31 342 90 48.0
Sandra(check) CSK 7.16 369 82 39.0
Jara(check) CSK 7.00 320 92 40.0
Seri 82 MEX 6.99 338 73 45.5
ETA POL 6.92 329 92 42.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Oseva - Cereal Research Institute, Kromer 12
J. Smocek
Genetic resources in a special collection were evaluated on the basis
of the following traits: (i) spike sink capacity, (ii) adaptation to
selected environmental agroecological factors causing stress response, and
(iii) bread-making quality. The resources developed at the Cereal Research
Institute were the best except for adaptation (ii).
Table 1 shows the increase of spike sink capacity (ISSC) in 10
multispikelet, multigrain - multifloret and heavy grain resources. They
have the spike of normal morphotype (NS) or spike with vertically sessile
secondary spikelets on spike rachis node (VSS).
Their spikes are, as a rule, cylinder-pyramidal or pyramidal; sterile
spikelets occur in apical parts of spikes more frequently. A lot of
resources have long spike rachis with productive spikes of the 'gigas' type
and a stem length of 85-95 cm (Table 2). Longer stems were observed among
the resources with heavy grains. This tendency, expressed during selection,
is confirmed by correlation coefficients shown in Table 3. Selections for
multispikelet and simultaneously multigrain VSS forms are accompanied by
weight reduction of single grains. Selected multispikelet and multigrain
VSS gene resources have sufficient grain weight under Czechoslovak
conditions.
Most of NS and VSS resources are winter wheats. On the basis of
current data, expression of typical structure of VSS spikes in most gene
resources in F1 is recessive and in some of them - dominant. Donors with
gigas spikes are partly dominant and independent of spike structure.
Developing new wheat resources with ISSC grain-quality has also been
improved.
Table 1. Average values of best winter wheat resources with
increased spike sink capacity.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Number of grains per
fertile spike Grain
Spike** spikelets fertile rachis weight
morphotype per spike spikelet node spike (mg)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Multispikelet:
VSS 29 3.3 4.5 95 41.7
(25-32)* (2.7-4.2) (3.7-5.4) (82-121) (38.9-57.8)
NS 26 3.4 3.5 87 40.6
(24-29) (2.8-4.3) (2.9-4.5) (70-108) (35.8-48.9)
Multigrain:
VSS 24 4.6 5.5 110 44.5
(19-30) (4.2-5.1) (4.0-6.7) (97-126) (36.8-53.0)
Multifloret:
NS 20 5.2 5.4 106 43.7
(18-24) (4.8-5.8) (5.0-6.1) (94-122) (34.7-52.7)
Heavy grain:
VSS 23 3.5 4.1 80 53.3
(19-31) (2.0-5.1) (2.3-5.1) (41-84) (48.7-58.9)
NS 22 3.5 3.5 77 56.3
(16-26) (2.3-4.9) (2.8-4.9)(2.9-4.5)(52.7-60.3)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard cvs.:
Hana, Sava 22 3.4 3.5 73 36.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* in parenthesis (min-max)
** VSS is spikes with vertically sessile secondary spikelets on
the spike rachis node, and NS is the normal morphotype spike.
Table 2. Ideotype characteristics of perspective donors.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Spike last spike Number of*
morpho- Stem internode rachis Spike spikelets
type (cm) (cm) (mm) shape a c
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Multispikelet:
VSS 88 38 145 cylindrical- 0 1
(77-116) (32-52) (116-181) pyramidal (0) (0-3)
or pyramidal
NS 83 37 174 cylindrical- 0 1
(68-96) (27-46) (148-210) pyramidal (0-1) (0-2)
Multigrain:
VSS 85 38 158 cylindrical- 0 1
(72-97) (31-46) (136-181) pyramidal (0) (0-3)
Multifloret:
NS 79 35 136 cylindrical- 0 0
(60-100) (22-49) (99-179) pyramidal (0) (0-2)
Heavy grain:
VSS 94 41 128 cylindrical 0 1
(87-116) (38-52) (112-149) or cylindr. (0-1) (0-3)
NS 115 49 158 cylindrical 0 2
(95-119) (40-58) (128-179) pyramidal (0) (0-5)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard cvs. 82 37 88 cylindrical 0 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* a= on bottom part of spike and c = on upper part of spike
Table 3. Correlations between breeding aims and spike
productivity.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Selection Correlated Spike morphotype
for traits VSS NS
--------------------------------------------------------------
Multispikelet
Number of fert. spikelets/spike:
Number of grains/spike 0.475** 0.624**
Grain weight -0.191NS 0.365**
Spike productivity 0.298** 0.545**
Multigrain, multispikelet
Number of grains/spike rachis node +):
Number of graqins/spike 0.846** -
Grain weight 0.758** -
Spike productivity 0.758**
Number of grains/spikelet:
Number of grains/spike 0.867**
Grain weight 0.295**
Spike productivity 0.718**
Heavy grain:
Grain weight:
Length of stem 0.564** 0.650**
Length of last internode 0.443** 0.550**
Spike productivity 0.625** 0.705**
Gigas spike:
Length of spike rachis:
Number of fertile spikelets 0.224** 0.639**
Number of grains/spikelet 0.588** 0.243*
Grain weight 0.061NS 0.542**
Spike productivity 0.524** 0.542**
---------------------------------------------------------------
*, **: Significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ESTONIA
Institute of Experimental Biology of the Estonian Academy of Sciences,
Department of Plant Genetics, Tallinn/Harku
O. Priilinn, T. Enno, H. Peusha, M. Tohver
Transfer of leaf rust resistance from Triticum timopheevii and T.
militinae into common wheat. The important tasks of the cereal geneticists
and breeders are to increase the yield potential and disease resistance,
improve the yield stabilities and grain quality. Several methods are known
for increasing genetic variation in plant species and we have used in our
research work such as hybridization and induced mutagenesis.
The method of chemical mutagenesis was used in our experiments for
inducing genetic variability in spring and winter wheat. At the beginning
of the 70's a great number of mutant lines with morphological and
physiological changes were induced by alkyl ureas and other chemical
mutagens. Some of these mutants have the complex of agronomically
important characters and are of great value for plant breeding. During the
following years the collection of wheat mutants was investigated with the
help of genetical (aneuploid monosomic analysis), biochemical (gel
electrophoresis), cytological (light- and electronmicroscopic analysis of
meiosis) and immunogenetical (identification of rust resistance genes)
methods.
The increase of genetic variability has been achieved by the method of
wide hybridization using different Triticeae species (T. timopheevii, T.
militinae, T. dicoccum, T. persicum etc.) as the disease resistance donors.
Genes conferring leaf rust resistance have been transferred to common
wheat mutant 146-155 from T. timopheevii by conventional crossing and
backcrossing. Mutant line 146-155 was induced in spring wheat cultivar
Norrona after NMU treatment. The rust resistant derivative, designated as
146-155-T, has the infection types "O", "1-" with clear manifestation of
necrotic reaction. Hybridological genetic analysis showed that one or two
genes provide protection against leaf rust pathogen. It was ascertained
that these genes differed from effective Lr genes for this type of
resistance and were not identical to known effective genes for resistance of
the isogenic set of wheat cultivar Thatcher.
Cytological analysis of meiosis in resistant line 146-155-T revealed
the high frequency of ring tetravalent associations at metaphase I (6.4%),
indicating the chromosome translocation occurrence.
The phenol reaction in wheat is often used as genetic marker to
distinguish cultivars from each other and classify them with respect to the
intensity of colour reaction - from "uncoloured" to "dark brown". It was
ascertained that kernels of Triticum timopheevii after the treatment by
phenolic solution had no colour reaction and were classified as
"uncoloured". The kernels of mutant 146-155 shoed colour reaction and were
classified as "brown". However, kernels of resistant line 146-155-T had no
colour reaction and were classified as "uncoloured". This test evidently
suggested introgression of genetic material from T. Timopheevii to common
wheat mutant as a result of interspecific hybridization. We assume that
chromosome translocation in line 146-155-T may include loci controlling both
resistance to leaf rust pathogen and phenol reaction in kernels (tyrosinase
activity).
The results of our investigations have shown that the more effective
donors of rust resistance were species T. timopheevii, T. militinae and
hybrid F(1) (T. militinae x T. timopheevii). Using the scheme of non-
complete backcrosses with the permanent estimation of wide hybrids on the
artificial provocative background about 50 lines with phenotypes of common
wheat and resistance to leaf rust were selected. The five introgressive
lines with high resistance to leaf rust and good agronomical characters
(CMT-5, CMT-24, CMT-27, CMT-28, CMT-36) have been handed over to the world
wheat collection of N.I. Vavilov's Research Institute of Plant Industry in
St. Petersburg (catalogue No. U-0121782 - 0121786). These lines are of
great value as initial material for wheat breeding.
For identification of genes controlling rust resistance, the lines CMT-
5, CMT-11, CMT-14, CMT-16, CMT-26, CMT-28 and CMT-67 were crossed with
isogenic tester lines of cultivar Thatcher with genes Lr9, Lr19 and Lr24.
Hybridological analysis of hybrid populations showed that resistance to leaf
rust in introgressive lines of wheat was controlled by one or two effective
gene(s) with complementary or epistatic types of interaction. The
segregation in hybrid progenies F(2) revealed the independence of these
resistance genes from known genes in tester-lines of cultivar Thatcher
(Table 1). It was found that wheat introgressive lines possessed new
resistance genes, different from effective genes Lr9, Lr19 and Lr24.
Effect of ph1 mutation on chromosome pairing in wide hybrids of wheat.
It is generally assumed that when the homoeologous pairing prevention system
of wheat is active, genetic transfer between homoeologous chromosomes of
wheat and other species of Triticeae extremely limited. The use of the ph
mutation as the pairing promoting system allows to increase the levels of
wheat-alien homoeologous chromosome pairing and recombination frequencies.
In our experiments varieties of common wheat, including mutant ph1 of
cultivar Chinese Spring, were crossed with wheat species (Triticum
timopheevii, T. militinae, T. persicum), Ae. cylindrica and Secale cereale.
The analysis of microsporogenesis has been carried out and the chromosome
pairing at MI was evaluated on average basis. The results of our
investigations showed that in all crosses in which the mutant ph1 was
involved, the chromosome pairing has been higher as compared with the
corresponding check hybrids (Table 2). It was ascertained that effects of
the mutant ph1 in wide crosses were higher the fewer homoeologous genomes
were integrated in F(1) hybrids. The experiments carried out indicated that
the high level of homoeologous chromosome pairing and, consequently, the
recombination frequencies obtainable by use of ph1 mutation may be employed
in plant breeding and genetics for transferring the alien genetic material
to common wheat genome.
Table 1. Segregation of F(2) hybrids from crosses of wheat resistant
lines with cv. Thatcher tester-lines of known genes for
resistance
Cross combination No. of Proportion of resistant
plants and susceptible plants X(2)
observed Expected
-----------------------------------------------------------------
CMT 5 x Lr 9 100 80 : 20 13 : 3 0,11
CMT 5 x Lr 24 119 68 : 51 9 : 7 0,03
CMT 11 x Lr 9 110 89 : 21 13 : 3 0,13
CMT 11 x Lr 24 100 94 : 6 15 : 1 0,14
CMT 14 x Lr 9 100 94 : 6 15 : 1 0,14
CMT 14 x Lr 19 100 95 : 5 15 : 1 0,29
CMT 14 x Lr 24 110 89 : 21 13 : 3 0,06
CMT 16 x Lr 9 120 102 : 19 13 : 3 0,30
CMT 16 x Lr 19 120 98 : 22 13 : 3 0,01
CMT 16 x Lr 24 87 50 : 37 9 : 7 0,43
CMT 26 x Lr 9 100 83 : 17 13 : 3 0,19
CMT 26 x Lr 19 100 91 : 9 15 : 1 1,28
CMT 28 x Lr 9 100 90 : 10 15 : 1 2,18
CMT 28 x Lr 19 80 64 : 16 13 : 3 0,07
CMT 67 x Lr 9 100 80 : 20 13 : 3 0,06
CMT 67 x Lr 19 100 78 : 22 13 : 3 0,57
CMT 67 x Lr 24 100 56 : 43 9 : 7 0,03
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Induced instability in wheat mutants. Genetic instability was detected
in many wheat mutant lines induced by chemical mutagens (NMU, NEU, DAB),
particularly in the ones, which were produced by repeated treatment. Mainly
genetic instability reveals itself in reversions into the primary type and
vice versa. Sometimes up to 30% from induced mutant lines segregate into
two or more morphological types during ten or more generations. The
frequency of appearance of instable forms is genotype specific.
The revertants are very different according to the genetical properties
of concrete mutants. More frequently the compactoid and squarhead forms are
unstable and going over to one another. We suggested that it should be
connected with easy transition of genes C and c and with different doses of
factor Q.
Karyotype of mutant sublines and of revertants were analyzed. Specific
changes of mutant karyotype were not noticed. In some mutant and revertant
sublines small average numbers of rod bivalents and multivalents were
revealed.
Table 2. Meiotic pairing at MI in the different hybrids F(1)
Hybrid combinations No. of Bivalents Univalents Multi- Chiasmata
cells valents
observed p e r c e l l
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese Spring (ABD)
x T.persicum (AB) 274 13,6 7,5 0,06 25,2
CS mutant ph1 (ABD)
x T.persicum (AB) 178 13,0 6,0 0,75 25,9
Chinese Spring (ABD)
x T.timopheevii (AG) 130 7,2 18,3 0,63 12,0
CS mutant ph1 (ABD)
x T.timopheevii (AG) 243 8,3 14,7 1,1 15,4
Chinese Spring (ABD)
x T.militinae (AG) 32 6,4 21,5 0,25 9,5
CS mutant ph1 (ABD)
x T.militinae (AG) 313 8,7 14,7 0,85 13,2
Chinese Spring (ABD)
x Petkus rye (R) 880 0,3 27,4 0 0,3
CS mutant ph1 (ABD)
x Petkus rye (R) 169 4,6 15,3 0,46 7,2
CS mutant ph1 (ABD)
x Kc-517/8 rye (R) 217 5,7 13,2 0,94 12,1
Chinese Spring (ABD)
x Ae.cylindrica (CD) 153 4,8 23,7 0,3 8,4
CS mutant ph1 (ABD)
x Ae.cylindrica (CD) 86 7,8 16,6 0,8 15,3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
PUBLICATIONS
Enno, T., Peusha, H. 1990. The cytological analysis of meiosis in the
intergeneric hybrids F(1) Triticum aestivum L. x Aegilops cylindrica L.
Proceed. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol., 40:185-192.
Peusha, H., Shnaider, T. 1990. Genetic control of disease resistance in
derivatives of Triticum timopheevii. In: Cytogenetics of cereal crops.
Tallinn:97-102.
Priilinn, O. 1991. Development of plant genetics and genetical basis of
plant breeding in Estonia. Journal of Agricultural Sci., Tartu:134-149.
Shnaider, T., Peusha, H. 1989. Genotypic response to phenol in wheat.
Proceed. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol., 38:316-319.
Tohver, M. 1991. Genetic instability of wheat mutants induced by chemical
mutagens. Proceed. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol., 40:34-37.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM FRANCE
Laboratoire de Genetique Vegetale, URA 115 CNRS, Universite Paris XI,
91405 Orsay
J. De Buyser, J. L. Marcotte and Y. Henry*
Genetic Aspects of Regeneration in Wheat Tissue Culture
Anther culture. During the anther culture process, embryo induction,
regeneration capacity and albinism are independent heritable traits (3),
which are quantitatively controlled. We have previously demonstrated that
several chromosome arms were involved in the genetic basis of responsiveness
to anther culture in wheat (4). The presence of a parental line having a
wheat-rye translocated 1BL-1RS chromosome increase the regeneration capacity
(3).
A comparison was performed using the sexual progeny from the cross
female 1B/1B x male 1B/1B-1R and the haploid plants regenerated from the
anther culture of heterozygous 1B/1B-1R plants. Experiments indicate that a
preferential transmission of 1BL-1RS chromosomes (compared to 1BL-1BS) was
exhibited during the anther culture process, on the contrary to male
transmission 1:1 through sexual crosses. This provided evidence for major
nuclear gametophytic gene(s) on 1RS arm acting on regeneration from wheat
microspore embryos (to be published).
Somatic Embryogenesis. The spring line Chinese Spring (CS) that
produce somatic embryogenesis in vitro was tested for its ability to
sexually transmit the embryogenetic trait. The F(1) embryos from the
reciprocal crosses between CS and a non embryogenic variety, do not express
somatic embryogenesis. In contrast the F(2) embryos revealed a segregation
embryogenic: nonembryogenic. These results demonstrate that the trait for
somatic embryogenesis in wheat is sexually transmitted (6).
Aneuploid stocks including 36 ditelosomics (DT) and 7 nullisomic-
tetrasomic (NT) were compared for their ability to produce somatic embryos
and meristems after two months of in vitro immature embryos culture. They
were also observed for their regeneration capacity after 4 and 14 months in
vitro somatic embryogenesis. A large range of variation was found between
the tested aneuploids, suggesting that the genetic determinism of the
somatic tissue culture ability is polygenic, with a major effect of genes
located on the long arms of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes.
Moreover, only 12 % of DT or NT regenerants possesses an abnormal
chromosome complement after 4 months of in vitro somatic embryogenesis,
instead of 75% after 14 months. The plants derived directly from somatic
embryos shows the same frequency of abnormalities than those regenerated
from meristems.
Publications
Aubry, C., De Buyser, J., Hartmann, C., Henry Y. and Rode A. 1990.
Molecular organizations of the mitochondrial genome in albino tissue
cultures derived from wheat pollen embryos and in plants regenerated from
these cultures. Plant Science 65:103-110.
Hartmann, C., Henry, Y., De Buyser, J., Lejeune, B., Quetier, F. and Rode,
A. 1990. A comparative study of the mitochondrial DNA organization in
nonembryogenic and embryogenic somatic tissue cultures of wheat: evidence
for a differential variability. Giornalo Botanico Italiano 123:123-132.
Henry, Y. and De Buyser, J. 1985. Effect of the 1B-1R translocation on
anther culture ability in wheat. Plant Cell Reports 4:307-310.
Henry, Y. and De Buyser, J. 1990. Wheat anther culture. Agronomic
performance of doubled haploid lines and the release of a new variety
"Florin". In: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 13: Wheat,
ed., Y. P. S. Bajaj. Springer, 286-352.
Rios, R., De Buyser, J., Henry, Y., Ambard-Bretteville, F. and Remy R.
1991. Two-dimensional electrophoretic comparison of mitochondrial
polypeptides from different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tissues. Plant
Science 76:159-166.
De Buyser, J., Marcotte, J.-L. and Henry, Y. Genetic analysis of in vitro
wheat somatic embryogenesis. Submitted.
Hartmann, C., De Buyser, J., Henry, Y., Morere-Le Paven, M.-C., Dyer, T. and
Rode, A. A nuclear genes control changes in the organization of the
mitochondrial genome in tissue cultures derived from immature embryos of
wheat. Submitted.
-------------------------
INRA Plant Breeding Station of Rennes.
G‚rard Doussinault, Joseph Jahier, Jacqueline Pierre, Maxime Trottet,
Fran‡oise Dedryver.
Determination of resistance to Septoria nodorum in Aegilops squarrosa.
Substitution lines of the 7 chromosomes of Aegilops squarrosa nø33 (D
genome) in cv. Cappelle have been obtained (3 backcrosses, backcrossing
programme is still in progress). These lines and Cappelle, AS6 (amphiploid
Ae. Squarrosa * T. dicoccum) and Ae. squarrosa nø33 have been studied for
their reaction towards S. nodorum. The tests have been made at three leaf
growth stage, on detached leaves and on the whole plant, and during stem
extension and at heading. At least 4 chromosomes of Ae. squarrosa are
involved in resistance, some chromosomes have a negative effect on
resistance, none of the substitution line is as resistant as Ae. squarrosa
nø33 or as the amphiploid AS6, this means that the genetic determinism of
resistance is not simply inherited. The genetic determinism of resistance of
leaves is for a part different from the one of the spikes. The 3D chromosome
seems to be the only one to improve all the aspects of resistance studied.
Resistances to Meloidogyne naasi and to Heterodera avenae transfered
from Aegilops variabilis. One accession of Aegilops variabilis (2n=28,
UUSvSv) resistant both to the root knot nematode M. naasi and to the cyst
nematode H. avenae was hybridized with wheat. In the backcross progenies,
one disomic addition line (2n=44) and one recombination line resistant to
root knot nematode were extracted. The gene(s) for resistance on the added
chromosome (3U or 3Sv) was tansferred to chromosome 3B of the recombination
line through homoeologous meiotic pairing. An isozyme marker for resistance
(esterase) was found. It will allow a simple and rapid screening method for
selecting resistant varieties. Selection of lines resistant to cyst nematode
is in progress. At least three levels of resistance to Ha12 pathotype of H.
avenae were distinguished. It was unexpected to find that the two types of
lines resistant to M. naasi displayed different resistance to H. avenae. It
suggests that the two genetical systems and the mechanisms of resistance to
both parasites are partly common.
Improvement of populations by recurrent selection. We have now achieved
4 cycles of selection for the population of winter wheat PA (created from 16
parents in the years 1976 - 1978). A multitrait, multilocal and short cycle
recurrent selection procedure was used to improve the agronomic value and
bread making quality. The selection cycle includes 2 generations of
selection and 1 generation of intercrossing of the best genotypes. Selection
on S0 and S1 plants based on selfing regime was performed with phenotypic
indices which combine disease resistance, height, yield and bread making
quality. The analysis of the 2 first cycles of selection shows the
efficiency of such a scheme with an increase in mean level of most of the
characters studied except a very important one which is yield. Moreover, the
intrapopulation variability estimated by phenotypic variances remained
unchanged except for characters intensively selected and with an oligogenic
determinism (stripe rust resistance and height). The mean reason for the low
efficiency of selection for yield is the weak precision of the tests made on
generation S1. The quantity of seeds produced by a S0 plant do not allow
large plots (we use 1 row plots with 2 replications in 3 locations). The
segregation for height in about half the S1 families, due to the presence of
Rht1 and Rht2 genes, decreases the precision of yield estimation, and the
tall plants whose contribution to yield of the family is the most important
are not the ones which will be intercrossed.
In the generation S0 of the fourth cycle 98% of the plants had a very
high level of resistance to stripe rust, 81% to leaf rust and 67% to powdery
mildew. These resistances may be due to to a little number of major genes
efficient towards the races of the pathogens present in the nursery, and
there is probably a hidden variability. The frequency of the gene Pch1 of
resistance to Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides which was of 25% in the
founder lines is of 30% in the fourth cycle of the population.
Publications.
Bousquet, J.D., Touraud, G., Piollat, M.T., Bosch, U., Trottet, M. 1990. ABA
accumulation in wheat heads inoculated with Septoria nodorum in the field
conditions. J. Agronomy and Crop Sciences. 165 : 297-300.
Branant, P., Kervella, J., Doussinault, G., Picard, E., Rousset, M. 1991.
Influence du premier cycle de s‚lection r‚currente appliqu‚e … une
population de bl‚ tendre d'hiver. Agronomie 11:473-482.
Chen, Q., Jahier, J., Cauderon, Y., 1990. Intergeneric hybrids between
Triticum aestivum and three crested wheatgrasses: agropyron mongolicum, A.
michnoi, and A. desertorum. Genome, 33 : 663-667.
Chen, Q., Jahier, J., Cauderon, Y., 1991. Evaluation, en vue
del'am‚lioration des bl‚s, d'espŠces du complexe Agropyron cristatum
collect‚es en Chine. C.R. Acad. Agric. Fr., 77 : 1, 65-73.
Lucas, P., Cavelier, N., Pierre, J., Doussinault, G. 1990. Evolution au
champ de la croissance et ‚laboration du rendement d'un peuplement de bl‚
d'hiver en fonction des attaques de Rhizocronia cerealis. Agronomie 6 :
479-486.
Person-Dedryver, F., Jahier, J., Miller, T.E., 1990. Assessing the
resistance to cereal root-knot nematode, Meloidogynenaasi, in a wheat line
with the added chromosome arm 1HchS of Hordeum chilense. J. Genet. & Breed.,
44 : 291-296.
Rivoal, R., Doussinault, G., Hulle, M. 1990. Influence of Heterodera avenae
on winter wheat in France:experiments with resistant and susceptible
vaeieties. Ann. appl. Biol. 116 : 537-548.
Saur, L. 1991. Recherche de g‚niteurs de r‚sistance … la fusariose de l'‚pi
caus‚e par Fusarium culmorum chez le bl‚ et les espŠces voisines. Agronomie
11 : 535-541.
Thomas, G., Doussinault, G., Trottet, M. 1991. M‚thodologie de
l'am‚lioration de bl‚ tendre (Triticum aestivum L.). II. Etude et analyse de
deux premiers cycles de s‚lection r‚currente. Agronomie 11 : 457-472.
Thomas, G., Rousset, M., Pichon, M., Trottet, M., Douddinault, G., Picard,
E. 1991. Mthodologie dem‚lioration de bl‚ tendre (Triticum aestivum L.). I.
Cr‚ation par croisements et analyse d'une population artificielle … 16
parents, base de cette ‚tude m‚thodologique. Agronomie. 11 : 359-368.
Yu, M.Q., Person-Dedryver, F., Jahier, J., 1990. Resistance to boot knot
nematode, Meloidogyne naasi Franklin) transferred from Aegilops variabilis
Eig. to bread wheat. Agronomie, 6 : 451-456.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM GERMANY
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben
A. Boerner, R. Schlegel, J. Plaschke, and I. M. Ben Amer
GA-insensitivity. A collection of 28 Libyan wheat accessions showing a
reduced plant height were screened for gibberellic acid (GA(3))
insensitivity. One hexaploid and four tetraploid wheats could be classified
as non-responsive. Because the drums were collected in 1981 from cultivated
areas, it seems to be unlikely that they carry genes for GA insensitivity
which are different to the widespread `Norin 10' or `Tom Thumb' alleles. As
a new source for GA insensitive dwarfing genes the hexaploid wheat line `TRI
6964' is of particular interest. It was collected in 1955 from an isolated
area, called `Al-Kufra' oasis.
The tetrasomics of the homoeologous groups 2, 5 and 7 of `Chinese
Spring' wheat were, together with the euploid standard, tested at the
seedling stage for sensitivity to exogenous (GA(3)).
Whilst the seedling length of lines tetrasomic for group 2 chromosomes were
taller and those for chromosome 5A, 5D and 7D shorter in both treatments
(with and without GA(3)) compared to the euploid control, the remaining
tetrasomics - 5B, 7A and 7B - were significant shorter than the euploids in
the GA variant only. These results suggest the presence of additional
genetic factors for GA insensitivity on chromosomes of the groups 5 and 7 of
wheat. Thus it corresponds with the localization of GA insensitive dwarfing
genes on the homoeologous chromosomes 5R and 7R of diploid rye.
Tissue culture response. Immature embryos of F(3) lines, segregating
for the hybrid dwarfing gene D2 were studied together with their parental
varieties `Florence' (genotype d1d1 D2D2 d3d3_ and `Chinese Spring'
(genotype d1d1 d2d2 d3d3) for tissue culture response. Six out of eight
F(3) lines were found with a high rate of callus growth similar to the level
of `Florence', whereas two lines had significant lower callus weights
corresponding to the level of `Chinese Spring'. The 3:1 segregation found
did not match the expected segregation of the D2 gene. It is suggested that
there is a different dominant gene (or gene complex) in `Florence' which
promotes the callus growth, and the hybrid dwarfing gene does not effect
this trait.
In addition the influence of genes/alleles, affecting the whole plant
phenotype (Rht8, rht8 and Ppd1, ppd1) on tissue culture response was studied
by using immature embryos. Whereas the semi-dwarfing gene Rht8 seems to
have only a minor promoting effect, the daylength sensitive allele ppd1,
which promotes the vegetative growth of plants under short day conditions in
vivo did determine a significant increase in callus growth and regeneration
ability. Regarding to their tissue culture efficiency, the four alleles
studies, could be ranked as follows: ppd1 > Rht8 > rht8 > Ppd1.
Homologous chromosome pairing. A self-fertile inbred line of diploid
rye (RR) was used for the production of amphidiploid, hexaploid and
octoploid, wheat-rye hybrids with an identical rye component to investigate
the contribution of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat genomes to homologous
pairing failure of the rye chromosomes. In addition, the RR, AABBRR and
AABBDDRR plants were kept under different temperature conditions in
phytotrons (15, 20 and 25degC) during microsporogenesis in order to study
effects on the pairing process. The results demonstrated a reduction of
bivalent pairing of the rye as well as of the wheat chromosomes due to
increased temperatures, but much more pronounced in the rye genome, as
measured by the chiasma frequency per chromosome. Almost the same effect is
produced by the addition of the AABB or AABBDD genomes, at least at the 15
degC level. Since differential chromosome staining was applied to
discriminate wheat and rye chromosomes as well as rye chromosomes from each
other, it could be shown that in the AABBRR and AABBDDRR hybrids the
univalents and rod bivalents of rye involved predominantly chromosome arms
carrying heterochromatic telomeres. The frequency of interstitial chiasmata
of rye chromosomes is more decreased by the presence of the wheat genomes
rather than higher temperature. Thus, pairing reduction due to the presence
of a tetraploid or hexaploid wheat genome, connected with differences of
duration of meiotic prophase, should be one of main reasons for genome
interference in triticale, besides interactions of wheat and rye genes
controlling chromosome pairing and recombination.
Mineral nutrition and genetical control. The recognition that
varieties of cereal crops differ in their response to nutrients and soil
conditions, induced research directed towards elucidating the specific
factors involved. Although soil and fertilizer science try to ameliorate
unfavourable soil conditions there are soils which represent a continuing
problem over large areas (acidity, toxicity, salinity etc.). On the other
hand, reduction of fertilizers becomes more important by economical and
environmental reasons. It is accepted by the breeders that selection for
adaptation to certain soil conditions is not only possible for the efficient
utilization of nutrients under high soil fertility but also under mineral
stress. It is recorded that varieties and genotypes in cereals show
differences in their uptake and utilization of macro and micro nutrients as
well as different tolerance to nutrient excess and to supply with potential
toxic elements. A review (Schlegel et al. 1991) revealed that despite
intensive studies on mineral nutrition in cereals only few results are
available which clearly demonstrate it genetical determination. It seems
that macro nutrition is controlled more complex than the efficiency of trace
elements, but in both major genes can be involved. The investigation of the
inheritance of mineral nutrition was proved most efficient when defined
genotypes and suitable genetic tester stocks were included. Genes on
chromosomes of the homoeologous groups 4 and 5 seem preferentially involved
in the control of plant nutrition.
PUBLICATIONS
Borner, A. 1991. Genetical studies of gibberellic acid insensitivity in
rye (Secale cereale L.). Plant Breeding 106:53-57.
Borner, A. 1991. Genetics of reduced height (Dwarfism) in cereals and its
significance in breeding. Proc. Meeting of the Cereal Section of EUCARPIA,
Schwein, 24-27.6.1991, Vortr. Pflanzezuchtg. 20.79-84.
Houben, A. and R. Schlegel. 1991. The isolation of individual chromosomes
of diploid barley by micromanipulation. Proc. 6th Int. Barley Genet. Symp.,
Helsingborg/Sweden, 1991. 279-280.
Houben, A. and R. Schlegel. 1991. Chromosome-Transfer bei Pflanzen. Wiss.
u. Fortschr. 41.358-360.
Mettin, D., Schlegel, G. and C. Lehmann. 1991. Instability of the blue
grain color in a strain of T. aestivum. Genome 34:745-750.
Schlegel, R. and O. Schrader. 1991. Pairing restriction in homologous rye
chromosomes of amphidiploid wheat-rye hybrids determined by genome dosage
and temperature. Proc. 2nd Int. Triticale Symp., Paso
Fundo/Brazil, 1991. 359-367.
Schlegel, R., T. Werner and E. Hulgenhof. 1991. Confirmation of a 4BL/5RL
wheat-rye chromosome translocation in the wheat variety `Viking' showing
high copper efficiency. Plant Breed. 107:226-234.
Schlegel, R., T. Werner and F. Jacob. 1991. Mineral nutrition and
genetical control in cereals. Proc. Meeting of the Cereal Section of
EUCARPIA, Schwein, 24-27 June 1991, Vortr. Pflanzen zuchtg. 20:85-94.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM HUNGARY
Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Martonvasar
L. Balla, Z. Bedo, L. Szunics, L. Lang, Lu. Szunics, I. Karsai, Gy. Vida
The 1990-1991 crop year was favourable until mid-June, when the hot
weather reduced the grain filling period. The unusually long period of
heavy rain during harvesting caused significant losses in yield and reduced
grain quality. The national yield average was 5.17 t/ha on 1.15 million
hectares.
Breeding. Two new Martonvasar wheat varieties were registered last
year. Martonvasari 22 was selected from the cross NS
2568-2//Bezostaya dwarf/Zg 1477-69/3/Zg 4431. This early ripening wheat
adapted particularly well to the high temperatures last year. Judging by
its farinographic value, it has a baking quality of B1 with an average
loaf volume. It has excellent resistance to stem rust and powdery mildew,
and its winter hardiness is also satisfactory. The other new variety,
Martonvasari 23, was developed from the cross 13A/MvTf//Martonvasari
5/3/Tiszataj. The main agronomic advantage of this medium early wheat is
its A2 farinographic value, combined with large loaf volume and
excellent gluten quality. It has good stem rust resistance and winter
hardiness, and moderate resistance to powdery mildew.
Anther culture. An analysis of the Martonvasar wheat varieties showed
that the most important of these, e.g. Mv 15, Mv 16, Mv 7, etc., have
good androgenic ability either alone or in crossing combinations. When
anther cultures were initiated from populations of crossing combinations
involving these wheats, fertile dihaploid plants were obtained with an
average frequency of around 2 %. In the majority of cases, uniform,
non-segregating lines were obtained from the progeny of DHo plants.
After multiplication, the agronomic properties were evaluated in
experiments with four replications. Eight dihaploid lines were entered
for state variety trials this autumn on the basis of their good
productivity, quality and disease resistance. In each case one of the
parents was a Martonvasar variety or line.
As the result of research begun five years ago, several new doubled
haploid lines as new agronomic sources are available for earliness,
dwarfness, resistance and favourable quality traits, especially high
protein and gluten content and excellent baking quality. In many cases the
new initial breeding stock was created from exotic x locally adapted
wheat crosses. Among the new sources, special mention should be made of
the DH line MvDH 309, which has purple grains and high protein content.
Two winter wheat cultivars were used to study the effect of repeated
anther cultures on in vitro androgenesis. In these experiments, the
first and second generations of dihaploids were studied in order to
determine the effect of anther cultures; changes in the F1 populations
produced between the original and dihaploid plants of the two cultivars
were also investigated. The results show that repeated anther cultures do
not increase the frequency of pollen embryogenesis, as there was no
improvement in the androgenic ability of the two dihaploid generations
tested. The inclusion of dihaploid plants in crosses led to similar
results. The populations gave results either identical to or
poorer than those found for the F1 populations of the original plants.
The poorer results were found when the dihaploid plant was used as the
male partner.
Studies were made on the variability existing between individual
plants of the same variety with respect to in vitro androgenesis ability,
and on the responses given by the progeny lines of these plants in anther
culture. The great differences observed between plant individuals,
especially with respect to plant regeneration ability, were generally
significant.
Variability was even greater in the progeny generation. The most
important factor influencing the frequency of anther response and callus
induction ability was the genotype, while in the case of plant
regeneration, genotype only had a significant effect on the frequency of
green plants. The effect of environmental factors was significant for all
four characters studied. On the basis of parent-progeny regression,
medium h2 values (h2=0.60 and h2=0.48) were obtained for Mv 16 with
respect to the frequency of anther response and callus induction, and a low
(h2=0.39) value for Fatima with respect to the frequency of green
plant induction, while in the remaining cases no correlation could be
demonstrated between the responses of the original plant and the progeny
lines.
Disease resistance. In 1991, 23 wheat powdery mildew races were
isolated. There was no substantial change in the ratio of prevalent
races. The prevalent races and their frequencies are as follows: 51 (24.8
%), 75 (12.9 %), 46 (10.9 %), 85 (8.6 %), 72 (8.6 %). Races containing
virulence genes 5 (33.8 %), 7 (24.7 %) and 6 (21.9 %) were present in the
greatest proportions. Very few races are virulent to genotypes containing
the genes Pm 4a and Pm 4b. Gene Pm 17 provides excellent field resistance.
On the basis of experimental data and the genealogy of the
varieties it would seem that the varieties Martonvasari 10 and GK Kincs“
have inherited the resistance genes Pm 2+6 and Sr 36 from Arthur. Breeders
have transferred the resistance genes Pm 8, Lr 26, Sr 31 and Yr 9 from
Kavkaz into Martonvasari 14, Martonvasari 15, Martonvasari 16,
Martonvasari 17, Martonvasari 20 and GK Zombor. In addition to these
major genes, other minor genes may also occur. In the course of the years,
the resistance genes Sr 5, Lr 3, Lr 26, Pm 8 and Pm 2+6 have lost their
effectiveness.
A considerable quantity of precipitation fell during the harvesting
period. This not only complicated and delayed harvesting, but also
promoted the spread of Fusarium fungi. Among the Martonvasar wheat
varieties, the following are less prone to infection: Mv 15, Mv 16, Mv 18,
Mv 19, Mv 20 and Mv 21.
In 1991 unusually severe infection was caused by Sclerophthora
macrospora (downy mildew). Evaluations were made on the resistance
of nearly 2000 varieties, 83.1 % of which were symptom-free, while
8.6 % were severely infected. Among the varieties well-known in Hungary,
the following had above-average susceptibility: Kavkaz, Avrora, Bezostaya
2, Martonvasari 4, Martonvasari 5, Martonvasari 15, GK Othalom, GK Szoke,
GK Orzse, Bucsanyi 20, ST 924-79, F-29, Sbrijanka. Susceptibility to the
pathogen may be inherited. Lines selected from hybrid
combinations developed using the varieties Martonvasari 5,
Martonvasari 15, F-29 and Bucsanyi 20 were subject to
above-average infection.
Agronomy research. The latest series of Mv wheat varieties were
tested in herbicide provocation trials involving MCPA, icamba, flurenol
and bromoxinyl agents. Mv 19 has shown a medium dicamba
susceptibility, while Mv 20 was slightly susceptible to bromoxinyl.
Both of them were tolerant to all the other substances. Mv 21
seems to be resistant to the herbicides applied. The peculiar rainy
weather of 91 Summer has given good chances for harvest date field tests in
our quality program. Among the varieties MvM has shown the highest
durability in quality figures, especially in glutin. The decrease of
Hagberg falling number was general for all cultivars in late harvest,
except the medium quality wheat Mv 21.
-------------------------
J.Sutka, B.Barnabas, G.Galiba, O.Veisz, M.Molnar Lang,
G.Kovacs, B.Koszegi, E.Szakacs, I.Takacs, G.He, E.Korbuly, G.Kocsy
Genetic and cell biology studies. The effect of the temperature was
studied on seed set and embryo development in producing barley x
wheat and the reciprocal hybrid. Among the four temperatures studied
(12, 15, 18 and 21degC) the lower degrees (12, 15degC) proved to be
favorouble for seed set in the production of barley x wheat hybrids in
both variety combinations (Martonvasari 50 (Mv 50) x Chinese Spring
(CS), Betzes x CS). But the low temperature slowed down embryo
development, so altogether the largest number of hybrid plants were
produced from heads which were pollinated and kept at 18degC. However in
the production of the reciprocal (wheat x barley) combination the highest
temperature (21degC) was the most suitable for seed set. The largest
number of hybrid seeds and plants were obtained at 21degC in the CS x
Betzes combination. The effect of temperature in the CS x Mv 50 cross
could not be demonstrated because of the very low number of seeds. The
kr1 recessive gene was transferred from Chinese Spring into the
Martonvasari 9 (Mv 9) winter wheat variety. According to earlier results
Mv 9 carries the kr2 gene, so only the kr1 gene had to be transferred.
In the wheat line created, the Mv 9 genotype is present in a
proportion of 87.5%, but its crossability with rye and other alien
species is as high as that of Chinese Spring. The use of this line in wide
crosses makes it easier to introduce alien variation from wild species into
a good quality, high-yielding winter wheat.
The relationship between frost tolerance and abscisic acid (ABA)
accumulation was studied in callus cultures of four wheat cultivars,
and in the 5A and 5D chromosome substitution lines of the frost-tolerant
variety "Chyenne" into frost-sensitive "Chinese Spring". Following
cold hardening, the increase in ABA level was higher in the calli of
relatively more frost-tolerant cultivars than in sensitive ones.
Similarly, in 5A and 5D substitution lines higher ABA levels were
detected than in the recipient "Chinese Spring". One week-long ABA
treatment at 26øC induced a significantly higher level of frost tolerance
than cold hardening, irrespective of the frost sensitivity of the examined
genotypes. The increased frost tolerance can be due to the extremely
high level of ABA (200-500 fold higher than after cold hardening) in the
calli following a week-long maintenance on medium containing 40 mg/1
ABA. A highly efficient anther culture technique to produce dihaploid
wheat plants has been elaborated. The way of chromosome doubling produced
by colchicine before the first microspore mitosis is significantly
more efficient than the conventionally used techniques. The
fertility of the regenerants increased significantly and can be
stabilized in the next progenies by this new technique. The dihaploids
obtained from this cultures are phenotipically more stable than the
spontaneous or traditionally treated ones. According to our results the
success of genome duplication with colchicine at uninucleate
microspore develomental stage seems to be genotype independent. With the
application of modified BM culture media we could improve the anther
response up to 42.3% and the embryogenic callus induction as high as
153.8%. In liquid condition the spontaneous frequency of good quality
embryogenic friable calli was very high. From this good quality calli we
have succeeded in establishing highly regenerable haploid cell suspension
cultures. This serves as a good basis for the isolation and culture of
protoplasts.
Presently, a protocol for long-term storage of pollen- and young
xygotic embryos of wheat has been elaborated. Plant regeneration could be
achieved from the liquid nitrogen frozen embryogenic structures.
A method producing functionable pollen to get mature seeds in in vitro
cultured wheat florets has been established too. Culturing detached
florets on a solidified medium enables us to apply selective
environment (diverse temperatures, heavy metal ions, etc.) to both sexes
from an early stage of development and to produce controlled and selected
offsprings in vitro.
Publications
Barnabas,B., Pfahler,P.L. and Kovacs,G. 1991. Direct effect of colchicine
on the microspore embryogenesis to produce dihaploid plants in wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 81:675-678. Barnabas,B.,
Kovacs,G., Szakacs,E., Nagy,R. and Takacs,I. 1991. In vivo and in vitro
manipulation of the reproductive process in cereals. Report of the
Commission of the European Communities, Biological Sciences (EUR 13415
EN), Loxembourg, pp. 28-29.
Barnabas, B., Kovacs, G., Szakacs, E., Nagy, R. and Takacs, I. 1991. In
vivo and in vitro manipulation of the reproductive process in cereals.
Report of the Commission of the European Communities. Biological Sciences
(EUR 13415 EN). Loxembourg, pp. 28-29.
Bed“ Z. - Karsai I. - Balla L. (1991): Acceleration of quality breeding
via anther culture derived doubled haploids in wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.) Report of the Commission of European Communities, Biological
Sciences Report (EUR 13415 EN), Luxembourg pp. 30-31.
Karsai I. - Bedo Z. - Balla L. (1991): The effect of repeated anther
culture on in vitro androgenesis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cereal
Research Communications 19: 425-430.
Kovacs, G. 1990. Substitution analysis of frost resistance in wheat in
in vitro somatic cultures and at seedling level. Acta. Agron. Hung., 39:
319-326. Molnar-Lang,M., Galiba,G., Kovacs,G., Sutka,J. 1991. Changes in
the fertility and meiotic behaviour of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
x wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) hybrids regenerated from tissue
cultures. Genome, 34: 261-266.
Molnar-Lang, M., Galiba, G., Kovacs, G., Sutka, J. 1991. Changes in the
fertility and meiotic behavior of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) x wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) hybrids regenerated from tissue cultures. Genome,
34:261-266.
Pocsai E. - Kobza S. - Muranyi I. - Szunics L.: 1991. Brome mosaic
virus infection in different cereal breeding materials. Acta
Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 26, 1-2, 207-212. Sutka,J.,
Worland,A.J. and Mayestrenko,O.I. 1991. Slight effect of the cytoplasm on
frost resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cereal Res. Comm.,
19: 311-317.
Sutka, J., Worland, A. J. and Mayestrenko, O. I. 1991. Slight effect of
the cytoplasm on frost resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cereal
Res. Comm. 19:311-317.
Szunics, L., Szunics, Lu., Balla, L. 1991. Termesztett lisztharmat - es
rozsda rezisztens buzafajtak hatasa a korokozokra. (Effect on pathogens of
cultivated wheat varieties resistant to powdery mildew and rust.)
Novenytermeles, 40, 5.
Szunics L.: 1991. Fajta, mint a novenyvedelem biologiai alapja. (Variety
as the biological basis of plant protection.) Novenyvedelem, XXVII, 8,
349-352. Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. - Balla L.: 1991. Termesztett
lisztharmat- es rozsda rezisztens buzafajtak hatasa a korokozokra.
(Effect on pathogens of cultivated wheat varieties resistant to
powdery mildew and rust.) Novenytermeles, 40, 5.
Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. - Stehli L. - Pocsai E.: 1991. Appearance
of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) on wheat in Hungary. Acta
Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 26, 1-2, 87-90. Trivedi,S.,
Galiba, G. and Erdei, L. 1991. Responses to osmotic and NaCl stress of
wheat varieties differing in drought and salt tolerance in callus cultures.
Plant Sci., 73: 227-232.
Trivedi, S., Galiba, G. and Erdei, L. 1991. Responses to osmotic and NaCl
stress of wheat varieties differing in drought and salt tolerance in callus
cultures. Plant Sci., 73:227-232.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM INDIA
P. Bahadur, K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh and Rashi Aggarwal
Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi
Wheat crop health was monitored through mobile surveys and disease trap
nurseries in different parts of the country during rabi 1990-1991. Also
incidence of karnal bunt and black point was noted through post harvest
surveys.
Wheat Rusts. Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita tritici) was widely
prevalent in North western parts (Himachal Pradesh, Haryana). Cultivars HD
2285, WH 147 and HD 2329 showed traces of rust, while newly released
cultivars - PDW 215, VL 614, HD 2428, BW 11, CPAN 3004 and HUW 318 did not
show any infection. Mild incidence of stripe rust (P. striiformis was noted
on HS 295, PDW 215, Kundan, VL 614, and HD 2428 in North western hilly
areas. Traces of stem rust (P. graminis tritici) was reported from central
and Peninsular India.
Speculation of genes for stem rust resistance: Evaluation of 75 wheat
entries to 14 stem rust virulences revealed the speculation of following
genes for resistance by matching technique. Gene Sr-2 is identified based
on mottling effect in the seedlings.
Sr2 Raj 3232, Macs 2496, Sonalika, Lok-1, HW 741, HUW 318,
HP 1633, K 8806
Sr2 + Sr31 DWR 163, HUW 315, CPAN 3004, K 8804
Sr9e PDW 227
Sr11 BW 1055, UP 262, HDR 132, HUW 366, K 8027, HUW 234,
WH 551
Sr31 HS 207, HS 240, HUW 206
Ninety one entries of wheat were evaluated for seedling and adult plant
resistance to two selected races 77-1 (109 R 63) and 104B (29R23) of
Puccinia recondita tritici. The analysis revealed the presence of 2-3 adult
plant resistance genes other than Lr13 and Lr23 according to resistance in
these varieties.
Loose smut: 1-2% incidence of loose smut was noted on cultivars - WH
147, Sonalika, HD 2329, and HD 2285. Seed treatment with Bavistin reduced
loose smut in the state of Haryana during 1990-1991. Evaluation of pathogen
variability on Canadian differentials showed the prevalence of races T(1),
T(3) and T(11) in different areas.
Seed dressing and soil amendment of Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum,
T. koningii, Gliocladium virens, G. roseum, G. penicilloides, G.
diliquescens, G. catenulatum and Bascillussubtilis were tried for biocontrol
of loose smut. Treatment with T. viride, G. deliquescens and B. subtilis
reduced loose smut. Seed treatment with Raxil @0.2 per cent reduced the
loose smut infection.
Powdery mildew: Disease (Erysiphe graminis) was reported from hilly
areas of North western India. Cultivars - Arjun, HD 2285, HD 2329, HD 2160,
WL 1562, WL 5023, HD 2204, C 306, HS 240, HS 277, HS 295, WH 147 and WL 410
showed susceptibility to mildew at several locations.
Leaf blight: Leaf blight and leaf spots (Alternaria triticina and
Helminthosporium spp.) normally appears in North eastern and Central parts
of the country. But severe leaf blight was recorded on HD 2329 and HD 2285
in North western plains of the country during 1990-1992 and requires careful
monitoring in the coming years.
Black Point: Post harvest grain examination of 3079 seed samples
showed infection of saprophytic fungi in 35% samples in various states.
Information: Dr. P. Bahadur, Principal Scientist, visited CIMMYT from
October 2-30, 1991.
PUBLICATIONS
Bahadur, P., S. Nagarajan and Luthra, J. K. 1991. Identification of Sr
genes in wheat variety Charter that accords resistance to certain pathotypes
of P. graminis tritici. Plant Disease Research, 6, 19-23.
Sharma, R., B. C. Joshi, S. M. S. Tomar and P. Bahadur. 1991. Inheritance
and location of leaf rust resistance genes in a wheat rye-recombinant.
Abstracts 149-150, Golden Jubilee Symp. on Genetic Research and Education,
Current Trends and next 50 years. Feb. 12-15, 1991, New Delhi.
-------------------------
Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
S. M. S. Tomar, Alice K. Vari and R. S. Yadava
Exploitation of Thinopyrum bessarabicum for wheat improvement: The F1
hybrid f(Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring monosomic 5B x Thinopyrum
bessarabicum (Syn. Agropyron junceum, 2n=2x=14, JJ) 2n=27 was backcrossed to
a number of bread wheat cultivrs. Only two seeds were obtained in a cross
involving HD2009 out of which one plant survived. The plant had 2n=48
chromosome number. Meiosis showed, on an average, one trivalent and one
quadrivalent per cell (20 cells were scored). The frequency of univalents
was about 9-11 percell. Remaining chromosomes had formed ring or rod
bivalents. The plant was 120 cm tall and produced 16 effective tillers.
The culm was highly pigmented. Leaves were narrow, rough and dark green in
colour. The main spike length was 13 cm with 25 spikelets and the pollen
fertility was about 33%. Each spike was crossed. Central florets from each
spikelet were removed and remaining florets were emasculated and were
pollinated twice at appropriate stage with the pollen of 10 different
cultivars.
BC2 progeny showed improvement in spike fertility. The BC2 generation
had chromosome number ranging from 38 to 48 and a high degree of phenotypic
variation (Table 1). The population generated through these crosses was
screened against leaf rust races, 77-1, 77-2, and 104B and stem rust races,
40-1 and 117-1 under artificially inoculated conditions at adult plant
stage. Most of the plants were susceptible either to leaf rust or stem
rust.
Utilization of Aegilops comosa for wheat improvement: While screening
wild germplasm of Aegilops and Triticum spp. against leaf rust we observed
two accessions of Ae. comosa (2n=2x=14, MM) exhibiting a high degree of
adult plant resistance against prevalent and virulent Indian leaf rust
races. Chinese Spring monosomic 5B was crossed to one accession of Ae.
comosa. Only two seeds were obtained. The seeds were germinated on
artificial medium and were potted into the soil after 25 days. Chromosome
number were determined in meiosis. Meiotic analysis of 2n=27 plant showed,
on an average, 9.5 univalents, 7.1 bivalents, 0.9 trivalents and 0.1
quadrivalents per cell (only 19 cells were scored). The plant produced 44
tillers. The culm was thin and pigmented, leaves were medium long and
narrow. The F1 hybrid plant was totally free, in adult plant stage, to leaf
rust races 77-1, 77-2 and 104B and stem rust races 40-1 and 117-1 under
artificially inoculated conditions. The F1 hybrid was completely male
sterile. Four spikes were selfed and remaining spikes were pollinated with
pollen from six different bread wheat cultivars. There was no seed setting
either upon selfing or backcrossing.
Table 1. Percent seed set in BC1 (Chinese Spring monosomic 5B X
Thinopyrum bessarabicum // HD 2009) X different hexaploid
wheat cultivars.
Number of
florets No. of Observations in next
Cross pollinated seed set generation
----------------------------------------------------------------------
BC(1) X C306 48 7 5 plants showed hybrid necrosis
1 plant did not survive
1 plant was 2n=48, completely
male sterile, maximum chromo-
some associations: 12 bivalents,
1 trivalent, 1 quadrivalent/cell
BC(1) X C591 68 4
BC(1) X C S 38 14
BC(1) X HD2012 48 8 1 plant 2n=38, maximum chromo-
some associations 16II+6I/cell
BC(1) X HD2009 42 9 Long spikes, in 2 plants 7
florets per spikelets observed
BC(1) X HD2329 48 5 1 plant 2n=42 (19II+4I)
1 plant 2n=43 (20II+3I)
BC(1) X HD2428 45 10 1 plant 2n=39, (17II+5I)
1 plant had solid stem
BC(1) X N15439 42 1 2n=42 (19II+4I)
BC(1) X WH147 42 8 1 plant 2n=42 (17II+8I)
1 plant had compactoid ear head
BC(1) X WL711 48 4 1 plant produced 44 gms 1000
kernel weight
1 plant 2n=43 (18II+7I
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
D. V. Singh, K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal and P. Bahadur - Division of
Mycology and Plant Pathology, I.A.R.I, New Delhi
Karnal Bunt of Wheat in India During 1989 - 1990
In India, an extensive wheat disease survey was initiated in 1967-68
crop season. In this program mobile units are regularly sent out for survey
on scheduled routes in the country to collect information about the status
of diseases in the farmers fields. Incidence and distribution of karnal
bunt disease (Neovossia indica) is monitored by post harvest surveys,
conducted in the main wheat belt. In early years, there were some sporadic
reports of its occurrence but the disease was never considered as
economically important up to 1968. But from 1969 onwards, the disease is
occurring in severe form in all parts of northwestern India, covering almost
entire Indo-Gangetic plains.
Distribution and prevalence. During the post harvest surveys conducted
in 1989-90 crop season, about 5144 wheat seed samples were collected from
farmers fields, threshing floors, procurement centers, grain markets and
through the courtesy of individual cooperators. The samples of 200 mg each
of known variety from a particular locality were collected. The seed
collection was made from different localities/regions in the states of Jammu
& Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka. A
working sample of 2000 grains was drawn from the main sample and percent
infection was calculated based on number of infected grains present in each
sample.
Analysis of the samples showed high incidence of Karnal bunt during
1989-90. Out of 5144 samples, about 21.50% samples were infected, which was
much more than the last two years. The data on state-wide analysis are
presented in Table 1, which showed that 60.53% samples were infected in
Punjab, followed by 57.89% in Himachal Pradesh, 46.34% in Jammu and Kashmir,
40.24% in Haryana, 27.41% in uttar Pradesh, 22.20% in Delhi and 5.81% in
Rajasthan.
Table 1. Incidence of Karnal bunt during 1989-90.
District
Total Infected Range of showing high
State samples samples infection infection
----------------------------------------------------------------
Himachal Pradesh 38 22 0.1 - 16.1 Sirmaur
Punjab 337 204 0.1 - 7.7 Jullundhar
Haryana 1133 156 0.1 - 19.1 Karnal
J&K 129 52 0.1 - 24.6 Udhampur
Delhi 126 28 0.1 - 0.7 Narela
Uttar Pradesh 994 274 0.1 - 30.1 Sitapur
Rajasthan 1153 70 0.1 - 4.3 Jaipur
Madhya Pradesh 779 0 - -
Bihar 301 0 0 -
Gujarat 112 0 - -
Maharashtra 27 0 - -
Karnataka 15 0 - -
5144 1106
----------------------------------------------------------------
It was observed that in general, the natural infection of Karnal bunt
was severe in sub mountainous belt of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana and lower
altitudes of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
Frequency of infected samples. Out of 5144 seed samples collected,
percentage of infected grains in each sample was calculated and the samples
were grouped into following five categories:
Category I - Sample having 0.1 - 0.4% infected grains
Category II - Sample having 0.5 - 0.9% infected grains
Category III - Sample having 1.0 - 5.0% infected grains
Category IV - Sample having 5.1 - 10.0% infected grains
Category V - Sample having more than 10% infected grains
Analysis of data (Table 2) indicate that 78.4% samples were free from
infection. Among the infected samples 69.71% samples had only 0.1 - 0.4%
infected grains belonging to category I. On the other hand 15.82% samples
belonged to category 2 while 11.2%, 1.89% and 1.35% samples belonged to
categories 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
Table 2. Frequency of infected grains of Karnal bunt in wheat
samples during 1989-90.
Samples
free In- Categories of
of infec- fected infected samples(%)
State Total tion samples I II III IV V
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Himachal Pradesh 38 16 22 36.4 13.7 22.7 9.1 18.2
Jammu & Kashmir 129 77 52 57.7 19.2 21.2 0 1.9
Punjab 337 133 204 84.3 12.2 2.9 0.5 0
Haryana 1133 677 456 70.0 17.5 9.0 1.5 0.9
Western Uttar 556 321 235 55.7 20.0 20.8 3.8 0.4
Central U.P. 308 278 30 50.0 6.7 16.7 6.7 13.3
Eastern U.P. 130 121 9 66.7 11.1 0 0 22.2
Delhi 126 98 28 92.8 7.1 0 0 0
Rajasthan 1153 1083 70 84.3 5.7 10.0 0 0
Madhya Pradesh 779 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bihar 301 301 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gujarat 112 112 0 0 0 0 0 0
Karnataka 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maharashtra 27 27 0 0 0 0 0 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 5144 4038 21.5 69.7 15.8 11.2 1.89 1.3
The frequency of infected samples in last 3 crop seasons was compared
(Table 3) and it was observed that frequency of infected samples has changed
during 1989-90. In earlier seasons the majority of samples were in Category
I while the percentage of infected grains was quite low in other categories.
During previous two crop seasons the infected grains in the samples were not
noticed beyond Category III, i.e., up to 5% level (Table 3). But in this
crop season, the infection moved further to the Category IV and V also. It
can be seen from the data of Table 3 that 1.89% and 1.35% samples were in
Category IV and V, respectively. In addition to this, the percentage of
infected samples was 69.71% in Category I, less than previous crop seasons.
It is therefore assumed that the soil inoculum of previous years was
activated this year due to favorable weather resulting in the production of
more infected grains than 1987-88 and 1988-89 crop seasons.
Table 3. Comparative data of infected grains of Karnal bunt in
wheat samples between 1986-87 to 1989-90.
Categories of infected samples(%)
Crop Season 1 2 3 4 5
---------------------------------------------------------------
1987 - 88 78.63 10.45 10.90 0 0
1988 - 89 83.97 7.69 8.33 0 0
1989-90 69.71 15.82 11.21 1.89 1.35
---------------------------------------------------------------
Weather in relation to disease development. The incidence of Karnal
bunt during 1989-90 crop season was co-related with the weather conditions.
A critical appraisal of meteorological factors of selected locations in
different states revealed that the temperature and relative humidity at
anthesis stage were favorable for disease development (Table 4). It can be
seen from Table 4 that prevailing maximum temperature (20.0 - 22.3) and
minimum temperature (6.6 - 11.4 C), relative humidity (85.0 - 95.0) and
intermittent rainfall caused high intensity of the disease at Jammu (J&K),
Dhaula Kuaon (Himachal Pradesh), Ambala (Haryana), Jullundhar (Punjab),
Dehradun, Haridwar (Uttar Pradesh). On the other hand meteorological
conditions were not favorable in some eastern parts of the U.P., Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh and due to that level of the incidence was poor.
Table 4. Weather data recorded at different places in relation to
Karnal bunt incidence.
Temperature Disease
(Cdeg) R.H. incidence
State Location Max. Min. % Rainfall %
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Jammu &
Kashmir Jammu 20.17 8.97 85.3 3.35 24.6
Himachal Dhaulakuon
Pradesh 20.37 8.20 95.17 5.87 16.1
Haryana Ambala 22.0 10.25 88.17 3.77 8.9
Punjab Jullundhar 20.52 7.40 94.22 2.95 7.7
West Dehradun 20.05 8.52 87.10
U.P. Haridwar 22.15 6.62 95.17 3.22 23.1
Central Lucknow 24.72 11.70 87.65 1.50 1.7
U.P. Kanpur 25.45 1.97 84.75 2.20 0.5
East U.P. Allahabad 25.60 12.37 17.72 0.55 0.0
Varanasi 25.25 12.40 81.37 1.10 0.0
Delhi Delhi 22.35 11.40 85.70 4.47 0.7
Rajasthan Alwar 25.23 12.02 81.72 1.72 0.2
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Varietal performance. The performance of various high yielding
cultivars was assessed through collected samples (Table 5).
Table 5. Varietal performance in North-western region against
Karnal bunt during 1989-90.
Total % of samples Highest
Cultivars samples infected infection
----------------------------------------------------------------------
WL 711 126 54.76 8.2
HD2009 358 53.91 14.3
HD2329 458 54.30 24.3
HD2285 293 35.15 8.7
Sonalika 991 20.28 24.3
WH147 230 15.65 4.3
WL1562 74 51.3 4.2
UP2003 15 60.0 4.0
WH283 37 27.0 7.7
UP262 62 24.3 24.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------
It was found that a number of wheat cultivars got infection under field
conditions. In case of susceptible cultivars such as WL 711, HD2009 and UP
262 the percentage of infectedsamples and severity of infection was quite
high. Not only that some newly introduced cultivars such as HD2329, HD2285,
WL 1562, UP 2003 and WH 283 also had higher percentage of infection as
compared to previous years. Comparatively cultivars WH 147 and Sonalika had
less infection (Table 5).
In conclusion it can be said that the crop season of 1989-90 was
comparatively an epidemic year for Karnal bunt, where in approximately 21.5%
of the samples had infection in different wheat growing states. Among
different categories of infected samples, the percentage of infected samples
was not more than 5 in previous years but this year a few samples had more
than 10% infected grains. The increased incidence may be attributed to the
favorable weather conditions (maximum temperature = 20.2 - 22.3, minimum
temperature = 6.6 - 11.4, RH = 85.0 - 96.00 with intermittent rainfall)
prevailed at anthesis stage of the crop. Newly introduced wheat cultivars
also were infected by Karnal bunt.
* * * * *
Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Dalmir Singh, B. Singh and M. K. Upadhayay
Meiotic chromosome pairing in a Bc(1) hybrid of T. timopheevi and
hexaploid wheat. Singh et. al., (1991) observed a very high chromosome
pairing in the F(1) hybrids of T. araraticum (synonyms T. timopheevi) and
variety C 306. In the present study, the Bc(1) hybrid plant of variety C
306 and T. timopheevi also showed similar pattern of high chromosome pairing
at first meiotic metaphase.
Meiotic chromosome associations were recorded on the Bc(1) hybrid plant
of variety C 306 and T. timopheevi backcrossed to variety C 306 (Table 1).
The chromosome constitution of the hybrid plant was 2n = 39. The hybrid
plant received full complement of 21 chromosomes from the hexaploid wheat
variety C 306 through male gamete and the rest 18 chromosome from its female
parent (i.e., F(1) hybrid plant). In the presence of chromosome 5B
(contributed by male gamete), only homologous chromosomes are expected to
pair, and homologous are prevented. If it is presumed that all the 18
chromosomes transmitted from the female parent, find their homologous
partners in the Bc(1) hybrid a total of 36 chromosomes are expected to
participate in chromosome pairing leaving only 3 chromosomes as unpaired
chromosomes. However, in the Bc(1) hybrid analyzed it was observed that out
of 39 chromosomes, on an average 33 chromosomes took part in chromosome
pairing while 6 chromosomes remained as univalents in some of the cells,
chromosomes paired were as high as 37 chromosomes, clearly indicating the
involvement of all the 18 chromosomes contributed by the female gamete.
This kind of pairing is expected only on the assumption that the chromosomes
of T. timopheevi possess substantial amount of homology with the chromosomes
of aestivum. The present study thus also support the observations of Singh
et al (1991) that T. timopheevi (synonyms T. araraticum) may carry AA BB
genomes rather than AA GG.
Table 1. Meiotic chromosome pairing (mean per cell) in BC(1) hybrid of
variety C 306 and T. timopheevi.
Bivalents
Cells Uni- Rod Ring Tri- Quadri-
Parents Scored valents Type Type valents valents Chiasmata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
C 306 50 0.1+ 0.1 2.3+0.2 18.7+0.3 0.0 0.0 45.5+1.2
(2n=42)
T. timo- 50 0.5+0.1 3.1+0.2 10.5+0.2 0.1+0.0 0.0 25.6+0.3
pheevi (2n=28)
Bc1 50 6.3+0.4 5.8+0.3 9.2+0.2 0.7+0.1 0.2+0.1 31.3+0.4
(C 306 X T. tim) X C 306
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Dalmir Singh
Mutation and recombination studies in wheat and rye
Induced translocations between Kalyansona and rye chromosomes. The
hexaploid wheat cultivar Kalyansona was reported to carry crossability genes
in dominant condition resulting in about 0.5% crossability with rye (Gordey
and Gordey, 1983). Since Kalyansona possesses genes for wider adaptability,
it was thought to incorporate rust resistance and other desirable traits
from Secale cereale because lately the cultivar showed susceptibiltiy to
wheat rusts. The method adapted was to induce translocations between wheat
and rye chromosomes. Crossed seeds were obtained by crossing Kalyansona
with a smooth peduncle rye mutant (144 seeds, 50% crossability). These
seeds were irradiated with 35 Kr. of gamma rays. All the M(1) hybrid plants
showed a high amount of chromosome associations. About 137 seeds were
produced by these M(1) plants having 452 spikes. The low seed setting of
0.7% may be the result of high sterilty in these plants. In the present
season there are 64 M(2) plants which will be selfed for further evaluation.
Self compatible mutants of rye. Seeds of 200 selfed spikes with spike
fertility between 20% to 89% were planted in the field for M(4) generation
as single spike progenies. A large number of spikes were again selfed in
different spike progenies. Finally 49 spikes possessing self fertility
between t0% to 92% were retained from 20 different spike progenies for
further evaluation. It was observed that the spikes having higher self
fertility in M(3) generation, also produced spikes with high self fertility
in M(4) generation.
One of the self fertile mutant lines with higher self spike fertility
was crossed with Kalyansona (supposed to carry crossability genes in
dominant condition) for transferring rust resistance from rye. A large
number of crossed seeds were obtained (about 50% crossability). It
indicates that for crossability between wheat and rye, it is not only the
wheat genome but also the genome which affects crossability.
Comparison of the traits of aestivoid mutant with its sphaerococcum
parent. A homozygous aestivoid mutant, possessing long spike and long
grains was compared with its parent variety T. sphaerococcum. The traits
compared were, plant height, tiller numbres, peduncle length, spike length
and spikelet number per spike (Table 1). The data recorded on these traits
revealed that in aestivoid mutant, there was positive increase in the
traits, plant height (39.3%), peduncle length (28.9%), spike length (65.4%)
and spikelet number (5.3%) decrease in the number of tillers per plant
(13.3%) over its parent variety. Since T. sphaerococcum was a native
cultivar of India it may be carrying useful genes for wider adaptability.
The aestovoid mutants obtained from T. sphaerococcum can be exploited for
their desirable traits for different climatic conditions.
Table 1. Mean values of morphological traits of aestivoid mutant and
its parent variety T. sphaerococcum.
Parent Plants (cm) Number (cm) (cm) per spike
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
T. spha- 25 93.0+1.1 28.5+1.2 34.2+0.7 6.2+0.2 22.5+0.4
erococcum
Aestivoid 100 129.5+1.5 23.7+1.4 44.2+1.1 11.5+0.2 23.2+0.4
mutant
Increase (+) or + 39.3 - 13.3 + 28.9 65.4 + 5.3
decrease (-)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Publications
Singh, D. 1991. Gene transfer from rye to wheat and their chromosomal
location. Ind. J. Genet. 51:66-70.
Singh, D. 1991. Chlorophyll synthetic genes in wheat variety Mara. Golden
Jubilee Symp. on Genetic Research and Educatiuon: Current Trends and the
next fifty years. By Ind. Soc. Genet. and Pl. Breeding, 3:648.
Singh, D. 1991. Self-compatible mutants of Secale cereale. Golden Jubilee
Symp. on Genetic Research and Edcucation: Current Trends and the next fifty
years. By Ind. Soc. Genet. and Pl. Breeding, 3:656-657.
-------------------------
Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Inst., New Delhi
R. N. Sawhney
Wheat Production:Prospects and Challenges
Wheat is not only the second major staple crop in India but is also
most dependable in terms of its production capability. The yield of this
important cereal in india has crossed the 50 million ton mark in an area of
23 million hectares under different agro-climatic regions. Though the
average productivity of nearly 2,250 kg/ha has more than doubled in a span
of 25 years, a lot more can be achieved from the existing cultivars because
realizable potential of available cultivars is estimated to be about 4,000
kg/ha at the national level where 78% of the area is under assured
irrigation. The present average productivity in irrigated areas, even in
Punjab and Haryana, is about 3,000 kg/ha which produce highest average yield
in our country. More than double the production rate of wheat in the last
two and a half decades was possible due to the identification of cultivars
capable of responding to good soil fertility and water management.
Screening of advance generation breeding material initially developed in an
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) programme at
Mexico,led to the identification of two most popular varieties, Kalyansona
for timely and Sonalika for late sowing.
By crossing the Mexican material with locally adapted wheats, a large
number of cultivars have been developed since the late 1960s. Of the number
of cultivars that have been released under organized system of release since
1965, only HD 2009 and WL 711 have become popular with the farmers and have
been grown extensively in northwest region of the country. The runaway
success of HD 2329, subsequently developed at the Indian Agricultural
Research Inst. (IARI), is evident because a total of 70% area is under
cultivation with this wheat in Punjab, the most progressive state with
regard to average grain production. Cultivation of a single wheat on such a
large area is highly vulnerable to the evolution of new pathogen population.
More recently, another single dwarf wheat Kundan (DL153-2), a cross of
Tonari 71 X NP 890, also bred at IARI, has become popular with the farmers
of northwest region. The popularity of Kundan appears to be due to its
adaptability which enables it to perform consistently well under wide range
of conditions from rainfed to limited water input and in optimum irrigation
as well as from normal to late planting. This variety is expected to give
better average yield because it performs well in poor environment and
demonstrates optimum level of productivity in good environment. Under water
stress environment, yield of `Kundan' is comparable with the best drought
resistant wheat, C 306 in years when no winter rainfall is received.
However, in good rainfall years, a frequent occurrence in northwest region,
`Kundan' produced 50% more yield in comparison to that of C 306. The high
yield potential achieved by `Kundan' up to a level of other best wheats for
high input technology, besides its suitability in water stress environments,
supports the view point that selection for drought conferring traits do not
decrease yield in better environment. Also, suitability of `Kundan' for
extended dates of planting permits flexibility in its planting time, a
desirable feature of great importance.
It has been possible to breed a variety of this kind by changing the
breeding methodology. The most significant change was the selection of
material under water stress environment in early generations F(4) and F(5)
followed by concurrent evaluation of progenies under diverse agronomic
practices, such as rainfed, irrigated timely sown and irrigated late sown
conditions. The other major change has been the testing of early generation
materials in F(3) onwards for yield in commercial planting. This change was
motivated by experience which has indicated that selection under space
planting in early generations can result in poor yielding advanced lines in
commercial planting.
In subsistence agriculture, stable yields particularly in low rainfall
years and with minimum of crop failure are obviously important. In a
country like India where prices are high in lean years and excess production
risks exist due to proper storage conditions, stability of yield is more
relevant. However, stability in grain production can be achieved only by
growing cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Biotic resistance. The most important biotic stress that decreases
yield is susceptibility to pathogens, such as leaf and stripe rusts and
Karnal bunt in northwest region of the country. Kundan has a good degree of
resistance to the rusts and karnal bunt while HD 2329 has already become
susceptible to these pathogens. Also, a shift in sowing time of wheat up to
december end is most favorable for inoculum built up of rusts and smuts. At
present stem rust appears very late in northwest region to cause any
epidemic. However, delayed planting of wheat will extend the active growth
period when the higher temperature in March and April being favorable for
stem rust can lead to an epidemic of this pathogen. The situation with
regard to leaf rust and loose smut is also similar to that of stem rust.
The relatively higher temperatures during the growth of late sown wheat may
favour the inoculum built up of these pathogens. Therefore, in order to
achieve maximum benefits from the change in planting time, it is important
to have greater disease resistance in wheat cultivars. Efforts should also
be made to exploit durable sources of resistance to diseases wherever
available. For example Sr2, a stem rust resistance gene and a leaf rust
resistance gene Lr34, in combination with other genes have been implicated
in durability of resistance to stem and leaf rust, respectively.
Soil and water use care. Intensive cropping often leads to soil
erosion and consequent loss of native fertility. Therefore, there is a need
to evolve suitable cropping practices such as minimum tillage to reduce the
valuable loss of soil resources. Furthermore, continuous cropping at higher
productivity levels results in soil exhaustion, particularly of
micronutrients. There are increasing reports of Zn, Fe, Mn, S and Cu
deficiencies in Punjab and other parts of the country. Many of these
problems are in part due to decreased organic matter in soil which can be
rectified to some extent by increased use of farmyard manure. The use of
fertilizers with optimal nutrient balance will also help in improving the
health of soil.
The easy availability of irrigation water in Punjab and Haryana has
often led to over-irrigation which causes increased problem of water-
logging, salinity and alkalinity - some of the main abiotic stresses. It
is, therefore, necessary that careful use of water and development of
cultivars that flourish well under lesser water and achieves optimum yield
productivity at low levels of irrigation is aimed at. Kundan again fulfills
this requirement, in contrast to HD 2329 which requires high irrigation and
higher levels of nitrogenous fertilizer for optimum production.
The states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar with a fairly large proportion of
irrigated wheats produce relatively low yield levels. One of the reasons
for this is that the proportion of irrigated area with sufficient water
supply is extremely limited. Vast areas in these two states that are
classified as irrigated get water sufficient for one to three irrigations
only, whereas normal requirement for most irrigated wheats is 5 to 6
irrigations. This would mean that cultivar like Kundan that does equally
well under low levels of irrigation should help in promoting higher yield
levels in these states.
Economization on production. The cost on production can be reduced by
developing cultivars that are characterized by improved nitrogen uptake from
the soil (uptake efficiency) and/or by increased mobilization of nitrogen
from vegetative organs to the grains (utilization efficiency). The
increased levels of utilization efficiency might not be practical as it is
likely to induce rapid breakdown of leaf proteins and increase the rate of
leaf senescence, thus reducing the grain yield. The uptake efficiency can
be improved by the root system that extracts the maximum possible nutrients
from the soil, thus increasing the uptake efficiency.
The better root system, delayed leaf senescence combined with increased
grain yield at low levels of fertilizers and water is suggestive of the fact
that possibly Kundan is a wheat that has increased uptake efficiency.
Low requirement for water and fertilizer by Kundan, in contrast to HD
2329, which requires higher irrigation and higher levels of nitrogenous
fertilizer for optimum production is most significant. This not only
economizes on the cost of production but should be more attractive for small
and marginal farmers who do not have access to the requisite inputs.
Quality. Quality requirements in context of consumption in India. The
improvement in this aspect needs efforts in three directions. Since over
90% of wheat in India is consumed in the form of "chapati" (an unleavened
pan baked bread), some improvement in the high yielding dwarf wheats has
been achieved in this respect but a lot more need to be still done to have
appearance and chapati making properties comparable to that of `desi' wheats
(Tall indigenous wheats having amber grains and good chapati making
quality). Indian public prefers hard, amber/white, lustrous grain over red
and soft grain wheats. The qualities for good chapati include white flour
colour, puffing, soft smooth pliable surface, should be untorn and silky,
sweet to taste and maintains soft texture for a longer period. For that, it
should tear smoothly and should not be brittle or leathery. To have a non-
leathery characteristic of chapati, it is desirable that the protein content
of the wheat should not exceed 12%. Incidentally, chapati making quality of
`Kundan' is comparable to that of best `desi' wheats combined with bold,
hard, lustrous grain and sells at a premium (Rs. 75-100/q) in wholesale
market.
Next to making chapati, wheat is used in the form of bread. There are
certain minimum levels of protein and its quality that are required for the
purpose of bread making. Based upon the presence of high molecular weight
subunits of glutenin and mixograph tests, Kundan has been classified as the
only cultivated common wheat in the northwest region which has outstanding
bread and chapati making properties.
Kundan has been reported to possess 12% protein whereas Indian wheats
in general are low in protein content, seldom exceeding 11%. Higher levels
of protein coupled with better protein quality in Indian wheats should be
aimed at which will benefit our consumers and such wheats will also be
acceptable in the international markets.
Upgrading yield potential. It is not easy to enhance existing levels
of grain yield potential in wheat. Even the grains in grain yield in the
currently grown wheats like HD 2329 and others is marginal over the yield of
Kalyansona but gains in productivity per day is substantial because newer
cultivars are resilient to do well under shorter growing period.
In the entire Indo-Gangetic plains, wheat-rice, wheat-cotton, wheat-
potato cropping systems have become predominant. All these rotations have
led to delay in sowing time of wheat resulting in popularization of wheats
performing well under short duration. Since late planting exposes the grain
filling stage to higher temperatures, varieties having tolerance to higher
temperatures at the time of grain filling should perform well on delayed
sowings. Early flowering followed by early maturity before the onset of
higher temperature, as in the case of Sonalika, produced reduced tiller
number in contrast to varieties like HD 2329 and Kundan that flower and
mature a little late but do not have adverse effect of temperature at the
grain filling stage in March-April. Both HD 2329 and Kundan have been
reported to perform well in Punjab even in late planting, though Kundan has
an edge over HD 2329 under late planting. This is perhaps due to the fact
that HD 2329 shows slight adverse effects on grains when planted late.
Even in a CIMMYT, Mexico breeding program, less than 10% increase in
grain yield over earlier dwarf varieties, for example Kalyansona, in a
period of 15 years was recorded. The increase in yield potential has been
reported in the derivatives of `Veery' involving 1B/1R translocation from
rye. The cultivars originating from this cross have become popular in many
parts of the world, including Pakistan and Australia. A number of wheats
such as WH 534, PBW 166, PBW 212, PBW 258, UP 2286 and CPAN 3004 involving
1B/1R translocation have been evaluated in the All India Coordinated Program
in northwest plains zone. Most of these wheats could not compete with the
best check. CPAN 3004 however, has been officially released recently but is
yet to find favour with the growers. Most of these cultivars are relatively
late and generally show reduction in yield at higher temperatures at the
grain filling stage. It was therefore, considered important to have
cultivars with normal days to mature but unaffected by higher temperature at
the grain filling stage.
Two of the newly evolved wheats DL 802-3 & DL 803-2 bred at IARI
fulfill these criteria and need special mention in this respect. These
wheats have one of the common parents designated HUW 202. HUW 202 is a
derivative of Kalyansona and Musela. In the development of Musela, Kavkaz
carrying rye translocation (1B/1R) is involved as one of the parents.
DL 802-3 HUW202//KSM-Front-Son64-K1. Rend E4870-S310-S47E3/HD1944) has
been found promising for yield both in timely and late planting. It,
however, excels under late planting conditions. This wheat has better grain
appearance with additional advantage of being resistant to all the three
rusts and karnal bunt. The presence of 1B/1R translocation carrying Lr26,
Sr31 and Yr9 has been confirmed by the presence of two satellite chromosomes
instead of four in wheats lacking 1B/1R translocation. Its resistance to
leaf rust pathotypes 77-1 and 12-1 that are pathogenic to Lr26 suggests that
this wheat is carrying additional gene(s) for resistance at least to leaf
rust. Its wide adaptability is evident by its superior performance in
different agro-climatic regions and under different agronomic practices.
DL 803-2 (HUW 202//K7537/HD216 OM) also performs very well both under
timely and late plantings. However, the performance of this wheat is
excellent under timely sown conditions. This variety is also resistant to
all three rusts and karnal bunt against which limited tests have so far been
made. This cultivar has again been reported as a wheat of wider
adaptability in the All India Coordinated tests. The presence of two
satellite chromosomes and its resistance to pathotypes attacking Lr26
suggests that this wheat also h as Lr26 combined with additional resistance,
at least to leaf rust.
-------------------------
R. W. Sawhney, J. B. Sharma, D. N. Sharma and H. B. Choudhary
Adult Plant Leaf Rust Resistance Sources
Genetic Diversity for adult plant resistance to leaf rust in Australian
wheats. Most sources of durable rust resistance carry adult plant
resistance (APR) genes. The knowledge of genetic diversity with respect to
APR may, therefore, help in identifying new sources of durable resistance.
A set of 90 wheats received from Australia under ICAR/ACIAR
collaborative project on, "Genetics and breeding for rust resistance in
wheat", when studied in field conditions against mixture of pathotypes of
leaf rust for 3 years, identified certain adult plant leaf rust resistant
wheats, where resistance could not be explained on the basis of named
resistance genes identified in seedling tests.
These adult plant leaf rust resistant genotypes wee tested in 1990-1991
crop season against pathotypes (77, 77-1, 77-2, 104B and 12-2) individually
in isolated field nurseries. The results enabled the recognition of two
distinct types of responses for adult plant resistance. Cultivars comprising
Banks, Millewa, Hartog and Sunkota possess adult plant resistance against
all pathotypes suggesting that adult plant resistance in these wheats is
likely to be due to race-non-specific components that may provide
longer/lasting resistance. A similar pattern of APR responses of very low
level in Banks (Lr13) and Sunkota (Lr17) with the individual as well as with
mixture of pathotypes suggests that both these cultivars carry the same
components for adult plant resistance. The two other wheats (Millewa (Lr13)
and Hartog (Lr1, Lr13) in this category of resistance also exhibited an
identical pattern of APR responses but with low levels of resistance which
distinguishes them from the first group of two cultivars (Banks and
Sunkota). Presence of Lr13 both in Millewa and Hartog can also provide
moderate resistance of low level to 12-2 and 104B whereas by virtue of
possessing additional Lr1 in Hartog, there has been enhanced resistance to
12-2 because Lr1 is fully resistant to this pathotype. Seedlings of all
these cultivars when tested with the same pathotypes showed susceptibility
for pathotypes virulent on genes identified in seedlings.
The three wheats identified for specific APR, though all susceptible to
77-2, each produced distinct APR response with the remaining three
pathotypes. This suggests the possibility that each wheat in this category
carries different specific APR.
A distinct pattern of APR resistance to pathotypes 77, 77-1, 104B and
12-2 in Oxley with no named seedling genes could be due to a new APR source.
Similarly, the different patterns of responses on Sunstar and Egret, both
carrying Lr13, further suggest that each cultivar carries different specific
APR source. Seedling of all the three cultivars, however, produced
susceptible reactions against pathotypes for which adult plant resistances
were postulated.
Leaf rust resistance through gene interaction. Federation backcross
derivative with Lr26 (Fed*4/Kavkaz and near isogenic Thatcher lines with
Lr10 (Lr10-Tc(6)) Federation and Lr26 (Kavkaz, Skorospekla) were tested with
pathotype 77-1 in adult plant stage in field condition. Both Lr10 and Lr26
are ineffective to pathotype 77-1.
The stocks that carry either Lr10 (Lr10 + Tc, Federation), or Lr26
(Kavkaz, Skorospekla) produced highly susceptible reactions (80S-70S), in
contrast to Fed*4/Kavkaz that had produced resistance reactions to the level
of 20MS with pathotypes 77-1. It can, therefore, be inferred that
resistance in Fed*4/Kavkaz is likely to be due to interaction of Lr10 and
Lr26, another deviation from the normal gene-for-gene model.
-------------------------
Divisions of Genetics and Mycology and Plant Pathology
R. N. Sawhney, J. B.Sharma, D. N. Sharma, H. B. Chowdhary, D. V. Singh
and K. D. Srivastava
High yielding karnal bunt and rust resistance sources
of bread wheat
Karnal bunt caused by Neovossia indica is one of the major diseases in
the northwest region of India. The identification of sources resistant to
Karnal bunt is utmost important as most of the currently grown bread wheat
cultivars are susceptible to this disease. Breeding for Karnal bunt
resistance assumes further importance because even 3% infection in the
grains renders the wheat unfit for human consumption.
About 150 advance lines from the breeding material were tested for 2-3
years at Khaula Kuan (Himachal Pradesh) and Delhi under artificial
epiphytotic conditions for Karnal bunt, respectively. Two gropus of five
lines each were identified for carrying high degree of resistance to Karnal
bunt. Wheat lines with high yield potential and resistance to leaf and
stripe rusts prevalent in the zone are given in Table 1. All wheats in this
group are/were in advanced stages of coordinated trials. DL 330-1 and DL
377-6 were evaluated for three years in the coordinated yield trials and
found to possess high yield potential at least up to the leve of best check.
The wheats listed in Table 2 were, however, found to have reasonable yield
potential when tested in the coordinated trials. All these lines also
confer high degree of resistance to 2-3 rusts. The genotypes DL 377-8, DL
802-3, DL 790-1, DL 377-6 and DL 330-1 (Table 1) have proven advantage of
superior yield potential, established through evaluation under coordinated
program over years spread over locations. They have the added advantage of
resistance to leaf and stripe rusts as well as Karnal bunt. These wheats,
therefore, should provide an extremely useful material for direct
cultivation as well as hybridization program. Expectation from such a
program can be viewed for early recovery of superior recombinmants for
higher yield, combined with resistance to leaf and stripe rust as well as
Karnal bunt. However, genotypes DL 484-1, DL 484-2, DL 790-2, DL 770-1 and
DL 760-1 (Table 2) having high degree of resistance to 2-3 rusts and Karnal
bunt should prove better sources of simultaneous resistance to these two
important groups of diseases.
Table 1. Wheat cultivars of high yield potential with resistance
to karnal bunt and rusts.
Yield q/ha
and its
Karnal bunt comparison
Designated infection Rust infection with the
number 87/88 88/89 89/90 Stem Leaf Stripe best check
--------------------------------------------------------------------
DL 377-8(1) - 0.0 0.0 - 20MR F 62.0 (=)
DL 802-3(2) - 0.0 0.0 - F F 54.4 (=)
DL 790-1(3) - 0.0 0.0 - TR F 54.1 (+)
DL 377-6(4) 6.2 0.0 0.0 - TR F 47.7 (+)
DL 330-1(5) - 0.0 0.0 - TR 5S 44.7 (=)
WL 711 (6) 43.0 19.1 26.9 50S 90S 30S
--------------------------------------------------------------------
: Not tested, + : significantly superior to the best check,
= : Significantly at par to the best check,
1 & 4 - HI784//Gabo/Nad.Mut/CPAN 1283, 2-HUW202//KSM/Frond/
Son.64/Klrend/E4870/S310/S47E3/HD1944M, 3-CPAN1401//SKA/YR
Frond/Son64/Klrend/E4870/S310/S47E3/HD2160M, 5 - Tanori Mut./
/HD2160M, 6 - (Susceptible cultivar).
Table 2. Wheat cultivars with resistance to Karnal bunt and rusts
Yield q/ha
and its
Karnal bunt comparison
Designated infection Rust infection with best
number 87/88 88/89 89/90 Stem Leaf Stripe check
--------------------------------------------------------------------
DL 484-1(1) - 0.0 0.0 - TR 100S 58.7(=)
DL 484-2(2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 5MR 10R F 47.4(+)
DL 790-2(3) 0.0 - 0.0 TR TR F 45.4(=)
DL 770-1(4) - 0.0 0.0 - F 5S 38.9*(=)
DL 760-1(5) - 0.0 0.6 - TR F 37.4**(=)
WL 711(6) 43.0 19.1 26.9 50S 90S 30S
--------------------------------------------------------------------
: Not tested, + : Significantly superior to the best check
= : Significantly at par to the best check, * : Yield figures
from timely sown and limited sources, ** : Yield figures from
late sown tests
1 & 2 - KSM/Front/Son64/Klrend/E4870/S310/S47E3/IWP503/TR380.27*4/3Ag3
3-CPAN1401//SKA/YR/Frond/Son64/Klrend/E4870/S310/S47E3/HD2160M,
4-UP270/HD2160//KL Mut., 5-UP270/HD2160M/K7933//HD2285,
6-(Susceptible cultivar)
-------------------------
Directorate of Wheat Research, Regional Station, Wellington, The
Nilgiris
M. Kochumadhavan, S. M. S. Tomar and P. N. N. Nambisan
Introduction of Agropyron elongatum-derived genes SR26 and LR24 into
Indian bread wheat cultivars: Knott transferred the wheat stem rust
resistance gene Sr26 from A. elongatum (Host) Beauv. to common wheat. This
specific resistance gene has been found very effective against a wide range
of stem rust virulences in several countries including India. Reports are
available that the resistance of Sr26 has been successfully utilized in
Australian wheat breeding program where all strains of stem rust are found
avirulent on Sr26 and this major gene continues to be an effective source of
durable resistance. The genes Lr24 Sr24 have also their origin in A.
elongatum. These genes along with the major specific gene Sr26 have been
incorporated in a single common wheat back ground and thus making it easy
for transfer of multiple resistance into susceptible genotypes.
In a backcross breeding programme the effective alien genes Sr26 and
LR24 conferring resistance to all most all the stem and leaf rust races in
seedling as well as in adult plant stage have been successfully introgressed
into well adapted Indian bread wheat cultivars Kalyansona (7 backcrosses)
and WH147 (6 backcrosses) from DARF (DARF X 6/3Ag3/Kite) an amber grained
wheat. This programme of backcrossing was undertaken at IARI Regional
Station, Wellington, where both stem rust and leaf rust perpetuate all round
the year. Also majority of the pathotypes of these two rusts are present.
The selection and simultaneous backcrossing are easily monitored and hence
time taken in giving desirable number of backcrosses is reduced to half.
Adult plant reactions of improved backcross lines against all the three
wheat rusts are given in Table 1. A field trial consisting of eleven
improved lines carrying resistance genes Sr24 Lr24 and Sr26 Lr24 has been
laid out at New Delhi farm to assess the yield potential.
Table 1. Adult plant response of backcross improved lines to rust
pathogens at Wellington
Reactions to
Stem Leaf Stripe
Lines rust rust rust
----------------------------------------------------------------
HW 2021 20MR* F 60S
(Kalyansona *7/DARF)
Kalyansona 60S-80S 60S-90S 40S-90S
HW 2022 20MR* F 60S
(WH 147*6/DARF)
WH 147 70S--90S 70S-90S 60S-90S
----------------------------------------------------------------
* Appears very late at maturity
-------------------------
Khem Singh Gill and G. S. Dhinds
Department of Plant Breeding, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Triticale Variety - TL 1210 - A Karnal Bunt Resistant Source
India is predominantly a cereal consuming country. Wheat is the main
staple food of the people in north India, particularly in the Punjab. Wheat
has low protein content (11 to 12%) and has particularly low lysine content
which is an essential amino acid. Triticale, with higher protein and lysine
content than wheat, can go a long way in solving the protein deficiency
problem. Triticale can also serve as a nutritive cattle and poultry feed.
During winter, wehat is grown on a vast acreage in the punjab. If another
cereal like triticale is also grown, chances of spread of disease can be
considerably reduced through diversity in cropping. It was with this
background that research in triticale was initiated at Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana in 1968-69. The germplasm bank was strengthened by an
extensive jcollection of genetic stocks of triticale and rye from exotic and
indigenous sources. The research efforts were greatly strengthened with the
sanction of two PL 480 projects entitled "Development and Evaluation of
Triticales (1974-80) and Development of Triticales for Stability of Yield
and Improved Quality of Grains (1980-84) in the Punjab".
A large number of triticales have been synthesized and some ready-made
strains obtained from other sources have been utilized in crossing. As a
result of extensive crossing and selection, the first two strains for India
TL 419 and TL 1210, were released in 1981 and 1985, respectively. TL 419
was released for cultivation under normal sown irrigated conditions of
Punjab. TL 1210 was released for cultivation under late sown irrigated
conditions of the Punjab.
TL 1210 is a unique triticale variety developed from the cross of
Cinnamon/Raj 821/3/Inia/Turkey 60//2*Arm`S'. It matures in 1335 days which
is even 10 days earlier than the early maturing bread wheat `Sonalika'.
From the year 1984-85 to 1990-91, this cultivar occupied the top rank in
yield (Table 1).
Table 1. Maximum grain yield (kg/ha) and rank of TL 1210 in the state trial
over years.
TL 1210
Year Yield(kg/ha) Rank
--------------------------------------------------------
1984-85 4378 2
1985-86 4779 2
1986-87 2323* 16
1987-88 3774* 17
1988-89 5096 4
1989-90 3715 2
19990-91 4274 4
--------------------------------------------------------
* Low yield due to heavy rain and hail.
TL 1210 has maintained its potential to give high and stable yield over
years. This strain's combined high yield of Cinnamon, earliness from Raj
821 and disease resistance from Inia/Turkey 60 *2//Arm's.
Along with yield, TL 1210 has remained resistant to yellow rust, brown
rust, powdery mildew, loose smut and karnal bunt (Table 2).
Table 2. Disease reaction of TL 1210 in the state trial over
years
Karnal bunt
Yellow Brown Powdery Loose Artificial
Year rust rust mildew smut Field inoculation
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1984-85 F F F F F F
1985-86 F tx F F F F
1986-87 F tx F F F F
1987-88 F F F F F F
1988-89 F F F F F F
1989-90 F F F F F F
1990-91 F F F F F F
--------------------------------------------------------------------
F = Free
This is the only triticale cultivar available in India which has both
field and laboratory resistance to Karnal bunt. This cultivar has semi-
hard, plump, light red grains, and long drooping spikes with an average
plant height of 110 cms.
-------------------------
Contributions from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional
Station, Pusa
M. P. Jha, K. M. P. Singh, B. P. Sinha and A. K. Sinha
New Cultivars Released. The wheat cultivar HP 1633, carrying the alien
leaf rust resistance gene Lr9, was released by the All India Wheat Workers
Workshop for irrigated late sown conditions of North Eastern Zone of India.
This cultivar is a backcross derivative of Sonalika after five backcrossings
with the recurrent parent and the donor stock for leaf rust resistance used
is RL 6010. This cultivar also shows some degree of tolerance to foliar
blights caused by Helminthosporium and Alternaria complex. The recurrent
parent Sonalika is still the most dominant cultivar of eastern states of
India occupying roughly more than 50% of total cultivated area under wheat
and needs to be replaced due to its breakdown of resistance to leaf rust and
foliar blights. HP 1633 is also resistant to Karnal bunt and thus it will
be a very suitable replacement of Sonalika.
Scale for recording foliar blights in seedling and adult stages of
wheat. The 0-9 scale suggested by Sarri and Prescot (1975) originally for
powdery mildew of oats is universally applicable in case of all foliar
diseases including the foliar blights of wheat. This scale was subsequently
revised by a 2 digit scale accommodating both vertical progress (height of
the disease spread) and estimate of severity (percentage of infected leaf
area by disease). Both these scales, inspite of their wide acceptability
are to generalized to hold good in case of foliar blights of wheat, as the
disease is caused by several fungi, belonging to different genera, vis.,
Alternaria, Helminthosporium. The scale is based on the assumption that the
disease is soil or seed borne and the vertical spread of the disease, i.e.,
the height of the disease is the only criteria for resistance/tolerance or
susceptibility. This scale hinges on an arbitrary value of 5 which has been
defined as the midpoint of the plant. The Saari-Prescot scale is not
useable in seedling studies and at best gives an estimate of probably damage
(yield loss) due to this disease in case all the inoculum comes through soil
debris or seed. It is based on the assumption that in the susceptible
genotypes the growth of mycelium is very fast and keeps pace with the growth
of wheat plant under favorable conditions. In case of resistant/tolerant
genotypes the growth of mycelium is retarded and it does not go beyond the
mid-point of the wheat plant. Several other factors such as the information
coming from genetic studies, stage of crop growth when the environmental
factors are congenial for disease spread and disease due to secondary
infection which is aerial in addition to inoculum through soil or seed has
not been considered.
The Saari-Prescott scale is not useable in seedling stage and for
glasshouse studies and as such an alternative scale would be necessary for
seedling studies particularly in case of genetical studies for vertical
resistance against specific races and biotypes of pathogenic fungi
associated with foliar blight.
Investigations on the spread of Helminthosporium and Alternaria species
taking large number of distantly related genetic stocks of wheat over
several locations and seasons have indicated that resistant/tolerant stocks
differ from susceptible types both in leaf area infected and lesion size. A
definite pattern with respect to infected leaf area and lesion size is
noticeable in case of resistant types although in case of susceptible types
there is a lack of this pattern probably due to non-availability of one or
the other races of biotypes of Alternaria and Helminthosporium and the
environmental factors. The assumed tolerant/resistant genotypes invariably
maintain low level of severity and show smaller lesion size. Besides this,
the stage of crop being attacked by different species is not the same. The
intensity of infection whether early (when lower levels are affected) or
late (when only upper leaves are attacked as the lower leaves die by that
time) is dependent on environmental factor and the amount of inoculum of
both primary and secondary types. If the weather is not favorable for
disease spread during flowering, even highly susceptible cultivars such as
Sonalika or UP 115 escape and the upper leaves or ears remain unaffected.
Glasshouse studies under artificial epiphytotics, is thereby necessary for
which a scale different from Saari-Prescot scale is needed.
A scale formulated by Luthra and Rao (1973) for seedling studies of
Helminthosporium slightly modified on the basis of our own studies and
studies done by Drs. Mahmood, Y. Prasad and S. N. Singh of Rajendra
Agricultural University, Pusa (Bihar) is suggested.
Modified 0-4 Scale:
0 = No spots or hypersensitive flecks
1 = Spots few, minute, oval, dull brown, isolated, ill defined, and
often encircled with occasional necrotic areas.
2 = Spots scattered, small to medium, oval to oblong in size with
definite margin encircling necrotic area with occasional coalescence.
3 = Spots dark brown, filiform, irregular due to rapid coalescence of
of several spots leading into streaks with blotched necrotic zones.
4 = Spots larger, numerous, confluent with several streaks and blotches
with zones of blighted appearance.
The grades 0, 1 and 2 were considered as resistant and 3 and 4
susceptible. However, in the scale being recommended, slight modifications
suggested are as follows:
(A) In grade 2 coalescence of lesions was observed not due to
increase in lesion size of the spots but due to the fact that
when lesions developed very adjacently on the leaf they seem to
be coalescing.
(B) After the first appearance of the symptoms larger spots and rapid
increase in the margin of lesions even without coalescence. When
lesions were not adjacently located on the leaf were considered
as susceptible.
(C) Mixed type of infection with both isolated small lesions and
larger lesions with coalescence of several lesions were classed
as X and considered as resistant to certain races and susceptible
to the other ones.
Scale for recording foliar blights in adult stages. For recording the
foliar blight in adult stages the percentage of leaf area covered by the
disease is easiest to record and quite meaningful in place of the Saari-
Prescot scale. A number of genetic stocks mostly from Chinese and
Yugoslavian origin have been found to show resistance against all known
virulences of Helminthosporium as well as Alternaria prevalent in the Bihar
State. The crosses of these resistant stocks with susceptible Indian stocks
show a nearly bimodal distribution in F(2) on the basis of percentage of
leaf area covered. It has been possible to select for resistant types in
the segregating generation on the basis of low infection area and small
lesion size. It is therefore suggested to use the second digit of the 2-
digit scale. Seedling studies using single spore isolates should be done
for genetic studies.
-------------------------
Department of Agricultural Botany, Meerut University, Meerut
P. K. Gupta, H. S. Balyan, D. K. Garg, Sanjeev Kumar, N. K. Sharma and
Bijendra Pal
Production of near isogenic lines and random isogenic pairs for rht,
Rht1, Rht2 and Rht3 dwarfing genes in cv K68. (a) The production of near
isogenic lines of three major dwarfing genes, Rht1, Rht2 and Rht3, in the
genetic background of a tall Indian hexaploid wheat K68 is being attempted.
This objective is sought to be achieved by backcrossing the three major
dwarfing genes into K68 from cvs. HD2009 (Rht1), WH147 (Rht2) and Tom Thumb
(Rht3). The material is already in BC(5) generation and following one to
two more backcrosses and selfing, near isogenic lines for rht1, Rht1, Rht2
and Rht3 in spring wheat K68 genetic background will be ready for use in
genetic experiments; (b) Random isogenic pairs of tall (rht) and dwarf (Rht)
progenies for Rht1 (33 pairs), Rht2 (15 pairs) and Rht3 (70 pairs) genes,
were isolated in F(5) generation from progenies of F(4) heterozygous (Rht
rht) plants. The rht rht and Rht Rht genetic constitutions in these random
pairs will be confirmed using data on segregation in crosses with Rht
testers and gibberellic acid insensitivity test. Subsequently, the Rht1,
Rht2 and Rht3 near isogenic lines and random isogenic pairs will be used to
study the pleiotropic effects of the dwarfing genes on yield, yield
contributing characters, distribution of dry matter and also their role in
drought and thermo-tolerance in spring wheat background under Indian
conditions.
Effect of change in tillering behaviour in dwarf vs. tall genetic
backgrounds on yield components and other characters. In spring wheats,
results have been published (even though sometimes contradictory) on the
pleiotropic effects of three dwarfing genes, Rht1, Rht2 and Rht3, on yield
components as well as other characters. But virtually no study has been
conducted to understand the effect of change in tillering behaviour in
semidwarf (Rht) vs. tall (rht) genetic backgrounds on yield components and
other characters. Thus, populations of homozygous dwarf (involving three
individual major dwarfing genes Rht1, Rht2 and Rht3, and tall (rht)
progenies with high and low tiller numbers are being developed. These
populations will be used to resolve and understand the effect of change in
tiller number in dwarf and tall height background genotypes on yield
components and other characters. Starting in F(2) hybrid populations of
K68/HD2009 (Rht1), K68/WH147 (Rht2) and K68/Tom Thumb (Rht3), three cycles
of selection have been completed and the various populations are being
evaluated in F(5) generation. One more cycle of selection is proposed to
allow selection of desirable and homozygous progenies in each population to
conduct meaningful investigations.
Induced mutation for semidwarfness. With a view to diversify the
sources of dwarfness in wheat, a number of induced dwarf mutants in 6x and
4x wheats have been isolated following gamma ray treatment. The inheritance
pattern and allelic relationships among induced genes for dwarfness and
their agronomic performance is being studied.
Relative efficiencies of (i) biparental mating system vs. selfing
series and (ii) the phenotypic vs. genophenotypic selection procedures. This
study involved two double cross F(2) hybrids, Blue Jay/CPAN 1687/Nacozari
76/1443 and Blue Jay/CPAN 1681//HUW144/HD2305 as starting material. It was
concluded that (i) the intermating in early segregating generations
(biparental matings) is able to overcome the limitations of conventional
methods of breeding self-pollinated crops since it is possible to increase
and maintain genetic variation so that several cycles of selection are
effective for grain yield improvement. The biparental matings also help in
concentrating favourable genes or gene combinations for grain yield. (ii)
The selection under biparental mating system resulted in progenies with
greater yield potential than the progenies selected under selfing series.
(iii) For grain yield improvement, the genophenotypic selection procedure
(selection of best plants in top families) was either equal to or more
efficient than phenotypic selection procedure (selection of plants on
individual merit). (iv) Based on character association analyses and
correlated response to selection for grain yield it was concluded that a
selection index comprising grain yield, tiller number, spikelets per spike,
biological yield and plant height may be used to select genotypes of
suitable height with increased dry matter and grain yield.
Identification of selection parameter(s) for selecting F2 genotypes
with high grain yield potential. The three F(2) hybrid populations,
CPAN1866/HD2009, CPAN 1866/DL153-2, and CPAN 1959/DL153-2, were used as
starting material to evaluate the relative efficiencies of (i) direct
selection for yield per se; (ii) indirect selection based on yield component
characters, biological yield and harvest index; (iii) selection based on an
index involving above parameters, and (iv) random selection with and without
F(3) yield testing. Also, the efficiencies of prediction based selection
and empirical selection for identification of suitable selection parameters
in F(2) were compared.
The results indicated that (i) the selection of F(2) plants on the
basis of individual parameters was relatively more effective than the
selection of plants on random basis in terms of recovering high yielding
progenies. The selection of F(2) plants on the basis of an index involving
grain yield per se, yield component characters, biological yield and harvest
index was ineffective. (ii) High biological yield followed by grain yield
per se were the most important parameters for selecting F(2) plants with
high grain yield potential. (iii) The selection of high yielding F(4) bulk
progenies following F(3) generation yield testing was moderately successful
in comparison to selection of high yielding F(4) bulk progenies in F(4)
generation without yield testing in F(3) generation. (iv) Selection of
potentially high yielding F(2) genotypes made on the basis of parameters
predicted due to correlation and regression analysis proved to be
inefficient and poor in comparison to the empirical selection. (v) In
comparison to the simple regression analysis, the stepwise regression
approach, however, indicated a probable improvement in the efficiency of the
identification of parameters for selection in F(2) generation. This
approach favoured selection based on plant height, grain yield, 100 grain
weight and harvest index.
Relative efficiency of pedigree, random and selected bulk methods. The
relative efficiencies of five breeding methods pedigree (PED), random bulk
(RB) and three selected bulks (SB(1) for grains per ear, SB(2) for 100 grain
weight and SB(3) for tillers per plant) are being compared in F(3) and F(4)
generations using three crosses, CPAN1962/CC493,CPAN 1959/HUWI, and
WH147/CPAN 1874. The realized response to selection for eight characters
including yield and its components was estimated on the basis of differences
of means of SBs and PED populations from RB population.
In SB F(3) populations, the response was significantly positive for
directly selected characters. However, in SB(1) characters like yield per
ear and grains per spikelet and in SB(3) grains per ear, yield per ear,
biological yield and grain yield per plant showed positive correlated
response while in SB(2) grain yield per plant showed negative correlated
response. The PED population showed positive and significant response for
tillers per plant, grains per ear, (except in cross CPAN 1959/HUWI), grain
yield per plant and biological yield but response was negative for grain
weight, yield per ear (CPAN 1959/HUWI) and grains per spikelet (CPAN
1959/HUMI). Comparison of SB(3) and PED showed that response for grain
yield per plant was better in SB(3) than PED. This showed importance of
bulk method based on tillers per plant as a promising selection method in
early generations. The F(4) generation is being evaluated and the F(4) data
will also be subjected to the analysis as done in F(3) generation.
Phenotypic stability analysis. (a) Sixty common wheat genotypes
including nine commercial wheat cultivars, six strains bred at Meerut, and
45 strains bred at CIMMYT, were evaluated in eight environments including
two fertilizer regimes and two dates of sowings at two locations. Data were
recorded on eleven characters including grain yield. Both parametric and
non-parametric approaches of stability analysis are being employed to
identify the stable genotypes and also to get a comparable idea of the
sensitivity of the different approaches of stabililty analysis.
(b) Since stability is under genetic control, we thought it useful to know
the chromosomal location of gene(s) for stability in wheat. To achieve
this, two sets of substitution lines of Hope and Thatcher in Chinese Spring,
as well as Hope, Thatcher, Chinese Spring, Sonalika and HD2329 are being
evaluated in eight environments including two dates of sowings (timely sown
and late sown) and two fertilizer and irrigation treatments over two years.
The data are being recorded for eight characters including grain yield and
the same will be analyzed using parametric and nonparametric approaches of
stability analysis to ascertain the association of genes for stability with
individual chromosomes.
Inheritance study for loose smut resistance. A study on the
inheritance of loose smut was initiated in 1989. Three resistant (HW888,
PBW65 and WL410) and three susceptible (HD2204, Lal Bahadur and Agra Local)
cultivars/lines were involved in a 6x6 diallel cross. These F(1)s are being
advanced through selfing and backcrossing. Also one set of parents, F(1)s
and backcrosses was artificially inoculated with a mixture of smut spores
while the other set was kept as control and the same was allowed to grow
under natural conditions. Data on resistant/susceptible plants in the
various generations will be recorded to study inheritance of loose smut.
Breeding for late sown cultivars. In north western India, wheat on
large acreage is cultivated in rotation with paddy and sugarcane.
Therefore, greater emphasis is being laid on breeding cultivars suitable for
late sown conditions to fit in the above crop rotation. Keeping the same in
view and to start an integrated breeding program to develop cultivars
suitable for late sown as well as timely sown conditions, selection of
parents/crosses based on combining ability analysis over environments is
being attempted.
Two cultivars/lines suited for early sown (HD2428 and UP2121), two for
late sown (HD2285 and HD2270) and one for medium time sown (Sonalika)
conditions were crossed in a 5x5 diallel manner. The parents and F(1)s were
planted in 1990 under timely as well as late sown conditions and data is
being collected on eleven yield and its contributing characters including
days to heading and maturity.
Germplasm evaluation. Four hundred and five accessions of common wheat
were evaluated for eleven metric characters and genetic divergence was
measured among them using non-hierarchical euclidean cluster analysis.
Thirteen clusters were formed and genotypes of even heterogeneous origin
were grouped in the same cluster showing no parallelism between genetic and
geographic diversity. Some genotypes given in Table 1 were also identified
which might be used as genetic donors for respective metric characters.
Use of alien genetic variation for wheat improvement. Efforts have
been made to transfer alien genes for resistance to brown and black rusts to
four elite Indian wheat cultivars, Kalyansona, Sonalika, WH147 and WL711.
The objective of this exercise is to develop either the new cultivars or the
superior genetic stocks for use in wheat breeding.
The details of the materials used as a source of alien gene(s) and
methods employed were earlier reported (AWN 34:61-63; 1988). The material
containing desirable alien genes used in the present study included 16
exotic and present study included 16 exotic and indigenous 6x genetic
stocks, 22 individual chromosome addition lines of barley, rye and Agropyron
intermedium chromosomes, an amphiploid (T. durum/Dasypyrum villosum) and
several Aegilops and Triticum species. The F(1) hybrids involving the four
elite Indian wheat cultivars and various genetic stocks were produced. The
F(1) hybrids were selfed as well as backcrossed with recurrent parents.
The F(1) hybrids involving alien addition lines were crossed (only those
plants with 2n=43 chromosomes) with homozygous recessive ph ph mutant for
inducing translocations (due to homoeologous pairing induced by ph locus).
Simultaneously, F(1) hybrids were irradiated for induced translocations for
transfer of desirable gene(s)/segments. F(2) hybrids thus obtained in above
crosses were screened cytologically for homoeologous pairing and
backcrossing. The hybrids in various generations were artificially
inoculated (both under field and laboratory conditions) using suitable brown
and black rust races to select resistant plants. Plants showing agronomic
characters superior or comparable to Indian wheats and resistance to the two
rusts (black/brown) were visually selected from progenies of various cross
combinations. The details are presented in Table 2.
Table 1. Important genetic donors identified for different
characters
Characters Donor Genotypes
---------------------------------------------------------------
Large
grain CPAN3011, CPAN6090,MACS2152, CPAN2076
CPAN3002, WH 385, and MUW 58
Long ear CPAN 1931, WH 385, CPAN 6076, CPAN 1967,
I 894 and HUW 267
High tillering HD 2160, HD 2320, CPAN 2029, BAU 2182,
HD 2512, CPAN 6047, HD 2379 and HD 2740
High spikelet VL 497, CPAN 8112, CPAN 2016, CPAN 3004,
fertility and HUW 1964
High yielding CPAN 2076, HD 2320, CPAN 2029, HI 7080
HI 8270, CPAN 3013, PBW 293 and HD 1502
---------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Details of plants finally selected for resistance
against brown/or black rusts in different generations of
various cross combinations.
Details # of Details # of
of crosses Plants of crosses Plants
------------------------------------------------------------------
F(2)BC(1)S:
Kalyansona*2/WC1706 6 WL711*2/WC1707 11
WL711*2/Bobwhite 15 WL711*2/WC268 13
WL711/WC1706 2 WL711*2/Veery(s) 8
WH147*2/WC268 5 WL711*2/HD4502(4x wheat) 2
WL711*2/Novi sad 60/2 2 WL711*2/D. villosum 6
F(2)BC(2)S(1)
Kalyansona*3/WC281 2 Kalyansona*3/Mendos 6
Kalyansona*3/TebxLr19 3 Kalyansona*3/WC268 6
Kalyansona*3/Veery(s) 18 Kalyansona*3/Transec 8
Sonalika*3/WC281 10 Sonalika*3/Veery(s) 15
Sonalika*3/Eagle 3 Sonalika*3/WC1706 10
WH147*3/TebXLr9 4 WH147*3/Wc1706 18
WH147*3/Veery(S) 4 WH147*3/WC281 5
Kalyansona*3/SrTt(1) 4 WH147*3/RA6 6
F(2)BC(3)A(1):
Kalyansona*4/TebXLr9 11 Sonalika*4/Lr13 2
Sonalika*4/Transec 3
F(1)BC(3)S(1):
Sonalika*4/N15439 8 Sonalika*4/WC268 6
WH147*4/Eagle 5 WH147*4/N15439 2
WH147*4/N1747-19 1 WH147?4/Bobwhite 2
WH147*4/Veery(S) 3 WL711*4/Veery(S) 3
WL711*4/Lr13 2 WL711*4/Transec 1
WL711*4/WC1706 6 WL711*4/Bobwhite 2
WH147*4/HD4502(4xwheat) 1 WL711*4/T. dicoccoides 2
WL711*4/BAD6
M(1)BC(2)S(1):
Kalyansona*3/BAD2 2 WL711*3/BAG6 1
WH147*3/BAG6 2 Kalyansona*3/BAD7 1
WL711*3/5R 4 WH147*3/5R 2
WH147*2/Ag690/7 3 Kalyansona*3/Courtot7 1
WL711*3/Ag3/8 3 WH147*3/Novi Sad 60/2 1
F5-F(7):
Sonalika/Spear(F5) 9 WL711/Courtot7(F(5) 7
Kalyansona/Compair(F(6)) 8 Kalyansona/Bobwhite(F(7)) 10
Kalyansona/Compair(F(7)) 10
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Publications
Balyan, H. S. and Fedak, G. 1989. Meiotic study of hybrids between barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). J. Heredity
80:460-463.
Balyan, H. S. and Fedak, G. 1990. Further evidence for the suppression of
meiotic chromosomes pairing by Hordeum Californicum. Cytologia 55:61-64.
Balyan, H. S. and Fedak, G. l990. Hybrids of an amphiploid (Triticum
timophevii x Hordeum bogdanii with cultivars of triticale (X Triticosecale
Wittmack). cytologia 55:65-69.
Balyan, H. S. and Singh, Tejbir. 1987. Character association analysis in
common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genome 29:392-394.
Garg, D. K. and Gautam, P. L. 1988. Evaluation of local collections of
wheat (Triticum spp.) germplasm. Genet. Agr. 42:255-262.
Gupta, P. K. 1990. Cytogenetics of wheat and related wild relatives -
Triticum and Aegilops. In "Chromosome Engineering in Plants: Genetics,
Breeding, Evolution" (Gupta, P. K. and Tsuchiya, T., eds). Elsevier Sci.
Publ., The Netherlands.
Gupta, P. K., Altossar, I. and Garg, D. K. 1990. Molecular genetics of
wheat. In "Chromosome Engineering in Plants: Genetics, Breeding, Evolution"
(Gupta, P. K. and Tsuchiya, T., eds). Elsevier Sci. Publ., The
Netherlands.
Gupta, P. K., Balyan, H. S. and Fedak, G. 1988. A study of D/R
substitutions in some spring triticales using wheat ditelocentrics. Proc.
"7th Intern. Wheat Genet. Symp." (Miler, T. E. and Koebner, R. M. D., eds),
Cambridge, U.K., pp. 297-301.
Gupta, P. K., Balyan, H. S. and Fedak, G. 1989. Effect of individual rye
(Secale cereale) chromosomes on pairing in pentaploid hybrids (AABBD).
Cereal Res. Commm. (In press).
Gupta, P. K. and Baum, B. R. 1989. Stable classification and nomenclature
in the Triticeae: desirability,limitations and prospects. Euphytica 41:191-
197.
Gupta, P. K. and Reddy, V. R. K. 1989. Interspecific and intergeneric
hybridization in future wheat improvement. Proc. Natl. Symp. "Strategies
for Taking Forward the Indian Wheat Revolution to New Heights", 20-22 August
1986. New Delhi, India (in press).
Gupta, P. K. and Reddy, V. R. K. 1990. Cytogenetics of triticale - a man
made cereal. In "Chromosome Engineering in Plants: Genetics, Breeding,
Evolution" (Gupta, P. K. and Tsuchiya, T., eds.), Elsevier Sci. Publ., The
Netherlands (in press).
Misra, A. K. and Gupta, P. K. 1988. A report on identification of necrotic
genes in some tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Indian J. Genet. 48:311-323.
Misra, A. K. and Gupta, P. K. 1988. Production of D addition lines in
tetraploid wheat II. Cytology of F(3) hybrids involving tetraploid and
hexaploid wheats. J. Cytol. Genet. 23:147-150.
Reddy, V. R. K., and Gupta, P. K. 1989. Mutants for leaf characters in
triticale. Wheat Inf. Serv. 68:26-28.
Reddy, V. R. K. and Gupta, P. K. 1989. Effectiveness, efficiency, factor
for effectiveness and mutants per mutation in triticale. Indian J. Botany
11: (in press).
Reddy, V. K. R. and Gupta, P. K. 1989. Cytological mutants in hexaploid
triticale. J. Cytol. Genet. (in press).
Reddy, V. R. K. and Gupta, P. K. 1989. Induced mutations in triticale-
frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations. Indian J. Genet. 49:183-
190.
Reddy, V. R. K., a d Gupta, P. K. 1989. Induced mutations in triticale -
frequency and spectrum of morphological mutants. Genet. Agr. (in press).
Reddy, V. R. K. and Gupta, P. K. 1989. Biological effects of gamma rays
and EMS in hexaploid triticale. Acta Bot. Indica (in press).
Singh, Tejbir and Balyan, H. S. 1988. The usefulness of biparental matings
in early segregating generation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genet. Agr.
42:283-298.
Walia, D. P. and Garg, D. K. 1991. Evaluation and genetic divergence in
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm. Indian J. Genet. (in press).
-------------------------
Regional Station, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indore
A. N. Mishra
Sources of combined adult plant resistance to stem rust and leaf rust
of wheat probably derived from Sr2 complex and Lr34 complex. From the
experience gained so far, it is now fairly well established that the genes
Sr2 and Lr34 in conjunction with other resistance genes in wheat have
contributed to adequate levels of adult plant resistance of an apparently
longer lasting nature to stem and leaf rust, respectively (AWN 37:64).
While Sr2 is usually associated with head and stem melanism or `pseudo-black
chaff' (R. A. McIntosh, 1988), the presence of Lr34 is associated with
`leaf-tip burning' (M van Ginkel, CIMMYT, pers. comm.). Hence an attempt
was made during 1990-91 to identify in the artificially inoculated test
plots at Indore such wheat stocks which showed `pseudo-black chaff' as well
as `leaf-tip burning' (Table 1) since stem and leaf rust diseases have been
the major constraints in stabilizing wheat yields in central and peninsular
India.
Pedigrees of some wheats were studied (Table 1) in order to identify in
them the probable sources of Sr2 and Lr34. The Sr2 component appears to
have been contributed by `Newthatch' or any of its derivatives like `Penjamo
62', `Chris', `Yaqui 50', `CIANO 67', `Bluebird' series, `Lerma Rojo 64',
`INIA 66', etc., (S. Rajarem et. al., 1988).
While the involvement of such sources of durable leaf rust resistance,
attributed to a combination of Lr13 and Lr34, as `Frontana', `Chris', `Era'
and `CIANO 67' (A. P. Roelfs, 1988; S. Rajaram, pers. commm.) in the
parentage of a number of above wheats possibly accounts for the presence of
Lr34 in them; in others the Argentinean wheat `TZPP' or one of its
derivatives appears to be the source of leaf rust resistance probably
derived from Lr34 or similar adult plant resistance gene(s) requiring
confirmation (M. van Ginkel, pers. comm.). However, as mentioned earlier, a
complete analysis of the pedigrees could not be made and more precise
information regarding the source of Sr2 and particularly Lr34 in these
wheats might emerge if one could probe deeper into their parentage.
The identified wheat stocks showed rust infection in the range of trace
R-MR through 40R-Mr to 10S. Thus their levels of disease were significantly
lower than those observed on the near-isogenic lines carrying Sr2 (`CS/Hope
3 B' showing stem rust infection from 10S to 30S) and Lr34 (`Line 897' = TC
*6/`Terenzio' having leaf rust infection from 20 MS-S to 30 MS-S) indicating
that these wheats possessed other genes for resistance in conjunction with
Sr2 and Lr34. Moreover, as could be seen from their parentage, the probable
resistance donors involved are known to be repeated in a large number of
Indian wheats and hence the effectiveness of the resistance appears to be
determined by certain specific gene combinations.
Most of the wheats listed in Table 1 showed high to moderate levels of
rust resistance in the tests conducted earlier at Indore and/or other hot-
spot locations in India and thus appear to hold promise as sources of
combined field resistance to stem and leaf rusts of wheat.
Table 1. Various wheat stocks and their parentages.
Wheat stock Parentage*
--------------------------------------------------------------
CC 505 CC/CAL//SR
CAL=TZPP/SON 64/ATZPP//AN(E)
SR=BB#3 = CNO"S"//SON 64/KLRE/3/8156
8156=PJ"S"/GB 55
PJ=FKN/NIOB
CPAN 1885 ERA/CHR Mutant
CPAN 1929 **JUP/ZP "S"//COC
JUP=II 12300//LR 64/8156/3/NOR
NOR=INIA F 66 "S"
CPAN 1933 PATO/3/SON 64/PDUE//CNO/INIA 66/4/HD 832/BB
BB-CNO "S"//SON 64/KLRE/3/8156
DL 230-6 K7537/HD 2160 M
K 7537 = SON 64//TZPP/Yr Gve
Yr(YR)=BB#2=CNO "S"//SON 64/KLRE/3/8156
HD 2160 = 3*MMASOC//YT 54/NIOB/
CAL/3/TOB/CFN/4/HD 1949
TOB=TZPP/SON 64A
DL 230-7 Samd as DL 230-6
DL 245-5 DL 153-4/HD 2242
HD 2242=HD 1962//E 4870/K 65/3/HD 2028
E 4870=FKN/NIOB//P14/3/Kt
HD 2028=LR/SON 64//SON 64/TZPP//
NAI 60/CNO/3/HD 1533
HD 2402 HD 2267/HD 2236
HD 2236=HD 2119/HD 1981
HD 2119=CNO/NO//C273/NP875/3/E4853
NO=INIA 66 "S"
HD 2556 HD 2353/HUW 55//HD 21345/HD 2275
HUW 55=E 4870/HD 1982//INIA 66
HI 980 KAL/BB//SPRW "S"
SPRW=FN/MD//K 117A/3/2*COFN/4/
SON 64/KLRE/3/CNO "S"//2* LR 64/SON 64
HI 991 TL/3/FN/T4//2* NAR 54
T4(ANZA)=LR/NIOB//3* AN(E)
HI 1026 Raj 860//FN/CNO/3/ SUPER X
HI 1027 KAL/BB//PERICO "S"
HI 1035 Raj 860//FN/CNO
HI 1129 Raj 860//7C/CNO "S"
7C=PJ"S"/GB 55
HS 223 CFR 316/MCM//KT/Y50/3/ZA/4/BJY"S"
BJY = TZPP/PL//7C
HS 225 STRAMPELLI/HD 2160
HUW 206 KVZ/BUHO "S"//KAL/BB
HUW 370 HUW 206/K 8027
HW 921 CNO "S"/INIA//LFN/TOB/3/KL/Pet
HW 1012 TOB "S"/TZPP/3/8156/CC/INIA//S331
Raj 1972 HD 2195/HD 2160
HD 2195 = C 306/NP 852/E 5550//
HD 1962/E 4870/K 65
Raj 3211 WL 2193//HD 2255/Raj 1857
WL 2193 = USA 225/K 816//WL 202
K 816 = CNO "S"//SON 64/KLRE
HD 2255 = HD 2136//HD 1553/247
HD 2136 = H41-3/3/HD 1962//E 4870/K65
Raj 1857 = KAL/BB//28036
VL 653 BLUEBOY/CPAN 1645
CPAN 1645 = NAPO//TZPP/SON 64/3/8156
NAPO = FR/FN// Y48/NAR "S"
WH 573 Kh 65/WH 157
WH 157 = NP 876/S 308//CIANO "S/8156
--------------------------------------------------------------------
*Parentage coding mostly after Villareal and Rajaram (1988). The underlined
stocks are the probable sources of Sr 2/Lr 34 resistance.
**JUP - while the resistant `Jupateco' line showed `leaf-tip burning', the
susceptible `Jupateco' did not (Ginkel, pers. comm.).
Further observations on the responses to Indian stem rust/leaf rust
populations of some wheat stocks carrying designated Sr/Lr genes.
Comprehensive information is available on the seedling and adult plant
responses to Indian stem rust/leaf rust populations of different wheat
stocks carrying various designated Sr/Lr genes as a result of sustained work
carried out mainly at IARI, New Delhi; Flowerdale, Simla and; PAU, Ludhiana.
What follows here is a summary statement of further observations made in
this area of investigation in recent years at IARI, Regional Station,
Indore.
Wheat cultivar `Gabo' showed additional seedling resistance to Indian
cultures of stem rust races 11, 43B, 122, 184 and 295 to which the near-
isogenic line carrying Sr 11 as well as `Yalta' (Sr 11 + Sr Yt-1 + Sr Yt-2)
were susceptible indicating the presence of additional gene(s) for stem rust
resistance in `Gabo' besides Sr 11.
Combination lines `Sr Tt-1 + Sr 9b' and `Sr Tt-1 + Sr 9e' produced in
seedlings near susceptible infection types with stem rust races 11, 11A and;
117-2, 117-6, respectively. However, both were observed to maintain high
levels of field resistance as reported earlier.
Sr 13 line "S" showed the tendency of early field production of
teliospores.
Three cultivaral stocks `Opal', (Lr 12), `Egret' (Lr 13) and `Timvera'
(Lr 18), showed significantly lower coefficients of leaf rust infection in
the field compared respectively to lines TC + Lr 12; `Manitou' and `Red
Bobs' (both carrying Lr 13) and; TC + Lr 18 suggesting that additional
gene(s) or the background effect could be responsible for the enhanced
levels of resistance in the above wheat cultivars.
Although both the Australian cultivars `Eagle' and `Kite' were equally
resistant to stem rust, the latter showed a lower degree of field
susceptibility to leaf rust (30 MS-40 MS) as compared to former (40S-60S).
Further, `Kite' produced in seedlings a smaller pustule type often
associated with pronounced degrees of chlorosis and necrosis when tested
with leaf rust races 10, 77, 77-1, 77A, 107 and 162A.
`Gatcher' (Lr 27 + Lr 31) showed increased susceptibility to leaf rust
in the field (40 MS-S) during 1990-91 and thus appeared to lack additional
adult plant resistance. This is in accordance with the concern expressed
earlier regarding the durability of the then effective Gatcher-resistance
(10 MS during 1987-89) in view of its observed seedling susceptibility to
some of the newly detected leaf rust virulences of groups 12 and 77 (Sawhney
and Sharma, 1990).
Publications
Mishra, A. N., R. S. Thakur and Y. M. Upadhyaya. 1989. Genetic diversity
in Triticum durum (Desf.) I. Studies on stem rust resistance. Cereal Rust
and Powdery Mildews Bulletin. 17: 27-35.
Mishra, A. N., R. S. Thakur and Y. M. Upadhyaya. 1989. Genetic diversity
in Triticum durum (Desf.) II. Studies on leaf rust resistance. Cereal
Rusts and Powdery Mildews Bulletin 17: 36-45.
Mishra, A. N., P. K. Verma, R. N. Brahma, M. K. Mutkekar and Paramjit Singh.
1989. Evaluation of Israeli durum land races for rust resistance in India.
Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Bulletin. 17:46-56.
Mishra, A. N., R. C. Bhawsar, Kamini Kaushal and Y. M. Upadhyaya. 1990.
Genetic diversity for stem rust resistance in Triticum aestivum L. Cereal
Rusts and Powdery Mildews Bulletin. 18: 10-21.
Mishra, A. N. and Y. M. Upadhyaya. 1990. Probable genetic architecture of
resistance to stem and leaf rusts in some wheats showing Sr 2-associated
`pseudo-chaff' phenotype. Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Bulletin 18:22-
34.
-------------------------
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Department of Plant Breeding
and Genetics, Palampur
G. S. Sethi, Satish C. Sharma, K. S. Thakur, D. L. Sharma, Ashwani
Kumar and H. K. Chaudhary
Wheat improvement in North western Himalayas
HPW 42 - A new wheat cultivar for higher altitude areas of Northern
Hills' Zone. HPW 42, a new high-yielding wheat cultivar having high degree
of resistance to stripe and leaf rusts, has been identified by the All-India
Wheat Workshop for cultivation in the higher hills 1500 m.a.s.l. and above)
of the Northern Hills' Zone of India for timely-sown rainfed conditions to
replace Sonalika which has become highly susceptible to rusts and loose
smut. HPW 42 has shown seedling resistance to all the new races of stripe
rust, viz. A, I, K, L & N, and has comparatively high degree of resistance
to race 77 complex and 104B of leaf rust. In addition, it has a high degree
of resistance to flag smut, Karnal bunt and powdery mildew. During the last
4 years of tests, it gave an average increase of 16.71% in grain yield over
the check Sonalika (Table 1). Similarly, it outyielded Sonalika under late-
sown rainfed conditions in low and mid hills during 1990-91.
HPW 42 is an early-maturing semidwarf wheat cultivar having dense
fully-bearded spikes with white glumes, good tillering potential and amber,
medium bold and semihard to hard grains. It exhibited a very high value for
hectoliter weight and showed negligible infestation to brown wheat mite.
This cultivar carries 1RS.1BL translocation and is a derivative of
Veery `S' (PVN`S'-CBB-CNO`S'/JAR)ORZ`S'.
Table 1. Grain yield of `HPW 42' in Coordinated Varietal Trials in
the high-altitude areas of the Northern Hills' Zone of India
Year Grain yield (q/ha) Average of locations
of No. of Sonalika
Testing locations HPW 42 (check) (P/0.05
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1987-88 2 30.8 22.4 4.2
1988-89 2 20.0 22.5 2.5
1989-90 3 19.9 17.3 3.5
1990-91 3 26.1 20.8 5.7
Overall Mean 24.2 20.7
% Increase over the stock 16.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Promising wheat cultivars. Two newly developed wheat cultivars, `HPW
63' and `HPW 56', are in the final stages of testing in the All-India
Coordinated Trials for the Northern Hills' Zone under timely sown rainfed
and irrigated conditions and late-sown rainfed conditions, respectively.
Their performance for the last 2 years (Table 2) indicates that both have
superiority over the check, Sonalika, in grain yield and resistance to
stripe and leaf rusts. HPW 56 has been found to be free from leaf blight.
Table 2. Performance of promising wheat cultivars in the Northern
Hills' Zone.
Cultivar/ Grain yield (q/ha) Reaction to
Production (Zonal average) Overall Stripe Leaf
Conditions 1989-90 1990-91 Average rust rust
--------------------------------------------------------------------
HPW63
Timely Sown, 22.5 29.7 26.1 0 0
Rainfed
Sonalika(check) 19.1 26.9 23.0 70S 0
C.D. 3.5 1.9
Timely Sown, 38.5 40.2 39.3 0 0
Irrigated
HS 240(check) 38.3 37.6 37.8 0 0
C.D. 3.2 4.2
HPW56
Late Sown, 25.3 28.0 26.6 0 0
Rainfed
Sonalika(check) 24.2 26.9 25.5 60S 60S
C.D. 2.0 2.6
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Identification of drought tolerant wheat strains. Out of 56 wheat
strains screened for drought tolerance for 4 years under rainfed conditions,
26, 16, 11 and 2 were selected in the first, second, third and the last
year, respectively. The highest yielding strains under drought stress over
the years were `LSW 26 x VL 421' and `Bulk 60055', with mean grain yield of
39.9 q/ha and 37.8 q/ha, respectively. However, these strains showed
susceptibility to leaf rust and would further be improved through backcross
approach.
Shuttling of wheat breeding material. As in the previous years, the
wheat breeding materials generated over the years were shuttled to different
locations during winter 1990-91 at Bajaura (1098 m), Dhaulakuan (456 m), and
Palampur/Malan (1300 m) which are the hot spots of stripe rust, leaf rust
and powdery mildew, respectively, and in summer 1991 at Kukumseri (2300 m)
which is the hot spot of stripe rust and powdery mildew (Table 3).
Table 3. Wheat breeding materials generated, evaluated and
selected at different locations.
Cultures
Generation Location Evaluated Selected
---------------------------------------------------------------------
F(2) Bajaura 38 populations 135 single plants
F(3) Dhaulakuan/Malan 240 progenies 241 single plants
F(4) Malan/Dhaulakuan/
Kukumseri 295 progenies 80 single plants
F(5) Palampur/Malan 378 progenies 227 single plants
Kukumseri 162 F(6) populations
F(6) Palampur/Malan/ 37 bulks 19 bulks
Kukumseri 74 progenies 27 progenies
F(7) Palampur/Malan 47 bulks 25 bulks
F(8) Palampur/Malan 11 bulks 6 bulks
----------------------------------------------------------------------
In addition, 100 new crosses were made at Palamur involving agronomic
bases and the donor parents for stripe and leaf rusts (CPAN 2016, CPAN 3004,
CPAN 1992, CPAN 3013 and HUW 258).
Identification of winter wheats for dry-temperature areas. Seven
promising winter wheat cultivars were evaluated at the Regional Research
Station, Kukumseri (2300 m.a.s.l.) located in the Dry Temperature Region of
Himachal Pradesh to identify winter wheat cultivars suitable for grain yield
and green fodder. These were tested along with a semiwinter check (VL 616)
and spring wheat check (CPAN 1922) after sowing in October 1990. The grain
yield was recorded in 3 replications and in other 3 replications the grain
yield was recorded after taking one green fodder cutting in May, 1991. The
data (Table 4) revealed ts2hat the winter wheat `Bounty' gave the highest
grain yield of 37.7 q/ha without any fodder cut, followed by ` J. O. 3057'
and `Atou' with grain yields of 34.6 q/ha and 33.2 q/ha, respectively.
On the other hand, when one fodder cut was taken, cultivar `Funddin'
gave the highest grain yield of 35.7 q/ha along with 34.5 q of green fodder.
However, Atou was found to be the highest green fodder yielder, followed by
Bounty and J. O. 3057. Moreover, Atou was the only cultivar which remained
free from stripe rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew. On the basis of the
results of 3 years, Atou and J. O. 3057 have finally been selected for grain
as well as green fodder yield and resistance to rusts and powdery mildew,
for on-farm tests in the snow-bound areas (Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur
Districts) of the Zone. However, both these cultivars are red-grained.
Table 4. Grain yield, green fodder yield and reaction to leaf and stripe
rusts of winter wheat cultivars in dry temperature zones.
Grain yield(q/ha)
Without After Fodder Yield Reaction to
fodder one (q/ha) Stripe Leaf Powdery
Cultivar cut cut (of one cut) rust rust mildew
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Atou 33.2 33.2 41.0 0 0 0
Bounty 37.7 27.6 37.9 0 10S 5
Amargas 2 29.4 21.2 30.3 0 0 7
J.O.3057 34.6 29.4 35.2 5S 0 0
Flendess 25.6 26.1 27.2 10S 5S 3
Funddin 26.1 35.7 24.5 0 30S 0
Envoy 25.6 31.9 16.1 10S 10S 5
VL 616 10.7 18.5 - 20S 10S 5
CPAN 1922 10.2 16.3 - 10S 0 7
C.D. 2.3 3.2 5.1 - - 7
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evaluation and identification of genetic stocks for resistance to
disease. During 1990-91, about 2,000 genetic stocks of Triticum aestivum,
T. durum, T. dicoccum and triticale were evaluated against stripe rust, leaf
rust, powdery mildew and loose smut. Leaf rust and stripe rust evaluation
was undertaken under artificial epiphytotic conditions created by periodic
spraying of a mixture of leaf races 11, 12, 77, 77A-1, 77A, 104B, 108 and
162, and stripe rust races K, N, 20 and 31. An epiphytotic of powdery
mildew was created by dusting the locally available isolates. For loose
smut, 350 genetic stocks inoculated during 1989-90 were sown and the
incidence recorded. The number of the genetic stocks with multiple
resistance or resistance against individual diseases is as follows:
A. T. aestivum
(a) Free from stripe rust, leaf rust, powdery mildew and loose
smut: 46
(b) Resistant to leaf rust, stripe rust and powdery mildew: 90
(c) Resistant to stripe rust and leaf rust: 239
(d) Resistant to powdery mildew and loose smut: 17
(e) Resistant to powdery mildew: 9
(f) Resistant to loose smut: 42
The following genotypes of bread wheat showed multiple resistance to
all the diseases: 22 IBWSN 12, 77; 2 HEWSN4, 6, 11, 45, 101, 103, 104, 121,
130, 135, 147, 149, 153, 170, 174, 177, 185, 186, 187; WON(MRA) 9; 1915
SEPTON 13, 30; 4 HEWSN 7, 84; 5 KBSN 49, 50, 53: 10 ESWYT 22, 25; ALDRM 30,
64, 66, 70, 72; WSP(HAA) 7, 14, 15, 44; 5HTSN 25; 7DSN 1, 8, 13, 15, 148.
B. T. durum
(a) Resistant to leaf rust, stripe rust and powdery mildew: 20
(b) Resistant to leaf rust and stripe rust: 14
(c) Resistant to loose smut: 10
The genotypes showing combined resistance to stripe rust, leaf rust and
powdery mildew were: 2 HEWSN: 11, 144; 4 NCWSN: 84; 5 KBSN: 57; 10 ESWYT:
22; ALDRM; 73, 84, 96, 109, 64; WSP (HAA): 7; 5 HTSN: 25; 7 DSN: 148; 191
SEPTON: 54,
C Triticale
(a) Free from leaf rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew and loose
smut: 12
(b) Free from leaf rust, stripe rust and powdery mildew: 20
(c) Resistant to leaf rust (up to 5S) and free from stripe rust,
powdery mildew and loose smut: 6
(d) Resistant to leaf rust (up to 5S) and free from stripe rust
and powdery mildew: 20
The powdery mildew resistance genes were postulated in 27 Indian and
Mexican genetic stocks of wheat based on their reaction to 5 cultures with
known virulences. All the stocks were placed in 9 groups. In genotypes DT
18 (triticale), HS 207, C 11 and C 40, showing resistance to all the
cultures, the genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3a, Pm3b, Pm3c, Pm4, Pm5, Pm6, Pm7 and Pm8,
individually or in combination, may be responsible for their resistance.
Similarly, in other genotypes 2 to 5 genes individually or in combination
were found to be responsible for resistance.
-------------------------
Directorate of Wheat Research Regional Station, Wellington
R. N. Brahma*, R. Asir and A. Saikia
Evaluation of Indian wheat cultivars for possible slow-mildewing.
During two summer sessions, 1986 and 1987, 131 Indian wheat cultivars were
raised in the field in two rows of one metre each. In each cultivar 10
plants were tagged and natural incidence and progress of powdery mildew
(Erysiphe graminis tritici) scored on 0-9 scale (Saari and Prescott, 1975)
at the boot, flowering, milk and dough stages.
No slow-mildewing was observed in any Indian wheat cultivar. However,
in 27 cultivars the rate of mildewing was medium showing a disease severity
score of 1 to 2 at the boot stage and 5 at the dough stage. Therefore,
these cultivars could be considered as moderately susceptible for all
practical purposes. This included important wheat cultivars like Sonalika,
Kalyansona, HD 2135, HD 2177, Hd 2204, HW 657, Raj 1972, UP 215 and UP 262.
In the remaining 105 cultivars, the rate of mildewing was very fast showing
disease severity of 3-5 at the boot leaf stage and 8 to 9 at the flowering
stage. These cultivars have been considered as most susceptible.
Seedling damage due to powdery mildew. Powdery mildew occurs
throughout the year and effects the wheat crop right from the seedling stage
in the Nilgiri hills. Its impact on seedlings of 25 different Indian wheat
cultivars was studied under glasshouse conditions. In each cultivar 10
seedlings were raised in plastic pots (15 cm diameter) and replicated four
times. Powdery mildew spores were applied to the seedlings at the two-week
stage. Seedlings were removed from the pots two weeks after inoculation and
their fresh weight recorded.
All the cultivars showed good infection and exhibited varying degrees
of reduction in fresh weight. The variation between the cultivar was
statistically significant. The minimum reduction (34%) was observed in
cultivar HI 747, and the maximum (84%) in cultivar DWR 39 lower than their
respective control. There was no perceptible reduction in seedling height.
Control of powdery mildew with topsin-M. A chemical control trial was
conducted against powdery mildew of wheat using Topsin-M (Thiophanate
methly) and wheat cultivar HW 741 over two summer seasons (1986 and 1988)
and one winter season (1987-88). The chemical was found to be very
effective and gave higher harvest index, grain yield and grain weight as
compared to checks. The chemical had no adverse effect on the crop.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ITALY
Istituto Patologia Vegetale, Facolta di Agraria, Via Filippo Re 8,
40126 Bologna
C. Rubies-Autonell
Soilborne Wheat Mosaic Virus (SBWMV) and Wheat Spindle Streak Mosaic
Virus (WSSMV) are both present in Italy but, their importance, especially
that of WSSMV has been recognized only in the past decade.
Publications
Rubies-Autonell, C. 1989. Detection of the mixed Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic
Virus and Wheat Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus infection by ISEM. Intern.
Symp. Electron Microscopy Applied in Plant Pathology, Konstanz, 1989, p.
125.
Rubies-Autonell, C. and V. Vallega. 1985. Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic on wheat
crops in Central Italy. L'Inf. Fitopat. 35:39-42 (in Italian, English
summary).
Rubies-Autonell, C. and V. Vallega. 1987. Observations on mixed Soilborne
Wheat Mosaic Virus and Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus infection in durum wheat.
J. Phytopathology 119:111-121.
Rubies-Autonell, C. and V. Vallega. 1990. Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus
and Wheat Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus in Italy. Proc. First Symp. Intern.
Working Group on Plant Viruses with fungal vectors, Braunschweig, Germany,
1990, p. 135-138.
Rubies-Autonell, C. and V. Vallega. 1991. Studies on the development and
interaction of Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and Spindle Streak Mosaic
Virus. In: Biotic interactions and Soil-borne Diseases (Beemster A.B.R.
ed.), Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, 107-112.
Rubies-Autonell, C. and V. Vallega. 1991. Reactions of diploid wheat
Triticum monococcum to Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and Wheat Spindle
Streak Mosaic Virus. VI Conf. on Virus Diseases of Gramineae in Europe.
June 18-21. Torino p. 38.
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1985. Reactions of Italian Triticum
durum cultivars to Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic. Pl. Dis. 69:64-66.
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1986. Wheat Soil-borne Mosaic Virus:
results of a three year study on the behavior of our durum wheat cultivars.
L'Inf. Agr. 42:85-86 (in Italian).
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1987. Soilborne Wheat Mosaic in Italy:
distribution and Triticum durum varietal reactions. Proc. seventh Congr.
Medit. Phytopath. Union, Granada (Spain) 1986, p. 95-96.
Vallega, V., and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1989. Further investigations on the
geographical distribution of Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic in Italy. L'Inf.
Fitopat. 39-57-58 (in Italian, English summary).
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1989. Durum wheat: studies on the
resistance to a complex viral syndrome. Proc. S.I.G.A. Meeting, Alghero
(Italy) 1989, p. 91-92 (in Italian).
Vallega, V. and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1990. Studies on a complex viral
syndrome caused by Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and Spindle Streak Mosaic
Virus. Proc. Eight Symp. Medit. Phytopath. Union, Agadir, Morocco, 1990, p.
341-342.
-------------------------
Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Via Cassia 176, 00191 Rome
V. Vallega
Triticum monococcum. Breeding commercial cvs. of diploid wheat,
Triticum monococcum L. ("Einkorn") appears as a most promising venture, of
interest to breeders, technologists and medical researchers. Einkorn, in
fact, is superior or usefully distinct from the cultivated polyploid wheat
taxa for a long series of agro-biological attributes including, possibly,
non-toxicity in celiac disease (Vallega, AWN 1991). Moreover, the diploid
nature of this species renders it ideal for the exploitation of hybrid vigor
as well as for the identification and direct utilization of numerous mutants
(especially endosperm variants) unavailable in the polyploid wheats.
During 1988/89, 14 accessions of T. monococcum and a free-threshing
diploid strain (T. sinskajae) were grown in replicated field experiments
near Rome and Bologna (Italy) together with four modern cvs. of durum and
common wheat. The agronomical data collected on these entries (pooled means
of Rome and Bologna) are summarized in Table 1. Grain and protein data were
adjusted to 13% moisture. As expected, all Einkorns were defective for one
or more agronomically relevant feature. However, a few of the accessions and
lines (unreplicated) examined were found to contain, as a group, all the
genes needed for breeding monococcums having the main field attributes of a
modern wheat cv.: short stature, earliness, large grain size, high yielding
capacity, good threshability and adequate lodging resistance. Still higher
yielding diploid wheats, more responsive to improved growing conditions and
of better seed quality, could probably be obtained from crosses with wild
strains bearing mostly two-seeded florets (especially abundant in T.
thaoudar) as well as by selecting for more rounded-shaped kernels. The
threshing ability of T. sinskajae varied from 56 to 94% after one or three
mechanical threshing operations, respectively. Some of the entries examined
were found to carry minor genes for easy threshing which might enhance the
efficacy of the major gene for soft glumes present in T. sinskajae. Diploid
wheat populations segregating for the free-threshing trait, as well as
early, large seeded, high-yielding tenacious-glumed breeding lines have been
produced. Collaborative research with Dr. C. Rubies-Autonell (University of
Bologna) conducted on 8 monococcum accessions grown in a field infested by
both SBWMV and WSSMV showed that they were all immune to WSSMV and resistant
to WSSMV. Seed and reprints are available from Dr. C. Rubies-Autonell,
Istituto Patologia Vegetable, Facolta Agraria, Via Filippo Re 8, 40126
Bologna.
Table 1. Agronomical characteristics*
Bread Durum Diploid
wheats wheats wheats
(2 cvs.) (2 cvs.) (15 cvs.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Net grain yield (kg/ha) 5488 5221 2167 (685-2649)
Kernel weight (mg) 32.8 44.6 22.8 (18.9-30.1)
Threshing ability (%) 96.5 99.6 8.7 (1.4-75.0)
Grains/2-seeded florets(%) -- - 3.8 (0.2-11.1)
Naked/hulled grain weight (%) - - 70.1 (67.9-71.5)
Grain protein content (%) 12.5 11.9 16.1 (14.6-20.7)
Protein per seed (mg) 4.01 5.27 3.71(2.90-6.21)
Protein yield (kg/ha) 692 632 346 (142-434)
Days to head 179 182 197 (171-206)
Plant height (cm) 68 78 119 (98-143)
Lodging (%) 21 0 42 (0-83)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Replicated 4 g samples were manually dehulled for grain yield and kernel
weight estimates.
Numerous chemical, electrophoretical, milling and rheological assays
were performed on 12 of the above-mentioned diploid wheats, in collaboration
with Dr. M. G. D'Egidio and Dr. S. Nardi (Technology Section I.S.C., Rome).
Grains were processed with a Buhler MLU-202 mill or with a Tecator Cyclotec
mill, depending on the analyses to be performed. The results obtained are
summarized in Tables 2, 3 and 4. Analytical data are expressed on a dry
matter basis.
Table 2. Grain and flour characteristics*
Bread Durum Diploid
wheats wheats wheats
(2 cvs.) (2 cvs.) (12 cvs.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Test weight (kg/hl) 79.4 79.1 77.8 (76.4-79.5)
Thousand kernel weight (g) 34.5 47.1 27.4 (22.3-37.4)
Yellowberry (%) 36.5 17.0 2.3 (0.0-4.0)
Wholemeal protein (% d.m.) 13.3 13.1 14.9 (12.5-18.7)
Wholemeal ash (% d.m.) 1.8 2.0 2.2 (2.1-2.5)
Flour yield (%) 70.1 44.0 70.8 (65.2-74.0)
Flour protein (% d.m.) 11.7 12.8 14.0 (11.3-18.3)
Flour ash (% d.m.) 0.5 1.0 0.7 (0.6-0.9)
Flour yellow pigments 4.7 4.1 14.1 (11.3-17.9)
(ppm B carotene)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* Grains were dehulled with an experimental rice pearling machine. About
50% of the seed present in the original hulled samples were recovered.
Flour yields of monococcums were similar to those of bread wheats.
Flour particle size of diploid wheats was distinctly smaller than that of
both bread and durum wheat cvs. Some of the monococcum accessions examined
had exceptionally high carotene and protein contents. Variation in
electrophoretical patterns amongst Einkhorns was lower than that commonly
found in other wheat taxa. One the whole, technological characteristics of
monococcum were inferior to those of modern polyploid cvs. However, the
data collected clearly indicated that there exists within diploid wheat
ample genetical variation on which to base substantial improvements using
classical breeding methods.
Table 3. Grain protein composition*
Bread Durum Diploid
wheats wheats wheats
(2 cvs.) (2 cvs.) (12 cvs.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Wholemeal protein (% d.m.) 13.5 13.7 15.2 (12.5-19.0)
Albumins & globulins (%) 25.9 27.5 27.0 (22.1-29.4)
Gliadins (%) 29.5 33.4 32.2 (25.3-42.2)
Glutenins (%) 4.6 4.6 6.3 (4.8-8.3)
Insoluble residue (%) 42.0 33.6 36.4 (28.8-41.7)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* Protein content and composition were determined on manually
dehulled seed (mean kernel weight of monococcum 22.2 mg; range 16.6-31.9).
Table 4. Gluten characteristics
Bread Durum Diploid
wheats wheats wheats
(2 cvs.) (2 cvs.) (12 cvs.)*
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry gluten (% d.m.) 10.8 11.4 11.9 (7.8-20.6)
SDS sedimentation (ml) 61.5 30.5 23.4 (15.0-42.0)
Chopin alveograph W 185.0 153.5 31.6 (18.0-65.0)
P 57.8 100.9 31.2 (24.2-44.6)
L 99.5 41.0 25.6 (14.0-45.0)
P/L 0.6 2.5 1.4 (0.6-2.2)
G 22.0 14.1 10.9 (8.2-14.7)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* Alveograms performed on only seven diploid wheats. Grains
were dehulled with an experimental rice pearling machine. About 50% of the
seed present in the original hulled samples were recovered.
Publications
Vallega, V. 1977. Validity of Triticum monococcum in wheat breeding.
Sementi Elette 23:3-8.
Vallega, V. 1978. Search for useful genetic characters in diploid Triticum
spp. Proc. Fifth Intern. Wheat Genet. Symp., New Delhi, India, p. 156-162.
Vallega, V. 1979. Field performance of varieties of Triticum monococcum,
T. durum and Hordeum vulgare grown at two locations. Genetica Agraria
33:363-370.
Vallega, V., and C. Rubies-Autonell. 1991. Reactions of diploid wheat,
Triticum monococcum I., to Soilborne Wheat Mosaic Virus and Wheat Spindle
Streak Mosaic Virus. Proc. Sixth Conf. Virus Diseases of Gramineae in
Europe, Torino, Italy, p. 38.
Vallega, V. 1991. Triticum monococcum. Annual Wheat Newsletter, p. 74-77.
D'Egidio, M. G., S. Nardi and V. Vallega. 1991. Quality of diploid wheat,
Triticum monococcum L. Chemistry in Australia 58:376.
-------------------------
Experimental Institute for Cereal Research -Section of S.Angelo
Lodigiano, Italy
B. Borghi and M. Perenzin
Hybrid wheats. Production of new hybrids: Bread wheat. A total of 21
hybrids were produced from 7 cultivars showing the highest GCA effects
(diallel without reciprocal) utilizing CHA technology. Seed setting was good
with an average of 1.6 t/ha seed production; the best confirmation produced
2.5 t/ha.
Durum wheat. 12 Hybrids were produced in a 6 x 2 combination. Average seed
yield was 1.2 t/ha while the last combination gave a 2.1 t/ha. About thirty
new hybrids will be produced this year.
Hybrid evaluation: Bread wheat. In 1991 a total of 274 hybrids together
with their parental varieties were evaluated (two rows unreplicated plots
1.6 cm long) for agronomical and physiological traits. In addition 8 hybrids
were tested in 6 m2 plots with three replications. Average hybrids yield was
9.1 t/ha against 7.8 t/ha of the standard varieties. The best hybrid
combination yielded 10.4 t/ha corrensonding to an yield increase of 24% over
the best traditional variety.
In 1992 690 hybrids will be evaluated together with their parental varieties
in two rows plots and 129 will be tested in replicated plot trials.
-------------------------
M. Cattaneo and Y.M. Qiao
In Vitro anthers culture: bread wheat. The response to anther culture
of 47 Italian common wheat cultivars, 12 F1 hybrids, and 8 tester cultivars
has been evaluated. From 127,930 cultured anthers, 5,870 calli and 479 green
plantlets were obtained. Different liquid and solid media were evauated: the
best resulted the P2 medium based on potato extract, containing 2 mg/l 2.4D
and solidified with agar. A yield of 4.6 calli per 100 cultured anthers was
obtained, 14.1% of which producing green plantlets. The Italian cultivars
Farneto and Oderzo gave the best results (15-20% of plated anthers gave
calli), comparable to those obtained with the already known high responsive
cultivars.
-------------------------
M. Cattaneo, Y.M. Qiao and N.E. Pogna
In vitro anthers culture: durum wheat. About 30 embryoids per 100 in
vitro cultured anthers were obtained in the durum wheat line 256-8-10
homozygous for the 1BL/1RS wheat-rye translocation. The embryoid frequency
is similar to that obtained with the bread wheat Veery, which was the donor
of the 1BL/1RS translocation. However, the regeneration frequency of line
256-8-10 was low compared to that of Veery, two green plantlets being
obtained from 124 androgenetic embryoids. The results suggest that the
1BL/1RS translocation has beneficial effects on the androgenetic embryoid
induction in durum wheat. However, plant regeneration and albinism appear
highly dependent upon the wheat genetic background and some investigations
are carried out on this topic.
-------------------------
G.M. Borrelli, N. Di Fonzo, E. Lupotto and F. Locatelli (Section of
Foggia and Bergamo).
Stabilization of embryogenic callus cultures and high regenerative
capability in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties. The plan was set
up in the goal of choosing particular types of cereal culture representing
the ideal material for obtaining highly embryogenic regenerable cultures.
These cultures are suitable for genetic manipulation in the tetraploid durum
wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) that otherwise results among wheats, the most
recalcitrant species. Several durum wheat varieties, namely Appulo, Ofanto,
Latino, Creso, Castello, Plinio, Messapia, Adamello, Valforte, Valnova, were
tested starting from immature embryos taken 15 days after anthesis.
"Aged calli" were selectively subcultured by choosing the most compact,
nodular tissues, organized as embryogenic knobs. The variety Ofanto resulted
the best genotype for establishing embryogenic optimized callus cultures,
followed by Appulo, Creso, Latino, and Castello. These embryogenic cultures
could be efficiently propagated up to 10 months to date, without loosing or
changing their embryogenic phenotype and regenerative capability.
Depending on the genotype a high percentage of regenerated plantlets (in the
range of 70-90%), could successfully be established in soil. Nearly 80% of
the established plants were fertile and set seeds. The high number of
regenerated fertile plants and the establishment of long-term embryogenic
cultures in some varieties of durum wheat (especially Plinio and Appulo) as
described in the present work, result of particular importance for the
application of genetic manipulation to this crop species.
-------------------------
Y.M. Qiao, M. Cattaneo, F. Locatelli and E. Lupotto
Plant regeneration from protoplasts of hexaploid wheat. In the present
work, we have defined the conditions for the initiation of highly
regenerable callus cultures from immature embryos of hexaploid wheat cv
Oderzo on a Murashighe and Skoog (1962) based medium. Callus cultures,
friable and whitish in colour, were easily established at high frequency
(>90%) in the presence of 2 mg/l 2,4-D. Fast growing friable calli were
visually selected for the initiation of suspension cultures in liquid
medium. Doubling time of optimized suspensions was between fourth and sixth
day of culture. Viable protoplasts could be isolated from cell suspensions
taken at day 7-8. Than protoplasts plated into a simple medium based on MS
salts and vitamins, supplemented with 600 mM MS, 0.6 M glucose, 1 mg/1 2,4-D
divided and formed colonies in 2-3 weeks from the isolation.
The development of a PEG-mediated transformation procedure of direct
gene transfer, has allowed us to introduce and to stably express the
APH(3')II gene, conferring resistance to kanamycin, into protoclones of
wheat cv. Oderzo, and to establish kanamycin resistant coltures. Present
work is in progress for obtaining plant regeneration from the transformed
calliclones, and for the molecular characterization of the events of
transformation.
-------------------------
R. Castagna and G. Bossinger
Description of Triticum monococcum mutants affecting spike
differentiation by means of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Nine mutants
lines, obtained from a gamma rays treatment and a wild type line as a
control were used in this study (Table 1).
Table 1. Description of the lines used for the SEM
observations
Line No. Description
----------------------------------------------------------------
1 wild type
2 branched and sterile spike
3 branched and partially fertile spike
4 branched and partially fertile spike
5 branched and partially fertile spike
6 branched and partially fertile spike
7 short spike with a low number of spikelet
8 vegetative plant, sterile
9 spike without spikelet at the top of the rachis
----------------------------------------------------------------
In the wild type, as already done in bread wheat, we established nine
stages in spike differentiation.
Line 2 showed a regular development until the glume primordia stage but,
instead of the lemma and floret differentiation, the lateral apexes of the
rachilla produced other glume primordia with an apex that would
differentiate again lateral apexes without lemma and floret primordia but
with the two glume primordia. In this mutant the rachilla behaves as a
rachis and do not produce floral organs originating a completly sterile
plant.
The lines 3, 4, 5 and 6 presented a complex but similar mutated behaviour in
spite of the fact that they originated from different M1 plants. During the
enlarging of spikelet primordia it was possible to observe many deformed and
not straight growing primordia. For few specimens we also observed the
presence of an additional lateral spikelet coming from the first flower of
the normal rachilla. Finally, at the terminal spikelet stage we confirmed
the unusual development of the first flower of each spikelet: we often found
flowers without or with only one or two anthers and with unusual organs
similar to an ovary. We also verified the presence of the axillary
spikelets.
The line 7 developed as the wild-type until the enlarging of spikelet stage.
Later on it differentiated shorter spikes with a reduced number of spikelet
primordia and the developmental rate decreased. Terminal spikelet
differentiation took place only after nine weeks and the spike brought 15-20
spikelet primordia instead of the usual 25-30.
The apexes from the line 8 after nine weeks were only a little bit
elongated. This mutant is completely sterile and is analogous to the
viviparoides described in barley. Line 9 developed an irregular spike top.
Because of the low penetrance of this character we observed only in few
spikes many lateral primordia arranged according an irregular position on
the rachis.
-------------------------
M. Corbellini, R. Castagna and P. Vaccino
Restriction fragment length polymorphism. A new project on RFLP
utilization in Triticum aestivum and Triticum monococcum has been started.
The main goal is to develop RFLP technology for application in wheat
breeding. The first step in progress is represented by the evaluation of
the degree of polymorphism in 50 Italian bread wheat varieties and 16
accession of T. monococcum utilizing cDNA developped in other laboratories.
-------------------------
P. Gavuzzi and B. Borghi
Evaluation of genetic variability for adaptation to the stressed
Mediterranean environments in winter cereals. During the season 1990-91 some
physiological tests have been performed on six varieties belonging to the
three species, bread wheat, durum wheat and barley. Eigtheen cultivars have
been grown in replicated plots in four locations: S.Angelo Lodigiano, (MI)
Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Catania and Foggia. In each location the yield and
the photosynthetate translocation efficiency after artificial desiccation
treatment have been evaluated. Some other tests have been performed in
different laboratories: a) cellular membrane stability after heat at drought
stress; b) water loss of excised leaves. Our results lead to the following
conclusions:
- in spite of the statistically significative genotype x environment
interactions the tests are able to detect genetic differences among
varieties;
- the artificial desiccation of the photosynthetic apparatus 15 days after
flowering, produced statistically significant effects only in the Northern
locations;
- every physiological test allows to classify the varieties with respect to
their specific reaction but the cultivars rank differently with different
test as expected in the case each test evaluate different mechanisms of
stress tolerance.
-------------------------
N.E. Pogna, R. Redaelli and P.K.W. Ng.
New HMW glutenin subunits in a bread wheat cultivar. A novel pair of
HMW glutenin subunits was found in a French common wheat line, BEN 84290.
The x-type subunit has an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the
1D-encoded subunit 5; the y-type band is the fastest moving HMW subunit
described in bread wheat cultivars. Ben 84290 was crossed with the Italian
cultivar Centauro (HMW composition: 1, 7+8, 5+10) and with the French
cultivar Th‚s‚e (N, 6+8, 2+12). Single seeds from F2 spikes of the two
crosses were analyzed by SDS-PAGE to determine the segregation ratios. The
results showed that the two novel subunits are coded by the Glu-D1 locus.
Further analyses will involve the purification of the Ben 84290 y-type
subunit by electroendosmotic preparative electrophoresis and the sequencing
of its amino acid composition.
The F2 seeds from the two crosses involving line Ben were sown in the field.
SDS sedimentation test will be performed on the F3 generation to evaluate
the effects of the novel subunit on gluten quality.
-------------------------
T. Dachkevitch, R. Redaelli and N.E. Pogna
Genetic studies of progenies from the cross between cv Neepawa and cv
Costantino. Genetic analysis of the progeny from the cross between the
Canadian bread wheat cultivar Neepawa and the Italian cultivar Costantino
(see Annual Wheat Newsletter 36: 92) allowed us to demonstrate that cv
Neepawa contains gliadin encoding genes which are remote from the main locus
Gli-B1 on chromosome 1B, and recombine with it at a frequency of 18 ñ 3%.
Two dimensional electrophoretic separations (A-PAGE x SDS-PAGE and unreduced
SDS-PAGE x reduced SDS-PAGE) showed that these "selfish" genes encode for
two omega-gliadin polypeptides devoid of any intrachain disulfide bond.
These omega-gliadins
appear as strong bands in SDS-PAGE separations and are currently being
purified by electroendosmotic preparative electrophoresis. The occurrence of
additional, dispersed genes coding for omega-gliadins is probably a
distinctive feature of some wheat genotypes. Their effects on gluten
viscoelastic properties remain unknown.
Publications
Borghi B., Cattaneo M., Corbellini M., Perenzin M., Pogna N.E. 1991. The
present and the future of wheat production in Italy. In: S. Referatu ed.,
III Days Kromeriz Cereals. Kromeriz, Cecoslovacchia pp 15-29.
Borghi B., Corbellini M., Gavuzzi P. 1991. The use of laboratory and field
screening tests for identification of bread wheat cultivars tolerant to heat
and drought stress. In: E. Acevedo, A.P. Conesa, P. Monneveux, J.P.
Srivastava eds., Physiology-breeding of winter cereals for stressed
Mediterranean Environments.INRA- Les Colloques, Parigi France. 55:435-448.
Borghi B., Corbellini M., Perenzin M., Pogna N.E. 1991. Breeding for high
quality bread wheats in Southern Europe: Results and perspectives. Vortr.
Pflanzenzuchtg. 20:278-283.
Castagna R. 1991. Induced chlorophyll mutations in Triticum monococcum L. J.
Genet. & Breed. 45:373-376.
Cattaneo M., Qiao Y.M. 1991. Anther culture in Italian wheat cultivars and
F1 hybrids: Genotype and culture medium effects on callus development and
plantlet regeneration. J. Genet. & Breed. 45:197-206.
Cattaneo M., Qiao Y.M., Pogna N.E. 1991. Embryoid induction and green plant
regeneration from cultured anthers in durum wheat line homozygous for the
1BL/1RS translocation. J. Genet. & Breed. 45: 369-372.
Curioni A., Dal Belin Peruffo A., Pressi G., Pogna N.E. 1991. Immunological
distinction between x-type and y-type high molecular weight glutenin
subunits. Cereal Chem. 68(2): 200-204.
Dessi M.R., Vincenzi De M., Mancini E., Pogna N.E., Redaelli R. 1991. Effect
of gliadin-derived peptides from mutant bread wheat lines on K562S cells.
IJBIAC 40(3):181A-183A.
Pogna N.E., Redaelli R., Beretta A.M., Curioni A., Dal Belin Peruffo A.
1990. The water-soluble proteins of wheat: biochemical and immunological
studies. In: W. Bushuk and R. Tkachuk eds., Gluten Proteins 1990. Am. Ass.
Cereal Chem. pg 407-413.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM JAPAN
National Agriculture Research Center, Wheat and Barley Physiology
Laboratory, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305
A. Oyanagi*, A. Sato and M. Wada
Geographical variation of wheat cultivars on root gravitropic response.
Gravitropic response of primary seminal root (i.e., radicle) was estimated
in an agar medium. Mean growth angles from the horizontal were large
(>40deg) in the winter wheat cultivars in the northern part of Japan and
small (<30deg) in the southern part of Japan.
Then we examined native wheat cultivars in Japan. The mean growth
angles of the native cultivars in all regions were large (>40deg) and there
was no geographical variation. Therefore, it is concluded that the
geographical variation has been formed in the wheat breeding processes in
Japan.
Moreover, we examined wheat cultivars in four regions of the world.
The mean growth angles from the horizontal were 52deg in 48 cultivars in
Canada, 50deg in 82 cultivars in Australia, 41deg in 66 cultivars in the
Northern Europe and 40deg in 40 cultivars in the Middle and Near East. All
mean values were larger than the mean value (35deg) in Japan. Therefore,
typical Japanese wheat cultivars, especially southern cultivars, showed the
smallest positive gravitropic response in the world. It is considered that
the characteristic of the root is related to the tolerance to excess soil
moisture stress which often occurs in the region.
-------------------------
Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Shimokuriyagawa,
Morioka 010-01
S. Ito*, A. Sato and T. Hoshino
Improvement of Japanese cultivars in milling value. We have come to
grips with improvement of Japanese cultivars for quality. The Japanese
cultivars are mainly used for the domestic noodle `Udon'. It is desirable
that the flour for Udon are soft, high viscosity, moderate protein content,
low ash content and brightness. Our cultivars are generally inferior not in
physico-chemical properties but in milling values to Australian Standard
White (ASW).
The domestic and foreign cultivars were milled by Buhler and Brabender
test mill to search for the cultivars with high milling percentage. The
average of 163 cultivars in milling percentage by Brabender test mill was
61.9%. Breeding lines bred for leaf rust resistance are high milling
percentage (70%<) and high protein content (15%<).
The 3 out of 63 cultivars were superior to 1CW (Canada, 82.3%) in
milling score, and 2 cultivars were higher in grain protein content than 1CW
(13.8%). These cultivars are category of hard type and may be suitable for
bread rather than Udon. We must push the breeding programme for soft type
by the picking up the desirable traits only for Udon from cultivars of hard
type.
-------------------------
S. Ito, A. Sato and T. Hoshino
Classification of wheat cultivars for resistance to pre-harvest
sprouting: The 400 wheat cultivars from Japan (36 cultivars), 27 countries
(333 cultivars) and un-known countries (8 cultivars) were tested about
resistance to pre-harvest sprouting. The 5 spikes per cultivar stored in
refrigerator for 3 to 4 weeks after harvesting were placed in rain simulator
maintained at 20degC for 7 to 10 days. Sprouted grains on the spikes were
counted and the rank of resistance to sprouting of cultivars were classified
into 5 ranks. The most resistance group was 72 cultivars (18%) and more
resistance was 71 cultivars (18%) out of 400 cultivars. The 28% of
Japanese, 26% of Nepalese, 26% of U.S.A., 15% of East European's and 10% of
Chinese wheat cultivars were classified into the most resistance group to
sprouting (Table 1 and 2). The cultivars with the most resistance can be
used in our breeding programme as parents with resistance to sprouting.
List of wheat cultivars having the most resistance to pre-harvest sprouting.
(No. of most resistance/
Country all cultivars Cultivars
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Japan (10/36) D52-26, toukei C87889-3, toyokuni,hukukei
12,touhoku 190, nourinn27, aobakomugi,
nanbukomugi, nourinn33, oonakayama
Korea (1/15 Eupamil
China (5/51) tyushi 6, tyonta 4197, hisyouten 1,
pekin 8, bousuihaku
Nepal (13/50) COL/NEPAL/1985/IBPGR/160,COL/NEPAL/1985
IBPGR/189,COL/NEPAL/1985/IBPGR/193,COL/
NEPAL/1985/IBPGR/194,COL/NEPAL/1985
IBPGR/195,COL/NEPAL/1985/IBPGR/198
COL/NEPAL/1986/IBPGR(IZUKA)/77,
COL/NEPAL/1986/IBPGR(IZUKA)/84, U
1028-4, N 2093-1, N 2101-1
Afghanistan (1/6) AF39-1R
Turkey (1/3) UTUD G-21
USSR (3/29) Soviet wheat 39805, Odesskaya
Polukarlikovaya., Bezostayal
Poland (2/6) Emika, KOC 985
Czechoslovakia (1/4) Slavia
Hungary (1/4) GK-Boglar
Romania (2/16) Iulia, Lovrin 24
Yugoslavia (5/26) Biserka, Zitnica, Zagrepcanka,
Kosava, NS 65-84
Bulgaria (3/28) 922-2652, Trakia, Dobroudja 1
Sweden (2/6) FOLKE, M.H. (RET 1)
Germany (6-21) Belkvue, Monopol, Breustedts Werla,
Diplomat, Disponent, Apollo
Belgium (1/1) Directeur Journee
Switzerland (1/4) Zenith
Austria (1/7) Samson
France (1/6) Ble tourneur 548
England (1/9) Hope
South Africa (1/2) T 79/3
USA (10/39) Rochester Red, Turkey Red, Hart, Vona,
Kiowa (C.I. 12133), UTAH KANRED, Lindon,
Tam Wheat 102, Siouxland, Florida 302
Others (0/31)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Number of wheat cultivars classified into five ranks.
Country most more middle worse worst total
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Japan 10 6 9 6 5 36
China 5 8 8 5 25 51
Nepal 13 5 7 4 21 50
E. Europ. 14 20 14 14 32 94
USSR 3 3 2 5 16 29
U.S.A. 10 9 5 5 10 39
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
National Agriculture Research Center, Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305
Shunsuke Oda, Kozo Komae, Takeshi Yasui, Chikako Kiribuchi and Hidefumi
Seko
A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between the
concentration of the starch granule protein, friabilin and the flour
particle size in Norin wheat cultivars. In the Norin cultivars with a faint
friabilin band, the mean specific surface area (SSA) value was 1680 cm(2)/g
and the endosperm texture was hard, whereas in those with a prominent band
the mean SSA value was 3250 cm(2)/g and the endosperm texture was soft.
Recently, Nakamura et al. (1990) reported that the presence of the high
molecular weight glutenin subunit 2.2 may affect the endosperm texture in
Japanese wheat cultivars. However, our results showed that the relationship
between the subunit 2.2 and SSA was not as significnat as that for
friabilin.
A bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant with low apparent amylose
content was induced by ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) treatment. The
apparent amylose content of the mutant ranged from 14.0 to 16.7% wich was
about half of that of Norin 61 (29.6%). The low apparent amylose trait of
this mutant was inherited.
PUBLICATONS
Shunsuke, Oda, Kozo Komae, and Takeshi Yasui. 1992. Relation between
starch granule protein and endosperm softness in Japanese wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) cultivars. Japanese Journal of Breeding 42 (in press).
Shunsuke, Oda, Chikako Kiribuchi, and Hidefumi, Seko. 1992. Bread wheat
mutant with low amylose content induced by ethyl methanesulphonate.
Japanese Journal of Breeding 42 (in press).
-------------------------
N. Watanabe
Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-11
Genetic variation of chlorophyll-proteins in Triticum durum. Durum
wheat genotypes with chlorophyll a:b ratio in a laboratory test gave
significantly higher photosynthetic rates than genotypes with lower
chlorophyll a:b ratio. The chlorophyll a:b ratio is an indication of
variation in the distribution of chlorophyll among the various chlorophyll-
protein complexes. The genotypes with extreme values of chlorophyll a:b
ratio have been analyzed to detect the amount of chlorophyll associated with
the chlorophyll-protein complexes and their consequence for leaf
photosynthesis. Over 100 durum wheat cultivars and landraces of our
germplasms were sampled for chlorophyll a:b ratio of flag leaves during a
period of hot and dry weather in 1990 and 1991 and a range of chlorophyll
a:b ratio (2.71 to 3.75) among the genotypes was obtained. This will avoid
the uncertainties associated with extrapolating results from a laboratory
test to a field experiment. The genotypes having the extremes of
chlorophyll a:b ratio (2.71 and 3.75) have been crossed for preparing
recombinant inbred lines during 1991.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM MEXICO
CIMMYT/Mexico
Developments in CIMMYT Wheat Program in 1991
R.A. Fischer and G. Varughese
Staff Changes during 1991. The pace of staff changes accelerated in
1991 as budget shortfalls started to be felt. Santiago Fuentes (lately in
Quito, Ecuador) retired and was not replaced, while Ricardo Rodr¡guez
(germplasm development at base) and Girma Bekele (pathology in Asunc¡on,
Paraguay) left the Program as well and were not replaced. Byrd Curtis
retired from the post of facultative wheat breeder (CIMMYT/ICARDA joint
program) mid-year and was replaced by Thomas Payne, who splits his time
between Ankara, Turkey and Aleppo to better integrate the winter and
facultative wheat breeding efforts for the WANA (West Asia/North Africa)
region. In Germplasm Improvement, Richard Trethowan, associate scientist in
bread wheat, returned to a job at the I.A. Watson Wheat Breeding Institute
in Narrabri, Australia, while long-term visiting scientists Getinet Gebeyehu
and Chen Tianyou returned to their respective breeding programs in Ethiopia
and China. Alexei Morgunov from Russia joined as associate scientist in
bread wheat breeding and Jon Dieseth from Norway as a post-doctoral fellow
in durum wheat. Rey Villareal and Miloudi Nachit returned from sabbaticals,
both at Cornell University. No new sabbaticals were taken in 1991.
In Genetic Resources, Anatole Krattiger left and Oscar Riera returned
to USA to continue graduate studies. In Crop Protection, Peter Burnett
resigned to take a position with Agriculture Canada; Dennis Lawn left to
take a job in California; and Roberto Ranieri finished his work and went on
to do graduate study in the USA. The virologist position occupied by Peter
Burnett will be refilled in 1992. Finally, Crop Management and Physiology
lost trainer and agronomist Mark Bell, who moved to CIMMYT Experiment
Stations and was not replaced, but gained post-doctoral fellow Peter Stefany
from Germany.
Impact of CIMMYT Germplasm. As part of the observance of CIMMYT's
25th anniversary in 1991, we conducted a systematic survey on the impact of
our germplasm in the developing countries. Preliminary results indicate that
some 90% of all spring wheat varieties released in the 1980s were
semidwarfs, nearly all of which have CIMMYT germplasm in their backgrounds.
The most popular CIMMYT cross is Veery, which has been released 36
times in developing countries during the 1980s, more than double the number
of releases for II8156, the cross that spearheaded the Green Revolution in
wheat during the 1960s. Large-scale crossing of spring with winter wheat (of
which Veery is a product) has resulted in the release of 72 varieties in the
1980s. Their impact should become evident in the 1990s as they are
distributed more widely among farmers and as the stronger national programs
use them more extensively as parents in crosses.
By 1969, just a few years after CIMMYT's founding, semidwarf varieties
occupied 8.4 million hectares in the Third World. Since then semidwarfs have
continued to spread steadily at a rate of about 2 million hectares per year.
In the 1980s alone, an additional 20 million were planted to these varieties
in developing countries. And by 1990 the area they covered was close to 50
million hectares in developing countries, not counting China. If we include
China, which used dwarfing genes from sources other than CIMMYT, the
estimated area planted to semidwarfs is more than 70 million hectares or
over 70% of the total wheat grown by the developing world. Overall,
varieties to which CIMMYT has contributed directly cover 37 million hectares
in the developing world, plus another 10.5 million occupied by semidwarf
varieties with our germplasm in their ancestries.
It is now well established that the adoption of semidwarfs in irrigated
environments during the early years of the Green Revolution gave average
yield gains of 35 to 40% over the tall varieties they replaced. A lesser
known point is that during the two decades since then the yield potential of
semidwarf varieties under irrigation has continued to increase by about 1%
annually for a total of about 20%.
Details of this study will soon be available in a CIMMYT publication
(CIMMYT 1992).
International Nurseries. In 1991, the CIMMYT International Wheat
Nurseries Section distributed worldwide a total of 630 sets of yield
nurseries, 1083 screening nurseries, and 655 segregating populations.
Results of our first yield nursery distributed as an alpha 0,1 lattice, with
independent randomization at each location, were analyzed and the precision
achieved at individual locations was up to twice the value possible with a
randomized complete block design. Major innovations in data exploration and
interpretation were incorporated into the published report (CIMMYT 1991) for
the 10th Elite Selection Wheat Yield Trial (ESWYT). A summary of industrial
quality parameters, including high molecular weight glutenins, was included
as well as Cluster Analysis of yield data to depict the relationships among
participating locations and among genotypes.
Project Documentation. During 1990 the Wheat Program started
documenting all its research activities underway in Mexico as individual
projects. We produced the first project documentation report during December
1990. In 1991 an updated and revised version of the original document was
produced (Fischer and Hettel 1991) and contains current information on 261
research projects--29 of which are either new or previously undescribed or
substantially revised. The projects fall into the following categories:
Germplasm Improvement (91), Genetic Resources (50), Crop Protection (79),
and Crop Management and Physiology (41) and are available most easily in
electronic form (all or in specified parts) in Microsoft Word 4 or 5 or
ASCII files.
Program Reviews. In addition to internal annual review of all our
programs, from time to time sections of our larger Subprograms, or in the
case of smaller Subprograms the entire sub-programs, are subjected to
critical external review. In 1991, our Crop management and Physiology (CMP)
Subprogram was reviewed by a panel consisting of Drs. P. Goldsworthy, Lloyd
Evans, R.S. Loomis, and S.K. Sinha. This panel strongly endorsed our
activities and also suggested expansions in crop modeling and plant
nutrition. The activities in CMP address the following issues:
Support to breeding programs through better agronomic management of
nurseries and trials, with a view to decreasing cost and improving
efficiency.
Support to breeding programs through physiological studies aimed at
identifying useful selection criteria for yield potential and
resistance to abiotic stresses.
Strategic component agronomy research: elucidation of principles
underlying the responses of wheat to agronomic factors, and the
interactions between such factors, genotypes, and environments. Through
simple rules and crop models to increase the ability to predict optimum
factor levels across environments. Examples of such factors include
seeding strategies, fertilizers and water.
Strategic cropping system sustainability research: Studies of all
factors affecting the long-term productivity of major wheat cropping
systems such as rice-wheat in South Asia or wheat-maize in tropical
highlands.
Adaptive crop management research, which refers to research to adapt
relatively well understood technology to new situations or countries,
e.g., East Africa Cereals Project.
Crop management and physiology training to impart appropriate
theoretical knowledge and practical skills to agronomic and wheat
physiology breeders researchers at various career levels.
Consulting in crop management, which refers to a one-to-one sharing
of knowledge relevant to crop management with senior national program
scientist.
Details on the 41 CMP projects can be found in Fischer and Hettel
(1991).
References
CIMMYT. 1991. Results of the Tenth Elite Selection Wheat Yield Trial (ESWYT)
1988-89. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
CIMMYT. 1992. Enduring Designs for Change. An account of CIMMYT's research,
its impact, and future directions. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT (in press).
Fischer, R.A., and G.P. Hettel, eds. 1991. Research Project Updates and
Descriptions of New Projects for the CIMMYT Wheat Program. Mexico, D.F.:
CIMMYT.
-------------------------
Screening of Heat Tolerance In CIMMYT Advanced Lines
He Zhong-hu and S. Rajaram
In 1991 at CIANO station in northwestern Mexico, 266 advanced lines
were planted in 19 replicated yield trials under late January plantings (hot
conditions) with five irrigations to screen for heat tolerance and disease
resistance. Twenty-four lines were identified to be outstanding with yields
10-33% higher than the best check cultivar. Simple correlation analyses of
11 trials showed that, under late planting conditions, associations between
yield and spike number, yield and seeds per spike, yield and early
vegetative vigor, and yield and test weight were significant and positively
correlated and the association between yield and leaf senescence was
significant and negatively correlated. However, associations between yield
and plant height, yield and 1000-kernel weight, and yield and heading date
were not significant. It was also observed that some lines with durable
resistance to leaf rust became susceptible under hotter conditions.
The outstanding lines will be sent to cooperators in the Indian
Subcontinent for late planting and will also be re-evaluated under normal
and late planting conditions in 1992. From the above results and our
experience, the following characters might be used as selection criteria for
heat tolerance: 1) early vegetative vigor, i.e., agronomic score before
heading date, because in most cases, heat tolerance at early stages is more
important early in the season than later; 2) high tillering capacity; 3)
grain numbers per spike, which is a measure of spikelet fertility; 4) high
test weight, but not necessarily high kernel weight; and 5) lower rate of
leaf senescence.
-------------------------
HMW Glutenin Subunit Composition of Chinese Bread Wheats
He Zhong-hu, R.J. Pe¤a, and S. Rajaram
The stored proteins in the endosperm of 205 Chinese cultivars, advanced
lines, and introductions were fractionated by SDS-PAGE in the CIMMYT
Industrial Quality Laboratory to determine their HMW glutenin subunit
composition. Twenty-one Glu-1 alleles were identified: three at Glu-A1, 11
at Glu-B1, and seven at Glu-D1. The dominant alleles were Null, 7+8, 7+9,
2+12, with frequencies of 46.7, 37.2, and 38%, respectively. Two novel
alleles 6+8* and 7*+9 and four rare combinations were also observed. Among
the 205 cultivars screened, 199 were homogeneous with 39 groups and six were
heterogeneous with respect to HMW glutenin subunit composition. More than
half of the cultivars belonged to five groups: 1) Null, 7+8, 2+12 (36
cultivars); 2) Null, 7+9, 2+12 (25 cultivars); 3) 1, 7+8, 2+12 (21
cultivars); 4) 1, 7+9, 2+12 (16 cultivars); and 5) 2*, 7+9, 2+12 (13
cultivars). The quality scores of the Chinese wheats ranged from 3 to 10,
averaging 5.7. Chinese wheats are close to European wheats, particularly
from Italy since several introductions from this country, such as
Abbondanze, Ardit, Mentana, Funo, and St1472/506 are widespread in Chinese
wheat pedigrees (He and Chen 1991). Introduction of 5+10 could be a way of
improving the industrial quality of Chinese wheats.
Reference
He Zhong-hu and Chen Tianyou, 1991. Wheat and Wheat Breeding in China. Wheat
Special Report No. 2. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
-------------------------
Worldwide variation of alleles of high-molecular-weight glutenin in bread
wheat cultivars
A. Morgunov
Glu-1 loci that encode high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin were
examined in connection with breadmaking quality. Results of published
studies in 21 wheat-producing countries were reviewed in an attempt to
estimate the variation of alleles of HMW glutenin in bread wheats.
Using the published reports, a total of 1380 cultivars were analyzed
from 10 countries in Europe, four in Asia, five in the Americas, and two in
Oceania.
Average frequencies for particular alleles appeared to be the
following:
A genome: Glu-A1a--32.8%; Glu-A1b--30.9%; and Glu-A1c--36.3%.
B genome: Glu-B1a--12.9%; Glu-B1b--25.2%; Glu-B1c--31.2%;
Glu-B1d--10.0%; Glu-B1-4e--3.3%; Glu-B1f--1.2%; Glu-B1g-- 0.1%;
Glu-B1i--8.8%; and Glu-B1j--O.1%.
D genome: Glu-D1a--52.9%; Glu-D1b--2.0%; Glu-D1c--3.5%;
Glu-D1d--40.8%; and Glu-D1h--0.4%.
Comparing these results to the data presented by Payne and Lawrence
(1983), it appears that, in their study, the frequencies of Glu-A1c and
Glu-B1a were overestimated and Glu-B1i underestimated.
Overall observed variation in Glu-1 loci accounts for only 38.2% of the
variation recorded in the Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat (McIntosh et
al. 1990).
There are indications that selection pressure towards high breadmaking
quality leads to uniformity of the cultivars in a particular country. The
coefficient of correlation between the Glu-1 quality score (calculated
according to Payne 1986) and Nei's measure of gene diversity was
significantly negative (r=-0.49).
The analysis would be more complete if all the data on Glu-1
composition were available. The author would appreciate receiving the
relevant information on HMW composition in bread wheat cultivars, especially
those published in national journals and reports that have limited
circulation.
References
McIntosh, R.A., G.E. Hart, and M.D. Gale. 1990. Catalogue of gene symbols
for wheat. 1990 supplement. Cereal Res. Comm. 18:141-157.
Payne, P.I. 1986. Varietal improvement in the breadmaking quality of wheat:
contributions from biochemistry and genetics, and future prospects from
molecular biology. BCPC Mono. No. 34, Biotechnology and Crop Improvement and
Protection.
Payne, P.I., and G.J. Lawrence. 1983. Catalogue of alleles for the complex
gene loci Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 which code for high-molecular-weight
subunits of glutenin in hexaploid wheat. Cereal Res. Comm. 11:29-35.
-------------------------
Results of Artificial Inoculation of the 4th Karnal Bunt Screening Nursery
(KBSN)
G. Fuentes-Davila, S. Rajaram, W. H. Pfeiffer and O. Abdalla
Karnal bunt (KB) caused by Tilletia indica [syn. Neovossia indica
(Mitra) Mundkur] is a disease that generally affects part of the wheat
grain. Although yield loss is minor, the adverse effect on grain quality and
subproducts is important, especially when the percentage of infected grains
is high. In addition, quarantines in many countries against T. indica limit
the exchange and distribution of wheat and triticale germplasm. CIMMYT
research efforts are directed primarily to: 1) identify sources of
resistance, 2) incorporate resistance to suitable genotypes, and 3) develop
advanced lines. The Karnal Bunt Screening Nursery (KBSN) consists of wheat
and triticale genotypes that have shown a low percentage infection in at
least two wheat cycles in northwestern Mexico.
Reported here are the results of the 4th KBSN. This nursery was
planted on November 4, 13, and December 4, 1987, at Ciudad Obregon, Sonora,
Mexico. One hundred and seventy-one bread wheats, 258 durum wheat, and 328
triticale cultivars and advanced lines were evaluated in the first planting
date. After discarding entries with more than 4.1% infected grain, 92 and 67
bread wheats, 231 and 221 durum wheats, and 311 and 291 triticales were
evaluated in the second and third planting dates, respectively.
Plants were inoculated with a sporidial suspension of 10,000/ml,
injecting 1 ml per head during the boot stage after 4 p.m. High relative
humidity was generated and maintained by an overhead sprinkler irrigation
system during the inoculation period. Percent infection was calculated from
the number of infected and healthy grains measured on 10 inoculated
heads/entry after hand threshing. The susceptible bread wheat check Seri M82
had, on average, 58.8% infection.
The range of infection of bread wheat entries was 0-55.22 for the first
date, 0-53.26 for the second date, and 0-11.53 for the third date. Twelve
entries had a range of infection 0-2% (Table 1), and 34 entries a range of
0-4%.
The range of infection of durum wheats was 0-22.91 for the first
planting date, 0-10.02 for the second date, and 0-16.22 for the third date.
Ninety entries had a range of infection 0-1%, and 42 a range of 0-2%.
Thirty-seven entries had 0% infection (Table 2).
The range of infection of triticales was 0-18.60 for the first planting
date, 0-18.78 for the second date, and 0-11.70 for the third date. One
hundred and fifty entries had a range of infection of 0-1%, and 59 a range
of 0-2%. Seventy-four entries had 0% infection (Table 3).
Entries of bread wheat, durum wheat, and triticale which have shown a
low percentage of infection can be utilized in breeding programs to enhance
Karnal bunt resistance.
Table 1. Twelve bread wheats with a range of infection 0-2%, after
artificial inoculation with T. indica on three dates in the
Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, during 1987-1988.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALDAN"S"/IAS58 SHANGHAI3
CM53481-6Y-1Y-1M-3Y-1M-0Y-0B -33B-0Y
CHRI"S" SHANGAI7
-19B-0Y
H567.71/3*P.AR SHANGAI7
CMH77.308-1Y-4B-1Y-1B-0Y -40B-0Y
H567.71//PEL/2*ATR SUZHOE F3#1
CMH77.308-1Y-4B-1Y-10B-2Y-1B-0Y-0PTZ -28B-0Y
IAS58/MAD"S" SUZHOE F3#1
CM50472-2Y-1M-2Y-3Y-0Z-0Y -31B-0Y
MRNG/BUC"S"//BLO"S"/PSN"S" SUZHOE F3#6
CM69191-A-5Y-1M-1Y-2M-2Y-2M-0Y -10B-0Y
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Thirty-six durum wheats with 0% infection, after artificial
inoculation with T. indica on three dates in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora,
Mexico, during 1987-1988.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALC"S"//JO"S"/CR"S"/3/YAV79 MEMO"S"/MEXI75
CD43783-B-2Y-1M-4Y-0M CD26132-2B-1Y-1Y-0M
BOOHAI MEMO"S"/MEXI75
CD-26132-8B-1Y-8Y-0M
BOTNO MEXI/VIC//YAV79
CD52349-9B-2Y-1M-0Y
CIT71/CIT PARANA//GS"S"/GR"S"/3/CTA"S"
CD-3369-2BS-2BS-0DZ CD-10504-H-6M-2Y-7M-2Y-0M
CIT71/CPT SBA81/CR"S"//CIT"S"/3/CHI"S"
CM-16999-3L-0L-1B /4/PAL"S"
CD44257-G-1Y-2M-1Y-2M-1Y-0M
CORM"S"//D67.3/GTA"S"/3/
MEXI"S"/KIWI"S" SCA"S"
CD-24922-C-1Y-2M-2Y-0Y CM-18537-1Y-0L-0AP
CRIS"S" STY/CTA"S"//PAL"S"/3/STN"S"
CM-17046-10L-13L-2L-0K CD55053-3Y-1M-5Y-0M
DEGY STY/CTA"S"//PAL"S"/3/STN"S"
CD55053-3Y-1M-9Y-0M
GAN"S" STY/CTA"S"//PAL"S"/3/STN"S"
CD40150-14B-1Y-2M-0Y-11Y-0B CD55053-3Y-1M-10Y-0M
GR"S"/BOY"S" TAD"S"
CD20345-2AP-2AP-0AP CD-4754-A-1Y-4M-0Y
GR"S"/LANG//YAV79/3/TEZ"S" TK SN1081
CD49709-A-5Y-1M-1Y-0M
GUIL"S"/SNIPE"S" TRN
CD15495-5S-0AP
H567.71/2*CMH74A.370// VDO
CMH77A.682/3/HUI"S"/4/
H567.71/2* CMH74A.370//
CMH77A.682/3/TTURA/CMH74A.370
CMH82A.1062-1B-3Y
IBIS"S"//S15/CR"S" YAV"S"/TEZ"S"
L4-3AP-2AP-3AP-0AP CD42270-11Y-5M-1Y-2M-0Y
JO"S"/CR"S" YUK
D27591 ICD-74128-1L-2AP-0APTable 2.
KRK"S" 68111//RGB/WARD/3/FG"S"/4/
CM9757-4D-3D-1D-0D RABI"S"
CD34886-G-3Y-4M-1Y-1M-1Y-0M
MEDIUM/KIF"S"//SAPI"S" 68111/RGB//WARD RESEL/3/
CD27945-5B-1Y-6Y-0M STIL"S"
CD39312-8B-1Y-2M-2Y-1M-0Y
MEMO"S"/GOO"S" 68112/WARD
CD-26136-1M-2Y-4Y-0M D72114
6973/WARD.7463//74110
-2B
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3. Seventy-four triticales with 0% infection, after artificial
inoculation with T. indica on three dates in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora,
Mexico, during 1987-1988.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ADX"S" M00910
X-7224-10M-1Y-100M-0Y 79Q133001
ARM"S" M00913
79Q133001
ARS/MEXIP MUTI//BGL"S"/3/ABN"S" M00921
X-36378-6M-1Y-2M-0Y 79Q133001
BGL"S"/CIN//MUS"S" M2A/ARM"S"//BGL"S"/3/
B-2686-1616-0M CABORCA79/4/LMG"S"/FAWN"S
X-63355-B-9Y-2M-4Y-2Y-1M-0Y
BOK"S"/GLENLEA M2A/ARM"S"//BGL"S"/3/
CIT1093-1Y-2Y-1M-1Y-0M CABORCA79/4/LMG"S"/FAWN"S
X-63355-B-9Y-2M-4Y-2Y-2M-0Y
BOK"S"/GLENLEA M2A/IRA//PTR"S"
CIT1093-1Y-3Y-2M-3Y-0M X-52063-4Y-2M-1Y-2M-0Y
CIT"S"/SPY//PTR"S"/4/
DRIRA/IA/3/IRA//BB/CHA M2A*2/IRA//M2A/TI71
X-61951-D-1M-2Y-2M-2Y-1Y-1B-0Y X-49274-5Y-1Y-1M-1Y-3M-0Y
CMH74.1211/PND"S"//GRF"S" NUTRIA440
X-56225-1M-3Y-1M-2Y-1Y-1B-0Y B-2709-2634
CNO/PJ62//#70 RYE/3/PND"S"/ PANCHE"S"
MSF"S" B-2671
CT4818-0M-0Y-0M-3Y-0M
CUYO"R"//M2A/WW15/3/PTR"S"/ PANCHE 198
2*M2A B-2671
X-53760-D-1Y-1M-1Y-3M-0Y
DF"S"//CIT"S"/SPY/5/IA/ PANCHE408
M2A//PI62/3/BGL"S"/4/MSE"S" B-2671-2183-0Y
X-63367-C-500Y-500B-500Y-
502Y-5B-0Y
DGO"S" PANCHE 7248
X-41047-A-1Y-2M-1Y-2Y-0H
DGO"S" PANCHE 7248
X-41047-A-1Y-2M-1Y-2Y-1M-2Y-0B PANCHE 7248B-2671-0Y
DGO"S" PFT7754/PND"S"
X-41047-A-1Y-2M-1Y-2Y-2M-1Y-0B
DINGO"S" PIKA"S"
X41047-A-1Y-2M-1Y-2Y-0H X-39597-4Y-2M-1Y-2Y-0M
DRIRA EE PND"S"/ABN"S"//LLAMA"S"/3/
PTR"S"/RM"S"//FS381/FS477
X-63299-B-1Y-2M-6Y-2Y-2M-0Y
DRIRA/GLENLEA PND"S"/ABN"S"//YE75/3/EDA"S"/
CIT1016-3Y-1Y-2M-1Y-0M CASTOR"S"
X-63298-A-1Y-3M-3Y-1Y-2M-0Y
DRIRA/GLENLEA PND"S"/RM"S"//PTR"S"
CIT1016-4Y-2Y-2M-1Y-0M X-59815-1M-2Y-1M-1Y-3Y-1B-0Y
DURUM WHEAT/BALBO//BOK"S" PND"S"/YE75//PTR"S"
CT4699-0M-0Y-0M-6Y-0M X-59866-5M-1Y-5M-2Y-1Y-1B-0Y
EDA"S"//M2A/ZA75 PTR"S"/CASTOR"S"//BTA"S"
X-61039-6M-1Y-1M-1Y-0Y X-60839-3M-1Y-1M-2Y-1Y-0B
EDA"S"/TORO"S" PTR"S"/3/CIT"S"/SPY//2*M2A/4/
CT-1828-0M-0Y-0M-5Y-0M IRA/CAL//YO"S"/3/M1A/PI62
X-63358-B-3Y-2M-2Y-2Y-2M-0Y
EPM294.81 PTR"S"/3/CIT"S"/SPY//2*M2A/4/
IRA/CAL//YO"S"/3/M1A/PI62
X-63358-B-3Y-4M-1Y-2Y-2M-0Y
FS381/FS477//TORO"S"/3/TGE"S" PTR"S"//M1A/BCM"S"
X-61270-B-1M-2Y-1M-1Y-1Y-0B X-64821-11Y-2M-2Y-1Y-1M-0Y
GRIZZLY"S"//AI FONG#3/DOVE"S" PTR"S"/3/RM"S"/IRA//FS477/4/
CIT1367-1Y-6Y-1M-0Y WELSH/BGL"S"
X-53893-E-2Y-1M-1Y-1M-1Y-
2Y-0B
GRIZZLY"S"//AI FONG#3/DOVE"S" PTR"S"/T74
CIT1367-2Y-4Y-1M-0Y X-63985-2Y-3M-5Y-2Y-1M-0Y
GRIZZLY"S"//AI FONG#3/DOVE"S" PTR"S"/2*M2A
CIT1367-5Y-2Y-2M-0Y X-44650-12M-1Y-1Y-2M-2Y-
1M-0Y
GRIZZLY"S"//AI FONG#3/DOVE"S" PTR"S"/2*M2A//PUMA"S"
CIT1367-5Y-3Y-2M-0Y X-61140-1M-3Y-3M-1Y-0Y
HARE"S"/2*MUS"S" QKA"S"
B-8411-500Y-4B-0Y X-39253-30Y-1M-2Y-502Y-502M-
502Y-501B-0Y
HARE"S"/2*MUS"S" RAT"S"//PND"S"/YE75
B-8411-500Y-10B-0Y CT-855-8Y-1M-2Y-2M-1Y-0M
HARE"S"/2*MUS"S" RM"S"//M2A/IRA/4/H277.69/2*
B-8411-500Y-11B-0Y UMX2/3/RM"S"/IRA//FS477
X-53627-D-5Y-1M-6Y-2M-0Y
KLA"S"/M2A/3/UM OCTO/ RM"S"/PTR"S"//GH"S"
CIN"S"//FS477/4/PTR"S" CIT-116-3Y-1B-1Y-1Y-1M-0Y
X-60472-8M-1Y-1M-2Y-2Y-3B-0Y
LT176.73/LT696.75// TD25/TK DWF//PER RYE/SPY
CIT"S"/SPY/3/ELK"S" X-22997-0Y-0Y-1M-0Y
CTM-8312-501M-501Y-5B-2Y-0M
MN72130/RYE 5//FRT"S" TED"S"/CASTOR"S"
B-4463-2-1Y-1Y-1B-0Y CT-1503-500Y-9B-0Y
MUS"S"//DRIRA/KGR TESMO"S"
B-2658 X-39860-7Y-1M-2Y-2Y-0M
MUS"S"/JLO TESMO"S"
B-2659 X-39860-7Y-5M-1Y-0Y
MUS"S"/JLO"S" TORO"S"/4/CNO/7C//KAL/BB/3/
B-2659-207 PCI"S"
CIT1049-8Y-1Y-4M-1Y-0M
79.P393 ZEBRA 7249
B-2672-0Y
79.P393
79.P39379.P394
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
References
Abdalla, O.S., G. Varughese, E.E. Saari, and H. Braun. 1986. Spring
Triticale. Names; Parentage; Pedigrees; Origins. CIMMYT.
Brajcich, P., W. Pfeiffer, and E. Autrique. 1986. Durum Wheat. Names;
Parentage: Pedigrees and Origins. CIMMYT.
Villareal, R.L., and S. Rajaram. 1988 revised. Semidwarf Bread Wheats:
Names, parentages, pedigrees, and origins, Mexico, D. F.: CIMMYT.
-------------------------
ITEM FROM NEPAL
M.L. Morris (CIMMYT), H.J. Dubin (CIMMYT), T.P. Pokhrel (NARC,
Nepal).
Returns to Wheat Research in Nepal. A study was done in 1991
to determine the economic returns to wheat research in Nepal.
Specifically the study had three principal objectives:
1. To review the achievements of the Nepal Wheat Research Program
(NWRP).
2. To estimate the economic returns to past investment in wheat
research in Nepal.
3. To spell out the implications for the future level of
investment in wheat research in Nepal.
Wheat in Nepal is generally planted in two distinct zones, i.e.,
Indo-Gangetic Plain (Tarai) and Mid-Hills. In the early 1960's most
cultivars were tall statured and covered an area of about 125,000 ha with
average yields just below 1 t/ha. By 1991 almost all cultivars were modern
semidwarf and planted on nearly 600,000 ha with average yields of 1.4
t/ha. Rotation is principally with rice. The major cultivar planted in
the Tarai is UP262 (Ska-Bajio66) and in the hills Ska
(II54.388/An/3/Y+54/N10B//Lr64).
NWRP engages in a broad range of research and extension
activities but the impact of some of these is difficult to quantify
and value. The study focused primarily on benefits generated by NWRP's
breeding program since the product - improved germplasm - is relatively easy
to observe and measure.
Two specific benefits of the NWRP breeding program were
distinguished : 1) Accelerated rate of cultivar adoption. One major
benefit attributable to NWRP has been a faster rate of adoption of new
semidwarf cultivars introduced from outside Nepal. 2) Area increases
resulting from the introduction of modern, early maturing, semidwarf
cultivars. Prior to the presence of early maturing, semidwarf cultivars
rice was rotated with late maturing, tall cultivars or was planted in a
rice-fallow rotation. The situation changed dramatically with the
release of Ska which fitted well into a rice-wheat rotation.
Investments in agricultural research are usually evaluated using a
measure known as the economic rate of return, which can be thought of
as a rate of interest which a bank would have to pay to give the same
return as the research project. There are several methods available for
this type of analysis. The economic surplus approach is particularly
suited for calculating the returns to research on individual
commodities and was used in this study.
Several salient points emerged in the results: Firstly, the
internal rate of return for breeding and support activities was 75%.
This very attractive rate of return to wheat research is explained by the
relatively modest costs of the NWRP in relation to the substantial benefits
it generates. Two principal factors contributed to the success of the
Nepali wheat research effort. The first generation of semidwarf
cultivars, particularly Ska, fuelled a dramatic increase in wheat
area due to its early maturity. This permitted double cropping of
wheat and rice in areas where farmers had previously been restricted to
one crop per year. Subsequently, the replacement of Ska by UP262 and
other newer cultivars effectively protected farmers from
considerable yield losses due to a breakdown in disease resistance,
especially leaf rust and to a lesser degree, helminthosporium leaf
blight. Experimental data suggest that failure to replace Ska would
have resulted in disease related losses of 2.5% per year. Sensitivity
analysis indicated that changes in annual rate of growth of wheat yields
due to research and research lag (i.e., the length of the period of
research investment preceding cultivar release) are the most important
factors in determining internal rate of return. Based on experiment
station yield trials it was determined that genetic yield potential grew
at 1.25% per year between 1976 and 1990. However, absolute experimental
yields have been declining apparently due to experiment station
management problems and possibly increased foliar blights and foot rots.
The results are taken as a strong endorsement for continued
investment in wheat research in Nepal. However, it is expected that more
emphasis will be given to crop management research due to evidence of
stagnating yields in the rice-wheat cropping pattern.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM POLAND
Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Department of Cereals,
Krakow
Stanislaw Wegrzyn, Helena Grzesik
General and specific combining ability of F(1) generation hybrids
in some varieties and strains of hexaploid winter Triticale
With a view to determining the mode of inheritance of some traits of
Triticale, crosses were made using a topcross system of 4 varieties of
winter Triticale as maternal forms (Clercal, Salvo, Dagro, and MAH-384) and
5 varieties as paternal forms (LAD-183, Bolero, Lasko, Malno and Newton). A
field trial including 20 hybrids and 9 paternal forms was designed based on
a method of randomized blocks in 3 replicates. After harvest biometric
measurements were made of all the collected plants, eliminating those
growing along borders. The following 7 traits were analyzed: culm length,
ear length, ear number per plant, grain number and yield per ear as well as
grain number and yield per plant.
Based on the analysis of variance of the F(1) generation and parental
forms, the significant effects of general combining ability for all analyzed
traits were found. Significant effects of specific combining ability were
found for culm length, ear length, grain number, and yield per ear. Ear
number, grain number, and yield per plant were statistically non significant
(Table 1).
As concerns culm length, the significant positive effects of general
combining ability occurred in varieties: MAH-384, LAD-183, Lasko, Newton.
Significant but negative effects were observed in the varieties Dagro,
Bolero, and Malno.
The analysis of ear length revealed significant positive effects of
general combining ability in variety Clercal, while significantly negative
ones in varieties Salvo and Lasko. With respect to the ear number, the
significant negative effects of general combining ability were found in
varieties Clercal, Dagro and Newton. Grain number per ear was
characterized by significant positive effects of general combining ability
in varieties: Salvo, Bolero and Newton, and by significant negative effects
in varieties: Dagro, LAD-183 and Lasko.
Highly significant positive effects of general combining ability were
found for grain number per plant in varieties: Clercal and Bolero while
highly significant negative ones in variety Dagro. Grain yield per ear
displayed significant positive effects of general combining ability in
varieties Dagro and Bolero while significant but negative ones in varieties
MAH-384 and Lasko. Grain yield per plant showed significant positive
effects of general combining ability in varieties Clercal and Bolero while
significant negative ones in varieties Dagro and MAH-384 (Table 2).
Varieties displaying significant positive effects of general combining
ability will increase the value of a given trait in offspring, while in
those where the effects of general combining ability are significant but
negative, they will decrease the traits value in their offspring.
As concerns the effects of specific combining ability (Table 3) it can
be stated that for culm length they are significantly positive in case of
hybrids: Clercal x Malno, Clercal x Newton, Salvo x Malno. Salvo x Newton,
Dagro x LAD-183, Dagro x Bolero, Dagro x Lasko and MAH-384 x LAD-183 while
significant but negative for hybrids: Clercal x LAD-183, Salvo x LAD-183,
Salvo x Bolero, Dagro x Malno, Dagro x Newton and MAH-384 x Lasko. The
significantly negative effects of combining ability for culm length are
beneficial from the breeding point of view, since it means the shortening of
the culm which can lead to lesser susceptibility to lodging. Significant
effects of specific combining ability for ear length were displayed only by
two hybrids: Dagro x LAD-183 - positive, and Dagro x Malno - negative. For
grain yield per ear the significant positive effects of specific combining
ability were observed in hybrids: Clercal x Bolero, Clercal x Malno, Salvo x
Newton, Dagro x LAD-183, Dagro x Bolero while the negative ones in hybrids:
Clercal x LAD-183, Salvo x Bolero, Dagro x Malno, Dagro x Newton and MAH-384
x Bolero. Significant positive effects of specific combining ability for
grain number per ear were displayed by hybrids: Clercal x Bolero, Clercal x
Malno, Salvo x LAD-183, Salvo x Newton, Dagro x LAD-183, Dagro x Bolero and
MAH-384 x Newton, while significant but negative ones in hybrids: Clercal x
LAD-183, Clercal x Newton, Salvo x Bolero, Dagro x Malno and MAH-384 x
Bolero (Table 3).
In summary the performed analysis of variance of combining ability in
the studied hybrids and parental forms of some varieties and strains of
winter Triticale has shown highly significant effects of general combining
ability for al the studied traits, while the effects of specific combining
ability for ear number per plant, grain number per plant and grain yield per
plant were non-significant (Table 1). Similar results of the studies on
wheat were obtained by Gyawali et al., 1968; Hassanien et al., 1974; Selim
et al., 1974; as well as Wegrzyn and Pochaba, 1980 who have shown that for
most studied wheat traits there are considerably higher effects of general
combining ability than of specific combining ability.
References
Gyawali, K K., Qualset, C. O. and Yamazaki, W. T. 1986. Crop Sci. 8:3122-
324.
Hassanien, E. H., Ibrahim, H. A., Selim, A.K.A., and Attia, S. E. A. 1974.
Agric. Res. Rev. 52:1-8.
Selim, A. K. A., Hassanien, E. H., Dessauki, S. M. and Attia, S. E. A.
1974. Agric. Res. Rev. 52:9-17.
Wegrzyn, S., Pochaba, L. 19890. HODs Aklim. i. Nas. 24:211-224.
Table 1. Analysis of variance of combining ability for some traits
of F1 hybrids in a few varieties and strains of winter Triticale
Grain
Ear # Grain Grain # Grain Yield
Culm Ear per number per yield per
Source df length length plant per ear plant per ear plant
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Maternal
forms 3 99** 1.11** 4.00* 184** 28945** 0.58** 66**
Paternal
forms 4 146** 2.32** 25.68** 26 98180** 0.32** 218**
Maternal x
paternal 12 166** 0.80** 1.00(ns) 264** 5406(ns) 0.48** 20(ns)
Error 56 6 0.19 1.25 7 5499 0.06 13
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* - significant at P = 0.05, ** - significant at P = 0.01
Table 2. Effects of general combining ability for maternal (gj)
and paternal (gi) forms
Grain
Ear# Grain# Grain yield
Culm Ear per Grain# per yield per
length length plant per ear plant per ear plant
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Maternal
forms
Clercal -0.7 0.60** -4.65** 1.0 128.63** 0 6.24**
Salwo -1.2 -0.49** -0.46 1.5* -18.58 0.10 -0.40
Dagro -2.0** 0 -1.53** -1.6* -95.24** 0.1* -3.95**
MAH-384 3.7** -0.12 -0.09 -1.1 -14.81 -0.24** -1.90*
Paternal
forms
LAD-183 3.4** 0.19 -0.18 -2.4** -29.49 0.12 -0.72
Bolero -3.4** -0.09 0.27 4.7** 53.52* 0.17* 2.55*
Lasko 1.5* -0.43** 0.15 -4.0** -23.50 -0.31** -1.85
Malno -4.2** 0.14 0.53 -0.1 38.14 -0.02 1.74
Newton 2.5* 0.17 -0.77* 1.5* -38.67 0.06 -1.75
---------------------------------------------------------------------
* - significant at P = 0.05; ** - significant at P = 0.01
Table 3. Effects of specific combining ability for several traits
of F1 hybrids
Culm length
Male/Female Clercal Salwo Dagro MAH-384
---------------------------------------------------------------------
LAD-183 -5.75** -6.15** 6.75** 5.15**
Bolero 1.69 -10.02** 6.82** 1.51
Lasko -2.72 1.27 4.81** -3.36*
Malno 3.38* 9.64** -10.96** -2.06
Newton 3.40* 5.26** -7.43** -1.24
Ear Length
LAD-183 -0.46 0.07 0.65* -0.26
Bolero 0.48 -0.39 0.32 -0.42
Lasko -0.14 -0.21 0.27 0.09
Malno 0.35 0.24 -0.04** 0.44
Newton -0.24 0.29 -0.20 0.15
Grain yield per ear
LAD-183 -0.45** -0.05 0.38** 0.12
Bolero 0.37 -0.50** 0.53** -0.39**
Lasko 0.02 0.02 -0.06 0.02
Malno 0.29* 0.12 -0.41** -0.002
Newton -0.22 0.41** -0.43** 0.25
Grain number per ear
LAD-183 -5.13** 3.36* 3.34* -1.56
Bolero 4.55** -5.23** 6.69** -6.01**
Lasko 0.35 -2.03 0.19 1.49
Malno 5.70** -0.44 -7.63** 2.37
Newton -5.48** 4.34** -2.58 3.72
--------------------------------------------------------------------
* - significant at P = 0.05, ** - significant at P = 0.01
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ROMANIA
I.C.C.P.T. (Research Institute for Cereals and Industrial Crops)
Fundulea,8264,jud.Calarasi
N.N.Saulescu
Physiological background of breeding for increased grain filling
duration (GFD). Increased GFD has been suggested as a possible way to
increase grain yield in wheat.Breeding for longer GFD could be made more
efficient by a better understanding of its physiological basis.
Several studies documented that early heading genotypes have longer
GFD.We found that this relation holds true in most of our trials,but only
when GFD is expressed in days.When transformed in degree-days,most
differences in GFD between early and late genotypes dissapear.Therefore it
seems that the relationship between earliness and GFD is largely due to
lower temperatures generaly encountered by earlier genotypes during their
grain formation. For each genotype across locations,GFD in days and GFD in
degree days are both very variable and are highly correlated one with
another (r=0,90 to 0,92).Therefore it seems wrong to assume,as it is done in
some simulation models,that GFD is a genetic coefficient expressed as a
constant amount of degree-days. To avoid this problem Weir et all
(J.Agr.Sci. Cambridge 102, 1984) changed the base temperature for computing
degree-days during grain filling to 9 Celsius degrees, a temperature which
was found to minimize the correlation between number of days and degree-
days. When we tried the same approach with our data, this correlation became
non-significant only at a base temperature over 15 degrees, which seems
physiological very unrealistic.
Boese (Tag Ber.Akad.Landwirt.Wiss. Berlin 219, 1984) suggested that GFD
in days can be predicted using average temperature during the first 20 or 30
days after flowering.This approach seems logical since the first 20-30 days
after flowering is the period when the number and potential size of
endosperm cells is decided, which would influence the potential duration of
starch accumulation.
With our data we found that GFD was significantly correlated with
average temperature during the first 30 days after flowering but not with
average temperature during the whole grain filling period.
For modelling or prediction purposes it is convenient to know the
relationship between average temperature during the first part of GFD
("grain formation"-in our case, 30 days after flowering) and the degree-days
needed after that period("final starch deposition") until physiological
maturity.For the genotypes which we studied the relation was linear and
negative with r=0.46* to 0.57* .
Genotypes were almost equal in GFD when the average temperature during
30 days after flowering were about 17 degrees but were different in their
response to higher temperatures predicted GFD beeing reduced to 30 days at a
30 days-average temperature of 23.4 degrees for Turda 81 and 25.3 degrees
for Flamura 80. Therefore it seems that,for genotypes included in our
study, the observed differences in GFD are largely due to differences in
temperature response of the grain filling processes.This means that for our
environment, breeding for increased GFD becomes related with breeding for
heat tolerance.
-------------------------
Mariana Ittu,N.N. Saulescu,Gh. Ittu
Breeding for Fusarium scab resistance. Unusual rainy weather (16-20
days with rain and 193 to 370mm rainfall in 30 days after flowering)
favoured a scab epidemic as we have never seen before in our
nurseries.Average frequency of scabby heads varied from 73 to 100% in
released varieties.In durums frequencies of 90-100% were quite usual.
We were pleased to see that under such severe conditions some of
previously identified(by artificial innoculation) sources of resistance
performed well.Good scab resistance was seen in lines having as parents Ning
81249,Turda 195,Amigo,NS 732.Some of the best lines come from crosses
combining more of these resistant parents.It seems that our longtime
breeding effort using artificial innoculation is beginning to pay.
In durums prospects are less encouraging.We would like to hear from
anyone having potential sources of scab resistance in durum wheat.
-------------------------
N.N.Saulescu,Mariana Ittu,Gh. Ittu
Bunt resistances in TAM 104. Routine testing showed that many
progenies from crosses involving TAM 104 are resistant to prevalent races of
common and dwarf bunt. Subsquent tests showed that TAM 104, but no other TAM
line available to us, is also resistant. TAM 104 was released by Texas A+M
University as germplasm carrying fertility restorer genes from rye. We have
used TAM 104 as parent for its excellent Septoria resistance and the
selection of progenies from its crosses was mainly based on that. No
selection pressure was applied for bunt resistance. We suspect that both
Septoria and bunt resistance might come from rye and might be linked. If
this is true , it could be the first bunt resistance gene transfered from
rye. We would like to hear from anyone having information on location of rye
genes or on possible markers for those genes in TAM 104.
-------------------------
ITEM FROM RUSSIA
The Moscow Branch of N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry
Alexandr Fedorov
Effects of photoperiodic reaction and vernalization requirement on
wheat. The plants show two reactions to photoperiod slightly different in
the degree of expression: the stronger one is manifested by nonvernalized
(1), the weaker one by vernalized cultivars (1). Differences in the type of
plant development (winter, alternative and spring), mode of life (annual or
perennial) and duration of the vegetative period of plants are largely
determined by their light reaction at the initial period of life.
To study the physiological-genetical of basis ontogenesis we crossed
cultivars of different type of plant development and of different origin
(winter, alternative and spring wheats). The character of developmental
traits (response to photoperiod and vernalization) determining the nature of
their ontogenesis was studied.
Wheat cultivars of different growth habit and their F1 hybrids differ
in their light reaction in the tillering stage and thereby in development
rate. How cultivars respond to vernalization is determined by the light
reaction.
The F1 of the winter wheat Bejsostaya 1 x Czech alternative wheat on a
short (12-hour) day showed 23 days more lag in the differentiation of the
shoot apex than the parent alternative cultivar and 63 days less than the
winter parent. In accordance with the lag was the response to vernalization
under these conditions. The hybrid showed a higher rate of photoperiodic
reaction than that of the Czech parent (Table 1).
In crosses of the same alternative cultivar with the winter wheat
Mironovskaya 808, which has a higher degree of winter habit than that of
Besostaya, the rate of photoperiodic reaction was still greater. For
example, in one test the F1 with Mironovskaya 808 showed 35 days more lag
than when grown under natural long-day conditions, compared with only 22
days more lag for the hybrid with Besostaya 1.
The same may be observed in crosses of winter with spring wheat. In
crosses of a single spring cultivar with winter wheats with different
degrees of winter habit, the photoperiodic reaction of the F1 is more
pronounced as the degree of the winter property of the winter cultivar
increases.
These results indicate that the photoperiodic reaction of the spring
and alternative cultivars (lagging development under short-day conditions)
and the winter property of the winter cultivars (lagging development under
both long- and short-day conditions) are phenomena of the same type and are
determined by the photoperiodic reaction during the tillering stage. This
reaction, and not vernalization, determines the difference in the length of
the plants vegetative period and particularly of the hybrids and the initial
cultivars.
Table 1. Influence of daylength and vernalization on the days from
emergence to beginning of ear development.
Period length Differ-
Objects of Kind of natural 12h day ence
investigation seeds sown day (n) (12) (n)-(sh)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
F1 Mironovskaya 808 non-vernalized 55 87 32
x Czech alternative vernalized 16 27 11
Mironovskaya 80 non-vernalized 98 no earing -
vernalized 15 27 12
Czech alternative non-vernalized 25 52 27
vernalized 15 26 11
F1 Besostaya 1 non-vernalized 50 75 25
x Czech alternative vernalized 14 22 8
Besostaya 1 non-vernalized 84 138 54
vernalized 13 23 11
Saratovskaya 29 non-vernalized 12 23 11
vernalized 12 18 6
---------------------------------------------------------------------
An F1 of winter x alternative wheat and its parental cultivars differ
greatly in the duration of the vegetative period. The F1 of the winter
wheat Mironovskaya 808 with the Czech alternative cultivar sown in spring
headed on August 25, while the parent Czech cultivar headed on July 11, and
the winter parent remained at the tillering stage. But they do not differ
in the length of the vernalization period (which is 45 days for all of them)
or in the conditions of the vernalization period (vernalization taking place
at 0-3degC). They do not differ either in the degree of their photoperiodic
reaction after the vernalization period. For example, on a short (12-hour)
day they all showed 27 days more lag in heading than when grown in
conditions of natural day length.
These results indicate that the difference in the length of the
vegetative period of the F1 and the parent cultivars cannot be determined by
vernalization or the photoperiodic reaction after vernalization but is
determined essentially by their reaction to light in the beginning of their
vegetative period, i.e., before the process of vernalization.
Spring cultivars and alternatives show two photoperiodic reactions
slightly differing in their degree: the first in non-vernalized and the
second in vernalized plants. The second is much weaker. The photoperiodic
reaction observed in the non-vernalized spring and alternative wheats and
the winter property of the winter wheats are phenomena of the same type.
The F2's of crosses of wheats with different developmental traits
differ in the number of segregated winter plants. In the F2 of crosses of a
spring cultivar with an alternative cultivar, winter forms do not segregate.
In the F2 of a spring cultivar with a winter cultivar, only about 10% of
winter forms segregate. Crosses of a winter cultivar with an alternative
cultivar segregate from 20 to 50% winter forms, depending on the
photoperiodic reaction of the alternative. These data, confirm that the
alternative differ from spring and winter cultivars by their genotype,
although by their phenotype when sown in spring they closely resemble spring
forms and when sown in autumn, winter forms.
Crosses of the same cultivar of winter wheat with different non-winter
cultivars (spring and alternative) differing by the first photoperiodic
reaction segregate the more winter forms the higher the degree of
photoperiodic reaction of the non-winter wheat cultivar, i.e., the longer
the short day developmental lag (Table 2). For example, in the F2 of
crosses of winter wheat with spring wheat Saratovskaya 29 only 10% of winter
forms segregated, in crosses with alternative variety Surhak 5688, 21% of
winter forms segregated. In crosses with the alternative variety 109, with
a higher degree of photoperiodic reaction, 33% of winter forms segregated.
In crosses with Czech alternative 51% of winter plants segregated.
These data once more confirm the conclusion resulting from the analysis
of the behavior of the F1 of wheat crosses with different developmental
traits that the photoperiodic reaction of the alternative wheats and the
winter property of the winter wheats are phenomena of the same type and are
determined by the same chromosomes. On their influence depends the
vegetation period, the photoperiodic reaction and vernalization of all the
three types of wheat, spring, alternative and winter. In our experiments
the vernalization response was always inherited along with the reaction to
light.
Our experiments on the determination of vernalization length have
demonstrated that the wheat varieties as F1 from their crossing of different
types of plant development (alternative and winter), which originated from
the same geographical region, have as rule identical vernalizaton (in its
length and its process conditions). For example, Mironovskaya 808 (winter),
Czech alternative and their F1 plants have the same length of vernalization
(45 days). In the Moscoa region the vernalization of winter and
alternatives plants terminate at the end of October - November according to
the cultivar. The normal course of he vernalization begins when the average
day temperatures are about 10degC and below (September). Alternative
barleys Odessky 17 and Kruglik 21, which are cultivated the southern
regions, have the same vernalization as the winter barleys Krasnodarski 2929
and Krasnydar as well as others regionalized there. These plants differ not
only in their development types but in the length of the vegetation period.
They may not have a different length of the vernalization period because it
depends on the autumn period length.
Therefore, the type of plant development as well as length of the
vegetation period cannot be conditioned by the vernalization.
Table 2. Segregation of winter forms in F(2) of crosses between a
winter wheat and cultivars differing in photoperiodic reaction.
Delay in differentiation
of the shoot apex under
short day in comparison
with natural day of the
Cross non-winter parent/days plants in F2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mironovskaya 808 (winter) 30 51.1 + 3.9
x Czech alternative
Mironovskaya 808 21 33.1 + 3.2
x 109 (alternative)
Mironovskaya 808 17 21.3 + 2.9
x Surhak 5688 (alternative)
Mironovskaya 808 15 10.1 + 2.3
x Saratovskaya 29 (spring)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
A physiological-genetical study has shown that differences in the type
of plant development (winter, alternative and spring wheats) are due to
their different response to light in the tillering stage. Their different
response to vernalization is determined by the light reaction.
The plants show two reactions to photoperiod slightly different in the
degree of expression: the stronger one is manifested by non-vernalized (1),
the weaker one by vernalized (2). As a result of vernalization, plants lose
the ability of adaptive reaction, i.e., lagging development and growth under
the light conditions preceding the oncoming of adverse winter conditions,
the reaction essential for the normal vegetation in the favorable season of
the year spring - summer. The reaction to photoperiod and lagging
development under short-day conditions of non-vernalized spring and
alternative cultivrs and wintering of winter cultivars (lagging development
under both long- and short-day conditions) are basically phenomena of the
same order, the differences between them are mainly quantitative.
Wintering of winter cultivars is the most pronounced reaction to
photoperiod. The least expressed reaction to photoperiod is shown by spring
cultivars as a slight lag of development under short-day conditions. It is
expressed to a greater extent by alternative cultivars as a more significant
lagging under short-day conditions, and to the greatest extent by winter as
the most marked lagging of development under short- and even long-(natural
summer) day conditions.
Differences in the types of plant development (winter, alternative and
spring), mode of life (annual or perennial) and duration of the vegetative
period of plants are largely determined by their light reaction at the
initial period of life.
The type of plant development as well as length of the vegetation
period cannot be conditioned by the vernalization. It is a facultative
process, which takes place under certain conditions (in autumn) and does not
take place under the other ones (in summer). The type of plant development
is due to their different reaction to light at the beginning of their life
(in the gramineous plants at the tillering phase). The spring plants have
the ability to a slight development delay under the short-day. The
alternative plants have the ability to a considerable delay under the short-
day and the winter plants have the ability to delay under the short and the
long day.
The length of the vegetation period for the spring-sown plants (spring
and alternative) is conditioned by the light reaction in the non-vernalized
plants (we called it the 1-st photoperiodic reaction) but for winter-sown
plants (alternative, winter) it is conditioned by the light reaction in the
vernalized plants (we called it the 2-d photoperiodic reaction).
A photoperiodic reaction in non-vernalized plants is slightly different
from that in vernalized ones in the degree of expression. As a result of
vernalization plants lose the ability of adaptive reaction expressed as a
lag of development under definite light conditions, the light reaction is
affected. Plants of all types respond to vernalization with an acceleration
of development depending on their light reaction. They respond only under
definite illumination conditions, and the response is the higher the greater
the delay. Thus, the differences in the type of plant development, i.e.,
the lengths of the vegetation period in wheats are due to their different
light reaction in the tillering stage and related response to vernalization.
The role of vernalization in ontogenesis of plants is associated with
changes in their photoperiod reaction (light reaction) as result of which
they lose their ability to delay growth and development (considerably under
influence of the photoperiod preceding wintering (alternative, plants-short
photoperiod, and winter plants - short and long photoperiod).
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch
R. de V. Pienaar*, G. F. Marais*, H. S. Roux, J-M. Hay and
G. M. Littlejohn
Durum wheat breeding. The production of durum wheat in South Africa
was discouraged since 1990, because pasta products made from subsidized
wheat were sold on the South African markets by neighbouring Botswana
(belonging to the South African toll union) at prices below the production
cost of durum grain. The result was that the 1991/92 durum crop fell to an
estimated 500 tons. In the past, 20 000 tons of durum wheat were utilized
annually by the South African
pasta industry. Since levies on the durum crop are used to fund our
breeding program, it will of necessity have to be scaled down until such
time that market forces will again permit the profitable production of durum
wheat.
USD8712, a selection from CIMMYT's 15th IDSN entry 99 (= GDO VZ578//LDS
MUT/GTA'/3/FULI'S'), was released as the cultivar Orania. Its pasta quality
and yield are superior to that of Goeie Hoop and Rama. Pasta products made
from the latter cultivars won seven gold medals at the Monde S‚lection,
Barcelona, Spain, in 1991. Over a period of four years at two localities,
Orania gave an average yield of 11.3 t/ha in the irrigated elite trials
compared to the 10.5 t/ha of Goeie Hoop, and the 10.3 t/ha of the best
yielding bread wheat check, Gamtoos (= a VEERY selection). Orania also has
better mildew resistance and straw strength than the other cultivars.
Replicated yield trials (318 lines), 1020 rod rows (advanced lines) and 354
segregating families were planted at Rietrivier near Kimberley, while a
further 319 lines and CIMMYT's 23rd IDSN were grown at Stellenbosch.
Triticale breeding. The popularity of triticale for feed grain and
silage is steadily increasing. In the Cape Province an estimated 30 000 ha
have been planted. Seed of the newly released cultivar USGEN 19 (=
ANOAS'S' of CIMMYT) has been increased and will be available to farmers in
1992. During 1991 it outyielded the current cultivars USGEN 10, USGEN 14
and USGEN 18 (all of which had become susceptible to leaf and stem rust).
USGEN 19 has a higher hectolitre mass than the older cultivars, and it is
resistant to the prevailing leaf and stem rust races.
Junior and senior trials (276 lines) were planted on a sandy soil under
rainfed conditions at the Mariendahl Experiment Station near Stellenbosch,
while another 580 advanced lines were screened in rod rows. The best triticale
line yielded 6.4 t/ha, whereas the bread wheat check Palmiet only produced 3.3
t/ha. Selections were made in 360 segregating families.
Cytogenetics. The transfer of the telosomic series in Chinese Spring to
Pavon 76 has progressed to the B(7)F(1) thanks to the co-operation of Kathleen
Ross and J.P. Gustafson of the USDA, ARS at the University of Missouri,
Columbia. The kr(1), kr(2) and kr(3) crossability genes are also being
transferred from Chinese Spring to Pavon 76 and its telosomic series.
The semi dwarf genes Rht2 and Rht8 are being transferred from the D genome
of common wheat to durum wheat by utilizing the ph1b mutant and the nulli 5B
tetra 5D stocks in crosses with durum wheat addition and substitution lines.
The Thinopyrum ponticum and Th. distichum derived genes for leaf and stem rust
resistance (Lr19 and Sr25) and their closely associated genes for yellow
endosperm, are being transferred from Agatha and Indis to durum wheat and
triticale. Durum wheat plants with 2n=28-30 have been obtained that possess
the resistance genes. The genes in Triticum dicoccoides that code for high
protein content are being transferred to triticale via a T. dicoccoides/Henoch
rye amphiploid. B(3)F(2) plants were obtained that had 15-17% protein,
whereas the recurrent triticale parent, USGEN 18, had 10-11%.
It was concluded that the Indis translocation is homoeologous to the
Lr19 translocation in Agatha, and the suffix "d" was adopted to distinguish
the Indis homoeoalleles. Deletion mapping showed the linear order of
several genes on the Indis translocation to be: centromere, Lr19d, Wsp-D1c,
Y1d and Y2d. Sr25d was found to be situated distally from Lr19d. Four
ph-induced recombinants were confirmed to carry Lr19d and a segregation
distorter gene Sd-1d, but to have lost Sr25d, Y1d and Y2d. In the
recombination events, Lr19d was apparently re-translocated to an unknown
chromosome(s). At least three of the four recombinants have an altered
gametocidal property, and depending on the genotype of a translocation
heterozygote, may show preferential transmission or abortion, or may not
have any effect on segregation ratios. This would suggest the existence of
an enhancer gene(s) of Sd-1d on the original translocation. It was also
concluded that promoters or suppressors of the gametocidal effect occur on
several chromosome arms. The interaction of the wheat response factors
with the gametocidal factors on the translocation determines the nature and
magnitude of segregation distortion.
An octoploid hybrid of Chinese Spring and the Russian wheat aphid
resistant rye, Turkey 77, was backcrossed to common wheat in an attempt to
derive an addition line carrying the resistance. Attempts to transfer leaf
and stem rust resistance from Triticum speltoides and Triticum tauschii,
respectively, were continued.
Personnel changes: After 35 years at the University of Stellenbosch, the
last 22 as head of the Department of Genetics, Prof. R. de V. Pienaar has
retired. As Professor Emeritus, he will, however, continue his research in
Room 1026, Welgevallen Experiment Station, University of Stellenbosch, 7600
Stellenbosch, South Africa (his new address).
G.M. Littlejohn joined the Wild Flower Breeding Unit of the Department of
Agricultural Development at Elsenburg.
Visiting scientists. Prof. P.S. Baenziger, Department of Agronomy,
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA, visited the department on a FRD grant for
a six week period. Dr. R.J. Griesbach, Florist Nursery Crop Lab, USDA,
Beltsville, MD, USA, also spent a few days with the department.
Conference. The University of Stellenbosch hosted the 1st Conference
of the SA Plant Breeders Association, May 2-3.
Publications
Potgieter, G.F., Marais, G.F. & Du Toit, F. (1991) The transfer of
resistance to the Russian wheat aphid from Triticum monococcum L. to common
wheat. Plant Breeding 106: 284-292.
-------------------------
Department of Plant Pathology, University of the Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein 9300
Z.A. Pretorius and F.J. Kloppers
Wheat leaf rust. Our research program involves the characterization of
resistance expression, with the aim of using this information when selecting
for specific Lr gene combinations. In characterizing resistance expression,
factors such as growth stage, temperature, race effects, and their
interactions, are being investigated. The influence of these factors on
inheritance is also studied. Furthermore, field studies in epidemic
situations are conducted to determine the disease response of lines
containing promising resistance genes. During 1991, expression of the
recently named Lr35, Lr36 and Lr37 genes was studied. All three genes are
currently effective to local pathotypes.
In a backcrossing program, Lr12, Lr21, Lr22a, Lr29, Lr32, Lr34, Lr35,
Lr36 and Lr37 are being incorporated individually in adapted spring and
winter types. Once agronomically acceptable leaf rust resistant plants have
been recovered, gene combination lines will be developed.
Fusarium head blight. A collection of wheat lines, obtained from the
Cimmyt head blight program in Paraguay, was evaluated in a field nursery and
greenhouse during 1991. Following artificial inoculation with Fusarium
graminearum in the greenhouse, and natural infection by F. poae, F.
crookwellense and F. graminearum in the field, 38 lines were selected on a
basis of disease incidence and severity. These lines will be evaluated in a
replicated trial in 1992 after which a breeding program involving the most
resistant genotypes will be initiated.
Publications
Brink, E. G. & Pretorius, Z.A. 1991. Expression of wheat leaf rust
resistance gene Lr35. Phytophylactica 23:98 (Abstr.).
Drijepondt, S.C. & Pretorius, Z.A. 1991. Evaluation of wheat leaf rust
resistance gene combinations in segregating populations. Phytophylactica
23:99 (Abstr.).
Drijepondt, S.C. & Pretorius, Z.A. 1991. Expression of two wheat leaf rust
resistance gene combinations involving Lr34. Plant Disease 75:526-528.
Drijepondt, S.C., Pretorius, Z.A. & Rijkenberg, F.H.J. 1991. Effects of
growth stage, leaf position and races of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici
on Lr34 resistance in wheat. Phytophylactica 23:53-58.
Kemp, G.H.J., Pretorius, Z.A. & Smith, J. 1991. Anthracnose of wheat in
South Africa. Phytophylactica 23:177-179.
Kloppers, F.J. & Pretorius, Z.A. 1991. Early-growth stage detection of
resistance conferred by Lr37 to leaf rust of wheat. Phytopathology 81:1199
(Abstr.).
Pretorius, Z.A. 1991. Evaluating Frontana wheat for resistance to leaf rust.
Phytopathology 81:1189 (Abstr.).
Pretorius, Z.A., Brink, E.G. & Van Deventer, C.S. 1991. Selecting for
resistance to wheat leaf rust in Frontana seedlings. Phytophylactica 23:97
(Abstr.).
Uys, M.D.R. & Pretorius, Z.A. 1991. Inhibition of fungal growth of
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis on fungicide-amended media. Phytophylactica
23:98 (Abstr.).
-------------------------
Department of Plant Breeding, University of the Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein 9300
C.S. van Deventer, M.T. Labuschagne and M. C. B. Coetzee
Soft wheat breeding programme. This recently established, unique
breeding program expanded significantly over the past year. Evaluation of
the F4 is already in progress. More germplasm was imported from France and
the USA. The aim of the program is to breed soft wheats for the irrigation
areas, for the production of soft wheat products such as cookies and cakes.
Research into soft wheat quality and breeding was stimulated from this
program, and the following projects are in progress:
1. The expression and inheritance of HMW glutenin subunits in wheat (PhD
project).
2. The effect of temperature on the combining ability of several spring
wheats (MSc project).
3. The effect of kernel softness on biscuit making properties (MSc
project).
Publications
Labuschagne, M.T. and Van Deventer, C.S. 1992. The effect of moisture
stress on yield and yield components of several wheat cultivars and their
F1-hybrids. J. Agronomy and Crop Science (In press).
-------------------------
PANNAR (PTY) Ltd., P. O. Box 17164, Bainsvlei, 9338
F. du Toit, S. S. Walters, Audrey Brummer
On January 1, 1992, Pioneer Seed Company (Pty) Ltd., changed its name
to PANNAR (PTY) LIMITED. Only the name has changed and the company will
continue to operate on the same basis as before.
Winter wheat. In 1991 PANNAR submitted its first hard red winter wheat
line for provisional classification. This line could be finally released in
1992 depending on final baking quality tests. The line is fairly tolerant
to drought and heat stress and resistant to prevalent stem rust races in the
Orange Free State Province
Spring wheat. The first hard red spring wheat lines were tested in the
southern and western Cape Province (winter rainfall area) and under
irrigation in the northern Cape Province. One line outyielded the highest
yielding check (cv. Gamtoos) by 21%.
Russian wheat aphid resistance breeding. Considerable progress has
been made towards the development of RWA resistant wheat lines through
backcrossing. Acceleration of generations permitted three to four
backcrosses in the case of intermediate and spring types during 1991. Field
resistance was highly effective and no differences in yield were measured
between unsprayed and sprayed resistant lines. Unsprayed resistant lines
yielded the same as sprayed susceptible cultivars in a split-plot trial.
Increasing numbers of resistant parents are being used in the crossing block
each year. For the first time, at least some of the segregating populations
were not sprayed for RWA and resistant plants were selected in the field.
Twenty-five wheat lines found to be resistant in the USA, were screened in
the greenhouse. Thirteen of these lines showed good levels of resistance
and will be used in genetic studies and development of resistant germplasm.
Personnel. Audrey Brummer, formerly from the Small Grain Centre at
Bethlehem, has joined PANNAR in March 1991 as secretary/technician.
-------------------------
Small Grain Centre, Grain Crops Research Inst.,Bethlehem
H.A. van Niekerk* , P.R. Celliers, D.J. Exley and Riana Pretorius
Breeding. Winter wheat. The cultivar 'Betta' with resistance to
Russian Wheat Aphid (RWA) will be submitted for final classification as a
bread wheat. 'Tugela' with similar resistance was not accepted as a bread
wheat, but this cultivar will be given to farmers in the neighboring
country, Lesotho.
Mentzchen Marais has now also joined this group and she will
concentrate on RWA research.
-------------------------
H.A. van Niekerk, F. Koekemoer, Anschen Grobbelaar, Ren‚ee Prins, T.G.
Paxton, Suzette Jordaan, R.Britz, T. van A. Bredenkamp and Suretha Pelser
Spring wheat. From the dryland component of the program four lines
have been identified as potential new cultivars, should the quality be
acceptable. These lines are W84/17, W90/2, W90/3 and W90/13 . From the
irrigation lines BSP89/11 will be submitted for release as a cultivar and
BSP89/14 will be submitted for provisional classification.
-------------------------
I.B.J. Smit and Antoinette Otto
International Nurseries. A total of 293 selections were made from the
previous seasons International Nurseries and evaluated as single rows under
irrigation at various locations. These rows replace trial entries for a
faster evaluation of better adapted lines. Of these entries 8% were
selected for elite trials.
Some 15 International nurseries, established under irrigation, were
evaluated for all relevant agronomic characteristics and various diseases.
Apart from a severe powdery mildew and a slight leaf rust infection, the
lack of infection was apparent. This is probably related to the dry and hot
conditions prevailing during most of the growing season. The entries to
these nurseries were, wheat 1469, barley 77 and triticale 219. Of these
entries 14% were selected for further evaluation.
-------------------------
I.B.J. Smit, F. Groenewald
Germplasm bank. The National Small Grain Germplasm Research Facility,
Aberdeen, Idaho was visited to obtain information pertaining to the
upgrading of the local germplasm bank. All available germplasm material was
planted as winter and spring plantings to identify winter and spring entries
and to observe the degree of purity of seed. A new cold storage facility
was obtained as well as special computer equipment to handle the growing
data base.
-------------------------
D. van Lill*, J.L. Purchase and O.T. de Villiers
Wheat Quality. The effect of environment on yield, bread-making
quality and protein composition of S A winter wheats. Genetical factors
determine bread-making quality, but the expression of these factors may also
be affected by environmental growing conditions. The objective of this
study was to assess the magnitude of cultivar, environment and their
interaction on the yield, bread-making quality and quantitative protein
composition of five winter wheat cultivars commonly grown in the Orange Free
State. Yield and protein content were predominantly influenced by
environment, whereas mixing time was mainly genetically determined.
Variation of quality parameters within cultivar groups were strongly related
to variation in total protein-, gliadin- and glutenin content, but not to
remarkable quantitative variation of either storage protein fractions. The
magnitude of environmental interactions emphasizes the need for an efficient
system for the quality screening of early generation wheat lines in South
African breeding programmes. Such a system is discussed.
-------------------------
D. van Lill, J.L. Purchase, O.T. de Villiers and M.F. Smith
The effect of agronomic practices on yield, bread-making quality and
protein composition of winter wheats. The purpose of this study was to
determine if cropping systems (wheat monoculture, crop rotation, early and
late planting date) would affect bread-making quality through variation in
protein composition. Climatic differences over years had a marked effect on
the interaction between agronomic practices and quality attributes.
Favorable climatic conditions post anthesis enhanced yield and protein
content for crop rotation. Planting date played a minor role. Dough
quality groupings according to Glu-1 scores suggested that HMW glutenin
properties principally contributed to bread-making quality. Under stress
related conditions, yield was reduced and protein contents increased for
monoculture x early planting date. Crop rotation realised higher yields and
acceptable protein contents. Later planting date improved yield and protein
content in the drier year. However, dough development time decreased
despite increased protein content, but could not be related to variation in
gliadin:glutenin ratios. These results sustained findings that various
protein attributes contribute to variation in bread-making quality.
However, favorable climatic conditions after flowering enhanced the genetic
potential of inherent quality wheats. Agronomic practices aimed at
conservation of soil water content, contributed towards achievement of
genetic potential and the positive management of crop quality, provided crop
rotation had been applied.
-------------------------
D. van Lill, B.S. Wentzel and O.T. de Villiers
The effects of nitrogen supply on the protein content of five S A
winter wheats. Analysis of wheat plants grown in pots under greenhouse
conditions were conducted to study the effect of N supply from the soil on
distribution of N in both vegetative and reproductive parts of five South
African winter wheat cultivars. Also, whether the effect of N applications
at anthesis on protein content differed among cultivars. N content and its
distribution in vegetative material at anthesis was strongly influenced by
genotype and N availability. It also appeared that cultivars showed
variation in their ability to store N in different plant components and that
increased N availability contributed to this variation. Maintenance of N
supply was necessary to improve dry matter production and nitrogen harvest
index. It was also shown that variation in grain N% among cultivars was
related to differences in the efficiency of N redistribution and post
anthesis utilization of available N.
-------------------------
D. van Lill, Connie Benson, B.S. Wentzel and O.T. de Villiers
The effect of cultivar and environment on the formulation of a 100g
bread-making test. This study evaluated the suitability of a 100g baking
formula for the evaluation of the respective contributions of genotype,
locality and their interaction to variation in loaf volume. It was showed
that formula components contributed differently to the variation in loaf
volume induced by genotype, environment or their interaction. This formula:
flour (100g, 14% mb), optimum water absorption, yeast 5.75%, sugar (6%),
salt (1.5%), shortening (3%) and ascorbic acid (50 ppm), was excellently
suited for evaluation of the bread-making quality of cultivar adaptation
trials.
-------------------------
D. van Lill, Chrissie van den Berg, J.L. Purchase and O.T. de Villiers
A protocol for assessment of early generation winter wheat quality.
The evaluation of early generation wheat quality is an important aspect in
breeding programmes. This article describes the development of a protocol
for testing early generation winter wheat cultivars. Equations for
estimated water absorption, loaf volume and baking strength index, were
based on data obtained from a wide range of cultivar adaptation trials
executed in the Orange Free State.
-------------------------
H.A. Smit*, J. Purchase, P.A. Visser, A.H. Botha, M. Maritz, Hesta van
Tonder, C. de Wet, A.Rautenbach, J. du Plessis and Hannelie du Plessis
Agronomy and Plant Physiology. 1991 Crop Conditions. The three major
wheat producing regions of South Africa are the Western Cape (Mediterranean
climate), the Orange Free State (summer rainfall region) and the irrigation
areas along the major rivers. Spring types are generally planted in the
Western Cape and under irrigation, while winter and intermediate types
dominate production under dryland conditions in the Orange Free State. The
OFS produces approximately 60% of the total annual crop, the Western Cape
25% and approximately 15% is produced under irrigation. The total wheat
crop for the period 1 November 1991 to 30 October 1992, as estimated by the
Wheat Board, should amount to 2,2 million metric tons, which is very close
to the average total annual production and equals the annual demand of the
country. Conditions were relatively favorable in the Western Cape, except
for the eastern regions of the Ruens, and in the Western, Central end
Eastern OFS, but a severe drought reduced yields considerably in the
important wheat producing area of the Northern and North-Eastern OFS.
Cultivar adaptation under dryland conditions. Due to the large
variation that exists in climatic conditions and soil types within the
respective regions, intensive cultivar adaptation programmes are necessary
to make accurate recommendations to the producers regarding cultivar
selection, optimum planting date and seeding rate.
In the OFS a great diversity of cultivars are recommended, including a
number of F1 hybrids. As a result of the extremely low seeding rates (10-30
kg/ha) that are used, the cultivation of hybrids is a viable proposition in
certain areas, despite the high seed cost. Generally the semi-dwarf hybrids
out-perform the tall purelines under favorable conditions, but not under
drought conditions, which occur fairly regularly. The exception is 'Carina'
(B205 from Cargill) which yields exceptionally well over a wide range of
environments.
Plant physiology. The plant physiology programme is mainly concerned
with factors affecting coleoptile length, preharvest sprouting and the
determination of physiological and morphological factors associated with
drought tolerance. The programme also concentrates on characterising
cultivars and advanced breeding lines in terms of vernalization requirement
and photoperiod sensitivity, which are important aspects of adaptation.
Intensive data collection for the running of the Ceres Wheat Model has
been a priority this last year. Since conditions for wheat cultivation in
the OFS are rather unique, it will be interesting to observe the accuracy
and applicability of the model to our conditions.
-------------------------
H.A. Smit, C.G. Burbidge, Hesta van Tonder, H.S.C.A. van der Merwe and
W. van der Westhuisen.
Cultivar adaptation under irrigation. An intensive spring wheat
cultivar adaptation research program is run in five irrigation areas which
vary in climatic conditions. Spring wheat cultivars and promising breeding
lines from the Small Grain Centre, as well as from private seed companies,
are included in the trials. These trials are conducted at 30 localities and
at least three planting dates per locality. These trials, analyzed over
years with the A.M.M.I. model, act as guidelines to wheat producers
regarding cultivar choice, optimum planting date and planting density.
Plant physiology. In most irrigation areas of South Africa, the grain
filling period of spring wheat coincides with periods of high evaporation
demand and high day temperatures. All the irrigation wheat cultivars that
are recommended in South Africa are being evaluated under temperature
controlled conditions and also in field trials in terms of grain filling
rate and duration. Preliminary results suggest that considerable genetic
variation exists between local genotypes for both rate and duration of grain
filling in the different irrigation areas.
-------------------------
Annelie Barnard
Preharvest sprouting. Research consisted of an evaluation trial in
which South African cultivars were compared to international standards and
screened for preharvest sprouting resistance. The relatively warm ripening
conditions, together with a high rainfall during or just prior to harvest
present a major challenge to breeders attempting to safeguard their
varieties against weather damage. To achieve this goal the identification
and utilization of components of sprouting resistance, apart from dormancy,
are needed. Preliminary experiments have been undertaken and further
research is in progress.
-------------------------
H.A. Smit, H.H. Knobel, C.F. Pool, B.L. de Villiers, R.C. Lindeque and
J.P. du Toit
Weed Research. Combination studies. Research in this regard is still
being carried out on registered and unregistered herbicide combinations.
Wild oat control by CGA 184927 was enhanced by bromoxynil in greenhouse
trials. Bromoxynil on the other hand was enhanced by both CGA 184927 and
triasulfuron when evaluating climbing knotweed control in the greenhouse and
field.
Adjuvant studies. Studies on the influence of adjuvants on the
efficacy of herbicides and herbicide mixtures are still in progress. The
efficacy of the wild oat herbicide CGA 184927 was not improved by the
adjuvant Citrex (R). It appears as if the efficacy of this herbicide
decreases at higher levels of Citrex(R). This adjuvant did not increase
grass control after it was added to a mixture of CGA 184927, parathion and
thiometon. Control of Bilderdykia convolvulus decreased after the adjuvant
was added to a mixture of CGA 184927, bromoxynil and MCPA.
Residual studies. Studies to determine the residual effect of
herbicides are still in progress. Bioassays with lentils (Lens culinnaris)
were conducted in a greenhouse to determine the effect of different
properties of twenty natural soils on the activity of imazamethabenz methyl
and a mixture of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron methyl respectively. The
order of importance for imazamethabenz activity was: %clay > %organic
material > cation exchange capacity > % loam > pH: and for
chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron methyl activity: pH > cation exchange capacity >
%clay > %loam > % organic material. Further studies to determine the effect
of pH on the residual effect of these two herbicides are in progress.
Publications
De Villiers, B.L. and Du Toit, D. 1991. Efficacy of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl when
applied in combination with bromoxynil and MCPA. Appl. Pl. Sci. 5 (2):
60-63.
De Villiers, B.L. and Du Toit, D. 1992. Antagonistic effect of MPCA on
Avena sterilis control with tralkoxydim. S.A. J. Plant & Soil (In Press)
De Villiers, B.L., Knobel, H.H., Du Toit, J.P. and Smit, H.A. 1992.
Influence of combinations of CGA 184927 with bromoxynil and MCPA on wild oat
(Avena sterilis L.) control. Appl. Pl. Sci (In Press)
Knobel, H.H., De Villiers, B.L., Smit, H.A. & Lindeque, R.C. 1991.
Differential phytotoxicity of tralkoxydim, bromoxynil and a mixture of these
two herbicides on South African wheat cultivars. S.A. J. Plant & Soil (In
Press)
-------------------------
S.C Drijepondt
Pathology
Leaf rust. Due to unforseen circumstances, the leaf rust survey was
not completed before contributions for this journal had to be supplied. It
would seem, however, that natural infections of leaf rust occurred
throughout all the wheat producing areas of South Africa, except for the
Eastern Cape Province. Natural infections in the Eastern Orange Free State
were higher than usual.
Current emphasis in the breeding programme for resistance to leaf rust
at the Small Grain Centre is to seek for and incorporate complex resistance
in commercially adapted cultivars.
Leaf rust of barley is also a problem in the barley producing areas of
South Africa. During this past season we did a restricted survey to
establish some race differentiation. This will be expanded in the coming
season, whereafter resistance evaluation of the existing barley cultivars
will be done.
-------------------------
J. Smith*
Stem rust research. Stem rust of wheat is presently still under good
genetic control in South Africa. No major outbreaks have been recorded
since 1984. During the 1990 season stem rust was not recorded on any
commercially grown wheat. Collections for isolations were made mainly from
the South and Western Cape, the Eastern Cape and the Eastern Transvaal.
Although the annual stem rust survey has not been completed, indications are
that 2SA102 (the race carrying virulence for Sr27) predominates. The only
other race which occurred in significant amounts was 2SA4 which has
virulence for Sr9e and Sr30. Races with virulence for Sr24 have diminished
considerably.
The most probable reason why 2SA102 predominated was because triticale
is planted as a fodder and many triticales carry Sr27 which thus provide an
alternate host for this race. 2SA102 does not present a threat to
commercial wheat cultivars because it has avirulence for the major
resistance genes currently employed in South Africa.
Future work on stem rust at the Small Grain Centre will entail the
characterization of certain genes, alone and in combination and the study of
these genes when incorporated into commercial wheat cultivars.
Publications
Smith, J., & Hattingh, M.J. 1991. Fluorescent pseudomonas associated with
diseases of wheat in South Africa. Journal of Phytopathology 133:36-48.
Smith, J., Hattingh, M.J., & Kemp, G.H.K. 1991. Pseudomonas syringae pv.
striafaciens associated with diseased oats in South Africa. Phytophylactica
23:235-236.
Kemp, G.H.J., Pretorius, Z.A., & Smith, J. 1991. Anthracnose of wheat in
South Africa. Phytophylactica 23:177-179.
-------------------------
G.J. Knobel, W.H. Kilian, W.M. Otto and Verna Wessels
Plant Nutrition
Soil acidity research. Field trials were conducted in the Eastern
Orange Free State to determine the practical value of existing variation
between wheat cultivars with respect to their tolerance to high levels of
aluminium. Five soil acidity levels which varied between pH(KCl) 4,0 and
5,2 were used to test four wheat cultivars known to vary in their tolerance
to aluminium.
Results showed that the cultivars can be divided into two groups,
namely a tolerant and a susceptible group. The tolerant group showed a
decrease in yield of only 8% at a pH(KCl) level of 4,0 when compared to the
control (pH 5,2), while the susceptible group showed a yield loss of 23%
under the same circumstances.
The results obtained from this research showed clearly that the
different levels of tolerance to aluminium in cultivars is very important
and that this could be used by producers, together with a responsible liming
program, to produce acceptable yields under acid conditions.
-------------------------
W.H. Kilian*, W.M. Otto and Verna Wessels
Nitrogen fertiliser and protein content. A study was conducted in the
Free State over a period of nine years to determine the possibility of
manipulating the protein content of wheat grain by applying additional
nitrogen fertiliser. The results showed that nitrogen fertiliser almost
always increased the protein content of the grain. This increase was 0,2%
for every 10 kg N/ha applied.
At the same time the protein content varied with as much as 7% from one
season to the other. It was determined that this variation was due to
mainly soil moisture conditions before anthesis in the Eastern Free State,
while this factor as well as temperature during grain filling was
responsible for the variation in the Central and Western Free State where
temperatures go above 30øC.
It is clear from these results that it will not be practical for
producers to manipulate protein content by applying additional nitrogen
fertiliser, since weather conditions normally plays a bigger role in
determining the grain protein than nitrogen fertiliser.
-------------------------
J.P.C. Tolmay and B.J. Pieterse*
Soil Cultivation. The use of water potential as an indicator of soil
water shortage in tillage research on wheat was investigated. During the
stage of spikelet differentiation, significantly more soil water was
measured under conventional tillage compared to no-tillage. These
differences were however not reflected in leaf water potential due to
sufficient soil water content under both tillage practices to prevent plant
water stress.
In another experiment, leaf water potential was monitored hourly for 72
hour period to compile a leaf water potential diagram. Leaf water potential
was relatively stable from 03:00 to 05:00 and from 14:00 to 16:00. Results
of these experiments proved the importance of leaf water potential in
explaining yield differences in soil tillage experiments.
-------------------------
G.J. Prinsloo*, Vicky Tolmay, Belinda Koen and J.L. Hatting
Entomology. Resistance breeding against Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis
noxia. Good progress has been made during 1991 with the breeding of
resistant cultivars. Application was made to the Wheat board to release the
first cultivar with resistance to D. Noxia. A few lines were also evaluated
under field conditions.
Biological control. Two strains of the hymenopterous parasitoid
Aphelinus varipes were introduced against
D. noxia during 1991. One strain originated from the USSR, while the other
from Germany. These strains will be released and evaluated in the coming
season.
-------------------------
ITEM FROM TURKEY
CIMMYT, P. K. 39 Emek, 06511 Ankara
Hans-Joachim Braun, Thomas S. Payne
Personel. Dr. Byrd C. Curtis retired in mid-1991 after nearly four
decades of involvement in cereal research. Dr. Curtis jointed CIMMYT in
1981 as leader of the Wheat Program. Since 1988, he served as the
CIMMYT/ICARDA Regional Coordinator based in Ankara, Turkey and Aleppo,
Syira. While in Aleppo, he was also responsible fore Facultative (High
Altitude) Wheat Breeding. Dr. Curtis now resides in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Dr. Gene Saari has returned to CIMMYT/Mexico to assume the position of
Leader of Plant Pathology, Wheat Program. Dr. Thomas S. Payne, CIMMYT Wheat
Breeder based in Ankara, Turkey, has filled the Facultative Wheat position.
International Nurseries. The results of the 5th International Winter
Wheat Screening Nursery (IWWSN) were distributed in December, 1991. WxS
derivatives performed well. Five of the 10 highest yielding entries are WxS
crosses and the most winterhardy entry was a WxS cross. The results of the
6th IWWSN are expected to be finalized in the spring, 1992.
The Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery (FAWWON) is
organized by the National Wheat Improvement Program of Turkey, CIMMYT and
ICARDA. The FAWWON replaces the International WInter Wheat Screening
Nursery (IWWSN; Turkey/CIMMYT) and the Wheat Observation Nursery High
Altitude Areas (WON-HAA; ICARDA). The 1st FAWWON, distributed in August
1991, contains 140 entries distributed to 120 cooperators in 48 countries.
Production. The winter was unusually cold in the Aegean Region
(Izmir), but spring wheat yields were normal. In the Cukurova area (Adana)
spring wheat production was much lower than normal. Yield trials in
Cukurova were in the range of 3 - 5 tons/ha, while normal yields vary
between 8 - 9 t/ha. In particular low yields were caused by ground pearl
infestation (Porphyrophora tritici Bod.). Seri was susceptible to this
insect and damage was so heavy that in some fields yields were below 2t/ha.
Leaf rust infection was heavy, but Seri 82, the most grown variety, is still
resistant.
Yields in Thrace (winter wheat area) were low due to a heavy leaf rust
epidemic--all commercially grown varieties are susceptible (mainly
Yugoslavian and Bulgarian varieties). Root rots were also identified and
they seem to be becoming more important in Turkey, both in Thrace and on the
Anatolian Plateau. This problem has to be addressed soon and initial
discussions have been held with Dr. John Hamblin, ICARDA.
The central Anatolian Plateau experienced the worst yellow rust
epidemic since the 1970's. The winter was very mild (Inia 66 survived
without winterkill) and the spring cold. Rains were sufficient and well
distributed. Gerek 79, grown on 1.5million ha was 100S. Kernel size was
significantly reduced. The prevailing race was Yr6 + Yr7, which has
dominated the WANA region for a long time.
Point aside. The yellow rust resistance of Bezostaya is remarkable
(see Results of 3rd through 5th IWWSN). More than twenty years after it's
release and being more widely grown than any other winter wheat variety, the
resistance (partial?, durable?) is still holding including in hot spots like
Kenya and Ecuador.
Winter, Facultative, Spring comparative yield trial-Syria. During Byrd
Curtis' tenure at ICARDA-Syria, he recognized various similarities between
northwestern Syria (Tel Hadiye) and his native region, Oklahoma. He was
able to quantify latitudinal, seasonal, agro-meteorological, and agronomic
similarities. However, in Oklahoma winter cereal production predominates
due, in part, to moisture distribution patterns skewed towards late
winter/early spring, rapid early-season temperature fluctuations resulting
in precocious plant development and late-spring frosts, terminal heat and
moisture stress, and rapid temperature transition between winter and summer.
These same constraints occur in northern Syria, however, winter-sown spring
(low vernalization requiring) cereal cultigens predominate. Might adapted
facultative or winter wheat cultivars be appropriate for this area too?
Further evidence supporting adaptation of winter/facultative cereal
production for northern Syria may be gained from vernal analysis of endemic
cereal landraces. Drs. Ceccarelli and Tahir confirm that facultative
barleys predominate in accessions collected in the northern-tier of
provinces in Syria. Dr. Jan Valkoun (ICARDA Germplasm Resources Unit)
suggests that this is also the pattern in endemic wheat accessions, however,
this will be confirmed in a joint-project to be conducted in 1992. We
speculate that until about 30 years ago, an admixture of vernal requiring
(facultative/spring) cultigens was grown in northern Syria. With the
introduction of Mexipak, a revolutionary change away from traditional
varieties occurred, and as a consequence the area became known to early IARC
scientists as a "spring wheat" environment. This classification continues
today.
During the 1990/91 growing season, an alpha-lattice replicated yield
trial comparing the response of 44 winter and facultative wheats, and 22
spring bread wheats was grown at five locations in northern Syria, Tel
Hadiya, Hasakeh, Kamishly, Idleib and Azaz. Winter and facultative wheats
performed well across locations. Excluding Hasakeh, seven of the top twelve
performing lines were winter or facultative. The winter and facultative
group tended to perform better under harsher (drier) conditions. Great
Plains (USA) winter wheats were at a competitive disadvantage because of
lateness, possibly because of a strong vernalization requirement.
Micro-Nutrient Imbalance. Curiously, wheat production in the central
Anatolian Plateau has been characterized by few wheat cultivars. Incidious
production constraints may limit germplasm adaptation and restrict cultivar
acceptance. Dr. Tony Rathjen, Waite Institute, Adelaide, Australia, was
asked to check Turkish cultivars, in particular Gerek 79, and land races for
response to micro-nutrient dificiency or toxicity. Preliminary results
indicate that Turkish cultigens exhibit a wide array of efficiencies to
nutrient deficiency and tolerance to toxicities. Furthermore, Gerek was
identified as very tolerant to Cereal Cyst Nematode, a pathogen thought to
occur widely in Turkey.
Micro-nutrient deficiency or toxicity differentials for Mn, Zn, B, and
Cu, were planted in Konya (two locations) and Eskisehir (three locations).
Phenotypical observations showed that 'Halberd' was the only entry without
obvious leaf necrosis, while 'Durati' (Zn-inefficient) died at all
locations. In continuing research, soil and tissue samples from the central
plateau will be analyzed for N, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, B, and Mn.
Turkey/CIMMYT/ICARDA Winter Cereals Traveling Seminar. The 1991
Turkish Travelling Seminar was organized jointly between
Turkey/CIMMYT/ICARDA and served 34 participants including 16 Turks, 2
Russians, 1 Rumanian, 1 Bulgarian, 1 South African, 1 Dutch, 3 Iranians, 1
Pakistani, 2 Americans, 3 CIMMYT staff, and 3 ICARDA staff. The seminar was
designed to visit winter cereal environments in Thrace and west-central
Anatolia.
The cropping cycle was atypical (!?) with greater than normal spring
rains that favored epiphytotic development. Leaf and stripe rusts
predominated and the general weakness of germplasm resistance was obvious.
Comment was made that severe yellow rust epiphytotics on the Anatolian
Plateau were a one-in-ten year event and that breeding for resistance didn't
merit the risk/benefit ratio. However, as the seminar progressed and the
extent of the epiphytotic became evident (Gerek79 planted to > 1.5 million
ha. was very susceptible), breeder's attention to the importance of
releasing cultivars that exhibit both performance and disease stability
increased.
Publications
H. J. Braun and W. Pfeiffer. 1992. Environments for selecting widely
adapted spring wheats. Submitted to Crop Science for consideration.
Results of the Fifth International Winter Wheat Screening Nursery (5th
IWWSN), 1989/90. CIMMYT/Turkey.
Singh, R. P., T. S. Payne, and S. Rajaram. 1991. Characterization of
variability and relationship among components of partial resistance to leaf
rust in CIMMYT bread wheats. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 82: 674-
680.
Singh, R. P., T. S. Payne, P. Figueroa and S. Valenzuela. 1992. Comparison
of the effect of leaf rust on the grain yield of resistant, partially
resistant and susceptible spring wheat cultivars. American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture. 7: In press.
Payne, T. S. 1992. Facultative and Winter Wheat Breeding. IN: Cereal
Improvement Program: Annual report for 1991. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM
Cambridge Laboratory, JI Centre for Plant Science Research, Colney
Lane, Norwich
A.J. Worland*
Rht12, a possible alternative semidwarfing gene. Semi dwarf stature in
wheat seems essential to the production of cultivars adapted to current high
input farming practices. The range of dwarfing genes utilised in breeding
is, however, restricted primarily to the GA insensitive dwarfing genes from
Norin 10 (Rht1 and Rht2) and in Southern Europe from Saitama 27 (Rht1S), and
the GA responsive dwarfing genes from Akakomugi Rht7 and Rht8). It is,
therefore, of interest to evaluate alternative sources of dwarfing genes
that may be commercially viable.
One possible alternative dwarfing gene is Rht12 located on chromosome
5A of the X-ray derived Hungarian mutant line Karkagi. This gene is GA
responsive, dominant, and from initial analysis said to have no pleiotropic
effects on yield. To investigate the gene, isogenic lines are being
developed in the cultivaral backgrounds of Bersee, Bezostaya, Cappelle-
Desprez, Huntsman and Mercia. It is intended to develop isogenics to 8
backcrosses selecting Rht12, rht12 heterozygotes by their dominant dwarfed
stature for further backcrossing.
Initial analysis of the agronomic effects of the gene were determined
by selfing heterozygous plants after the third backcross and growing F2
progenies as spaced plants in field trials. Approximately 750 plants were
analyzed over the 5 cultivaral backgrounds. Results showed that all awned
plants lacking the dominant awn inhibitor (b1, b1) were short and that all
plants lacking the dominant dwarfing gene (rht12, rht12) were awnless. This
must indicate very tight linkage between B1 and Rht12 on the long arm of
chromosome 5A. Additional evidence for this tight linkage was obtained by
screening F3 progenies of the field experiment for -amylase isozyme.
Karkagi showed a unique allele to the five recipient isogenic cultivars and
the analyzed sample suggested 3% recombination between Rht12 and -amylase,
this being equal to reported linkages between B1 and -amylase.
Assuming that all awned plants are homozygous Rht12, Rht12 and that all
short awnless plants are heterozygous Rht12, rht12, then pleiotropic effects
on a range of agronomic characters could be determined for each of the three
genotype classes involving Rht12. The results indicate that compared to an
average height of 105.5 cm for homozygous tall genotypes, the homozygous
short plants were reduced in height by more than 50% to 51.1 cm.
Interestingly the gene was shown to be incompletely dominant as
heterozygotes were significantly taller than homozygous dwarfs, averaging
58.1 cm.
All short plants, whether heterozygous or homozygous, showed much lower
plant and tiller yield than tall segregants. This might, however, be due to
competition with the talls. Grain number per spikelet and per ear and 1000
grain weight were all reduced in short plants. The effect of the dwarfing
gene on tiller number varied with the background, with large increases in
tillering associated with Bersee and small decreases with other cultivars.
Similar cultivaral interactions were seen for spike length with the gene
having no effect in Bersee or Cappelle-Desprez backgrounds but reducing
spike length with the three other genotypes.
Although these initial results suggest Rht12 will not be of
significance to breeding programmes, further experiments are being
undertaken to determine the gene's effects in stands without competition
between tall and short plants and also to determine its behaviour under a
range of contrasting environmental conditions.
-------------------------
I.P. King, K.A. Purdie, T.E. Miller, C.N. Law*, W.J. Rogers
Exploitation of chromosome 4S(l) from Aegilops sharonensis for the
production of stable 44-chromosome wheat. A number of chromosomes from
species related to wheat carry genes of potentially high agronomic value.
However, lines carrying a pair of such chromosomes have never been exploited
commercially because they are unstable and are frequently lost during
gametogenesis. In order to overcome this problem translocations involving
the long arm of the Aegilops sharonensis chromosome 4S(l), which carries the
gene(s) determining preferential transmission, and the long and short arms
of chromosome 1U from Aegilops umbellulata, which carry to the genes Glu-U1
and Gli-U1 which affect bread making quality, have been isolated. These
translocations are stable and preferentially transmitted.
-------------------------
T.E. Miller*, S.M. Reader, I.P. King
Aluminium tolerance. Aegilops uniaristata has been shown to be
tolerant to levels of soil aluminium normally toxic to wheat. With a view
to utilizing this tolerance to improve the tolerance of wheat a series of
Chinese Spring/Ae. uniaristata addition lines are being produced. So far
five of the seven lines have been isolated and one, 3N, on the evidence of a
preliminary screen shows tolerance. The three substitution lines in which
chromosome 3N has been substituted for chromosome 3A, 3B or 3D have been
established and these will be screened for tolerance to aluminium. A
programme to recombine 3N with its wheat homoeologues has also been started.
-------------------------
S.A. Quarrie and A. Mahmood
Improving salt tolerance in hexaploid wheat. A range of spring wheat
cultivars and breeding lines was examined for uptake of sodium from a
hydroponic culture medium containing 150 or 200 mol m(-3) sodium chloride.
One cultivar, Kharchia (reputedly salt tolerant) accumulated moderate
quantities of sodium in the leaves but had relatively very good shoot growth
in saline. In contrast, a breeding line, TW161, had excellent exclusion of
sodium, though all the plants subsequently died in saline. An attempt was
made to combine the salt tolerance characteristics of Kharchia with the
better salt exclusion of TW161 by making doubled haploid lines from the F(1)
from the cross between them. After chromosome doubling, 48 doubled haploid
lines gave sufficient seed for a replicated trial in 0 and 150 mol m(-3)
sodium chloride. Although saline reduced the dry weight of the more
tolerant Kharchia by over 50%, several of the doubled haploid lines
performed much better and one line in saline gave over 80% of the dry weight
of Kharchia under control conditions. This line also had better sodium
exclusion than either of the parents. Marker polymorphisms between
Kharchia, TW161 and other salt susceptible lines are being identified so
that genes regulating sodium uptake can be located by linkage analysis.
-------------------------
S.A. Quarrie and A. Steed
Regulation of stress in wheat by abscisic acid (ABA). Studies on the
chromosomal distribution of genes controlling high ABA production have
continued. More monosomic lines of the high-ABA producing cultivar Inia 66
have been examined for the presence of major genes affecting drought-induced
ABA production. In addition to the group 1 and group 5 chromosomes already
studied (AWN 1991, p97), monosomics of groups 6 and 7 have been examined,
but without any evidence for an effect of monosomy or nullisomy on ABA
production.
Two wheat genotypes differing by about three-fold in ABA production
(Chinese Spring, low ABA and SQ1, an experimental high-ABA line) are being
used to locate genes regulating ABA production using RFLP markers. An F2
population of 160 plants from the cross between them was separated into 24
low- and 24 high-ABA plants on the basis of ABA accumulation in a detached-
leaf drought test and DNA from these plants was probed with 10 genomic and
cDNA probes showing polymorphism between the parents. Analysis of variance
of ABA content of F2 plants grouped according to the Chinese Spring (CS),
SQ1 or heterozygous genotype for a particular RFLP probe showed significant
linkage (P 0.05) between high ABA content and probes for chromosomes 3BS
and 5AL. In collaboration with the University of Parma, Italy, DNA from
these plants is currently being examined with other polymorphic probes for
the group 3 and group 5 chromosomes to confirm these associations.
Over 80 RFLP, isozyme and biochemical markers have so far been
identified which show polymorphism between CS and SQ1 and these are being
used to locate more precisely the genes for high drought-induced ABA
production in doubled haploid lines derived from F1 plants of CS x SQ1 using
the maize pollination method (AWN 1991, p97).
-------------------------
M.D. Gale*, K.M. Devos, J.B. Smith, M.D. Atkinson, C.N. Chinoy, R.L.
Harcourt, T. Millan, D.X. Xie, J. Jizeng, O.A. Rognli
RFLP based maps in wheat, barley and rye. The RFLP maps continue to
develop in all three species. The wheat map, based on a Chinese Spring x
'Synthetic' F2, backed up by Timgalen x RL4137 F2 and several other
recombinant inbred and DH populations contains some 300 mapped loci which,
in turn, place about another 250 by colinearity. A feature of the map is
extreme clustering of points in the region of the centromere, reflecting
recombination predominantly in the distal chromosome regions. Polymorphism
levels are low with cDNA clones and homoeologous genomic DNA clones showing
about 10% RFLP among our diverse cultivaral tester set. Non-homoeologous
loci, including chromosome specific sequences, supernumerary sequences with
homology to sets elsewhere and sequences without close homologues in barley
or rye, give higher levels of RFLP and tend to map away from the centromeric
clusters. The evolutionary translocations resulting in non-colinearity in
chromosomes 4A (4A/5A/7B), 5A (5A/4A), and 7B (7B/5A) have been mapped and
the breakpoints closely defined.
The map of rye shows close colinearity, marred only by several large
translocations, with that of the original A, B and D genomes of wheat. About
130 loci have been placed and the centromeric clustering of RFLP loci is
similar to that observed in wheat.
During the year Chunji Liu obtained his PhD degree. As a post-doc he
is now leading a group developing RFLP maps in pearl millet. Teresa Millan
from Cordoba and Dao Xin Xie from Beijing both completed one year visits to
the laboratory.
-------------------------
R. Bozorgipour, J.W. Snape*
Selection of herbicide resistant lines using in vitro techniques. Some
important and widely used herbicides for weed control in wheat can cause
damage to particular cultivars, indicating that genetical variation for
differential responses exists in the species. Past studies at the Cambridge
Laboratory have shown that these responses are generally controlled by
single major genes. Given this type of genetical control, it should be
possible to produce resistant analogues from successful, but susceptible,
cultivars directly by inducing single gene mutations. Since tissue culture
protocols have been shown to induce somaclonal variation in wheat giving
heritable changes, experiments were initiated to examine whether in vitro
procedures could be used to generate and select herbicide resistant lines
from susceptible cultivars. Two different chemicals, difenzoquat and
atrazine, were chosen to test the possibilities.
Two genetically defined spring wheat cultivars were used, Chinese
Spring (CS) and Sicco. Sicco is susceptible to difenzoquat and CS is
tolerant. Both genotypes, as with all known wheat cultivars, are
susceptible to atrazine. To generate and select variation, callus was
initiated from immature embryos of both cultivars using standard procedures.
Following callus initiation and growth for one month, tissue was subcultured
onto media containing 5M, 10M and 50M concentrations of the active
ingredients of the herbicides. Plants were then regenerated, grown to
maturity, and their progeny tested as whole plants for herbicide response by
spray application.
Plants were regenerated from the lower concentrations of the selective
media for both herbicides, but not from those containing 50M of the
herbicides. For difenzoquat, variation in response, from extreme
susceptibility to tolerance was observed in R(2) Sicco derived lines,
whilst the CS lines, as expected, were all tolerant. However, genetic
characterization of the presumptive Sicco mutants by progeny testing,
revealed that the variation was not stably inherited, and resistance broke
down at the R(3) generation. No completely tolerant lines for atrazine were
obtained, although some progenies showed greater tolerance than the parents.
However, plants of all of these lines died when submitted to commercial
doses of the herbicide.
Overall, no clear evidence of successful selection for heritable
mutations was obtained under selection pressure from either herbicide.
These results suggest that reliance on somaclonal variation, without an
additional mutagenic treatment, may not be sufficient to generate the
appropriate genetical variation for herbicide resistance, although such
variation is known to occur naturally. As an alternative approach, a cell
culture system which ensures a large number of discrete/single cells with a
high regeneration capacity, which is also amenable to chemical or ionizing
radiation treatments, such as microspore culture, may be necessary to
generate and select out the desired variation.
-------------------------
R. Johnson
Genetic analysis of differential cultivars for wheat yellow (stripe)
rust. The wheat cultivar Heines VII is designated as possessing the gene
Yr2 for resistance to yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis. Recently
we showed that Heines VII was resistant to certain isolates of the pathogen
that actually possessed virulence for Yr2. Thus it was clear that Heines VII
possessed another gene or genes not previously recognised, in addition to
Yr2. The gene (or genes) was extracted into a line designated as TP981. This
line is susceptible to all known isolates of British origin but resistant to
some isolates from other countries. Its susceptibility to British races that
lack virulence for Yr2 indicates that TP981 does not carry Yr2.
The differential cultivar Heines Kolben is described as possessing the
gene Yr6, while Heines Peko is also thought to possess Yr6, but in addition
to possess Yr2. Tests with a race classified as 6E0 (our accession number
WYR 85/22) showed that Heines Kolben was susceptible, indicating that the
race carries virulence for Yr6. Heines Peko and Heines VII were resistant
which, at first sight, could be interpreted as indicating that the
resistance of Heines Peko and Heines VII was due to Yr2. However, other
evidence indicates that this isolate of race 6E0 does carry virulence for
Yr2. Therefore the resistance of Heines Peko to this race is not due to
either of the genes (Yr2 and Yr6) identified in it.
TP981 was crossed with Heines Peko and the F2 was tested with race 6E0.
There was no segregation in 100 seedlings. Although this is a small
population, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that, in addition to
the two identified genes, Heines Peko also possesses a gene or genes in
common with those of TP981. Additional evidence indicates that the same gene
or genes may also be present in some of the other differential cultivars.
This is under investigation and has important implications for the
international comparison of isolates of P. striiformis.
-------------------------
P. Nicholson, H.N. Rezanoor, T.W. Hollins (Plant Breeding International
Cambridge)
Occurrence of Tapesia yallundae apothecia on field and laboratory
inoculated material and evidence for recombination between isolates.
Tapesia yallundae was observed in early July on wheat straws which had been
inoculated with isolates of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (W-type)
nine months previously and placed in plots of winter wheat to act as
inoculum in a resistance screen. A perfect state was not observed on straws
inoculated with R-type isolates in the same experiment. 134 single
ascospore isolates were obtained and observations on morphology in culture,
pathogenicity to wheat and rye seedlings, resistance to benomyl and the
pattern of restriction fragment length polymorphisms demonstrated that all
isolates were W-type, although some grew at half the expected rate on agar,
and at least two isolates were involved in the production of apothecia.
Apothecia were produced in vitro on straws inoculated with single
isolates of P. herpotrichoides only when they were incubated in contact with
other straws similarly inoculated with certain other isolates. No apothecia
were produced on straws with only a single isolate present, suggesting the
need for at least two strains for apothecium formation, possibly
representing different mating types.
Evidence for genetic recombination between isolates was obtained when
single ascospore colonies were analyzed for resistance to benomyl in culture
and for restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
-------------------------
M.J. Ambrose
AFRC Wheat Collection. This year 68 wheat accessions from Nepal
collected by the University of Bangor expedition in 1971 have been
regenerated and incorporated into the collection (Acc. Nos. 9174-9242).
Listings of all
land race material and selections from land races grouped by country of
origin have been prepared and are available on request.
-------------------------
Publications
Bingham, JB, Law, CN, Miller, TE (1991). Wheat Yesterday, Today and
Tomorrow. Plant Breeding International, Cambridge and Plant Science Research
Ltd. 25 pp.
Devos, KM, Chinoy, CN, Atkinson, MD, Hansen, L, von Wettstein-Knowles, Gale,
MD (1991). Chromosomal location in wheat of genes coding for the acyl
carrier proteins I and III. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 82, 3-5.
Devos, KM, Atkinson, MD, Chinoy, CN, Guiltinan, MJ, Quatrano, RS, Gale, MD
(1991). Chromosomal location and variability in wheat, barley and rye of a
wheat gene encoding a bZIP protein (EmBP-1). Theoretical and Applied
Genetics 82, 665-667.
Javornik, B, Sinkovic, T, Vapa, L, Koebner, RMD, Rogers, WJ (1991). A
comparison of methods for identifying and surveying the presence of 1BL.1RS
translocations in bread wheat. Euphytica 54, 45-53.
King, IP, Koebner, RMD, Reader, SM, Miller TE (1991). Induction of a
mutation in the male fertility gene of the preferentially transmitted
Aegilops sharonensis chromosome 4S(1) and its application for hybrid wheat
production. Euphytica 54, 33-39.
King, IP, Miller, TE, Koebner, RMD (1991). Determination of the
transmission frequency of chromosome 4S(1) of Aegilops sharonensis in a
range of wheat genetic backgrounds. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 81,
519-523.
Laurie, DA, Reymondie, S (1991). High frequencies of fertilization and
haploid seedling production in crosses between commercial hexaploid wheat
varieties. Plant Breeding 106, 182-198.
Liu, CJ (1991) Biochemical marker genes in hexaploid wheat. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Cambridge.
Manyowa, NM, Miller, TE (1991). The genetics of tolerance to high mineral
concentrations in the tribe Triticeae - a review and update. Euphytica 57,
175-185.
Person-Dedryver, F, Jahier, J, Miller, TE (1991). Assessing the resistance
to cereal root-knot nematode. Meloidogynenaasi, in a wheat line with the
added chromosome arm 1H(ch)S of Hordeum chilense. Journal of Genetics and
Breeding 44, 291-296.
Petrovic, S, Worland, AJ, Mirjana, V, Vucenovic, M (1990). Efekt
interakcije strane citoplazme i nikleusa heksaploidne psenice na komponente
prinosa. Savremena Poljoprivreda 38, 263-265.
Quarrie, SA (1991). Implications of genetic differences in ABA accumulation
for crop production. Abscisic Acid Physiology and Biochemistry (Eds:
Davies, WJ, Jones, HG) Oxford, BIOS Scientific Publishers, 227-243.
Quarrie, SA (1991). The role of abscisic acid in regulating water status in
plants. Bioloski Vestnik 39, 67-76.
Quarrie, SA (1990). Modifying drought responses of wheat by selecting for
genetic variation in abscisic acid production. Savrevena Poljoprivred 38,
101-109.
Raines, CA, Lloyd, JC, Chao, S, John, UP, Murphy, GJP (1991). A novel
proline-rich protein from wheat. Plant Molecular Biology 16, 663-670.
Reader, SM, Miller, TE (1991). The introduction into bread wheat of a major
gene for resistance to powdery mildew from wild emmer wheat. Euphytica 53,
57-60.
Rogers, WJ, Payne, PI, Seekings, JA, Sayers, EJ (1991). Effect on
breadmaking quality of x-type and y-type high molecular weight subunits of
glutenin. Journal of Cereal Science 14, 209-221.
Sutka, J, Worland, AJ, Maystrenko, OI (1991). Slight effect of the
cytoplasm on frost resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cereal
Research Communications 19, 311-317.
Taeb, M (1991). The genetics of salt and waterlogging tolerance in wheat
(Triticum aestivum). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge.
Tao, YZ, Snape, JW, Hu, H (1991). The cytological and genetic
characterization of double haploid lines derived from triticale x wheat
hybrids. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 81, 369-375.
Wang, ML, Atkinson, MD, Chinoy, CN, Devos, KM, Harcourt, RL, Liu, CJ,
Rogers, WJ (1991). RFLP-based genetic map of rye (Secale cereale L.)
chromosome 1R. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 82, 174-178.
Worland, AJ, Law, CN, Petrovic, S (1990). Height reducing genes and their
importance to Yugoslavian winter wheat varieties. Savrementa Poljoprivreda
38, 245-258.
Zeller, FJ, Cermeno, M-C, Miller, TE (1991). Cytological analysis on the
distribution and origin of the alien chromosome pair conferring blue
aleurone color in several European common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
strains. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 81, 551-558.
-------------------------
John Innes Institute, JI Centre for Plant Science Research, Colney
Lane, Norwich
J.S. Heslop-Harrison, A.R. Leitch, T. Schwarzacher, K. Anamthawat-
J¢nsson and I.J. Leitch.
Detection of alien chromosome transfer using genomic in situ
hybridization. We have been developing methods to use total genomic DNA
from an alien species as a probe to detect the alien in wheat.
Collaborative work with recombinant stocks from AKMR Islam (Waite
Institute), R. Kynast and R. Schlegel (Gatersleben), R.M.D. Koebner, T.E.
Miller and C.N. Law (Cambridge Laboratory), has shown that relatively small
segments of barley, rye and Aegilops umbellulata chromatin can be detected
in situ when translocated onto wheat chromosomes. Use of two differently
labelled probes simultaneously is also proving valuable.
Further developments of the genomic probing method are enabling alien
chromosomes or chromosome segments to be followed within interphase nuclei.
Interphase cytogenetics has many potential applications because
differentiated tissues can be examined, and there is no need for good,
complete, metaphase spreads to be made - monosomic and disomic alien lines
can be identified simply by counting the number of sites of hybridization at
interphase. The data also give information about the three dimensional
organization of the interphase nucleus. Alien chromosome arms tend to lie
in discrete domains, and in disomic stocks the two domains are not closely
associated in somatic tissue - we have found no evidence for the somatic
association of homologous chromosomes.
-------------------------
J.S. Heslop-Harrison, A.R. Leitch, T. Schwarzacher, G. Moore and
Mingli Wang (in collaboration with N. Carter,
Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge and N. Miller, IAPGR,
Babraham).
Flow Cytogenetics of wheat. We have separated many chromosomes in a
Triticum aestivum cell suspension line (TaKB1) on a dual laser fluorescence
activated cell sorter. Although the chromosome complement differed in every
cell examined, the flow karyotype remained stable for many months, showing
that the average karyotype is stable. One chromosome peak has been sorted
and a DNA library made which is strongly enriched for sequences derived from
chromosome 4A. We have demonstrated that flow cytometry is possible with
cereal chromosomes and is likely to be valuable for analysis and mapping of
large plant genomes, such as that of wheat.
Publications
Leitch, IJ, Leitch, AR, Heslop-Harrison, JS (1991). Physical mapping of
plant DNA sequences by simultaneous in situ hybridization of two differently
labelled fluorescent probes. Genome 34, 329-333.
Heslop-Harrison, JS (1991). The molecular cytogenetics of plants. J. Cell
Sci. 100, 15-21.
Leitch, AR, Schwarzacher, T, Mosg”ller, W, Bennett, MD, Heslop-Harrison, JS
(1991). Parental genomes are separated throughout the cell cycle in a plant
hybrid. Chromosoma 101, 206-213.
Schwarzacher, T, Heslop-Harrison, JS (1991). In situ hybridization to plant
telomeres using synthetic oligomers. Genome 34, 317-323.
-------------------------
W.J. Angus*, D.R. Stephenson, R.E. Granger. Nickerson Seeds, Ltd., 4
Enterprise Park, Etna Road, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk.
Following the disinvestment of The Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies
(Shell) from participation in the plant biotechnology, breeding and seeds
business of the Nickerson International Seed Company Limited (NISC) in
Spring 1990
the company was purchased by the French based company Groupe Limagrain.
Groupe Limagrain is the largest seed company in the EEC and the third
largest in the world.
The consolidation of the UK wheat breeding programme at Bury St.
Edmunds in Suffolk (as reported in AWN Vol. 33 and 35) has continued over
the past five years. The current position is one where all winter and spring
wheat selection nurseries, the majority of yield trial plots and disease
observation nurseries are either sited at Bury St. Edmunds or are managed
from that site. Remaining at the former location in Lincolnshire are
disease observation nurseries and some yield trials. This provides
supplementary disease information and yield results from an alternative soil
type and climate area. Yield trial preparation will continue from Rothwell
in Lincolnshire.
From March 1992 the section of the company responsible for the
purification and early stock multiplication, previously based in Narborough,
Norfolk will be amalgamating with the wheat breeding team in Suffolk. A new
office and warehouse has been constructed to the east of Bury St. Edmunds
(Woolpit) sited only a few minutes from breeding and production fields.
This amalgamation will lead to closer liaison and improved efficiency
between the two sections. Further, it allows wheat quality analysis work to
be relocated from Rothwell to Woolpit. All milling, baking, predictive and
electrophoresis tests can be carried out at a single purpose built site -
the first time since 1986.
All of the benefits that were thought to accrue from a move south to
Suffolk have been realised. The environment, in combination with more
efficient machinery and a committed workforce, has allowed the programme
size to treble with no addition to staffing levels. The evaluation of the
trials and breeding material has improved with trial CVs being low (circa 2-
5%) and correlations with official trial results being very high.
The establishment of the trials has improved as a result of earlier
drilling into warmer, more uniform seedbeds. Husbandry of the crop has
improved, largely as a result of crop development monitoring through apical
dissection work. This has allowed very precise application timings of plant
growth regulators, fungicides and fertilizers. As a consequence the crop
has utilised inputs to a maximum, which in combination with early drilling,
has highlighted inter-varietal yield differences. With the precise
application of plant growth regulators, the crop standing ability under such
optimum yield conditions is differentially expressed so facilitating
selection.
The fruits of these changes are starting to show through the increased
rate of varietal acceptance into the most advanced series (Recommend List
Trials) of the UK national trialing system.
In 1990/91 the spring wheat Baldus (a Cebeco agency cultivar) was
entered into Recommend List Trials and provisionally recommended that
autumn.
Baldus (Sicco x Kolibri) is a very high yielding spring wheat which has
performed well in autumn sowings. It has good breadmaking quality and good
grain characteristics. Baldus has a good disease resistance spectrum to all
major UK diseases.
In 1991/92 two winter wheat cultivars, Spark and Zodiac, and a spring
wheat, Rascal, were promoted to Recommended List Trials.
Spark (Moulin x Tonic) is a high yielding, hard milling cultivar
suitable for breadmaking. Spark shows good flour extraction rates and high
hagberg falling number. The cultivar has a 'conventional' straw type with
good standing power which is responsive to growth regulators. It has good
resistance to all the major wheat diseases in the UK.
Zodiac (Hammer x Parade) is a very high yielding feed wheat with good
specific weight and good standing power. Again it is a cultivar that has
good resistance to all the major wheat diseases in the UK in particular to
current races of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis).
Rascal (Cub x Minaret) is a high yielding, very early, spring wheat
which has performed well as a autumn sown wheat. It has very good
breadmaking quality. Rascal has a good disease resistance spectrum to major
UK diseases.
The very good disease spectrum of both Spark and Zodiac may enable
growers to reduce the costs of fungicide sprays with the potential for
improved gross margin. An important factor in todays economic climate.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM THE UNITED STATES
ARKANSAS
University of Arkansas
R.K. Bacon*, B.R. Wells, E.A. Milus, J.T. Kelly and D.G. Dombek
Production. According to the Arkansas Agricultural Statistics Service,
Arkansas farmers planted 1,100,000 acres and harvested 930,000 acres of
winter wheat in 1991. Average yield in the state was 22 bu/A accounting for
a total production of 20,460,000 bu, which was 87% less than the average for
the previous ten years. The reduced production was due to the lowest yields
since 1958 caused by unfavorable weather and diseases and reduced acreage.
Management. Field studies were conducted at three locations to
evaluate the response of five cultivars to management practices. These
practices included fall N and P fertilization, spring N fertilization rates
and use of a foliar fungicide. Excessive rainfall during the entire season
resulted in very low grain yields and test weights. At one location, on a
clay loam soil, a combination of saturated soils in December followed
immediately by extremely cold temperatures resulted in high levels of plant
mortality of Florida 302 and Coker 9877. Pioneer 2548 and Pioneer 2555 were
not affected by the cold temperatures. In a second N rate study located on a
silt loam soil, maximum grain yield of Cardinal, Wakefield, Saluda and
Caldwell were obtained with spring fertilizer N rates of 60 to 90 lb/A.
Higher N rates, while not increasing yields, decreased test weights. This
study also received excessive rainfall throughout the season.
Mr. Don Obert is continuing his work to determine the possible
allelopathic effects of rice straw on a succeeding wheat crop. Exotic rice
lines exhibiting allelopathic effects on ducksalad have been incorporated
into the study. This research is to be continued with additional genotypes
and fertility regimes being examined.
Diseases. A complex of head blight diseases was especially severe in
1991. Fusarium head scab was the most obvious component in most fields, but
black chaff and glume blotch also were severe in many fields. The head
blight complex and the physical effects of too much rainfall during the
spring were the principal causes of the record low yield and test weight. A
Southern Regional Information Exchange Group was formed to pool resources
for controlling scab. Seed of scab-resistant breeding lines from CIMMYT and
the University of Minnesota were distributed to breeders, and there are
plans for cooperative scab nurseries and fungicide tests. Marsha Rhoads was
hired in January 1991 as a research technologist and is working on
biological control of Pythium and take-all root rots. Agha Mirlohi was
promoted to research associate in October 1991.
Breeding and Genetics. The experimental line AR 26413B showed promise
in the state yield trials. It was the earliest maturing line in the trials
and showed excellent yield potential, particularly in the southern part of
the state. The breeding program has put a renewed effort in developing
early-maturing lines which will fit in a doublecropping system.
A study conducted by Dr. John Kelly to characterize and select wheat
cultivars for traits affecting nitrogen utilization has been completed.
There were significant differences found for several of the yield components
with the number of kernels/m(2) having the highest relationship with grain
yield and nitrogen utilization. After two cycles of selection a significant
difference between those plants selected for high and low nitrate reductase
activity (NRA) was maintained. A Keiser/McNair 1003 population showed
significant differences among the yield components measured with those
plants selected for high NRA being significantly lower in tiller, spike, and
kernel numbers. The results so far of
the selection scheme do not support the hypothesis that selection of high-
yielding wheat genotypes can be identified by making selections for high
NRA.
Mr. Steve Schuler has completed a study determining factors affecting
test weight and their relationship to quality. Preliminary results
indicated that test weight was not correlated with flour yield. Measurement
of kernel characteristics revealed that kernel length had a negative
association with test weight. Kernel size, and kernel weight showed no
relationship with milling yield.
The inheritance of metribuzin tolerance in four soft wheat cultivars
commonly grown in Arkansas is being continued by Mr. Robert Wright. The
study is also investigating the linkage of coleoptile color to metribuzin
tolerance in order to use it as a genetic marker.
Fifty-six cultivars and experimental lines were tested in the small
grain performance tests at four locations in the state. Duplicate tests were
planted at each location. One test received standard management practices
whereas the other test received additional inputs such as a foliar fungicide
and additional spring nitrogen. The mean yield of the high-input trials was
9.5 bu/A greater than the mean of the standard trials. The top yielding
cultivars in the standard-input trials were Stoneville/FFR 525W, Northrup
King Coker 9803, Verne, Wakefield, Gore and Northrup King Coker 9024, all of
which had an average yield across locations of 56 bu/A or higher. The top
yielding cultivars in the high-input trials were Northrup King Coker 9835,
Stoneville/FFR 525W, Northrup King Coker 9803, Wakefield, Mcnair 1003 and AR
26413B all of which had an average yield across locations of 64 bu/A or
higher.
Personnel Changes. Dr. John Kelly has taken a Research Associate
position in the area of wheat breeding.
Mr. Gill Giese, Research Assistant, has left the program and is now a
Research Associate in the Department of Entomology.
After the current growing season, Mr. Don Dombek will work full-time
with grain sorghum, maize and soybean variety testing. The small-grain
breeding program will assume the responsibilities for cultivar testing in
wheat and oats.
Dr. Sorel Jacques, who finished his Ph.D. this spring, has been doing
some consulting work with USAID in Haiti.
Publications
Bacon, R.K., N.V. McKinney, E.A. Milus, D. Dombek, and T. Kirkpatrick. 1991.
Arkansas wheat performance tests and variety selection. Ark. Coop. Ext.
Service. Fact Sheet 2074.
Bacon, R.K., S.F. Schuler, and J.T. Kelly. 1991. The interaction of
cultivars on test weight in wheat blends. Cereal Res. Comm.(in press).
Bacon, R.K., and B.R. Wells. 1991. High input wheat management. Ark.
Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 929.
Dombek, D.G., and M.L. May. 1991. 1990-91 Arkansas small-grain cultivar
performance tests.
Jacques, S., R.K. Bacon, and C.E. Caviness. 1991. Performance of soybean
blends and pure-lines in multiple cropping with wheat. Ark. Farm Res.
40(4):5-6.
Kelly, J.T., and R.K. Bacon. 1991. Characterization and selection of soft
wheat for nitrogen utilization. Agron. Abstr. American Society of Agronomy,
Southern Branch, Madison, WI. p. 3.
Mascagni, H.J., R.K. Bacon, E.A. Milus, and E.D. Vories. 1991. Effect of
soil moisture and fungicide on yield, test weight, baking and milling
quality of five wheat cultivars. Agron. Abstr. American Society of Agronomy,
Southern Branch, Madison, WI. p. 11.
McKinney, N.V., and R.K. Bacon. 1991. Cultural practices for profitable
wheat production. Ark. Coop. Ext. Service. Fact Sheet 2071.
McKinney, N.V., and R.K. Bacon. 1991. Wheat growth and development. Ark.
Coop. Ext. Service. Fact Sheet 2070.
Milus, E. A. and A. F. Mirlohi. 1991. Techniques for evaluating bacterial
stripe resistance in wheat. Proc. of the Southern Small Grain Workers'
Conference, Overton, TX. Pg. 7.
Milus, E. A. and A. F. Mirlohi. 1991. A test tube assay for estimating
populations of leaf-associated bacteria on individual leaves. Phytopathology
81:1171.
Milus, E. A., A. F. Mirlohi and C. E. Parsons. 1991. Evaluations of foliar
fungicides on wheat, 1990. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:221.
Milus, E. A., A. F. Mirlohi and P. W. Parker. 1991. Evaluation of seed
treatments for control of loose smut, 1990. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests
46:289.
Milus, E. A., C. S. Rothrock and M. L. Rhoads. 1991. Rhizosphere
colonization by selected bacteria and effects on growth and soilborne
diseases of wheat. Phytopathology 81: 1215.
Schuler S.F., R.K. Bacon, P.L. Finney, and E.E. Gbur. 1991. Milling quality
of soft red winter wheat as influenced by test weight and kernel size and
density. Agron. Abstr. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. p. 190.
Wells, B.R., R.K. Bacon, and M.L. May. 1991. Intensive management studies
with wheat. p. 15-22. In W.E. Sabbe, editor. Arkansas Soil Fertility
Studies 1990. Arkansas Agric. Exp. Stn. Research Series 411.
West, C.P., D.W. Walker, R.K. Bacon, D.E. Longer, and K.E. Turner. 1991.
Phenological analysis of forage yield and quality in winter wheat. Agron.
J. 83:217-224.
-------------------------
CALIFORNIA
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California,
Riverside
Christine A. Curtis, Bahman Ehdaie, Adam J. Lukaszewski, Mohammad
Sadehdel-Moghaddam, Shakir H. Shah, and J. Giles Waines
Water-use efficiency in wheat, rye, barley and dasypyrum, and in their
alien chromosome addition lines (Shah, Waines)
'Chinese Spring' bread wheat, 'Imperial' rye, 'Betzes' barley, and
Dasypyrum villosum G870 were grown in gravimetric experiments in pots in the
glasshouse. Water-use efficiency (kg biomass per kg water transpired) was
greatest for Imperial rye and least for D. villosum G870; Chinese Spring
bread wheat, and Betzes barley were intermediate. In similar gravimetric
studies with the alien chromosome addition lines obtained from Dr. E. R.
Sears or Dr. Islam (Betzes barley), chromosomes 2R (Imperial) and 4H
(Betzes) appear to react with the recipient Chinese Spring genome and
improve water-use efficiency and drought resistance.
Genetic variability within Triticum urartu and between and within
populations of Iranian Bluchestan and Khuzestan tetraploid and hexaploid
landraces (Sadehdel-Moghaddam, Ehdaie, Waines)
Wild species, landraces, and primitive cultivars of crop plants can be
a useful source of many economically important traits. In order to use
plant materials available in the gene banks effectively in the breeding
programs, they should be thoroughly evaluated. We are conducting several
field experiments to study Iranian Khuzestan and Bluchestan tetraploid and
hexaploid landraces and also Triticum urartu accessions which are available
in the University of California, Riverside, gene bank. The materials will
be characterized morphologically, especially for grain yield and its
components. The data will then be subjected to cluster analysis. Also, the
extent of genetic variability on these genotypes will be determined by
electrophoresis using several enzymes.
-------------------------
Inheritance of water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination
in bread wheat (Ehdaie, and Waines)
Carbon isotope discrimination (D) has been associated with season-long
water-use efficiency (WUE) in hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),
and it has been suggested as a selection criterion to improve WUE in wheat.
Contrasting parents 'Chinese Spring' and 'Yecora Rojo', and their F(1) and
F(2) generations were grown in pot experiments in a glasshouse to study the
inheritance of WUE and D. Significant additive and dominance genetic
effects were detected for both WUE and D. Additive effects were larger than
dominance effects. Direction of dominance was toward higher WUE and higher
D. The broad-sense heritabilities of WUE were 80% and 70% and those of D
were 94% and 86% under well-watered and water-stressed conditions,
respectively. The genetic correlation between WUE and D was -0.36 under
well-watered conditions and -0.79 under water-stressed conditions. Indirect
selection for WUE through selection for D was only 18% less efficient under
water-stressed conditions, but 61% less efficient under well-watered
conditions compared to direct selection. Carbon isotope discrimination
could be used as a selection criterion to advance WUE under water-stressed
conditions in the field.
-------------------------
Heat resistance in wild Triticum and Aegilops (Ehdaie, Waines)
Cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and macaroni wheat (T.
turgidum L. var. durum) are sensitive to heat during vegetative and
reproductive development. The introduction of resistance from related wild
species may provide the genetic variation necessary to breed heat-resistant
cultivars. Seventy-three wild accessions from seven species of Aegilops and
several macaroni and bread-what cultivars were grown in the field at Moreno
Valley, CA, in summer 1987. In summer 1989, 59 wild accessions of Triticum
and Aegilops, representing seven species, were grown at the same location.
The reduction in duration from sowing to anthesis under summer heat relative
to normal cool winter season was from 43 to 45% for the macaroni and bread-
wheat cultivars, but only from 13 to 25% for the heat-resistant wild
accessions. The survival rates of Aegilops squarrosa (93%) and Ae.
speltoides spp. ligustica (97%) were similar but higher than those of the
other wild Aegilops species during vegetative growth in 1987. Considerable
variation for heat resistance during early growth was observed among
accessions of the S(B?) and A genomes in 1989. Two accessions of Ae.
speltoides spp. speltoides, three accessions of Ae. longissima, and six
accessions of Ae. searsii were considered heat resistant. These accessions
came from eastern Israel, western Jordan, or southern Syria.
-------------------------
Screening Iranian landrace wheat genotypes for resistance to Russian
wheat aphid (Ehdaie, Waines)
The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), was first
detected in the Texas Panhandle of the USA in March 1986. In the 1990
season, our field experiments at the Moreno Farm of the University of
California Agricultural Station, Moreno Valley, CA, were naturally infested
by RWA. The experimental cultivars, namely, 'Moringa' and its isogenic
dwarf lines, 'Chinese Spring', 'Ramona 50', 'Yecora Rojo', and 'Mexicali',
all were susceptible. Visible damage by RWA on these genotypes was
manifested as white streaking, purple discoloration, and tightly curled
leaves. However, the landrace lines collected from landrace populations of
Iranian Bluchestan which were planted adjacent to the field experiments did
not show any of these symptoms. These landrace lines and landrace
genotypes collected from Khuzestan province of Iran are being tested for
resistance to RWA under greenhouse conditions.
-------------------------
Wheat cytogenetics (Curtis, Lukaszewski)
The study of the physical distribution of recombination in the B-genome
chromosomes of tetraploid wheat has been completed. Recombination was
scored in 90 segments in a sample of 916 chromosomes. Recombination was
absent in the proximal 37.8% of the arm length, infrequent in the proximal
80% of the arm length, and concentrated in the distal about 20% of arm
length. The relationship between relative and genetic distances was
exponential. Strong positive chiasma interference was observed in 35 pairs
of adjacent segments in which such analysis was possible (i = 0.81) and
chiasma interference over the entire recombining portions of chromosome arms
was 0.57. This means that less than one half of the expected double
crossovers occurred in the entire portions of chromosome arms involved in
recombination. The genetic lengths of chromosomes corresponded closely to
the cytologically observed chiasma frequencies. The distribution of
recombination appeared closely associated with the distribution of chiasmata
in MI indicating no chiasma terminalization.
Four sets of disomic and ditelosomic wheat-rye addition lines were used
to localize rye Rf genes capable of restoring male fertility in male-sterile
wheats with timopheevi cytoplasm. In all four ryes tested, the Rf genes
were localized on chromosome arms 4RL and 6RL. The Rf gene on 6RL has
stronger effect and in some combinations restored full male fertility.
Considerable variation in the expression of the Rf gene on 4RL was found
between the ryes tested, and is being used to map the gene relative to the
centromere.
Attempts are underway to transfer Russian wheat aphid resistance from
triticale PI386148 to wheat. This triticale, its F(1) hybrids with wheat,
and some backcross individuals show no symptoms of RWA in standard tests.
Triticale PI386148 has the rye genome of Secale montanum which may
complicate the transfer of the responsible chromosome or its segments to
wheat. Preliminary results indicate that chromosome 4R is associated with
the high level of resistance.
Aneuploids of Chinese Spring: new monosomics 1A and 7A, and double
ditelosomic 2B, without the deficiencies/translocations reported earlier
were reselected and are available. A normal telocentric chromosome 4AS
(rather than an acrocentric which was present in the set) was isolated and
new DDt4A and Dt4AS Mt4AL lines were produced. In addition, a ditelocentric
4AS line was also produced. However, its male fertility is extremely low
and the line needs further increase before is becomes available for
distribution. Another round of selection against the 2AS.5AL translocation
in the N5B T5A line, and for tetrasomics in group 3 failed. A set of double
monosomics (19"+ 5B' + 1') was grown. However, of the 20 possible
combinations, only 14 checked out correct. Some of the missing combinations
will be reselected.
-------------------------
Triticale cytogenetics (Lukaszewski)
In triticale Rhino 14, disomic substitutions of D genome chromosomes
for their A, B, or R genome homoeologues were produced (six backcrosses).
The remaining seven are in BC(4)-BC(6) stage. All 21 monosomics of Rhino
were selected; majority had seven to nine backcrosses to Rhino. So far, 25
telocentric chromosomes of Rhino were identified. Following a second round
of 5D(5B)-induced homoeologous recombination, chromosome 1R with a small
interstitial segment of chromosome 1D with the Glu-D1 gene was isolated.
This chromosome can be used in triticale, wheat, and rye breeding to
manipulate bread-making quality.
In triticale Presto, 11 disomic substitutions following BC(6) were
selected. Nine substitutions are in the BC(4)-BC(6) stage; 7D(7R) is still
missing. A set of 20 monosomic was selected with majority having at least
six backcrosses to Presto. Monosomic 7R was lost again and will need to be
reselected from earlier generations.
Publications
Curtis, C. A. and G. G. Doyle. 1992. Production of aneuploid and diploid
eggs by meiotic mutants of maize. J. Hered. (in press).
Ehdaie, B., A. E Hall, G. Farquhar, H. T. Nguyen, and J. G. Waines. 1991.
Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in wheat. Crop
Science 31:1282-1288.
Ehdaie, B. and J. G. Waines. 1991. Inheritance of water-use efficiency and
carbon isotope discrimination in bread wheat. Amer. Soc. Agronomy Annu.
Mtg., Denver, Colorado. Abstract.
Graybosch, R. A., C. J. Peterson, L. E. Hansen, D. Worrall, D. Shelton, and
A. J. Lukaszewski. 1992. Comparative quality and protein characteristics
of 1BL/1RS and 1AL/1RS wheat-rye translocation lines. J. Cereal Chem. (in
press).
Lukaszewski, A. J. 1991. E. R. Sears collection of wheat aneuploids:
present status. Proc. ITMI Meeting, Manhattan KS. (in press).
Lukaszewski, A. J. 1992. A comparison of physical distribution of
recombination in chromosome 1R in diploid rye and in hexaploid triticale.
Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press).
Lukaszewski, A. J. and C. A. Curtis. 1991. The relationship between
physical and genetic maps of wheat chromosomes. Proc. ITMI Meeting,
Manhattan, KS. (in press).
Lukaszewski, A. J. and C. A. Curtis. 1992. Transfer of the Glu D1gene from
chromosome 1D of breadwheat to chromosome 1R in hexaploid triticale. Plant
Breeding. (in press).
Lukaszewski, A. J. and C. A. Curtis. 1992. Rye-wheat translocations to
double the dosage of Glu-D1 gene in wheat. Proc. HRWW Workers Conference,
Lincoln, NE. Abstract. (in press).
Rafi, M. M., B. Ehdaie, and J. G. Waines. Quality traits, carbon isotope
discrimination and yield components in wild wheats. Ann. Bot. (in press).
-------------------------
COLORADO
Colorado State University
J. S. Quick, G. H. Ellis, R. Normann, M. Mergoum, S. Haley, K.
Nkongolo, A. Saidi
Production. The 1991 Colorado winter wheat production was 71.3 million
bushels, 85 percent of the 1990 crop, and the yield average was about 27
bu/a. Hard red spring, soft white spring and durum wheats were collectively
grown on about 38,000 acres. Leading cultivars were TAM 107, Baca, Scout
66, Lamar, Hawk and Sandy. The most significant 1991 production factor was
the damage caused by leaf rust in northeastern Colorado during the grain
filling stage. The combination of significantly higher rainfall and a large
acreage of the susceptible TAM 107 contributed to yield reduction.
Breeding program. Several new winter wheats were evaluated for potential
release and 'Yuma', a semidwarf HRWW tested as CO850061, was released for
eastern Colorado. It is superior to TAM 107 in baking quality and leaf rust
resistance, and is equal to TAM 107 in grain yield and heat tolerance.
'Fairview', a medium height HRWW was released for use in southwestern
Colorado. It is superior to other currently grown cultivars in grain yield
and straw strength and has very good dwarf bunt resistance and grain
quality. An advanced HRWW line, CO860094, has performed very well in
Colorado and regional tests and will be released in 1992 pending seed
increase and final evaluation.
Selection progress was made for grain yield, grain volume weight, heat
tolerance, leaf rust resistance and bread-making quality. Cultivar
performance trials and Russian wheat aphid evaluations were conducted
statewide. Our quality evaluation program was modified to include SDS
sedimentation testing of all bulked F5 lines between harvest in August and
planting in September (see Dick and Quick method, Cereal Chem. 60:315).
Hence, all first year yield tests include only lines with acceptable gluten
properties. Our results indicate that SDS sedimentation will predict
mixograph mixing time for 90 percent of the lines. Construction of a
climate-controlled growth room was completed and is now operational.
Russian wheat aphid. The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) damage and
cost in 1991 was only about $3.5 million. The accumulated losses since 1986
in Colorado are $91.4 million. The aphid overwinters in Colorado and
survives the dry summer on native and introduced grasses. Much project
activity was associated with Russian wheat aphid (RWA) research where
excellent cooperation resulted in useful information for improvement of RWA
resistance in wheat. Resistance to the RWA has been transferred from
triticale to wheat lines by backcrossing. Low crossability, viability of F1
embryos, and high sterility in early generations were restrictive factors
during introgression. Chromosome 3R was found at the highest frequency among
resistant substitution lines. Field tests of 800 T-57-derived resistant F5
lines identified 112 lines with cultivar potential for 1992 tests. The major
deficiency traits were winter hardiness, test weight and grain yield. One
line, CORWA1, was released as improved germplasm for breeder use. Allelism
studies indicate that at least five major resistance genes are present in
wheats.
The first cycle of experiments were conducted in the new climate-controlled
growth room. Plant water stress, genotypes (resistant and susceptible), and
the RWA (present and absent) were evaluated. All three main effects and
their two-way interactions were significant for biomass, grain yield, plant
height, number of heads per treatment, and leaf chlorosis. The number of
aphids reproduced on genotypes was independent of water stress treatments.
In the resistant wheat, water stress was more important than RWA in reducing
biomass and grain yield; however, in the susceptible wheat, RWA was more
important than water stress in reducing these traits. We observed an
additive effect of the RWA and water stress only on the resistant wheat.
The chemical dessication method for post anthesis drought tolerance was
effective in selecting among crosses between tolerant and sensitive parents,
and in selectively improving tolerance of bulks prior to extensive line
extraction and evaluation.
Significant improvement in androgenesis was obtained from cytoplasmic
substitutions with Ae. kotschii and squarrosa compared to T. aestivum
cytoplasm. Several doubled haploid lines were obtained from androgenesis and
wheat x maize crosses among RWA resistant materials.
A visiting scientist from Australia, Dr. Graham Wildermuth, initiated
research projects on root rot tolerance during September 1991.
Publications
Nkongolo, K.K., J.S. Quick, W. Meyer, F.B. Peairs. 1990. Gene locations for
Russian wheat aphid resistance of 'Imperial' rye. Cer. Res. Commun. 18:307-
313.
Nkongolo, K.K., J.S. Quick, F.B. Peairs, and W.L. Meyer. 1991. Inheritance
of resistance of PI372129 to the Russian wheat aphid. Crop Sci. 31:905-907.
Nkongolo, K.K., J.S. Quick, A.E. Limin, and D.B. Fowler. 1991. Sources and
inheritance of resistance to the Russian wheat aphid in Triticum species
amphiploids and Triticum tauschii. Can J. Plant Sci. 71:703-708.
Quick, J.S., K.K. Nkongolo, W. Meyer, F.B. Peairs, and B. Weaver. 1991.
Russian wheat aphid reaction and agronomic and quality traits of a resistant
wheat. Crop Sci. 31:50-53.
Sun, Q.X., and J.S. Quick. 1991. Chromosomal locations of genes for heat
tolerance in tetraploid wheat. Cer. Res. Commun. 19:431-437.
Quick, J.S. 1991. Aphid-resistant variety released. Colorado Wheat Farmer.
33 (No.4):1.
Quick, J.S. 1991. Yuma is new CSU wheat variety. Colorado Wheat Farmer. 33
(No.4)2:8.
J.S. Quick, M. Mergoum, G.B. Wildermuth, and J.P. Hill. 1991. Root rot
enhancement using plant water stress. Paper presented at the International
Common Root Rot Workshop, Saskatoon, Sask.
Quick, J.S. 1991. Development of Russian wheat aphid resistant varieties.
Wheat Technology Conference, February 1991, Chappell and Kimball, NE.
Haley, S.D., J.S. Quick, and D.H. Smith. 1991. Selection for chemical
dessication tolerance in winter wheat. Agron. Abstr. p. 97.
Kisana, N., D.L. Johnson, and J.S. Quick. 1991. Alien cytoplasmic effects on
androgenesis in wheat. Agron Abstr. p. 197.
Meyer, W.L., F.B. Peairs, J.S. Quick, and J.W. Echols. 1991. Field
evaluation of Russian wheat aphid damage in resistant wheats in artificially
infested plots. ESA Annual Meeting.
Nkongolo, K.K., and J.S. Quick. 1991. Transfer of resistance to the Russian
wheat aphid from 6X triticale to common wheat. Agron. Abstr. p. 108.
Quick, J.S., K.K. Nkongolo, and F.B. Peairs. 1991. Breeding wheat for
resistance to the Russian wheat aphid. Agron. Abstr. p. 112.
Quick, J.S. 1991. Development of Russian wheat aphid resistant wheat
varieties. Annual Seed Growers Conference, Estes Park, CO.
Quick, J.S. 1991. Russian Wheat Aphid vs. Wheat: The Genetic Battle. Sigma
Xi Lecture, CSU, March.
-------------------------
GEORGIA
J. W. Johnson,* B. M. Cunfer,* P. L. Bruckner*, J. J. Roberts, * G. D.
Buntin, and R. E. Wilkinson
The 1991 Georgia winter wheat crop was grown on 425,000 harvested acres
and produced an average of 31 bushels per acre. Favorable fall and winter
temperatures resulted in good growth. However, a wet winter followed by a
wet spring resulted in significant damage from powdery mildew, leaf rust,
and septoria nodorum blotch on susceptible cultivars. Low test weight and
high levels of seed infestation by seedborne fungi, including the scab
fungus Fusarium graminearum, resulted in substandard seed germination.
Grain yields were not as low as expected with the amount of disease present;
however, test weights of cultivars were extremely low ranging from 44 to 56
lbs per bushel.
NEW CULTIVAR RELEASE. Sunland (joint release with Ron Barnett,
Florida) is a spring-type triticale selected from the cross B-2736, Merino
"S"/Juanillo, made at CIMMYT in Mexico. Sunland was selected in 1983 as a
high-yielding advanced line from CIMMYT's 14th International Triticale
Screening Nursery grown in Florida and Georgia. Sunland is an early-
maturing, photoperiod-insensitive, hexaploid cultivar. Average grain yield
of Sunalnd (3265 kg ha(-1)) was 8% higher than Florida 201 and 40% higher
than Beagle 82. Average grain volume weight of Sunland (677 kg m(-3)) is
greater than that of Florida 201 (638 kg ha(-1)). Average seasonal forage
yield of Sunland (4315 kg dry matter ha(-1)) was 5 and 20 % greater than
Beagle 82 and Florida 201, respectively. Crude protein and lysine content
of Sunland have averaged 134 and 4.7 kg(-1), respectively. Leaf rust and
bacterial leaf blight resistance of Sunland is superior of Beagle 82 and
Florida 201.
GA-Mitchell is a winter oat developed from the cross of experimental
lines, GA-76T-2507/GA-76T-2579. The pedigree of GA-76T-2507 is Coker
234/CMB-3 and the pedigree of GA-76T-2579 is Coker 70-12/Coker 70-14//NC
2469-2. GA-Mitchell has a winter growth habit with a low vernalization
requirement and excellent lodging resistance. Average grain yield (3548 kg
ha(-1)) was similar to Florida 501 and Coker 227. Lodging resistance of GA-
Mitchell (14%) eas superior to taht of Coker 227 (60%). Test weight of GA-
Mitchell is intermediate (427 kg m(-3)). Average forage production was
intermediate to Coker 227. It is moderately resistant to prevalent races of
crown rust and moderately susceptible to barley yellow dwarf virus.
Ceruga -1 to -6 The USDA, ARS and University of Georgia released
jointly six rust resistant soft red winter wheat germplasm lines. Ceruga-1
to -6 feature unique and currently effective combinations of resistance to
wheat leaf rust. The name Ceruga symbolizes the close cooperation between
the USDA-ARS Cereal Rust Laboratory and The University of Georgia. The six
Ceruga lines were produced by crossing and recrossing sources of rust
resistance with cultivars adapted to the Southeast. Resistant progenies
were sent to Georgia to select for agronomic characters and disease
resistance in the field. The most promising selections were returned to the
Cereal Rust Laboratory for rigorous screening with leaf and stem rust
cultures representing currently prevalent races in the Southeast and the
broadest virulence combinations available. The resistant lines possess
combinations of resistance genes which provide protection against a wide
array of leaf rust virulences. They also possess some resistance to stem
rust, providing important additional protection from this potentially
devastating rust. The lines are well-adapted agronomically to the
southeastern United States. They also have suitable soft wheat quality.
The parentages and pedigrees of the six lines are:
Name Pedigree Parentage
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ceruga-1 CRL83139A4-2-2-4-2-3 Nelson//Precoz Pareno/CK747
Ceruga-2 CRL83170A12-6-3-3 Lani/Hunter//CK762
Ceruga-3 CRL83212A7-1-4-5-3 CK762*2/Laborador
Ceruga-4 CRL85044A-1-1-1 CK916//Tyler/Buck Manantial
Ceruga-5 CRL83139A4-2-2-4-2-1 Nelson//Precoz Pareno/CK747
Ceruga-6 CRL83152A1-10-1 Hunter*2/Precoz Pareno
RESEARCH: Drought. A study was conducted to detect a possible non-
hydraulic root signal in response to a drying top soil and to measure its
effect on plant growth and production from emergence to maturity. Wheat
plants were established in a growth chamber in soil-filled tubes at three
treatments: (1) watered from the top as needed to eliminate stress (IR), (2)
constant water table at a soil depth of 100 to 120 cm, with no applied water
(WT), and (3) plants grew on stored soil moisture and were rewatered when
water stress developed (SW).
The upper part of the soil column in WT became dry and hard while roots
reached the water table in less than 30 days. No significant differences
occur in midday leaf water potential and relative water content between IR
and WT. WT as compared with IR, resulted in earlier heading, smaller flag
leaf area, reduced shoot weight, reduced plant height, and greater leaf
epicuticular wax content. Since IR and WT did not differ in leaf water
status, the effect on WT on the plant was intepreted to result from a non-
hydraulic root signal in response to the dry and hard top soil.
Acid Soil Tolerance. Six cultivars (FL 301, FL 302, Gore, Saluda, and
Stacy) were grown in sand for 14 days at pH 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, and 4.0.
Shoot length and root length decreased as the H+ concentration increased
with a pH decrease. The cultivars appeared to follow similar trends in
response in H+ concentration. FL 302 and Stacy were the nost tolerant
cultivars. Root growth was a better indicator of cultivar tolerance to H+
concentration than shoot growth.
Winter Cover Crop. Four winter annuals (rye, crimson clover, canola,
and fallow-weeds) were evaluated for rooting depth and residual N recovery
from a previous crop (corn). Rye and canola had significantly higher root
counts than clover or weeds in the 0 to 30 cm depth throughout the growing
season. Rye and canola accumulated a total plant biomass of 11,450 and 9910
kg ha(-1), respectively. Soil nitrate concentrations were significantly
reduced at soil depth below 20-cm in the rye and canola plots comparison to
clover and weeds.
HESSIAN FLY IN WHEAT. Damage by the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor
Say) was limited in Georgia in 1990/1991 season, because most fields were
planted with resistant cultivars and/or treated at planting with a systemic
insecticide. However, damage usually was severe in fields where susceptible
cultivars were grown without an insecticide treatment. Results of a three-
year study showed that spring infestations of the Hessian fly could be
reduced by timely and repeated foliar applications of disulfoton (DiSyston).
However, yield responses and economic benefits were erratic and marginal;
consequently, management of spring infestations with foliar treatments is
not currently feasible. The presence of volunteer wheat in soybeans in a
wheat-soybean doublecrop system was found not to enhance Hessian fly
infestations in the following wheat crop. Tillage disrupted Hessian fly
populations and prevented significant carryover of insects from the
volunteer plants to the subsequent wheat crop.
Hessian Fly Management in Triticale. The integration of planting
date, cultivar, and use of a systemic insecticide (disulfoton) at planting
for Hessian fly control were studied in winter triticale during two years.
'Beagle 82', 'Florida 201', and 'Florico' were susceptible and 'Morrison'
was partially resistant to the Hessian fly. Damage was less severe in
November than October and December plantings. Use of a systemic insecticide
at planting prevented losses of grain yield and may be economically
justified in triticale in areas with considerable risk of attack by the
Hessian fly.
PLANT PATHOLOGY. Soil was infested uniformly with Gaeumannomyces
graminis var. tritici at two field sites. For two years replicated plantings
of wheat, triticale, barley, rye, and oats were made at each location. Wheat
was planted into each plot in the third year. Yield reduction of wheat
caused by take-all was not significantly different following wheat,
triticale, barley, and rye. Yield was significantly greater following oats,
a nonsusceptible crop. Rye did not suffer any yield loss to take-all for two
years but supported sufficient inoculum to reduce yield in wheat the third
year. The results show that oats is the only small grain that can be rotated
with wheat to reduce take-all in wheat.
Susceptibility to Stagonospora nodorum differed in relation to leaf
age. Older leaves were more susceptible than younger leaves of adult plants
among cultivars differing in partial resistance. Results in the greenhouse,
where microclimate was not a significant factor, were similar to those in
the field. Previous studies suggested that microclimate rather than leaf age
was the primary factor for variation in disease severity within the plant
canopy.
Variation in inoculum concentration had a greater differential effect on
resistant cultivars than on susceptible cultivars. Disease severity was much
less for resistant cultivars at a low inoculum concentration, whereas the
difference in disease severity was small for susceptible cultivars between
high and low inoculum. Incubation period was the component of partial
resistance least affected by environmental conditions.
Stagonospora nodorum remained viable in wheat seed stored at 4-5 C for
eleven years. The percentage of seeds from which the fungus could be
recovered was similar to the level when the seeds were harvested (50-70 %).
The fungus survived less than four years in seed stored at 22-25 C. These
results show that Stagonospora nodorum probably survives as long in seed as
they remain viable.
Personnel: Dr. Juju Manandhar returned to Nepal after spending three
years as a visiting scientist in plant pathology at the Georgia Station in
Griffin. He conducted research on selective media for isolation of
Stagonospora nodorum, Pythium root rot of wheat, and selection of wheat
germplasm for tolerance to aluminum toxicity and soil waterlogging.
Jennifer Yocum completed a Ph.D. in plant pathology on partial
resistance to septoria nodorum blotch. She is employed by Ciba-Geigy at
Hudson, New York.
Publications
Blum, A., J. W. Johnson, E. L. Ramseur, and E. W. Tollner. 1991.
The effect of a drying top soil and a possible non-hydraulic root signal on
wheat growth and yield. J. Exp. Bot. 42:1225-1231.
Blum, A. and J. W. Johnson. 1991. A possible non-hydraulic root signal in
wheat. Second International Symposium Physiological Aspects on Crop Yield,
Gainesville, FL.
Bruckner, P. L., R. D. Barnett, J. W. Johnson, and B. M. Cunfer. 1991.
Registration of 'Sunland' triticale. Crop Sci. 31:1710-1711.
Bruckner, P. L., D. D. Morey, B. M. Cunfer, and J. W. Johnson. 1991.
Registration of 'GA-Mitchell' oat. Crop Sci. 31:1707-1708.
Buntin, G.D., Cunfer, B. M., and Bridges, D.C. 1991. Impact of volunteer
wheat on wheat insects in a wheat-soybean doublecrop system. J. Ent. Sci.
26:401-407.
Buntin. G.D. and R. D. Hudson. 1991. Spring control of the Hessian fly
(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in winter wheat using insecticides. J. Econ.
Entomol. 84: 1913-1919.
Cunfer, B.M. 1991. Common names for plant diseases-rye. Plant Dis. 75:228-
229.
Cunfer, B.M. 1991. Long term viability of Septoria nodorum in stored wheat
seed. Cer. Res. Commun. 19:347-349.
Cunfer, B.M., and Rothrock, C.S. 1991. Disease management in wheat produced
under conservation tillage in the southeastern United States. pp. 117-125.
In: Conservation tillage for subtropical areas. Proceedings of the
International Workshop on Conservation Tillage Systems. Fernandes, J.M., and
Sutton, J.C. (eds.). EMBRAPA. Passo Fundo, Brazil. 265 pp.
Johnson, J. W. and R. E. Wilkinson. 1991. Wheat cultivar response to H+
concentrations. Fourth International Symposium on the Genetics Aspects of
Plant Mineral Nutrtion, Canberra, Australia.
Johnson, J. W., W. L. Hargrove, J. E. Box, Jr., and P. L. Raymer. 1991.
Role of winter cover crops in reduction of nitrate leaching. Agron. Abstr.
p 148, Denver, Colorado.
Rothrock, C.S., and Cunfer, B.M. 1991. Influence of small grains on the
inoculum potential of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Plant Dis.
75:1050-1052.
Yocum, J.A. 1992. Components of partial resistance to Leptosphaeria nodorum
in winter wheat. Ph.D. thesis. 185 pp.
Zelarayan, E.L., G. D. Buntin, J.W. Johnson, P.L. Bruckner, and P.L. Raymer.
1991. Integrated management of the Hessian fly in triticale. J. Prod.
Agric. 4: 629-633.
-------------------------
IDAHO
University of Idaho, Moscow and Aberdeen
R. Zemetra*, E. Souza*, S. Guy*, S. Quisenberry, J. Johnson, G.
Knudsen, D. Schotzko, M. Lauver, J. Tyler, and L. Pierola
Production. The 1991 winter wheat production was 49 million bushels, a
29% decrease from 1990. The decrease can be attributed to a 10% reduction
in acres planted and a severe winter which caused extreme winter damage in
several parts of the state. Due to the winter damage diseases such as
Cephalosporium stripe and Cercosporella footrot further reduced yield in
affected areas. Stripe rust was not a major disease factor in 1991.
Neither was the Russian wheat aphid, which suffered a decrease in population
due to the extreme winter conditions in the Northwest. Statistics for the
Idaho winter wheat production for the last five years are shown below.
Year Acres planted Acres harvested Yield Prod.(bu)
x1000 x1000 bu/ac x1000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1987 868 800 75 60,000
1988 820 770 66 50,820
1989 880 810 70 56,700
1990 960 920 75 69,000
1991 870 700 70 49,000
Personnel. Dr. Sharron Quisenberry was hired as the Entomology
Division head replacing C. Michael Smith. M. Heikkinen was hired as an
extension associate in the extension crop management program. J. Tyler
resigned as research associate in the wheat breeding program at Aberdeen to
take a breeding position in Mississippi with the USDA-ARS. S. Schroeder-
Teeter completed her Master's degree and is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in
remote sensing in Idaho. M. Rafi from India started a Ph.D in the wheat
breeding program at Moscow. M. Fida from Pakistan started a Ph.D. program
with the Aberdeen breeding program.
Cultivar releases. During 1991 the Aberdeen breeding program released
two cultivars. 'Meridian' (ID0360, PI 557013) HRW was released as a
cultivar for intensive management in the irrigated production areas of the
Snake River Plain. It is moderately resistant to stripe rust, snow mold,
and dwarf bunt. Meridian has had similar grain yield to Stephens SWW in 7
years of trials at Aberdeen. 'Fairview' (ID0338, PI 557017) HRW was
released jointly with the Colorado AES for production areas of Western
Colorado. Fairview will not likely be produced in Idaho.
Germplasm release. Idaho 266 (ID0266) was released as germplasm by the
Idaho AES in 1991. Idaho 266 is a soft white spring wheat with extremely
high flour extraction percentages. It has excellent baking characteristics
and yield levels comparable to 'Owens' in Oregon trials and 'Treasure' in
Idaho trials. Idaho 266 is moderately susceptible to stripe rust and
comparable to Owens for lodging resistance.
Russian Wheat Aphid. Somaclonal variants with improved Russian wheat
aphid (RWA) resistance form the cultivar Stephens were recovered after in
vitro screening with RWA extract. Screening of two generations of progeny
from the regenerants in the greenhouse confirmed the improved response to
RWA over the original cultivar. Field testing and genetic analysis of these
lines will be initiated in 1992.
The inheritance of resistance to RWA was determined for four hexaploid
wheats with high levels of RWA resistance. PI 94355, CI 6501, and CI 6593
have a resistance to RWA that is likely conferred by a single, partially
dominant gene. PI 94365 has RWA resistance that is recessive and probably
multigenic in crosses to the susceptible check 'Manning' HRW. Allelism
testing of these lines and other RWA resistant lines is currently underway.
Greenhouse resistance was found to be generally predictive of field
resistance in field trials at Parma and Aberdeen.
Field testing of RWA resistant breeding lines developed from a
backcross program using PI 137739 and PI 294994 as sources of resistance
will be initiated in the spring, 1992. Lines to be tested are BC(2)F(2)
lines which were screened in the greenhouse after each cross. Recurrent
parents were Pacific Northwest adapted spring and winter cultivars.
Variation for RWA resistance was observed within accessions identified
as resistant to the Russian wheat aphid. Selection over two cycles for
resistance was shown to greatly reduce this variability. Based on these
results, accessions should be evaluated and selection for resistance be made
prior to using accessions identified as RWA resistant.
Trials with the biological control agent Beauveria bassiana continue in
the laboratory. The capability of inducing mycosis in RWA populations with
pelletized B. bassiana was confirmed. A new powdered form of the sodium
alginate was developed and will be tested. Field studies have monitored RWA
populations and sought evidence of natural enemy establishment. Within
season field recoveries of several biological control agents were made. No
evidence of overwintering was found possible due to the low rate of
overwinter survival of the RWA. Several biological control agents were
released in Moscow and Aberdeen in 1991. These agents were Aphelinus
varipes, Scymnus frontalis, and Aphidinae.
Computer simulation of RWA movement and population dynamics has been
developed. Validation and refinement of the model including the
incorporation of epizootics is currently underway.
Nearest neighbor analysis. The nearest neighbor analysis was compared
to conventional ANOVA analysis for yield and yield component analysis.
Nearest neighbor analysis improved efficiency in locations where local
trends were present but in locations where environmental variation could be
blocked no gain in efficiency was observed. Adjustment of yield component
data by nearest neighbor analysis improved correlations to yield but did not
change the relative ranking of the yield component correlations.
Publications
Feng, M., and J. B. Johnson. 1991. Bioassay of four entomophthoralean fungi
on the Russian wheat aphid. Environ. Entomol. 20:338-345.
Feng, M., J. B. Johnson, and S. E. Halbert. 1991. Natural control of cereal
aphids by entomopathogenic fungi and parasitoids on irrigated spring
wheat in southwestern Idaho. Environ. Entomol. 20:1699-1710
Hou, Liming, R. S. Zemetra, and Dianne Birzer. 1991. Wheat genotype and
environment effects on Chinese steamed bread quality. Crop Sci. 31:1279-
1282.
Knudsen, G. R., and D. J. Eschen. 1991. A new nethod to formulate
biocontrol fungi for seed treatment of foliar application. Phytopathology
81:1227.
Knudsen, G. R., and D. J. Schotzko. 1991. Simulation of Russian wheat aphid
movement and population dynamics on preferred and non-preferred host plants.
Ecol. Model. 57:117-131.
Schotzko, D. J., and C. M. Smith. 1991. Effects of host plant on the plant
to plant spatial distribution of the Russian wheat aphid
(Homoptera:Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 84:1725-1734.
Schotzko, E. J., and C. M. Smith. 1991. The effects of preconditioning host
plant on population development of the Russian wheat aphid
(Homoptera:Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 83:1083-1087.
Schroeder-Teeter, S. 1991. Resistance and phytotoxocity of the Russian
wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) in wheat (Triticum aestivum). M.S. thesis.
University of Idaho.
Smith, C. M., D. J. Schotzko, R. S. Zemetra, E. J. Souza and S. Schroeder-
Teeter. 1991. Identification of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae)
resistance in native and foreign wheat germplasm. J. Econ. Entomol. 84:328-
332.
Smith, C. M., D, J. Schotzko, R. S. Zemetra, and E. J. Souza. 1992.
Catagories of resistance in wheat plant introductions resistant to the
Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. (in press).
Souza, E., C. M. Smith, D. Schotzko, and R. S. Zemetra. 1992. Greenhouse
evaluation of red winter wheats for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid.
Euphytica (in press).
Souza, E., and D. W. Sunderman. 1992. Pair-wise rand superiority of winter
wheats for spring stand. Crop Sci. (in press).
Souza, E., D. W. Sunderman, and J. Tyler. 1992. Registration on 'Vandal'
wheat. Crop Sci. (in press).
Souza, E., D. W. Sunderman, J. Whitmore, and K. O'Brien. 1991. Registration
of 'Centennial' wheat. Crop Sci. 31:1095-1096.
Souza, E., D. W. Sunderman, J. Whitmore, and K. O'Brien. 1992. Registration
of 'Survivor' wheat. Crop Sci. (in press).
Souza, E., J. Tyler, and K. O'Brien. 1992. Registration of 'Idaho Dark
Northern Spring, Cycle 0' wheat germplasm. Crop sci. (in press).
-------------------------
Camas Wheat Breeding Moscow, ID,
W. K. Pope
Tolerance to Cephalosporium gramineum in Idaho-Camas wheat selections
(Work prior to 1981 was done for the University of Idaho.)
The winter of 1991-92 favored very high levels of Cephalosporium
gramineum in winter wheat plots near Culdesac, ID. Surprisingly, there was
moderate to high tolerance to Cephalosporium in almost all increases and
breeding lines, with the conspicuous exception of the parent variety Weston
CI17727 and Sel-1 of Weston/Lovrin24, a favored new wheat. Sel-2 of this
family did show a moderate tolerance. In 13 different new F3 combinations,
eight of which were crosses to Weston, all were segregating for tolerance to
Cephalosporium with the single exception of Weston/Sel-1.
So much tolerance to Cephalosporium can only be attributed to
serendipity. It traces to wheats with European PI178383 parentage and to
combinations between them. The only selection technique has been a
preference for locating trial plots on "trouble sites" where good stands in
wet areas has been synonymous with tolerance to Cephalosporium. Severe
infections have been seen only twice, once in 1973 near Coeur d'Alene, where
ID71043 was by far the best plot, and once at Moscow, where tolerance in
Yamhill CI14563 (OR) (Heines VII/Redman) and several derivatives of PI178383
was noted. The variety Peck CI17298 (ID) (Swedish type/2*Gaines) was
released in 1974 because it gave good stands in wet draws without realizing
that this meant tolerance to Cephalosporium.
The two European wheat sources used have been Odin in WA4765
(14-53/Odin//CI13421) (1967, Clarence Peterson, USDA, WSU), and Staring in
the Oregon wheat Nrn10/Staring CI13275 (1958, Wilson Foote). The white
wheat WA4765 was promoted for its tolerance to the "footrots." A cross with
Burt/178383 CI13837 produced the white wheat Lenore CI17726. A similar
three way cross on the original F1 of Bezostaja//Burt/178383 (that
ultimately became Weston), produced the bulk family ID71043. This was
reselected by D. Mathre, MSU, Bozeman as MT3528. All three wheats had very
high tolerance to Cephalosporium.
The Oregon wheat CI13275, first entered in the western wheat trials in
1958, was the first western wheat known to be tolerant to Cercosporella foot
rot. I attempted to make use of this in red wheats with two crosses to
Cheyenne to produce the short ID5006 CI17245. A further cross to the tall
ID5011, a sib of Ark (178383/Cnn//3*Td) produced another family of short
selections, some of which had great vigor in wet sites. These continue in
pedigrees today.
A confirmation of the validity of these selections was noted in the
1981 dwarf smut trial planted at Logan Utah by J. Hoffmann. The Moscow
entries had been planted across a swale where an "unknown" trouble
eliminated most of them. Only ID5519, MT3528 and its sib lines survived
with vigorous normal stands. This was typical of other experiences with
Cephalosporium and added great confidence to use of these varieties as
parents.
Wheats tolerant to Cephalosporium in the Camas Wheat breeding progran
CI or Resistance
Item Variety Camas No. Rating Pedigree
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ng = not grown in 1992
A. Derivatives of European wheats
1. Hill-81 (OR) 17954 R Yamhill/Hyslop
Yamhill was HeinesVII/Redmond
2. Peck (ID) 17298 R Swedish type/2*Gaines. Res.
similar to Hill
2.1 Hill/Peck R Res. same in two sel.
3. Hohenheimer/3*Cnn C92242 VR Germany. Best vigor in '92
plots
4. ID5006 17245 R-ng Nrn10/StaringCI13275
(OR)//2*Cnn
B. Non-European wheats
5. short Burt 13739 MR Nrn10/Brvl4//5*Burt,
(R. Allan USDA, WSU)
6. ID5011 17246 R-ng Ark sib, 178383/Cnn//3*Td
7. ID5519 17734 VR-ng Weston sib,
Bezostaja//Burt/178383
C. Combined parentages
8. ID5011/5006 17732 R-ng Many in further crosses
9. Lenore (ID) 17726 VR-ng WA4765//Burt/178383 CI13837
10. ID71043 17252 VR-ng WA4765/3/Bezostaja
//Burt/178383
10.1 MT3528 VR-ng Sel of ID71043
10.2 MT3528/Weston C92233 VR Inc-6
D. Recent Pediqrees
11."Bare" C92151 VR Best res. in '92. A sel. for
tolerance to Rhizoctonia.
MT3528/(5011/5006//Ark/3/
55l9)
12. ID89002 C92Inc3 R 5519/(Td*2-Idd59-5006)
//Ark9342
13. Complex/2*Weston C92236 VR 71043/5519//CI9442/3
/2*Weston
14. Fenn26-1 C9249 R ID89002//Complex/2*Weston.
Fenn docs not have all the
res. of its parents
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
ILLINOIS
University of Illinois and USDA-ARS
F.L. Kolb and E.D. Nafziger, Dep. of Agronomy; A.D. Hewings and L.L.
Domier, USDA-ARS; W.L. Pedersen, C.J. D'Arcy, H.T. Wilkerson and E.M.
Bauske, Dep. of Plant Pathology; C.E. Eastman and M.E. Irwin, Dep. of
Economic Entomology; W.H. Brink, Cooperative Extension Service
Production. Farmers in Illinois planted 1.65 million acres (668,000
hectares) of soft red winter wheat under good conditions in the fall of
1990. Crop growth and condition were excellent through the heading stage,
but hot, wet weather in May 1991 encouraged the development of extremely
high levels of scab (Fusarium sp.) and glume blotch (Septoria nodorum) which
severely reduced yield and grain quality throughout much of Illinois. Only
1.4 million acres were harvested, representing an abandonment rate of 15%.
The state average yield was only 32 bushels per acre (2,156 kg/ha), which is
the lowest yield since 1974. Test weight was also severely reduced in many
areas.
Illinois wheat producers seeded about 1.45 million acres (587,000
hectares) of wheat in the fall of 1992. This is a reduction of 12% from
1991 and a 31% reduction from the 2.1 million acres (850,000 hectares) sown
in 1990. The 1992 wheat crop suffered damage from several cold snaps in
early November. The extent of the damage to the 1992 wheat production in
Illinois is not known at this time (2/92), but much of the winter wheat in
the northern half of the state has been killed and will be abandoned.
Southern Illinois wheat is in better condition, but damage is evident in
some fields, and some fields may be abandoned. The majority of Illinois
wheat production is in southern Illinois. The extent of the reduction in
1992 Illinois production is not known at this time.
Cardinal has replaced Caldwell as the predominant public cultivar grown
in Illinois. Cardinal has performed well the past two seasons under heavy
disease pressure. The acreage of Clark is also increasing.
Management Research (E.D. Nafziger). The primary focus of wheat
management research in 1990-91 was on nitrogen rate for optimum yield. A
new project was begun in which N rates were applied to small plots in farmer
fields. In addition to rate effects on yield, we also took soil samples at
the time of spring topdressing to see if soil nitrate content might be a
useful predictor of N rate response. Yields were poor in most of these
fields, and N responses tended to be quite flat. Soil nitrate content was
found to be somewhat related to N response, in that sites with very low
nitrate tended to respond more to applied N. Another study was designed to
test the relationship among plant population, tiller number, head number,
and grain yield of several cultivars planted at different rates.
Cultivar Evaluation (E.D. Nafziger). For about ten years we have conducted
uniform cultivar comparisons at six locations in Illinois. These
comparisons include both publicly- and privately-developed cultivars and
advanced lines from the University of Illinois breeding program. In 1991,
each trial had about 55 to 60 entries including 16 advanced experimental
lines from the University of Illinois breeding program. A report of
performance (excluding advanced lines) was distributed in August.
Cultivar Development (F.L. Kolb). Approximately 150 advanced experimental
breeding lines were evaluated in 1991 in replicated tests at three
locations. In addition, 225 preliminary breeding lines were tested at two
locations, and about 900 single plots were evaluated at one location. All
material in the breeding program was evaluated for the severe septoria leaf
blight (Septoria tritici) and glume blotch that occurred in 1991.
The cultivar 'Howell' (previously designated IL 82-3298) was released
in 1991. Howell is high-yielding, and has excellent winter hardiness and
very high test weight. Howell is similar to Cardinal in height and maturity
and has yielded equal to or better than Cardinal in most trials in Illinois.
The pedigree of Howell is McNair 48-23 / IL 70-2225 // CI 13855 /3/ Arthur//
TN 1571. Foundation seed of Howell was produced in 1991 and Registered seed
is currently in production by seedsmen.
BYDV (A.D. Hewings, C.J. D'Arcy, F.L. Kolb, E.M. Bauske, C.E. Eastman,
M.E. Irwin). Our efforts to improve barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)
evaluation methodology have focused on screening techniques and the study of
factors which may obscure the limited variability in wheat for tolerance to
BYDV under field conditions. We are evaluating several techniques to screen
winter wheat for tolerance to (BYDV), including enzyme-linked immunosorbant
assays (ELISA) and northern dot blots. We have also evaluated the
potentially confounding effects of initial BYDV dosage on symptom
expression in wheat in the field.
An experiment to determine if a modified recurrent selection method
using a chemical hybridizing agent was effective in changing the frequency
of BYDV tolerant genotypes in a wheat population was completed. The
technique did not change the frequency of BYDV tolerant genotypes in the
population studied.
Additional objectives of BYDV research projects in progress are: to
investigate mechanisms of resistance to BYDV, to investigate cereal virus
epidemiology, and to determine the incidence, distribution and variability
of BYDV virus strains across space and over time in wheat.
Based on data from 1989, 1990 and preliminary data from 1991, BYDV
spread occurred more rapidly in fields where infection foci were established
prior to aphid infestation but the primary source of BYDV inoculum appears
to be outside of rather than within the fields. Suction traps were used to
capture live aphids crossing fields at canopy level. The first large
flights of aphids in the spring occurred in late April to early May in 1991,
mid-May in 1990 and late May to early June in 1989. Rhopalosiphum padi,
vector of both the BYDV-PAV and -RPV- like viruses was captured with greater
frequency in 1990 than 1989. Incidence of BYDV in the Urbana field plots
and in the state-wide survey was greater in 1990 than 1989.
Preliminary studies to test PAV-IL transmission from barley to maize,
maize to maize, and maize to barley suggest that R. padi transmits the virus
with difficulty, if at all, from maize to maize but relatively easily from
barley to maize and maize to barley. Recently an RMV strain has been
isolated from commercial corn fields in both Minnesota and Illinois.
Studies are underway to determine the importance of this strain in small
grains and the role corn may play in BYDV epidemiology in the Midwest.
Evaluation of Seed Treatment Fungicides (W.L. Pedersen and W.H. Brink).
Several seed treatment fungicides were evaluated for the control of loose
smut (Ustilago tritici) and seedling blights (Fusarium sp.) on three wheat
cultivars at two locations in Illinois. Vitavax 200 (carboxin) reduced
loose smut incidence by 72%; while several new materials, including Baytan,
reduced incidence of loose smut to <1%. In the absence of loose smut, none
of the fungicide seed treatments had a significant yield increase compared
to the untreated control. In 1991, we initiated a study to compare several
seed treatments on three lots of the cultivar Cardinal at four locations in
Illinois. The three lots had test weights of 52, 57, and 62 lbs/bu,
respectively. Stand counts from the fall showed no significant differences
among seed lots or fungicide seed treatments. Due to a severe early
November cold snap, all of the plots at Urbana are dead.
Evaluation of Foliar Fungicides (W.L. Pedersen). Foliar fungicides
were evaluated for control of septoria leaf blight and glume blotch, and
leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp tritici). While all of the treatments
reduced levels of septoria leaf blight, none of the treatments affected
yield. Scab infections were so high that yields were reduced by over 50% at
several locations in southern Illinois.
Cooperative research program with Egypt (W.L. Pedersen and H.T.
Wilkerson). In 1991, we established a cooperative research program with
Egypt. We are surveying commercial wheat fields for soil-borne diseases, as
well as evaluating potential biological control strategies.
-------------------------
INDIANA
Purdue University
H. W. Ohm, H. C. Sharma, I. M. Dweikat, S. A. Mackenzie, D.
McFatridge, F. L. Patterson (Dept. Agronomy), G. Shaner, R. M. Lister, D.
M. Huber, G. Buechley (Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology), R. H.
Ratcliffe, R. H. Shukle, G. Safranski, S. Cambron (USDA-ARS and Dept.
Entomology)
Production. Farmers in Indiana planted 900,000 acres (364,400 ha) of
soft red winter wheat in Indiana for the 1991 crop year and harvested
720,000 acres (291,500 ha). Harvested wheat area in 1991 was 74% of that in
1990. Total production in 1991 was 28.8 million bushels (782,200 metric
tons), 57% of production in 1990. Average yield in 1991 was 40 bu/acre (2.69
m-tons/ha) compared to 52 bu/acre (3.50 m-tons/ha) in 1990. Cardinal,
Clark, and Caldwell were the three leading public cultivars, occupying 20,
18, and 15% of the wheat area, respectively. Private cultivars occupied 36%
of the wheat area.
Season. Cool temperatures and wet soil conditions during September and
October 1990 delayed harvest of corn and soybeans, and consequently delayed
seeding and establishment of wheat. Warm temperatures during November and
most of December resulted in excellent growth and establishment of wheat.
Wheat in most of the state survived a wet winter and wide temperature
fluctuations in March in very good condition. Rhizoctonia solani
(binucleate) was a significant factor in the winterkilling and subsequent
abandonment of approximately 9% of the planted acreage. This soilborne
fungus causes a severe leaf and crown rot which can be severe during cool
and wet conditions often encountered in late winter and early spring. Wheat
was growing vigorously by mid-March and weather conditions through May
resulted in excellent wheat growth and development. Temperatures 10 to 15
degrees F above normal along with recurring showers and high humidity
prevailed during May. Powdery mildew was moderately prevalent by mid- May,
but declined with the warm temperatures. By the end of May severe epidemics
of Septoria leaf and glume blotch, leaf rust, and head scab had developed.
Early in the season, both Septoria tritici and S. nodorum could be found on
lower leaves. The warm wet weather during May favored S. nodorum and it
became the predominant foliar pathogen, and also caused significant levels
of glume blotch. Warm and dry conditions prevailed during June and July,
providing additional stress to the wheat. Many wheat fields in southern
Indiana were abandoned due to low yield and poor grain quality. Generally,
wheat flowering and harvest in 1991 were at least two weeks earlier than
normal due to unusually warm temperatures throughout much of the season,
especially in early and mid-March and after the end of April, combined with
severe disease pressure which killed plants prematurely.
Disease surveys. Wheat disease surveys throughout Indiana during the
fall and spring demonstrated the vulnerability of most current cultivars to
Septoria nodorum blotch and scab, and the loss of effective resistance to
powdery mildew in cultivar Caldwell. Severe epidemics of Septoria nodorum
blotch, powdery mildew, leaf rust, and head scab in three of the past six
years demonstrate the need for resistance to these diseases in wheat
cultivars for Indiana.
Variety development. Two soft red winter wheat lines, 8138I1-16-50 and
79410D1-3-3-5-2-1, are being increased for varietal release. The two lines
have yield potentials as high or higher than those of Caldwell, Cardinal and
Clark, good soft wheat milling and baking qualities, resistance to leaf
rust, Septoria tritici blotch, powdery mildew, soil-borne mosaic, wheat
spindle streak mosaic, and take-all.
Weather in the spring of 1991 favored disease development, and
permitted effective screening for resistance. We had an excellent test of
resistance to soilborne mosaic in our nursery at the University of Illinois.
We made several disease assessments in the wheat performance trials at
Purdue and southwest Indiana to obtain detailed information about disease
reactions of our most advanced breeding lines and varieties in commercial
production.
Fungicidal control of wheat diseases (Shaner and Buechley). Untreated
Clark yielded 38 bu/acre with 52 lb/bu test weight. Clark sprayed with Tilt
at flag leaf emergence yielded 57 bu/acre with 57 lb/bu test weight. The
1991 survey of wheat diseases throughout the state revealed how quickly
Septoria nodorum blotch can spread from a minor problem on the lower leaves
to a devastating epidemic on flag leaves and heads given the right weather
conditions, and emphasizes the need for greater resistance and a reliable
disease forecast to time fungicide applications.
Septoria nodorum blotch. Dwight Bostwick identified cultivars Coker 84-
27 and Cotipora as having resistance in greenhouse studies of controlled
levels of inoculum concentrations (300 thousand, one million, and 3.5
million spores/ml), moist period durations (15, 30, 45, 60 hours), and
temperatures (20 C and 28 C) on the development of Stagonospora nodorum on
several wheat lines. Parental, F1, F2, BCF1, and BCF2 populations from the
cross Cotipora X P831791A1-1-6 (susceptible) were inoculated on the spikes
and flag leaves with spores of S. nodorum. Percentage of diseased tissue was
estimated on the spikes and flag leaves four times over a 20-day period, and
area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. Resistance was
partially dominant in the F1 generation in both spikes and flag leaves, but
in F2, BCF1, and BCF2 generations, dominance was not evident. The number of
genes that confer resistance in the glumes was estimated at 3, based on
variances of parental, F1, and F2 populations. Analysis of F2 populations
from crosses of 21 monosomic lines X Cotipora indicates that resistance of
Cotipora against S. nodorum is contributed by chromosomes 3A, 4A, 7A, and
3B.
Characterization and utilization of resistance to Stagonospora
(=Septoria) nodorum in exotic germplasm (Shaner and Buechley). A
collection of 42 wheats, many from Europe, was screened for reaction to S.
nodorum at two post-inoculation moist periods (48 or 65 hr). Nine lines
had excellent resistance after either moist treatment (less than 5% of leaf
area affected, compared to 94% for the most susceptible cultivar in the
test). Unfortunately, these wheat varieties are all very late maturing, and
it will take time to transfer this resistance into adapted cultivars.
Three- and four-way crosses among well adapted Purdue lines and exotic
wheats with resistance to Septoria nodorum, as well as leaf rust and powdery
mildew were made in the fall of 1990. The F(1)s were grown in a transplant
nursery, and F(2) seed was sown in a breeding nursery in the fall of 1991.
Inheritance of resistance to Septoria tritici leaf blotch (Shaner and
Buechley). Resistance to Septoria tritici in some spring wheats from Israel
and Australia appears to be simply inherited, as we have found for several
other sources of resistance used in our program for many years.
Powdery mildew. We are incorporating resistance to Erysiphe graminis
f. sp. tritici from a number of wheat lines from around the world into soft
red winter wheat lines adapted to Indiana. Whether or not the genes
conferring resistance in these lines are different than current identified
genes must be determined. Xueyi Hu examined the inheritance of resistance in
three of these lines. The resistant hexaploid wheat lines Portugal 27,
Australia 17566, and Portugal 62 were each crossed to the susceptible
cultivar Morocco. Populations of parents, F1, backcrosses to both parents,
and F2 for all three crosses, were inoculated in the seedling and adult
growth stages in the greenhouse with a local isolate of E. graminis by
dusting them with conidia from infected seedlings of cv. Morocco. Portugal
27 and Australia 17566 possess two recessive genes for resistance to powdery
mildew, each conferring resistance independently. The resistance in Portugal
62 is conferred by one recessive gene.
Another round of backcrossing to transfer powdery mildew resistance from
tetraploid Persian wheats to elite hexaploid lines was completed in the
spring of 1990. F2 seed was sown in the breeding nursery in the fall of
1991.
Genetics of slow rusting (Shaner and Buechley). Slow rusting wheat
parent CI 13227, fast rusting parent Suwon 92, and the F1, F2, and both back
cross generations were evaluated for slow rusting in the greenhouse last
spring, to compare results of this method of analysis with those obtained
from analysis of near-homozygous F7 families from a cross of these two
cultivars. Our data indicate that genes at three independent loci control
long latent period (slow rusting).
F2s of crosses designed to transfer slow rusting resistance to Clark
were grown in the field in 1990/91, and selected F3 progeny have been sown
in the nursery this fall.
Durability of slow-rusting resistance in wheat (Jeff Lehman) is
characterizing the fitness components -- latent period (generation time),
infection frequency, pustule area, pustule growth rate, and spore production
-- of a wild-type population (WT) of P. recondita and isolates from WT
selected for short latent period on slow ruster CI 13227. Selected isolates
had a significantly shorter latent period on slow-rusters CI 13227 and L-
574, and produced more spores on CI 13227, compared to WT. The selected
isolates produced fewer infections on susceptible Monon and slow rusting
Suwon 85 and SW 72469 compared to WT. Selection had no effect on pustule
area or growth rate. In field tests, the selected isolate caused more rust
than WT on slow-rusters CI 13227 and L-574. Selected isolates are more fit
for latent period and sporulation on some slow rusting cultivars, but
overcame only about 30% of the slow rusting resistance of CI 13227.
Adult-plant hypersensitivity to leaf rust (Shaner and Buechley).
Because of the complexity of adult-plant hypersensitivity resistance (APHR)
and its environmental sensitivity, advanced-generation lines are being
developed from F(2)s of crosses between several APHR cultivars and Monon.
Fusarium head scab. The shift to minimum and no-till corn production
in Indiana has provided an inoculum load of Fusarium graminearum on surface
residues. When weather is favorable for head scab there is little benefit
from crop rotation in reducing the severity of this disease. Crop rotation
with soybeans and conventional tillage, which buried corn residues, provided
effective control of this disease in the past. Because of the increasing
frequency of problems with scab in Indiana, we have begun a program to breed
for resistance to this disease. Graduate student Guihua Bai investigated
the effect of different moisture and temperature conditions on wheat scab
development among varieties that differ in resistance. Plants were
inoculated by placing 1000 spores into a floret of a central spikelet at the
beginning of anthesis. The percentage of scabby heads in a variety
increased as the moist period increased from 0 to 3 days. The number of
scabby spikelets per head was lower on some varieties than others at all
moist periods tested. This expression of resistance is a more stable
character than resistance expressed as the percentage of scabby heads.
Temperature seems to be more important than moisture in controlling the
spread of the fungus within a spike. Two dominant genes appear to control
restriction of spread of the fungus within the spike in cultivar Ning 7840.
The transfer of these genes into varieties adapted for Indiana is
progressing. Large F(2) populations derived from 3-way crosses (two doses
of adapted parents) were screened this fall in the greenhouse. Experiments
were done to see if growing seedlings in the presence of the scab fungus
would permit detection of resistance to head scab. When seeds were
germinated in a spore suspension, some seedlings died and shoot elongation
was inhibited on survivors, but differences among the varieties were not
correlated with adult-plant resistance.
Take-all (Don Huber and Tina McCay-Buis). Mechanisms and microbial
interactions affecting disease severity from synergism and complementation
to antagonism under natural field conditions in Indiana were evaluated
relative to biological control of take-all. This research provided basic
information on the interactions of rhizosphere colonizing ability,
antagonism, and host factors affecting virulence and pathogenesis.
Selection of organisms on the basis of their manganese activity in the
rhizosphere and soil was more likely to generate a potential biological
control agent than direct antagonism to the pathogen. Siderophore
production, phenazine antibiotic production, and gram reaction again were
not associated with biological control capability of an organism.
Bacterization with manganese oxidizing organisms generally increased disease
(synergism) and reduced Mn tissue levels in host plants while the opposite
was observed with manganese reducing organisms. A moderately virulent
manganese oxidizing isolate of Gaeumannomyces graminis was able to
complement an avirulent isolate to result in increased (synergistic) disease
severity. Some potential biological control organisms can oxidize as well
as reduce manganese depending on the soil pH or redox reaction. Nuclear
magnetic resonance evaluations supported the role of redox reactions with
manganese for the pathogen as well as the host. All of the plant growth
promoting rhizosphere bacterial strains and potential biological control
organisms (bacteria and fungi) tested are manganese reducers which may
account for their growth stimulation in the absence of severe disease.
Virulence of Gaeumannomyces graminis was correlated with the manganese
oxidizing ability of the pathogen. This is conditioned by temperature, with
some strains of the pathogen being virulent and able to oxidize manganese
only at low or high temperatures while other isolates are insensitive to
temperature for virulence and manganese oxidizing ability. We have
completed a screen of isolates from all over the world relative to their
temperature sensitivity and manganese oxidizing ability and virulence.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
evaluations confirmed that manganese oxidizing ability is mostly limited to
the region of the hyphopodia of G. graminis var. graminis but in advance of
the penetration (infective) hyphae of G. graminis var. tritici. Differences
in localization of manganese oxide precipitation for G. graminis var
graminis compared with G. graminis var tritici isolates appears to influence
virulence. The strain of the fungal pathogen markedly modifies the
bacterial composition in the rhizosphere relative to manganese oxidizing
ability; however, rhizosphere organisms can enhance or reduce virulence
depending on their composition relative to manganese oxidation.
Several manganese-reducing bacteria inhibited Mn-oxidation by the pathogen
with little effect on its growth. This indicates a mechanism of biological
control independent of population of the pathogen and more compatible with
observations of indigenous biological control in natural field conditions.
Barley yellow dwarf virus (Sharma). We have developed monosomic alien
addition lines (progeny from four cycles of selection and backcrossing to
soft red winter wheat) with resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus derived
from Thinopyrum intermedium, Th. trichophorum, and Th. ponticum.
Additionally, trigeneric hybrids among hexaploid wheat, durum wheat, and
Agropyron spp. were produced to enhance chances of gene transfer from
Agropyron chromosomes to D genome chromosomes.
In a survey conducted in June at the Purdue Agronomy Farm, Mayuresh
Karanjkar, working with Richard Lister, collected at random 98 symptomatic
samples from wheat and oat fields. Of these, 92 were positive for BYDV; 60
were mixed infections of PAV and RPV serotypes; 2 were mixed infections of
PAV and RMV types; 4 were infections of PAV, RPV, and RMV types; 19, 5, and
2 were singly infected with PAV, ROV, or RMV types, respectively. These
results confirm PAV and RPV types as the predominating strains in this
area.
In our resistance-through-bioengineering program, the primary objective
is to obtain resistance to BYDV by introducing cDNAs encoding the viral coat
protein. It is anticipated that cereal plants expressing this gene will
inhibit virus production, through a coat protein mediated resistance such as
has been demonstrated with other systems, including potato leaf roll,
another luteovirus. In this regard, Fujiang Wen has succeeded in devising
protocols for transforming and regenerating rice plants -- i.e. we can
introduce BYDV genes into rice protoplasts, and grow plants from these
transformed protoplasts. This provides an excellent model for similar work
with other cereals, including oat.
Hessian fly. F. Maas, S. G. Wellso, J. E. Araya, and R. H. Ratcliffe.
Several Triticum spp. lines that were previously discarded due to their low
level resistance response to biotypes L, C, or E in greenhouse tests were
retested with biotype L in the growth chamber at 17 C. From 176 lines
previously discarded in the tests without temperature control, 92 exhibited
typical resistance to biotype L. Temperature contrast experiments are being
run to determine which lines behave most similarly to the H18 gene with the
expectation that those types will demonstrate enhanced field durability due
to the survival of avirulent larvae. Nineteen crosses were made with
temperature sensitive potentially durable lines with the objectives of
determining the number of genes for resistance present, and transferring
resistance genes into adapted soft common wheat background. Resistance of
tillers of Caldwell wheat to biotype B larvae was not altered by previous
infestation of the primary stem by virulent biotype L larvae.
A survey of Hessian fly on wheat in Indiana in the summer of 1991
conducted by G. Safranski and S. Cambron showed that there was a slight
increase in Hessian fly infestation in 1991 compared to 1990. Samples were
collected from 241 fields in 58 counties. The mean percentage infestation
per field was 2.4 and 3.1, the number of puparia per 100 stems was 3.4 and
4.4, the percentage of fields sampled that were infested was 43.8 and 50.6,
and the number of fields infested with greater than 10% infestation was 5.8
and 9.1, respectively, in 1990 and 1991. The Annual Uniform Hessian Fly
Nursery evaluations were conducted by USDA, ARS in cooperation with SAESs
and private wheat breeders. Thirty entries were evaluated in nurseries in
GA, FL, IL, IN, and SC for Hessian fly response. In general, the lowest
infestation levels were recorded on entries with the H18 (8686A1-8 and
Brule), T. tauschii (KS89WGRC06) and 2RL genes for resistance (KS86HF012-23-
6).
R. H. Shukle and J. J. Stuart are constructing a physical map of the
Hessian fly genome by positioning DNA sequences on salivary polytene
chromosomes through in situ hybridization. Six sequences have been
positioned, four on chromosome 1 and two on chromosome 3 (X1). An inbred
line for a morphological mutation (white-eyed) of the Hessian fly also has
been developed. Reciprocal and test crosses established that the trait is X-
linked and recessive.
Cytological and protein changes that take place in susceptible and resistant
wheat after Hessian fly infestation have been documented. On susceptible
wheat, fly larvae caused a general increase in the permeability of cells in
the lower leaf sheath. On resistant wheat, larvae elicited a localized
reaction that limited their ability to cause general changes in cell
permeability. Analysis of plant proteins indicated that separate changes in
protein metabolism occur in susceptible versus resistant wheat. In
susceptible wheat, ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) in the lower
leaf sheath increased. In resistant wheat, non-rubisco proteins with lower
molecular weights increased. From this work, a conceptual model has been
developed that hypersensitivity in wheat forms the basis of Hessian fly
resistance.
Aphids. J. E. Araya and S. Cambron. Aphid infestations in the spring on
oats and in the fall on winter wheat were reduced with applications, at the
2-3 leaf stage, of slow release granular formulations of acephate,
carbofuran, and disulfoton, compared with carbofuran 15G and untreated
controls. In oat, all insecticide treatments reduced aphid populations and
percentage of aphid-infested plants, with a residual action of ca. 25 days.
In winter wheat the residual action of all insecticide treatments in the
fall lasted up to 19 days, after which cold temperatures stopped aphid
development. The major aphid species present were the English grain aphid,
Sitobion avenae and the bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi.
DNA markers. (Dweikat, Mackenzie, and Ohm): Shichuan He developed a DNA
marker detection strategy, combining random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
analysis along with polyacrylamide denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
(DGGE), that allows the rapid and efficient resolution of high levels of
polymorphism among closely related lines of common wheat. Using this
strategy, we were able to cluster or group different varieties of soft
winter wheat, barley, and oat based on their DNA banding patterns. This
system is powerful enough to detect polymorphism even among relatively
closely related lines of many cereal crop species. The enhanced level of
polymorphism that can be detected by this system should enable
fingerprinting of varieties and marker assisted selection.
Personnel. Herb Ohm is on sabbatic leave at the USDA,ARS- University of
California, Berkeley, Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, CA, November
1991 to April 1992.
Stanley Wellso retired from the USDA in May, 1991.
Dwight Bostwick completed requirements for the Ph.D. degree under the
direction of H. Ohm and has accepted a postdoctoral position at the
University of Arizona in the laboratory of Brian Larkins.
Shichuan He completed requirements for the M.S. degree and is
continuing graduate studies for the Ph.D. degree under the direction of S.
Mackenzie and H. Ohm. Xueyi Hu has initiated studies for the Ph.D. degree
under the direction of H. Ohm and will collaborate with H. Sharma, I.
Dweikat, and G. Shaner to carry out genetic analyses of resistance to
Septoria nodorum blotch.
Guihua Bai, who spent a year working at Purdue as a visiting scholar
from The People s Republic of China, has begun a Ph.D. program under the
direction of G. Shaner and H. Ohm. He will be studying the genetic control
of head scab resistance in some resistant Chinese wheats.
Publications and Presentations
Aldridge, W.G., H.W. Ohm, and G.E. Shaner. 1991. Characterization of partial
resistance in oats to crown rust. Agron. Abstr. 83:84.
Araya, J.E. and A. Fereres. 1991. Cereal aphid survival under flooding
conditions. J. Plant Diseases and Protection 98:168-173.
Araya, J.E. and R.H. Ratcliffe. 1991. Cereal aphids and BYDV studies at the
USDA Small Grain Insects and Weed Control Research Unit, Purdue University,
1988-1991. Purdue Univ. Station Bull. 620. 18 p.
Arnott, H.J., T.S. Roseman and D.M. Huber. 1991. In vitro development and
structure of the hyphopodia of Gaeumannomyces graminis. Mycologia (In
Press).
Arnott, H.J., T.S. Roseman, R.D. Graham and D.M. Huber. 1991. An
experimental study of manganese mineralization in the take-all fungus,
Gaeumannomyces graminis. Mycologia (In Press).
Bai, G. H., Shaner, G., and Ohm, H. W. 1991. Effect of moist period on
response of wheatcultivars to infection by Fusarium graminearum.
Phytopathology 81:1145-1146 (Abstr).
Bostwick, D.E., H.W. Ohm, and G.E. Shaner. 1991. Inheritance of Septoria
glume blotch resistance in wheat. Agron. Abstr. 83:87.
Bournival, B., M. Obanni, H. Ohm, and S. Mackenzie. 1991. Genome
organization of a wild wheatgrass: a look at repetitive DNA families.
International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology. Tucson, AZ.
Buechley, G. and Shaner, G. 1991. Effect of seed treatments and foliar
fungicides on wheat, 1990. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:284.
Buechley, G. and Shaner, G. 1991. Effect of seed treatments on wheat from
bunted or smutted seed, 1990. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:283.
Day, K. M., Lorton, W. P., Buechley, G. C., and Shaner, G. E., Huber, D. M.,
and Scott, D. H. 1991. Performance of public and private small grains in
Indiana, 1991. Purdue University Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 616. 25 p.
Foster, J.E., H.W. Ohm, F.L. Patterson, and P.L. Taylor. 1991. Effectiveness
of deploying single gene resistances in wheat for controlling damage by the
Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Environmental Entomology 20:965-969.
He, S., H. Ohm, and S. Mackenzie. 1992. Detection of DNA sequence
polymorphism among varieties of wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press).
Housley, T.L. and H.W. Ohm. 1991. Earliness and duration of grain fill in
winter wheat. Plant Physiology (in press).
Huber, D.M. 1991. The use of fertilizers and organic amendments in the
control of plant disease. In: D. Pimental (ed) Handbook of Pest Management
in Agriculture, 2nd Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Huber, D.M. and R.D. Graham. 1992. Techniques for studying nutrient-
disease interactions. In: C.M. Rush and L.L. Singelton (eds) Techniques for
Studying Soilborne Plant Pathogens. APS Press, St. Paul, MN (In Press).
Lehman, J. S., Shaner, G. 1991. Fitness components of Puccinia recondita
isolates adapted to slow-rusting wheat cultivars. Phytopathology 81:1149-
1150 (Abstr).
Lu, C.S., H.C. Sharma, and H.W. Ohm. 1991. Wheat anther culture: effect of
genotype and environmental conditions. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture
24:233-236.
Mackenzie, S., S. He, I. Dweikat, and H. Ohm. 1991. Detection of sequence
polymorphism in cereal crop species using RAPD/DGGE. Oat Biotech VI.
Schaumburg, IL.
Magalhaes, J.R. and D.M. Huber. 1991. Response of ammonium assimilation
enzymes to nitrogen form treatments in different plant species. J. Plant
Nutrition 14:175-185.
Nelson,D.W. and D.M. Huber. 1991. Nitrification Inhibitors. In: Nielsen,
R. (ed). National Corn Handbook. American Soc. Agron. Sp. Pub.
Patterson, F. L., G. E. Shaner, H. W. Ohm, and J. E. Foster. 1990. A
historical perspective for the establishment of research goals for wheat
improvement. J. Production Agriculture 3:30-38.
Patterson, F.L., J.E. Foster, H.W. Ohm, J.H. Hatchett, and P.L. Taylor.
1992. Proposed system of nomenclature for biotypes of Hessian fly (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae) in North America. J. Economic Entomology 85: (in press-
April).
Quiroz, C., R.M. Lister, J.E. Araya, and J.E. Foster. 1991. Effect of
symptom variants derived from the NY-MAV isolate of barley yellow dwarf
virus on the life cycle of the English grain aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)
and on yield components in wheat and oats. J. Econ. Entomol. 84: 1920-1925.
Quiroz, C., R.M. Lister, R.H. Shukle, J.E. Araya and J.E. Foster. 1992.
Selection of symptom variants from the NY-MAV strain of barley yellow dwarf
virus and their effects on the feeding behavior of the vector Sitobion
avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol. 21: (in press).
Roseman, T.S., R.D. Graham, H.J. Arnott and D.M. Huber. 1991. The
interaction of temperature with virulence and manganese oxidizing potential
in the epidemiology of Gaeumannomyces graminis. Phytopathology 81:1215.
Shaner, G. and G. Buechley. 1991. Effect of foliar fungicides on wheat.
Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:226.
Sharma, H.C., J.E. Foster, H.W. Ohm, and F.L. Patterson. 1991. New sources
of resistance to Hessian fly biotype L in Triticeae. Agron. Abstr. 83:208.
Tuite, J., G. Shaner, and R. J. Everson. 1990. Wheat scab in soft red
winter wheat in Indiana in 1986 and its relation to some quality
measurements. Plant Disease 74:959-962.
Ueng, P. P., R. M. Slay, E. A. Geiger, G. Shaner, A. L. Scharen, and G.
Bergstrom. 1991. RFLP maps in fungus Stagonospora nodorum, a causal agent
of wheat glume blotch disease. Phytopathology 81:1229 (Abstr).
Weller, S.J., H.W. Ohm, F.L. Patterson, and P.L. Taylor. 1991. Genetics of
resistance of CI 15160 durum wheat to biotype D of Hessian fly. Crop Sci.
31:1163-1168.
Wellso, S.G., R.C. Coolbaugh and R.P. Hoxie. 1991. Effects of ancymidol and
gibberellic acid on the response of susceptible Newton and resistant Abe
winter wheat infested by biotype E Hessian flies (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).
Environ. Entomol. 20:489-493.
-------------------------
KANSAS
Wheat Quality Council
Tom C. Roberts, Manhattan
This is the 54th year for the Hard Winter Wheat Improvement program of the
flour milling industry and the 42nd year for the Large-Scale Milling and
Baking Evaluation Program of the Breadstuff's Industry. Organized for the
purpose of serving as a not-for-profit liaison group within the industry in
1938 and supported in total by the milling industry until 1980, the Wheat
Quality Council emerged and has developed as it is today with the assistance
of other industry groups - Baking, Grain, Seed, Banking, Associations,
Publishing, Transportation, Wheat Commissions and Allied. The Wheat
Quality Council shall be for charitable, educational and research support of
wheat improvement, conservation and protection. In furthering these
purposes the organization shall encourage development of new varieties and
production by growers of all wheats that meet the nutritional and functional
needs of food processors.
The Council has played an important role in improving wheat quality. The
Large-Scale Milling and Baking Program began in 1949, being initiated by
what now is known as the KSU Dept. of Grain Science Industry. Minimum
support funds were generated by a number of the industry groups to assist in
a very low cost volunteer-oriented program until 1980. A Standardized
Evaluation System was implemented in 1988 with funding from the American
Bakers Association. The following flow chart explains the analytical
organizations of the 1991 program.
WHEAT QUALITY COUNCIL FLOW CHART
NOT INCLUDED
-------------------------
United States Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS
O. K. Chung, G. L. Lookhart, V. W. Smail, J. L. Steele, W. H. McGaughey,
D. B. Sauer, L. M. Seitz, M. D. Shogren, D. B. Bechtel, D. W. Hagstrum, I.
Y. Zayas, L. C. Bolte, C. R. Martin, J. D. Wilson, D. L. Brabec, H. H.
Converse, B. W. Seabourn, R. Dempster, R. R. Rousser, C. S. Chang, A. K.
Dowdy, P. W. Flinn, W. S. Kim, W. D. Lin, K. Tilley, and A. Xu
Efforts to Begin the Implementation of a Quality Based Grain Marketing
System. The U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory (USGMRL), located in
Manhattan, Kansas, is one of the major facilities in the Agricultural
Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) conducting
research on quality of cereal grains. USDA, ARS also operates the Plant
Science and Entomology Research Unit (PSERU) and a Wind Erosion Research
Unit on the KSU campus.
As the following series of research progress on wheats shows, the USGMRL
has been seeking to develop new knowledge, information, and technologies
needed to solve problems relating to harvest, storage, marketing, and
end-use functional performance for U.S. grains. Research is predominately
oriented to wheat and corn due to its importance in the grain industry, but
also includes sorghum and rice. Recent research developments at the lab
have created the opportunity to begin to seriously plan and develop an
integrated end-use quality based grain classification and marketing system.
In addition, the PSERU conducts basic research on rust, hessian fly, powdery
mildew, septoria and other diseases of wheat and offers screening for
resistance to winter wheat breeding programs nationwide. This effort allows
the integration of both quality and pest resistance factors into new wheat
varieties ensuring high quality, high yielding varieties in the future.
The USGMRL and several other ARS and collaborative university research
programs have been developing and improving technologies over the last 5
years that now offer an opportunity to create an integrated market driven
end-use quality marketing system for the grain industry. Recent research in
Near-Infrared Reflectance (NIR) and Transmission (NIT) technology, digital
image analysis, single kernel computerization data for hardness scores,
moisture, size and weight of single kernels, grain handling sensor and
measurement technology, odor detection, integrated stored grain insect, and
pest management systems have occurred that can be applied to this system.
In the past few years, we have refocused our research initiatives toward
a more applied development of the following technology areas: (a) rapid
identification of end-use quality for purchase of hard red winter (HRW)
wheats and other grains at the elevator and mill level, making it possible
to create a market incentive for producing quality for the grower; (b)
automatic computer optimization of mill streams by digital imaging and NIR/T
analysis, to handle wheat of differing quality and sources, to create a
uniform flour product for modern large scale bakeries; (c) development and
implementation of an integrated, automated single-unit, measurement device
to determine current and potential quality by the Federal Grain Inspection
Service (FGIS) grade standards at each step of the grain industry thus
reducing subjective test results and allowing a quality based system to be
implemented; (d) improved storage and handling systems by the grain industry
using in-line sensors and expert systems to reduce breakage, spoilage and
insect infestation; and (d) development of new integrated insect control
agents and expert systems using biorational compounds and biological control
agents to replace lost stored grain protectants and fumigants.
The potential implementation of these systems has only recently
occurred, due to a strong realization by the entire U.S. grain industry that
an integrated system is needed to keep the U.S. grain industry competitive,
especially with the above mentioned recent market events, which have eroded
the world grain share.
Hard Red Spring and Hard Red Winter Wheats. I. Functional
Characteristics. Twelve cultivars each of hard red spring (HRS) and of hard
red winter (HRW) wheats were grown at the Sacramento Valley area in
California during three growing years (1988-90). There were no significant
differences in test weights, milling yields, and both mixograph and bake
mixing time (MT) requirements between HRS and HRW wheats. However, there
were substantial differences in protein contents for wheat (overall average
14.5% for HRS vs. 13.3% for HRW) and flour (13.0% vs. 11.9%) and significant
differences in hardness scores (88 vs. 67). Accordingly, all protein
content-dependent parameters differed for HRS and HRW wheat flours: higher
water absorption (WA) for HRS (63.6%) than for HRW (60.3%); larger loaf
volume (LV) for HRS (88.4 cc) than for HRW (81.7 cc). Both wet and dry
gluten contents were higher for the HRS (35.8 and 12.3%) than the HRW (32.8
and 11.2%). Gluten index (GI) values were higher for HRW (93.8 on average;
85.4-98.7 range) than for HRS (89.7; 76.2-96.9) wheat flours. LV regression
values were slightly higher for HRW than HRS wheats. Wheat protein contents
were greatly affected by growing years: the average wheat proteins of both
classes were 14.4% (12.8-16.3%), 11.5% (8.5-14.0%), and 15.9 (14.1-17.9%),
respectively, in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Growing years significantly affected
wheat hardness of HRS wheats (89, 95 and 80) but not HRW wheats (66, 69 and
67).
Hard Red Spring and Hard Red Winter Wheats. II. Statistical Analysis
of Gliadin HPLC Patterns. Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to analyze grain harvested from 12 HRW and
from 12 HRS wheat cultivars grown in a common environment. Visual
examination of the gliadin patterns did not show any peak universally
present in one class, but not in the other. Statistical analysis of peak
heights at each retention time was performed. Analyses based on Euclidian
distances produced 5 clusters plus 6 HRW cultivars that did not fall into
any cluster. In the 5 clusters were: 2 that contained only HRS cultivars,
2 that contained only HRW cultivars, and 1 that contained both HRW and HRS
cultivars. The first principal component (PC1) explained 21% of the total
variation among cultivars, primarily separating HRW and HRS classes with
minor overlap. The first three principal components together explained
nearly half (45%) of the total variation. In these three major dimensions,
there was greater scatter within the HRW class than within the HRS class.
The correlation between PC1 and the first canonical variable was 0.79.
Discriminate analysis based on gliadin RP-HPLC allocated all cultivars to
their correct class except Tam 105 and Tam 107.
High Molecular Weight Glutenin Genes: Effects on Quality in Wheat. To
utilize electrophoretic variants of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) storage
proteins as rapid screening criteria in selection of parents or progeny for
end-use quality, breeders should know the relative effects of the alternate
alleles at the storage-protein loci on which selection will act. The
objective of this study was to determine the direct effects of high
molecular weight (HMW) glutenin genes on quality in wheat, without the
confounding effects of linkage disequilibrium. Genetic analyses of the
direct effects of loci coding for glutenin subunits on mixing time, mixing
tolerance, absorption, and protein concentration were conducted with 135
random wheat selections from a randomly mated population. Polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) was
used to screen for HMW glutenin subunits. Significant differences were
observed among alleles within loci for some of the quality traits measured.
Some of the epistatic interactions also were significant, indicating that
the effects of some subunits depend partly on which of the subunits coded by
other genomes are present. The Subunit 5 + 10 combination at the Glu-D1
locus had the largest positive effects on dough mixing traits, and the 6 + 8
combination at Glu-B1 had large negative effects on most traits. Alleles at
Glu-A1 had no significant effects on any traits. Glutenin-based selection
for increased mixing time and tolerance gave lower predicted gains than
phenotypic selection.
Purification of the High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits of Wheat.
The HMW glutenin subunits (GS) of the varieties Cheyenne and Chinese Spring
were extracted and purified via two different methods. In the first method
(Khelifi and Branlard, 1991), the HMW-GS were purified through the use of an
acid PAGE system followed by an SDS-PAGE gel. The collected HMW fractions
had reduced background proteins, but were not completely pure. The second
method involved a DMSO extraction of flour followed by reduction and
alkylation of the proteins (Burnouf and Bietz, 1989). The subunits were
collected from an SDS-PAGE gel. The HMW-GS collected from this procedure
were also shown to have fewer background proteins, and were also not
completely pure. When these subunits were run on RP-HPLC, they eluted at
approximately 50% acetonitrile indicating that they were much more
hydrophobic than previously reported (Wieser and Belitz, 1990). The peaks
were collected and run on mini SDS-PAGE gels and silver stained. The
collected peaks contained only the HMW-GS purified. Our data show that each
HMW-GS remains unchanged during purification by the initial SDS-PAGE gel,
electroelution, separation on RP-HPLC, collection and re-analysis on
SDS-PAGE.
Purification of Proteolytic Enzymes from Wheat Flour and Their Effect on
Rheological Changes in Cracker Sponge. The proteolytic activity of enzymes
extracted from wheat flours with ammonium sulfate was measured by
fluorometry. The pH optimum of the extracted enzymes on hemoglobin substrate
was around pH 4.0. The proteolytic activity in soft wheat flours was higher
than in hard wheat flours. Enzymes purified by gel filtration
chromatography gave two peaks of proteolytic activity. One of the active
fractions eluted from G-100 Sephadex was found responsible for the change of
the elongational viscosity of the sponge during fermentation. The changes
of elongational viscosity of the cracker sponges set at pH 4 during
fermentation were measured by lubricated uniaxial compression. It was found
that the elongational viscosity of the sponges decreased with fermentation
time. Insignificant changes were observed in the elongational viscosity of
the sponges when enzymes had been extracted from sponge flour but decreased
with fermentation time when the extracted enzymes were added back to the
flour residue. Rechromatography was used to further purify the proteolytic
enzymes, and a single peak with high specific proteolytic activity was
obtained. About 85% of activity of the purified enzyme was inhibited by
pepstatin, indicating that the enzyme is an acid protease.
Image Analysis Applications for Grain Science. Several applications of
digital image analysis were studied. Image analysis showed potential for
use in recognizing corn color defects using red, green and blue images and
discriminant analysis or neural network analysis procedures; in texture
distinction of milled wheat fractions and hard vs. soft milled wheat
fractions; in classification of hard and soft wheat using size and shape of
single kernels, texture parameters of crushed material, and by assessing the
number, shape and size of starch globules; in determining size, shape and
projected areas of single popcorn kernels and flakes; and in determining
bread slice cross-sectional areas.
Digital Image Analysis for Differentiation of Wheat Classes. In
evaluations to determine wheat class, four single kernel crush parameters,
ten single kernel size and shape parameters and nine crushed sample texture
parameters were evaluated. For the seventeen Federal Grain Inspection
Service (FGIS) hardness reference sample set and approximately 300 kernels
per sample, the kernel by kernel correct recognition rate based on four
crush parameters was 79.9 and 93.2% for the hard and soft samples
respectively. Combining the crush parameters with image determined size and
shape parameters improved the kernel by kernel correct recognition rate to
93.5% for the hard and 94.7% for the soft wheat samples. Several
combinations of crush parameters, size and shape parameters and texture
parameters of crushed material were investigated. Texture parameters were
determined for each hardness reference sample using four repetitions of
presentation and 16 sub-images (17 x 4 images, 17 x 4 x 16 sub-images).
Based on only the texture parameters of the crushed wheat samples, hard and
soft wheat could be identified using singular and multiple texture
parameters. In canonical analysis using four texture parameters, hard wheat
(HRW, HRS, DURUM) sub-images were correctly distinguished from soft wheat
(SRW, SWW, CLUB) sub-images with an accuracy of 95.2% for the hard and 92.5%
for the soft.
Size Distribution of Starch Isolated from Hard and Soft Red Winter
Wheats. A variety of hard and soft red winter wheats grown during the 1988
growing season at several different Kansas locations were analyzed for
near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) hardness, moisture, particle
size index (PSI), and protein content after harvesting. Starch was isolated
from caryopses and viewed by darkfield light microscopy (LM). The LM images
were video recorded and subjected to digital image analysis. Data was
plotted as a histogram of frequency of starch granules vs. relative diameter
of the granules. Visual inspection of the graphs revealed three basic
patterns for the histograms; one generally corresponded to soft wheats, one
consistently corresponded to hard wheats, and the third graph corresponded
to both soft and hard wheats. Further examination of the third histogram
revealed that the hard wheats usually had type B granules with a median
diameter less than 10 um while the soft wheats possessed type B granules
with median diameters greater than 10 um.
Patterns of Starch Development in Hard Red Winter Wheat. Digital image
analysis was conducted on several wheat varieties grown during five growing
seasons at the same location. Starch isolated from developing hard red
winter wheat caryopses was observed by darkfield LM. Darkfield images were
stored for use in the image analyzer using a video camera/tape recorder
system. Resolu- tion of the system allowed consistent measurement of starch
granules with equivalent diameters of about 1.8 um. All of the wheats
possessed three classes of starch granules at maturity; large type A, medium
type B, and the small type C. There was considerable variation in starch
growth patterns among both the varieties and growing seasons. These
variations included timing of initiation of each starch granule class, rates
of growth for each class, and relative number of granules within each class.
At maturity, however, most of the size distribution profiles for all of the
wheats were similar in appearance.
Development of a Computerized Mixograph. In mixograph instrumentation
studies, the equations of motion for the platform were used to translate
digitized moving and fixed bowl mixograms to estimates of torque imposed on
the platform. The translations resulted in nearly identical mixograms
regardless of instrumentation method. Comparable average and rms torque
values were used to summarize dough development.
Mixograph Studies. I. Whole Wheat Meals vs. Milled Flours. There is
an urgent need for a simple and fast method of screening wheat lines based
on certain intrinsic quality. NIR is widely used to determine moisture,
ash, and protein contents and hardness scores of whole wheat ground meals.
We used those meals after the NIR determinations in mixograph studies.
Using 12.5 g (14% mb) meals produced mixograms with peak MT similar to those
of 10 g (14% mb) flours: an average 4.1 min was required for both meals
(1.63-7.5 min) and for flours (1.75-8 min); meals required about 12 ml more
WA than flours did. There were three groups of meal mixograms compared to
corresponding flour mixograms: (A) little change; (B) prolonged hydration
times with thin ascending bands; and (C) substantial changes with much
narrower curves and sharper angles. Based on our limited number of samples,
group (A) included wheats with low proteins (10%; 8-11%) with short MT (1.88
min; 1.63-2 min) and low WA (65%, 61-68%); (B) included wheats with medium
proteins (12.7%, 12-13.5%) with long MT (6.88 min; 5.75-7.5) and high WA
(77%; 74-80%); and (C) included wheats with high proteins (14.7%;
11.7-16.4%) with medium MT (3.5 min; 2.63-4.5 min) and medium WA (74%;
70-78%). Meal WA was linearly related to meal protein contents with larger
slope for (B) than for (C).
Comparison of One Pound and Pup Loaf Baking Procedures in Flour
Performance Evaluation. Nine wheat flour samples were obtained from Con
Agra, Inc. who specially milled those 9 wheats for this project. The
moisture, protein, and ash contents of the 9 flours was determined. Dough
characteristics were evaluated by using a mixograph, farinograph,
extensigraph, falling number, and amylograph. Straight dough baking tests
using the USDA/ARS U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory (USGMRL)
formulations of all 9 samples have been completed for the one-pound loaves
using a Hobart mixer (two and three prong agitators) at the American
Institute of Baking (AIB). Those tests have also been completed at the
USGMRL using a National mixer for both pup and one-pound loaf doughs. The
production of one-pound loaf bread by a sponge and dough procedure using the
AIB formulations similar to commercial bakery practices is currently being
carried out at the AIB. Temperature changes of white pan bread during
baking and cooling were measured using a Super M.O.L.E. (Multiple Occurrence
Logger Evaluator). Changes in temperature of one-pound (458 g baked
weight), pup (based on 100 g flour), and micro (based on 10 g flour) loaves
were compared for both sponge and dough, and straight dough formulas.
Bread Crumb Amylograph Studies. I. Effects of Storage Time,
Shortening, Flour Lipids, and Surfactants. Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate
(SSL), sucrose monopalmitate (SMP), diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono-
and diglycerides (DATEM), monoglycerides (MG), and petroleum ether-extracted
flour lipids (FL) were added at the 0.5% level to make breads with and
without shortening. Bread crumb compressibility was measured after 1, 2 and
5 days of storage at room temperature and the crumbs were then used for
amylograph studies. Compress- ibility increased with storage length and
decreased with crumb moisture content and LV. Amylograph readings of breads
made with different additives were significantly different. Storage time of
the bread did not significantly affect the crumb amylogram readings except,
in some breads, the height of the plateau before the viscosity onset. The
plateau was formed by progressive lowering of the initial viscosity,
presumably caused by amylopectin retrogradation in bread crumb over the
storage time. Amylograph readings of bread crumb were significantly
correlated with crumb firmness. Storage days, LV, and cooling end or
holding end viscosity in crumb amylogram were included in the best-fitting
regression equations of crumb firmness. The relation of amylograph readings
to crumb compressibility was attributed to effects of lipid materials on
both amylograph readings and crumb compressibility.
Origin of Color in Vital Wheat Gluten. Commercial vital wheat gluten
has a cream to dark brown color, which detracts from its use in foods that
are white. This investigation was done to determine the source(s) of color
in gluten. Our data suggest that the color of commercial gluten can be
attributed equally to indigenous chromophores in endosperm tissue, enzymic
browning during wet processing, and Maillard browning during drying. Most
of the color in gluten is extractable with acidified 92% aqueous butanol
with a loss of only 4% protein. The chromophores in gluten are either
chemically linked to a small proportion of the protein, or they are
associated through secondary forces. It appears feasible to produce vital
wheat gluten with two thirds less color or devitalized (solvent-extracted)
gluten with practically no color.
The USGMRL Single Kernel Wheat Characterization Meter (Hardness Tester):
Update. A U.S. Patent on the single kernel characterization system has been
issued. A second patent on the singulator device will be issued in early
1992. Two wheat hardness instruments equipped with single kernel weighing
devices were evaluated in methodology tests by FGIS in late 1990. In early
1991, FGIS selected the USGMRL single kernel crushing methodology for
further development and use in developing new wheat hardness classification
procedures. As a result, commercial interest in patent licensing and a
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) was solicited. A
CRADA which included the commercial fabrication of two prototypes of the
hardness instrument was executed with Perten Instruments North America.
Target date for delivery of two commercial prototypes is February-April
1992.
As a result of temperature sensitivity, two experimental wheat hardness
instruments were equipped with ambient temperature sensors, calibrated and
normalized for hardness at temperatures ranging from 50-90øF and delivered
to FGIS for further evaluations.
Instrument determined averages and standard deviations for hardness,
weight and size were correlated with milling quality at the first and second
breaks while little correlation was found with milling yield. The
correlations were better for soft than hard wheat. Tests are underway to
relate single kernel hardness with maturity and simulated fast and slow
field drying conditions. Some tests were conducted using prepared mixtures
of hard and soft wheats. Some exploratory crushing tests were done using
samples of barley and sorghum.
Varietal and Environmental Effects on Phenotypic Stability in Hardness
of Hard Red Winter Wheat Progenies. Wheat hardness score (HS) was measured
by NIR in 3,282 HRW wheat progenies grown in 1987-1989 from the Northern and
Southern Regional Performance Nurseries (NRPN and SRPN) representing 24-45
genotypes from 9-19 locations across thirteen states. Phenotypic stability
(PS), a nonparametric statistic, expressed as the mean of the absolute rank
differences of a genotypes' HS over the N environments, was calculated for
each progeny within each nursery for each growing season. PS values of the
most stable progenies in the NRPN were 5.1 (1988), 5.6 (1989), and 7.5
(1987); the least stable progenies were 15.7 (1987), 11.7 (1988), and 11.1
(1989). PS values of the most stable progenies in the SRPN were 9.7 (1987),
10.3 (1988), and 10.9 (1989); the least stable progenies were 20.1 (1987),
19.8 (1988), and 18.8 (1989). Step-wise linear regression of HS vs.
temperature and moisture data from each growing season indicated a
temperature x moisture interaction for wheat hardness. HS for a given
variety tended to be harder when grown in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, and
softer when grown in Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas.
Nonuniformity in the Sensory Evaluation of Grain Odors. Subjectivity
and variability in grain odor assessment cause problems between grain buyers
and sellers, and prompted our present research aimed at developing an
objective means of detecting off odors in grain. Over 500 samples of wheat,
corn, sorghum and soybeans were evaluated for odor by licensed grain
inspectors and by a panel of four persons at our laboratory. Most of the
samples had been designated as U.S. Sample Grade, during routine grading,
because of undesirable odors. In our evaluations we attempted to categorize
the odors as OK, musty, sour, insect, or other; odor intensities were rated
on a 0-3 scale, with ratings of 0 and 1 considered not strong enough for
downgrading. In independent evaluations, at least three of the four
panelists agreed on the odor category (musty, sour, etc.) on about 50% of
the samples. There was majority agreement to fail 47% and to pass 34% of
the samples; the vote was split on the remaining 19%. Licensed graders also
frequently disagreed on odor category or intensity. Greatest agreement was
on samples with strong odors or with clearly normal odors. The absence of
any relevant sensory standards is a hindrance to developing an instrument or
technique for odor assessment.
Sensory Analyses of Grain Samples. A collaborative study was made
between the Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit, USGMRL, and the
Sensory Evaluation Center, Kansas State University, sponsored by the FGIS.
An experienced sensory panel evaluated 122 samples of wheat, corn, soybean,
and sorghum to develop a list of descriptive terms that could be used to
characterize grain odor. Each descriptor was discussed until the panelists
could agree that it was valid or should be eliminated because it was poorly
defined or redundant. When possible, specific chemical compounds were used
as standards or references for odor descriptors. The list of 30 descriptors
and references was then tested on 400 grain samples to determine the
frequency of occurrence of each term and to see if additional terms were
needed. Data collection is almost complete on this portion of the study. A
final part of the study will be to characterize 200 samples with regard to
each relevant odor characteristic and its intensity. All of the data will
be used to relate perceived odor to chromatographic analyses of the
volatiles from each sample.
Volatile Compounds Associated with Objectionable Odors in Commercial
Grain Samples. More that 600 samples of corn, sorghum, wheat, and soybeans
were received from official private, state, and FGIS offices. All samples
had odor classifications from the official inspectors and a panel at USGMRL.
Each whole-grain sample was analyzed by collecting volatiles on Tenax
absorbent in a purge and trap concentrator. Volatiles were then thermally
desorbed and transferred to a gas chromatograph for separation on a
Supelcowax-10 column (30m x 0.32mm) temperature programmed from 50 to 230øC.
Separated components were detected by first passing through a Fourier
transform infrared detector and then into a mass selective detector.
Compound identities were confirmed by comparing infrared and mass spectra
from observed components with those from reference standards and/or spectral
libraries.
The following are some examples of odors and compounds that were
observed:
Musty odors: Some commercial samples with musty-earthy odors usually
contained geosmin. Geosmin is produced by molds and is known to cause
off-flavors in water, fish, and other foods. Samples with moldy- or
mushroom-type musty odors usually had high levels of 1-octen-3-ol and
elevated levels of one or more of 3-octanol, 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-one,
dimethoxybenzenes, styrene, nitromethane, and alkylpyrazines. Sour odors:
Samples with piggy/barnyard odors contained butanoic acid, plus one or more
other acids such as acetic, propanoic, 2-methylpropanoic, 3-methylbutanoic,
and hexanoic. Butanoic acid was the main contributor to the off-odor.
Fermenting-type sour odors were associated with high concentrations of
2,3-butanedione, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), and 2,3-butanediol. This
latter odor is not as intense and unpleasant as the piggy/barnyard odor.
Both odors appear to be caused by bacteria. Insect odors: Samples with
odors like that produced by lesser grain borer (LGB) had high levels of
2-pentanol and some also had detectable levels of LGB aggregation pheromones
(dominicalures). These compounds were only associated with the off-odor.
Samples with odors related to those from red flour beetle usually contained
a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, and/or possibly 1-pentadecene. Other odors:
Some commercially objectionable foreign odors were apparently caused by
unusually high levels of ammonia, 2-butoxyethanol, alkylbenzenes (paint),
naphthalene (moth balls), and decomposition products of malathion. Samples
with smoke odors had high levels of alkylphenols and alkylpyrazines. A few
samples with "fatty" odors had exceptionally high aldehyde contents.
Safety in Grain Handling and Storage. A chapter entitled "OSHA
Requirements and Worker Safety" was prepared for the proposed handbook,
"Management of Grains, Bulk Commodities and Bagged Products". The chapter
summarizes the OSHA requirements regarding fumigation of grain storage
structures and handling and processing of grain. Reports on grain dust
research in Poland and at Texas A&M were reviewed.
Development of Models To Predict Temperature and Moisture Conditions of
Grain During Storage. In full scale tests, the aeration of wheat in 21-ft
diameter bins was controlled by a programmable microprocessor for one bin
and manually for a second bin. Samples of grain were taken periodically to
determine moisture content, test weight and insect population. Grain
temperatures at different locations in the bins were recorded four times
daily and used with local weather data to develop a prediction model for
both grain temperature and moisture content. The prediction model included
several sub-models which predicted soil temperature profiles under the bins,
solar radiation on bin walls at any time of day, radiation between the bin
roof and grain surface, and convective heat transfer coefficients for the
bin wall and grain surface. Predicted grain temperatures were in close
agreement with measured grain temperatures over a test period of 32 months.
Development of Predictive Models for Insect Populations. A simulation
study was completed using a spatial model for temperature and insect
population dynamics in stored grain. Model predictions and field data
showed that fall insect densities were higher in the inner core than in the
outer layers because insects continue to develop in the center where
temperatures remain warmer longer. A 2 year study showed that sticky traps
can detect insects outside bins. Insect numbers inside and outside bins were
influenced by air and wheat temperatures. Response of LGB to aggregation
pheromone or wheat volatiles was unrelated to age or sex of beetles and
heavily infested wheat was more attractive than uninfested wheat. A study
was completed on functional response, age specific fecundity and
developmental rate of a parasite of LGB, Choetospila elegans. Cuticular
hydrocarbon compositions of rusty grain beetle and dermestid larvae, and
their parasites were quantified and their roles in host recognition by
parasites are being studied. Automated acoustic monitoring allowed partial
identification of insect species. Numbers of 10 second intervals with >40
detectable sounds increased with insect size, and equalled 0, 25 and 50% of
intervals for small (rusty and sawtoothed grain beetles), mid-size (LGB),
and large (rice weevil and red flour beetle) species, respectively.
Automation of Stored Grain Insect Population Monitoring with Acoustic
Sensors. The objective during the first three months of the pilot test has
been to prepare equipment for field studies to begin in July when
newly-harvested wheat is stored. The field studies will test automated
insect monitoring system in farm-stored wheat. These field studies will
assess variation in the performance of automatic insect monitoring system in
different storage facilities and determine the reliability of systems in
estimating insect populations in relation to the number and location of
sensors, and the species and densities of insects present. Equipment and
software have been scaled-up from a capacity to monitor 8 sensors to a
capacity to monitor 320 sensors. Two cables with 20 sensors each and six
cables with 10 sensors each have been constructed, and tested. Additional
materials have been purchased, and 20 additional cables with 20 sensors each
are being constructed. Software has been tested and programs have been
rewritten to correct several problems discovered during testing.
USDA/ARS Regional Wheat Quality Testing Laboratory: Hard Winter Wheat
Quality Laboratory (HWWQL). The HWWQL, one of the four USDA/ARS Regional
Wheat Quality Testing Laboratories, was first established in 1937 by
Congress to work with wheat breeders of the Great Plains to determine the
breadmaking qualities of hard winter wheat varieties for release. The lab
was located at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of
Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. In
1972, the HWWQL became part of the USGMRL. The HWWQL evaluates intrinsic
quality parameters of breeders' lines from the regional nurseries (SRPN,
NRPN, and Western Plains Regional Performance Nurseries [WPRPN]), state and
private nurseries, and Wheat Council, etc. Evaluations include physical and
chemical characteristics of wheats and their milled flours, milling
properties, dough and gluten characteristics and bread characteristics. For
the earlier generation samples, evaluation is limited to micromilling and
dough properties, proximate analyses, and kernel hardness. We are proposing
to include about 600 samples for complete testing (both milling and baking):
100 lines from the regional nurseries; 200-250 samples from the Great Plains
state nurseries (approximately 30-40 samples/year from each of Colorado,
Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas, South Dakota, etc.), 100 samples from
other state and private nurseries; and 150-200 samples for research
purposes. Micromilling and mixograph evaluation for early generation
research will be limited to about 200-300 samples, and for the G x E studies
to 400 samples from the SRPN entries at multiple locations. The HWWQL also
proposes to offer check sample services on experimental milling, NIR,
mixograph, and/or straight-dough pup loaf bread-making to the various state
hard winter wheat testing laboratories. This service will be provided
yearly by supplying 3 to 4 wheat samples and/or flours and will help each
participating lab keep a check on their methodology.
Book Chapters. "Cereal Lipids" by Okkyung Kim Chung and "Cereal
Proteins: Composition of Their Major Fractions and Methods for
Identification" by George L. Lookhart were published in Handbook of Cereal
Science and Technology, edited by K. J. Lorenz and K. Kulp, Marcel Dekker,
Inc. "Effect of Two Growing Years on Gluten Quality of Hard Winter Wheats
from Two Nurseries" by Okkyung Kim Chung and Bradford W. Seabourn and
"Identification of Wheat Lines Containing the 1BL/1RS Translocation by High
Performance Liquid Chromatography" by George L. Lookhart were published in
Gluten Proteins, edited by W. Bushuk and R. Tkachuk, American Association of
Cereal Chemists. "Microflora" by David B. Sauer et al will be published in
Storage of Cereal Grains and Their Products, edited by D. B. Sauer, American
Association of Cereal Chemists. "Off-Odors in Grains" by Larry M. Seitz and
David B. Sauer will be published in Off-Flavours in Foods and Beverages,
edited by G. Charalambous, Elsevier Science Publishing Company.
Staffing News at the USDA/ARS Manhattan programs. This year we have had
several staffing changes. Dr. Virgil Smail is approaching his first full
year as the Laboratory Director and USDA/ARS Location Coordinator. Dr.
Daniel Skinner has joined the USDA/ARS as a career scientist to head up the
alfalfa research program. With the recent infusion of funds to the Grain
Quality and Structure Research Unit (HWWQL), we are planning to recruit a
replacement for Merle Shogren, who retired in 1989, to be in charge of the
Baking Laboratory for the testing program of hard winter wheat breeder's
samples. The Engineering Research Unit is currently recruiting for an
electrical engineer to assist in the development of predictive milling
quality parameters from the Single Kernel Harness Tester and instruments.
The stored grain insect program in the Biological Research Unit has also
received an infusion of funds allowing the development of a program to work
with elevators and end-users in developing and adapting IPM stored grain
management systems. Recruitment is underway for a lead scientist on this
new program. In the Director's Office, Janie McGuire moved to New Orleans
and Sandy Mathewson has taken over as the Secretary. Linda Morgan has
replaced Sandy as the Secretary for the Biological Research Unit. The
USGMRL's new FAX number is (913) 776-2792.
Publications
Bakhella, M., Lookhart, G. L., and Hoseney, R. C. 1991. Identification of
Moroccan wheats by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and
electrophoretic procedures. Review Scientifique et Technique
Multidisciplinaire. (In Press)
Bakhella, M., Moujib, M., Lookhart, G. L., and Hoseney, R. C. 1991. Wheat
hardness - a review. Review Scientifique et Technique Multidisciplinaire.
(In Press)
Bechtel, D. B., Wilson, J. D., and Shewry, P. R. 1991. Immunological
localization of the wheat storage protein triticin in developing endosperm
tissue. Cereal Chem. 68:573-577.
Bechtel, D. B., Zayas, I. Y., Dempster, R., and Wilson, J. D. 1991. Size-
distribution of starch isolated from hard and soft red winter wheats.
Cereal Foods World 36:683. [Abstract]
Bechtel, D. B., Zayas, I. Y., Dempster, R., and Wilson, J. D. 1991.
Patterns of starch development in hard red winter wheat. Cereal Foods World
36:884. [Abstract]
Branlard, G., Khelifi, D., and Lookhart, G. L. 1991. Identification of
some proteins of wheat separated by the 2 step acid-page-SDS page technique.
Journal of Cereal Science. (In Press)
Chang, C. S., Converse, H. H., and Steele, J. L. 1991. Flow rates of grain
through various shapes of vertical and horizontal orifices. Transactions of
the ASAE 34(4):1789-1796.
Chang, C. S., and Noyes, R. T. 1991. OSHA requirements and worker safety.
In: Handbook of Management of Grains, Bulk Commodities, and Bagged Products,
M. Stone, ed. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. (In Press)
Chung, O. K. 1991. Cereal Lipids. In: Handbook of Cereal Science and
Technology, K. J. Lorenz and K. Kulp, eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Chapter 13, pp. 497-553. [Book Chapter]
Chung, O. K., Lookhart, G. L., Bechtel, D. B., Hagstrum, D. W., Chang, C.
S., Flinn, P. W., Steele, J. L., Converse, H. H., McGaughey, W. H., Zayas,
I., Seabourn, B. W., Shogren, M. D., Dowdy, A. K., Howard, R. W., Seitz, L.
M., Lamkin, W. M., Lin, W. D., Brabec, D. L., Sauer, D. B., Martin, C. R.,
Shin, M. G., Speirs, R. D., Wilson, J. D., and Xu, A. 1991. Wheat research
in the U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory. Annual Wheat Newsletter
37:128-135. [Review]
Chung, O. K., Lookhart, G. L., Bolte, L. C., Shogren, M. D., and Bruns, R.
1991. Hard red spring and hard red winter wheats. I. Functional
characteristics. Cereal Foods World 36:685-686. [Abstract]
Chung, O. K., and Seabourn, B. W. 1991. Effect of two growing years on
gluten quality of hard winter wheats from two nurseries. In: Gluten
Proteins, W. Bushuk and R. Thachuk, eds. Am. Assoc. of Cereal Chem., St.
Paul MN. pp. 724-739. [Book Chapter]
Dong, H., Cox, T. S., Sears, R. G., and Lookhart, G. L. 1991. High
molecular weight glutenin genes: Effects on quality in wheat. Crop Sci.
31:974-979.
Dong, H., Sears, R. G., Cox, T. S., Hoseney, R. C., Lookhart, G. L., and
Shogren, M. D. 1991. Relationship between protein composition and end-use
quality characteristics in wheat (T. aestivum). Cereal Chem. (In Press)
Dowdy, A. K., and McGaughey, W. H. 1991. Importance of stored grain insect
pests outside of bins in making management decisions. In: Proceedings of
Oklahoma Grain Elevator Management Workshop, G. W. Cuperus, ed. Oklahoma
State University, Cooperative Extension Service Circular E-902.
Flinn, P. W., and Hagstrum, D. W. 1991. An expert system for managing
insect pests of stored grian. Proceedings of 5th International Working
Conference on Stored-Product Protection. pp 2011-2017.
Hagstrum, D. W., Vick, K. W., and Flinn, P. W. 1991. Automatic monitoring
of Tribolium castaneum populations in stored wheat with computerized
acoustical detection system. J. Econ. Entomol. 84:1604-1608.
Kim, W. S., Seib, P. A., and Chung, O. K. 1991. Origin of color in vital
wheat gluten. Cereal Foods World 36:954-959.
Lin, W. D., Lookhart, G. L., and Hoseney, R. C. 1991. Purification of
proteolytic enzymes from wheat flour and their effect on rheological changes
in cracker sponge. Cereal Foods World 36:688. [Abstract]
Lookhart, G. L. 1991. Cereal proteins: Composition of their major
fractions and methods for identificaiton. In: Handbook of Cereal Science
and Technology, K. J. Lorenz and K. Kulp, eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York. Chapter 11, pp 441-468. [Book Chapter]
Lookhart, G. L. 1991. Identification of wheat lines containing the 1BL/1RS
translocation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In: Gluten
Proteins, W. Bushuk and R. Tkachuk, eds. Amer. Assoc. of Cereal Chemists,
St. Paul, MN.
Lookhart, G. L., Cox, T. S., and Chung, O. K. 1991. Hard red spring and
hard red winter wheats. II. Statistical analysis of gliadin HPLC patterns.
Cereal Foods World 36:686. [Abstract]
Lookhart, G. L., Hagman, K., and Kasarda, D. D. 1991.
High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits of the most commonly grown wheat
cultivars in the U.S. in 1984. Journal of Plant Breeding. (In Press)
Martin, C. R., Rousser, R., and Brabec, D. L. 1991. Rapid single kernel
grain characterization system. U.S. Patent No. 5,005,774, U.S. Patent
Office, Washington, D.C.
Martin, C. R., Rousser, R., and Brabec, D. L. 1991. Device for singulating
particles. U.S. Patent Serial No. 519195, U.S. Patent Office, Washington,
D.C.
Obaldo, L. G., Harner, J. P., and Converse, H. H. 1991. Prediction of
moisture changes in stored grain. Trans. of the ASAE 34(4):1850-1858.
Olewnik, M. C., Lookhart, G. L., Chung, O. K., Sutton, T. L., and Miller, R.
1991. Temperature changes of white pan bread during baking: One pound, pup
and micro loaves. Cereal Foods World 36:726. [Abstract]
Sauer, D. B., Meronuck, R. M., and Christensen, C. M. 1992. Microflora.
In: Storage of Cereal Grains and Their Products, 4th ed., D. B. Sauer, ed.,
Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN (In Press) [Book Chapter]
Sauer, D. B., and Seitz, L. M. 1991. Nonuniformity in the sensory
evaluation of grain odors. Cereal Foods World 36:707. [Abstract]
Sauer, D. B., and Seitz, L. M. 1991. Relationship between microflora and
odor in commercial grain samples. Phytopathology 81:1240. [Abstract]
Seabourn, B. W., Chung, O. K., and Seib, P. A. 1991. Varietal and
environmental effects on phenotypic stability in hardness of hard red winter
wheat progenies. Cereal Foods World 36:707. [Abstract]
Sears, R. G., Heyne, E. G., Martin, T. J., Cox, T. S., Browder, L. E.,
Wetzel, D. L., Shogren, M. D., Bolte, L. C., Curran, S. P., Lawless, J. R.,
Witt, M. D., and Heer, W. F. 1991. Registration of "Karl" wheat. Crop
Sci. 31:1386.
Seitz, L. M., and Sauer, D. B. 1991. Volatile compounds associated with
objectionable odors in commercial grain. Cereal Foods World 36:707.
[Abstract]
Seitz, L. M., and Sauer, D. B. 1991. Off-odors in grains. In:
Off-Flavours in Foods and Beverages, G. Charalambous, ed. Elsevier Sci.
Publ., Amsterdam. (In Press) [Book Chapter].
Shenoi, S., Chang, C. S., Converse, H. H., and Fan, L. T. 1991. An expert
system for grain elevator hazard prevention. Applied Engineering in
Agriculture 7(6):701-704.
Shogren, M. D., and Chung, O. K. 1991. Mixograph studies. I. Whole wheat
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-------------------------
Kansas State University, Manhattan
T.S. Cox*, R.G. Sears*, T.J. Martin*, B.S. Gill*, W.W. Bockus, R.L.
Bowden, T.L. Harvey, J.H.Hatchett*, S. Hulbert, M.B. Kirkham, G.H.
Liang, M.D. Witt, W.J. Raupp*, D.L. Wilson, L.G Harrell, L.E.
Patton, L.C. Coonrod, K.S. Gill, R.S. Kota, J.E. Werner, B. Friebe,
P.D. Chen, T.R. Endo, C. H. Carter, J. Jiang, A.K. Fritz, L.
Michelson, D. Miller, D.E. Delaney, G.L. Brown, Q. He, G. Shu
The 1990-91 Crop Year. The 1990-91 wheat crop will probably best
be remembered as variable. Rainfall across the state from February thru
March was erratic in both amount and location. In most regions it was
possible to look at wheat completely drought stressed in one field and
without driving far find wheat in good condit‚ion, with good yield
potential. As a result the average yields for the state, estimated at
2220 kg/ha, are averages of rather large extremes rather than a
reflection of any consistent trend. This years production was 24% less
than last years record crop. Kansas produced 9.7 million metric tons or
18% of the total United States wheat crop.
Fall planting conditions were excellent across the state and wheat
stand establishment was good. Wheat vegetative growth during this period
was well above average and much of the wheat in southern Kansas was
grazed. Excessive growth during this time period removed a large amount
of stored sub-soil moisture which was limited in most areas, this
resulted in very poor spring regrowth and recovery. Because of the very
dry spring, wheat that had been grazed yielded much less grain than
ungrazed wheat. Generally yield reductions due to grazing can occur but
are not dramatic unless cattle are left in the fields past jointing.
Winter temperatures were relatively mild continuing a trend toward
more moderate and warmer winters throughout the southern Great Plains.
Spring green-up occurred in mid-February and wheat started to tiller
again by the last week of February. March and April were very dry and
warm months in Kansas. Without sufficient sub-soil moisture and no early
spring rain, little early season growth occurred. In late April general
rains occurred across much of the state and improved wheat prospects
considerably. High temperatures in mid-June hastened maturity and
reduced yields of late maturing wheats.
Major disease pressure in eastern and central Kansas this year came
from 2 diseases we usually see and one that has been very rare. Powdery
mildew and leaf rust were predominant at all locations in eastern and
central Kansas. Powdery mildew seriously affected performance
southeastern and southcentral Kansas. Susceptible leaf rust selections
and checks lost their flag leaves perhaps 5-8 days before normal
senescence and leaf rust reduced yields as much as 10-15% in south-
central Kansas. Soil Borne Wheat Mosaic and Spindle Streak Mosaic
Virus', usually significant diseases in Kansas were not severe due to
the very warm dry spring. A relatively rare disease for Kansas, Septoria
nodorum, which we usually only see in trace amounts in southeast Kansas
was heavy and damaging in central and eastern Kansas. As more and more
emphasis is placed on reducing soil and water erosion by increasing
residue on the soil surface we are observing a significant increase in
tan spot and both Septoria diseases. Leaf rust, stem rust and wheat
streak mosaic virus were the major diseases in western Kansas.
End use quality was generally much above average. Protein content
averaged 12.9%, the 4th consecutive year protein content of the crop was
above the 10 year average of 12.0%. Milling and baking properties of the
1991 crop were considered above average-good.
Six Kansas experimental lines are currently being tested in
regional nurseries and are being increased for release consideration:
KS87H325-2 (Lr16/Lr17//LES/3/CHY/LES/4/BNT'S'/5/Tam 107) is an
early, strong strawed selection that carries resistance to the wheat
curl mite and good tolerance to WSMV. It has very good milling and
baking characteristics. Its performance in this years elite trials was
very good and it will be tested again next year.
KS89H48-1 and KS89H50-4
(Dular/Eagle//2*Cheney//(Larned//Eagle/Sage)/3/Colt are very promising
selections, especially under dryland conditions. In last year's advanced
yield trials and in this year's elite trials they were the top yielding
selections in western Kansas. Both of these selections will be tested in
Kansas elite tests and the Southern Regional Performance Nursery next
year.
KS831374-142 is a head row reselection from the variety Karl. In
three years of testing this line has averaged a 270 kg/ha yield
advantage over Karl. It has similar milling and baking qualities of
Karl. KS831374-142 will be recommended for increase and release
consideration in 1992.
Two hard white wheats are currently being increased for release
consideration in 1992 or 1993. KS90HW53 and KSSB-369-7 (bulk selections)
have improved yield and test weight patterns along with better disease
resistance than currently grown varieties. - Sears
Release of two leaf rust-resistant germplasms. The Wheat
Genetics Resource Center released two new germplasms in 1991.
KS91WGRC11 (Century*3/TA2450) carries a partially dominant gene for
seedling and adult-plant resistance to leaf rust. The gene comes from
Triticum tauschii accession TA2450, collected by Kyoto University near
the Caspian coast of Iran. KS91WGRC12 (Century*3/TA2541) carries adult-
plant leaf rust resistance from T. tauchii accession TA2541, collected
in far northeast Afghanistan, also by Kyoto University.
KS91WGRC11 has a slightly higher seedling and field infection type
than KS90WGRC10 (Lr41), and its partially dominant gene segregates
independently of the dominant gene Lr41. Its seedling infection type is
lower than those of other D-genome leaf rust genes, but genetic studies
are not complete. Monosomic crosses show it is not on chromosome 1D,
where Lr21 and several other leaf rust genes are located. Studies of
the inheritance of adult-plant resistance in KS91WGRC12 are not
complete, but the resistance seems to be recessive. The gene(s)'
relationship to Lr22 is not yet known. KS91WGRC12 also segregates for
resistance to soilborne mosaic virus resistance, derived from TA2541.-
Cox, Sears, Gill
Wheat Genetics Resource Center
Collection Status. The various species and number of accessions
maintained for each are listed below:
Species Number of
accessions
Triticum boeoticum ........................ 606
Triticum urartu ........................... 195
Triticum tauschii ......................... 346
Triticum araraticum ....................... 307
Triticum dicoccoides ...................... 385
Miscellaneous Triticum species ............ 141
Miscellaneous Triticum
(formerly Aegilops) species ............313
Genetic stocks ............................1,231
Perennial Triticeae species................ 173
Total................................ 3,697
A major addition to our collection is the recently acquired
collection of Dr. Robert Metzger, USDA, Oregon State University,
Corvalis. This collection amounts to approximately 1,200 accessions
collected extensively over the country of Turkey. Much of this
collection has never been evaluated for useful genes. There was an
increase in the number of cytogenetic stocks by 33. -Raupp, B. Gill,
Wilson
RESEARCH
Transfer of PhI gene(s) from Triticum speltoides into common wheat.
Some accessions of Triticum speltoides have a gene(s) called PhI which
inhibits Ph and promotes homoeologous chromosome pairing. Plants with
PhI gene(s) were screened from a BC(2)F(2) T. aestivum c.v. Chinese
Spring (CS)/T. speltoides//CS, and had a range of chromosome pairing of
6.14-6.89 II + 0.78-1.12 III + 0.03-0.16 IV in their test crosses with
Triticum peregrinum (syn = Aegilops variabilis. The chromosome pairing
in the controlled test crosses CS/T. peregrinum, ph2/T. peregrinum, and
ph1/T. peregrinum were 2.41 II + 0.07 III, 4.09-5.18 II + 0.28-0.51 III
+ 0-0.01 IV, and 7.82 II + 2.06 III + 0.33 IV + 0.02 V, respectively.
In both hybrids between plants with PhI gene(s) and Triticum durum-
Haynaldia villosa amphiploid (AABBVV), homoeologous chromosome pairing
between V-genome chromosomes and A-, B-, or D-genome chromosomes was
observed in 10-30% C-banded PMC at MI. However, this kind of pairing
was only observed in 2-4% PMC at MI in (CS/T. durum-H. villosa)F(1).
The segregation data from test crosses suggested that two pairs of genes
may be responsible for the pairing. -Chen, B. Gill
Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of Thinopyrum intermedium and
its potential for improving disease resistance of cultivated wheat.
Thinopyrum intermedium is an autoallohexaploid species genomically
E(1)E(2)X where the E(1) and E(2) genomes are related to the E genome of
Thinopyrum elongatum and the J genome of Thinopyrum bessarabicum,
respectively, and the third X genome is of unknown origin. C-banding
and in situ hybridization were used to analyze the genomic affinities of
the T. intermedium chromosomes present in a partial Triticum aestivum-T.
intermedium amphiploid and in derived chromosome addition lines.
Furthermore, T. intermedium has potential for improving the genetic
variability of wheat and two transfers of resistance genes derived from
T. intermedium to hexaploid wheat via wheat-T. intermedium chromosome
translocations are as follows:
1. transfer of resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus via a T4Ai-2S/4DL
translocation, and
2. transfer of leaf rust resistance genes via T2AS.2AL-7Ai-2L, T7Ai-2L-
5AS.5AL, T1DS.1DL-7Ai-2L, and T6DS.6DL-7Ai-2L translocations. -Friebe,
B. Gill
Pest resistance and agronomic evaluations of Triticum tauschii.
Triticum tauschii (syn. Aegilops squarrosa, DD), a wild diploid species
is the D genome progenitor of bread wheat Triticum aestivum (AABBDD).
Triticum tauschii is a rich source of genes for resistance to a number
of pests, along with genes for desirable agronomic traits. A collection
of 342 T. tauschii accessions is maintained by the Wheat Genetics
Resource Center at Kansas State University. The collection was
evaluated for resistance to pathogens that cause tan spot, leaf rust,
powdery mildew, and leaf blotch; and the insect pests greenbug, Russian
wheat aphid, and Hessian fly. Winter hardiness was evaluated under
natural field conditions. Accessions with 80% survival rate were
considered cold tolerant. The percentage of T. tauschii accessions with
resistance to each pathogen or insect were: tan spot (61%), leaf rust
(19%), powdery mildew (10%), leaf blotch (53%), greenbug (65%), Hessian
fly (24%), and Russian wheat aphid (0.4%). Thirty-three per cent of the
accessions were considered cold tolerant. Identifying these traits will
contribute to the available genes needed for cultivar enhancement. -
Wilson, Cox, Gill, Raupp, Hatchett, Harvey
The sub-arm aneuploids of common wheat. The gametocidal gene
located on chromosome 3C of Triticum cylindricum causes extensive
chromosome breaks in wheat chromosomes. Homozygous deletion stocks were
recovered in the selfed progeny of heterozygous deletion plants by
examining ten plants by C-banding analysis. If no homozygous deletion
stocks were recovered, heterozygous deletion plants were crossed with
the nulli-tetrasomic stock corresponding to the deletion chromosome.
Five BC(1)F(1) plants were analyzed to identify monosomic deletion
chromosome plants which were then selfed. Ten BC(1)F(1) plants were
analyzed to recover homozygous deletion stocks. Using this system, we
have isolated 150 monosomic or homozygous deletion stocks. Genes for
fertility, plant height, awn suppression, and other phenotypic traits
have been localized to sub-arm chromosome segments. -Endo, B. Gill
In situ hybridization analysis of wheat-Elymus trachycaulus
chromosome addition lines. Four different repeated DNA sequence probes,
pEt2, pCb1, pCb4.14, and pP12.5, were hybridized in situ to identify
Elymus trachycaulus chromosomes added to wheat. Although the four
probes did not hybridize with wheat DNA in southern blot analysis, probe
pEt2 hybridized with most and pCb1 hybridized with all wheat chromosomes
by in situ hybridization. pCb4.14 and pP12.5 hybridized only to E.
trachycaulus chromosomes. Elymus trachycaulus chromosomes can still be
detected using pEt2 and pCb1 in addition lines due to stronger
hybridization signals on Elymus than on wheat chromosomes. Probe pCb1
had a dispersed hybridization pattern and the other three probes showed
tandem repeat patterns. pCb4.14 and pP12.5 are mainly located on
telomeric areas and pEt2 is located on both telomeric and interstitial
sites of E. trachycaulus chromosomes. Most of the E. trachycaulus
chromosomes in the addition lines had a similar hybridization pattern
with pCb4.14 and pP12.5 except the short arms of 1St, 5Ht, and 6Ht that
only had signal with pP12.5. -Jiang, B. Gill
A DNA fragment mapped within the submicroscopic deletion of Ph1, a
chromosome pairing regulator gene in polyploid wheat. Bread wheat is an
allohexaploid consisting of three genetically related (homoeologous)
genomes. The homoeologous chromosomes are capable of pairing but strict
homologous pairing is observed at metaphase I. The diploid-like pairing
is regulated predominantly by Ph1, a gene mapped on the long arm of
chromosome 5B. We report direct evidence that a mutant of the gene
(ph1b) arose from a submicroscopic deletion. A probe (XksuS1-5) detects
the same missing fragment in two independent mutants ph1b and ph1c and a
higher intensity fragment in a duplication of the Ph1 gene. It is
likely that XksuS1-5 lies adjacent to Ph1 on the same chromosome
fragment that is deleted in ph1b and ph1c. XksuS1-5 can be used to tag
the Ph1 gene to facilitate incorporation of genetic material from
homoeologous genomes of the Triticeae. It may also be a useful marker
in cloning the Ph1 gene by chromosome walking. -K. Gill, B. Gill
An updated genetic linkage map of Triticum tauschii, the D-genome
progentior of wheat. The current map of Triticum tauschii consists of
196 loci, 182 of which are present as linkage groups. An F(2)
population of 60 plants, derived from a cross between two accessions of
T. tauschii (TA1691 / TA1704), was used for the mapping. One hundred
and seventy-six loci exist as seven linkage groups corresponding to the
seven chromosomes of T. tauschii (1D, 2D, ..., 7D). Six loci are
present in two linkage groups not assigned to any chromosome. The
number of loci and the genetic length for each chromosome is given in
the table. There is an average of 25 loci per chromosome. All the
markers are RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) loci except
for eight protein loci and a leaf rust resistance gene. Salient
features of the map include the following: the map covers all seven
chromosomes, an average chromosome has 25 loci, the average genetic
length of a chromosome is 307 cM, the map covers 90% of the genome, and
most of the probes are also mapped in wheat.-K. Gill, Hassawi, Raupp,
Fritz, B. Gill, Cox, Sears
CHROMOSOME # OF LOCI LENGTH (cM)
------------------------------------------
1D 23 271
2D 27 342
3D 36 390
4D 19 221
5D 24 281
6D 34 462
7D 13 185
------------------------------------------
TOTAL 176 2152
Molecular cloning of telomeric and telomere-related sequences in
wheat. The oligonucleotide d(TTTAGGG)(n) cross-hybridizes to wheat and
related species. A 100 bp length of telomeric repeat generated by the
ligation of oligomers (TTTAGGG)(4) and (CCCTAAA) has illuminated the
structure of wheat chromosome ends. It appears that the length of the
telomeric repeat in the Triticeae is variable. Cloning of wheat
telomeres and their associated sequences and the genetic determination
of telomere length was determined. Telomere-related sequences are
isolated by PCR using (TTAGGG)(4) as a primer. A 1 kb fragment isolated
by this method detected species-dependent telomeric lengths among
various species in the Triticeae. -Kota, Werner, B. Gill, Hulbert
Distribution of telomeric repeats in common wheat and their role in
the healing process of broken chromosomes. The distribution of
telomeric repeats in common wheat was studies by in situ hybridization
of the telomeric probe to root tip chromosomes. Synthetic oligomers,
(TTTAGGG)(28) and (CCCTAAA)(7), were used to generate the 100 bp probe.
Hybridization sites were detected by horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed
precipitation of diaminobenzidine with single amplification by
biotylinated antiavidin. Sites of hybridization were visualized as
double dots at the end of the chromosome. Variation among chromosomes
in the telomere lengths based on the size of the signal indicated that
individual telomeres may contain variable numbers of telomeric repeats.
A number of deletion stocks isolated from the progeny of monosomic
additions of the gametocidal chromosome in common wheat were included in
the analysis. The telomeric sequence was detected by in situ
hybridization at the ends of broken chromosomes. -Werner, Kota, Endo, B.
Gill
A physical map of group 7 chromosomes in common wheat. Chromosomes
of group 7 were physically mapped utilizing 41 deletion lines and 16
RFLP and biochemical markers. By examining an array of deletions in the
critical chromosome arm, genetic loci were mapped to a specific
chromosome region, sometimes involving a very tiny segment of the
chromosome (less than 0.01% of the total chromosome length estimated as
0.85 million bp). The physical map indicates colinearity among the
three A, B, and D wheat genomes. Using the same probes, the physical
map was compared to the genetic map of the group 7 chromosomes. There
is general agreement in the gene order of the two map types. However,
physical mapping verified the location of two loci and clarified the
inconsistency on the linkage maps of two other loci. Furthermore,
genes mapped to genetic positions close to the centromere have been
physically localized to more distal chromosome regions indicating that
in distal regions, recombination is more frequent. -Werner, Endo, B.
Gill
Microspore culture. Microspore culture, an alternate of anther
culture, could have the advantage of increasing number of polyhaploids
and free of hexaploids derived from maternal tissues. The initial step
of microspore culture is to extract or isolate the microspores from
anthers. We have been experimenting with three methods of isolation: 1)
using a tissue grinder (Fisher) to grind the anthers followed by
filtration and centrifugation under aseptic conditions, 2) using the
magnetic plate and stirrer to break the anthers in a beaker containing
liquid medium, and 3) floating the anthers in a liquid medium and collect
the microspores after shedding into the medium.
Five media were tested for microspore culture - W(3), W(4) (from
Dr. David Lucket of Australia), Potato II (from China), 85D12 and
modified 85D12. Among the five media, 85D12 and modified 85D12 were the
best. The modified 85D12 is the 85D12 supplemented with IAA, kinetin,
gylcine, and 3% sucrose.
The anthers from Pavon 76 were cultured in a liquid medium for
several days and the microspores were collected by centrifuging, then
resuspend the microspores in a double layer medium with a liquid medium
(3 mm deep) on top of a solid medium 0.7 (1% Difco agar).
Microspore division was observed and cell mess were formed.
However, no seedlings have been regenerated yet. - He and Liang
-------------------------
Restriction fragment patterns of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNAs
of Haynaldia villosa and wheat.
Haynaldia villosa Schur [Syn. Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy, 2n = 14
= VV] is an annual allogamous grass of the tribe Triticeae. It has been
postulated that H. villosa may be the cytoplasm donors to the wheat
(Rosen, 1987). Homoeology between chromosomes of H. villosa and wheat
was reported (Montebove et al., 1987) and H. villosa is cross-compatible
with tetraploid and hexaploid wheat (Jan et al., 1986). However,
distinct differences in C-banding patterns between the chromosomes of H.
villosa and wheat were noted (Friebe et al., 1987).
We compared the restriction endonuclease patterns of cp- and mt-
DNAs using Bam HI, Pst I, Hind III, and Sal I from H. villosa and wheat,
but found that patterns were different between wheat (both tetraploid
and hexaploid wheats) and H. villosa for cp- and mt-DNA. Both
accessions of H. villosa showed the same cpDNA restriction patterns but
differed by having additional fragments at 12.8 and 5.4 kb (Hind III
digestion) but missing at least 6 small fragments (4.4 kb and less) when
compared to wheats. Tetraploid and hexaploid wheats had identical cp-
DNA restriction patterns. Sal I restriction patterns of mt-DNAs for two
accessions of H. villosa and tetra- and hexaploid wheats were also
compared. Again, identical patterns of mtDNA were observed between the
two accessions and between tetra- and hexaploid wheats but distinct
differences existed between H. villosa and wheats.
Results from other restriction enzyme analyses concurred with above
observations. From the restriction patterns of those cytoplasmic
organelles, it appears that H. villosa is unlikely to be the cytoplasm
donor to tetra- or hexaploid wheats as previously reported. - Shu and
Liang
Root restriction and drought resistance. The objective of this
work was to determine if roots of a drought-sensitive wheat grew more
(or less) than those of a drought-resistant wheat, when roots were
confined to a restricted root zone. Eleven-day-old seedlings of two
winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, 'Ponca' (drought-
sensitive) and 'KanKing' (drought-resistant) were transplanted into 185
mm long soil-filled glass tubes, one plant per tube, with internal
diameters of three different sizes (3.5, 8, or 10 mm). Root length was
monitored for 26 days after transplanting. At the end of the study, the
37-day-old plants were harvested, and root dry weight was determined.
Seven days after transplanting, all plants in the 3.5-mm diameter tubes
were dead or dying. Roots of the drought-sensitive cultivar grew faster
into the 8- and 10-mm diameter tubes than did roots of the drought-
resistant cultivar. At the end of the study, roots of Ponca reached a
depth of 185 and 149 mm in the 10- and 8-mm diameter tubes,
respectively; roots of KanKing reached a depth of 152 and 92 mm in the
10- and 8-mm diameter tubes, respectively. Root diameters were not
measured, but roots of KanKing appeared to be wider than roots of Ponca.
At the end of the study, roots of Ponca were similar in weight to those
of KanKing. The apparently thicker and shorter roots of KanKing thus
weighed the same as the apparently thinner and longer roots of Ponca.
The slender roots of Ponca may have been more able to penetrate faster
and deeper into the constricted root zone than the thicker roots of
KanKing. The results suggested that drought resistance may be related
to root diameter and that a drought-sensitive cultivar might be better
adapted for penetration into compacted soil. - Kirkham
A simple method to select for resistance to the necrosis symptom in
the tan spot disease syndrome -
Tan spot, caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is an
important foliar disease of wheat throughout the world. High levels of
resistance are readily identified in various accessions of wheat. There
are two distinct symptoms within the disease syndrome; chlorosis and
necrosis. Crude culture filtrates of the fungus, produced in the
laboratory, can be used as a rapid method of identifying genotypes which
are sensitive or resistant to the necrosis symptom. Hundreds or
thousands of lines can be infiltrated by a single person in one day and
reactions scored a few days later. Below is a summary of the procedure.
Fungus culture. Spores to inoculate flasks are produced by
inoculating the center of plates of V-8 agar (150 ml V-8 juice, 3 g
CaCO(3), 15 g Agar, 850 ml water). Subsequently, aerial hyphae around
the perimeter of the colony is flattened with a sterile, bent-glass rod
when the colony reaches about 4-6 cm in diameter (about 4-5 days in the
dark at 24 C). Plates are then placed at 15-24 C for 12-24 hr light (7-
40 cm below fluorescent tubes) followed by 12-24 hr dark at 15 C.
Conidiophores of the fungus are produced during the light treatment and
conidia are produced during the dark. Culture filtrates are made in
500-ml flasks containing 100 ml modified Fries medium (9 g sucrose, 5 g
ammonium tartrate, 1 g ammonium nitrate, 1 g K(2)HPO(4), 0.5 g MgSO(4)-7
H(2)O, 0.13 g CaCl(2), 0.1 g NaCl, and 1 g yeast extract per liter).
Agar plates with the sporulating fungus are flooded with sterile
distilled water (about 10 ml) and the surface of the fungus colony
gently scraped with a sterile instrument to dislodge conidia. Each
flask is inoculated with 1 ml of the spore suspension (about 2,000-
20,000 spores) from the agar plate. Flasks are incubated without
agitation 16-22 days under constant light (20 cm below fluorescent
tubes) at about 24 C. Constant light is very important. Toxin
production peaks between 16 and 22 days of incubation; however, there is
some variability between flasks so filtrate from several flasks should
be pooled. After incubation, filtrate is collected by passing through
filter paper and transferring to a suitable container. Filtrates can be
stored in the freezer section of a refrigerator (-15 C) for at least two
years and can be kept at room temperature for several hours while
infiltrating plants without losing activity. Filtrates can also be
thawed and refrozen at least twice and maintain toxicity.
Plant culture. Plants from as young as the two-leaf stage to as
old as after heading have been used successfully. Plants grown in
either the greenhouse or field can be infiltrated. It is recommended
that plants be well-fertilized and well-watered and that a set of
"differential" cultivars be included in each experiment: susceptible and
resistant.
Infiltration. The youngest, fully-expanded leaf should be
infiltrated and the middle one third of the leaf blade works the best.
A Hagborg device (Hagborg, W. A. F. 1970. A device for injecting
solutions and suspensions into thin leaves of plants. Can. J. Bot.
48:1135-1136.) is used with full-strength filtrate to infiltrate leaves
to produce water-soaked, elongated zones 1-3 cm in length. Usually only
one infiltration site is needed per plant. About ten infiltration sites
can be produced from 1 ml of filtrate. The ends of the zones may be
marked with an extra-fine, non-toxic felt pen before water soaking
disappears to show where infiltration occurred. Controls, if desired,
consist of full-strength, modified Fries medium (gives no reaction).
Necrosis symptoms are rated several days (usually 3-5) after
infiltration depending upon the temperature and light intensity.
Reactions are usually scored as positive (infiltration site necrotic,
susceptible) or negative (no symptoms, resistant).
About 20 isolates of the fungus, collected from grower's fields
across Kansas, have been tested for their ability to produce toxic
filtrates. So far, all isolates have been necrosis positive (their
filtrates produce the necrosis symptom); however, Canadian researchers
have reported that necrosis-negative isolates of the fungus exist. We
have found that a team of two people is the most efficient; one to
infiltrate leaves and the other to mark the infiltration site. As
mentioned, only one infiltration site per plant is needed to determine
susceptibility to the necrosis symptom. Therefore, lines that are
segregating for reaction may be readily identified and resistant
individuals selected from a population. It should be noted, however,
that resistance to the chlorosis symptom, which is under separate
genetic control in the host, is not identified with this method. There
are lines (such as the cultivar Triumph 64) which will be resistant to
the necrosis symptom but susceptible to the chlorosis symptom and give
an intermediate to moderately susceptible reaction to the disease in the
field. Finally, if adequate laboratory facilities are not available,
culture filtrates, ready to infiltrate up to 2,000 lines, can be
obtained at no charge by contacting Bill Bockus, Dept. of Plant
Pathology, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, 66506-
5502, U.S.A. (phone = 913-532-6176, FAX = 913-532-5692) - Bockus
General Impact. Importance of leaf rust on irrigated winter wheat
in western Kansas, 1991.
It has been suggested that leaf rust is not a serious problem on winter
wheat in the central High Plains. Fungicide plots were established in
irrigated wheat at Garden City, KS to evaluate disease losses in two
commercial cultivars. Disease ratings were made on 4 June (Feekes 11.2
(mealy ripe)) for percent of flag leaf covered by leaf rust using James'
standard area diagrams. Approximately 37% is the maximum leaf rust
rating in this system. Plots were harvested 20 June, plot yields were
corrected to 60 lb/bu at 12.5% moisture, and test weights determined.
Leaf rust was undetectable in plots on 8 May, but was severe on
TAM 107 and moderate on Thunderbird by 4 June. Apparently, large
amounts of inoculum were transported into the area in mid- to late May.
The only other disease noted was a trace of Septoria leaf blotch. Using
the nonsprayed control and the disease-free control (2 applications of
Folicur), the estimated yield loss was 21.7 bu/A (23%) for TAM 107 and
5.4 bu/A (7%) for Thunderbird. A single application of a commercial
fungicide recovered all the yield loss for Thunderbird and about half of
the estimated loss for TAM 107. Severe leaf rust epidemics do not occur
regularly enough in western Kansas to justify routine fungicide
applications. However, large losses are occasionally sustained in
susceptible cultivars like TAM 107. (See Table below).
TAM 107 Thunderbird
Chemical, Leaf Test Leaf Test
rate/A, rust Yield weight rust Yield weight
growth stage (%) (bu/A) (Ib/bu) (%) (bu/A) (Ib/bu)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonsprayed
control 36.3 D* 71.4 A 58.6 A 4.8 D 71.1 A 61.2 A
Tilt 3.6E, 4 fl oz,
Feekes 8 26.3 C 85.2 B 59.6 B 3.0 C 77.1 B 61.2 A
Bayleton 50DF,
2 oz + Dithane
M-45 80WP, 2
Ib, Feekes 10 10.2 B 85.0 B 60.2 C 0.2 B 77.7 B 61.2 A
Folicur 3.6F,
4 fl oz,
Feekes 8 & 10 0.1 A 93.1 B 60.5 C 0.0 A 76.5 B 60.8 A
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Means within a column followed by the same letter are not
significantly different according to protected LSD (P=0.05).
-------------------------
Bowden and Witt
Effect of heavy leaf rust infection on productivity and quality of
wheat.
In 1991, we yield tested TAM 107 and 13 leaf rust-resistant backcross
lines of the pedigree TAM 107*3/TA2460 (sibs of KS90WGRC10) under a
typically heavy leaf rust infection at Hutchinson, KS and under a
lighter infection at Manhattan, KS. Plots were 3 rows 120 cm long at
Hutchinson and 250 cm long at Manhattan. There were two replicates of
each backcross line and 20 replicates of TAM 107 at each location.
After harvest and data collection, entries were bulked within each
location and evaluated for milling and baking traits by O.K. Chung, L.C.
Bolte, M.S. Caley, S.G. Maechtlen, and G.L. Lookhart at the US Grain
Marketing Research Laboratory.
There were no differences between the backcross lines and TAM 107
in heading date or height. The mean grain yield of the 13 resistant
lines exceeded that of TAM 107 by 22% at Hutchinson, with 12 of the 13
yielding more than TAM 107 - two of them by over 50% (Table 1). At
Manhattan, where leaf rust was lighter, the resistant lines yielded the
same, on average, as TAM 107, but individual lines had yields of 76% to
118% of TAM 107's. All resistant lines at all locations had higher
1000-kernel weight and flour protein than TAM 107, with several
exceeding TAM 107 by over one percentage point in protein at Hutchinson.
Mixograph mix times were lower than or equal to that of TAM 107 for all
lines at all locations. This was primarily a result of the higher
protein of the backcross lines, which had less flat mixing curves than
TAM 107.
In susceptible cultivars such as TAM 107, leaf rust can reduce the
quality as well as the yield of the wheat harvest. - Cox
Table 1. Means and ranges for agronomic and quality traits of TAM 107
and 13 leaf rust-resistant backcross lines (TAM 107*3/TA2460).
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Grain Kernel Flour Flour Mix
Yield Weight Yield Protein Time
Location Entry (g/m2) (1000) (%) (%) (min)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Hutchison TAM 107 290 28.5 72.7 11.5 3.63
T107*3/TA2460 354 33.3 70.9 12.3 3.16
(269- (28.5- (70.6- (11.9- (2.63-
450) 37.7) 73.4) 12.9) 3.63)
Manhattan TAM 107 386 33.3 70.7 11.9 4.50
T107*3/TA2460 382 35.7 70.9 12.2 3.81
(294- (33.5- (67.2 (11.9- (3.13
456) 38.0) 72.5) 12.7) 4.50)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
PUBLICATIONS
Hassawi, D. S. and George H. Liang. 1991. Antimitotic agents: effects
on double haploid production in wheat. Crop Sci. 31:723-726.
Sun, Y. and George H. Liang. 1991. Pollen surface sculpture of wheat,
rice, maize, and five sorghum species. Cytologia 56:659-664.
Cox, T.S., L.G. Harrell, P. Chen, and B.S. Gill. 1991. Reproductive
behavior of hexaploid/diploid wheat hybrids. Plant Breeding 107:105-
118.
Cox, T.S., R.G. Sears, and B.S. Gill. 1991. Registration of KS87UP9, a
winter wheat germplasm segregating for a dominant male-sterility gene.
Crop Sci. 31:245.
Cox, T.S., J.H. Hatchett, B.S. Gill, W.J. Raupp, and R.G. Sears. 1991.
Agronomic performance of hexaploid wheat lines derived from direct
crosses between wheat and Aegilops squarrosa. Plant Breeding 105:271-
277.
Dong, H., T.S. Cox, R.G. Sears, and G.L. Lookhart. 1991. High molecular
weight glutenin genes: effects on baking quality of wheat. Crop sci.
31:974-979.
Endo, T.R., Y. Mukai, M. Yamamoto, and B.S. Gill. 1991. Physical
mapping of a male-fertility gene of common wheat. Japanese J. Genet.
66:291-296.
Friebe, B., Y. Mukai, H.S. Dhaliwal, T.J. Martin, and B.S. Gill. 1991.
Identification of alien chromatin specifying resistance to wheat streak
mosaic virus and greenbug in wheat germplasm by C-banding and in situ
hybridization. Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:381-389.
Friebe, B., J.H. Hatchett, Y. Mukai, B.S. Gill, and E.E. Sebesta. 1991.
Transfer of Hessian fly resistance from rye to wheat via radiation-
induced terminal and intercalary chromosomal translocations. Theor.
Appl. Genet. 83:33-40.
Gill, B.S., B. Friebe, and T.R. Endo. 1991. Standard karyotype and
nomenclature system for description of chromosome bands and structural
aberrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Genome 34:830-839.
Gill, B.S., D.L. Wilson, W.J. Raupp, J.H. Hatchett, T.L. Harvey, T.S.
Cox, and R.G. Sears. 1991. Registration of KS89WGRC4 hard red winter
wheat germplasm lines with resistance to Hessian fly, greenbug, and
soilborne mosaic virus. Crop Sci. 31:246.
Gill, B.S., D.L. Wilson, W.J. Raupp, J.H. Hatchett, T.S. Cox, and R.G.
Sears. 1991. Registration of KS89WGRC3 and KS89WGRC6 Hessian fly-
resistant hard red winter wheat germplasm. Crop Sci. 31:245.
Gill, B.S., W.J. Raupp, L.E. Browder, T.S. Cox, and R.G. Sears. 1991.
Registration of KS89WGRC7 leaf rust-resistant hard red winter wheat
germplasm. Crop Sci. 31:246.
Gill, K.S., and B.S. Gill. 1991. A DNA fragment mapped within the
submicroscopic deletion of Ph1, a chromosome pairing regulator gene in
plolyploid wheat. Genetics 129:257-260.
Gill, K.S., E.L. Lubbers, B.S. Gill, W.J. Raupp, and T.S. Cox. 1991. A
genetic linkage map of Triticum tauschii (DD) and its relationship to
the D genome of bread wheat (AABBDD). Genome 34:362-374.
Jauhar, P.P., O. Rieralizarazu, W.G. Dewey, B.S. Gill, C.F. Crane, and
J.H. Bennett. 1991. Chromosome pairing relationships among the A
genome, B genome, and D genome of bread wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet.
82:441-449.
Lubbers, E.L., K.S. Gill, T.S. Cox, and B.S. Gill. 1991. Variation of
molecular markers among geographically diverse accessions of Triticum
tauschii. Genome 34:354-361.
Mukai, Y., and B.S. Gill. 1991. Detection of barley chromatin added to
wheat by genomic in situ hybridization. Genome 34:448-452.
Mukai, Y., T.R. Endo, and B.S. Gill. 1991. Physical mapping of the
18S.26S rRNA multigene family in common wheat. Chromosoma 100:71-78.
Tsujimoto, and B.S. Gill. 1991. Repetitive DNA sequences from
polyploid Elymus trachycaulus and the diploid progenitor species -
detection and genomic affinity of Elymus chromatin added to wheat.
Genome 34:782-789.
Chaudhuri, U.N., M.B. Kirkham, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1990. Carbon dioxide
and water level effects on yield and water use of winter wheat. Agron.
J. 82:637-641.
Chaudhuri, U.N., M.B. Kirkham, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1990. Root growth of
winter wheat under elevated carbon dioxide and drought. Crop Sci.
30:853-857.
Riaz, M., W. W. Bockus, and M. A. Davis. 1991. Effects of wheat
genotype, time after inoculation, and leaf age on conidia production by
Drechslera tritici-repentis. Phytopathology 81:1298-1302.
-------------------------
Kansas Agricultural Statistics, Topeka
T. J. Byram
Distribution of Major Kansas Winter Wheat Varieties (Years).
Variety 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
---------------------------------------------------------------
TAM 107 - - .3 4.9 9.5 14.7 15.4 18.3
Karl - - - - - .7 5.9 11.5
AgriProVictory - - .1 6.2 8.2 7.7 8.2 10.2
Larned 10.2 8.6 7.9 10.9 9.7 10.7 11.6 8.9
AgriPro
Thunderbird - - - 1.6 7.3 9.3 9.0 7.5
Newton 30.9 25.7 21.1 13.4 11.6 8.3 7.6 5.8
2163 - - - - - .6 3.9 4.7
TAM 200 - - - - - .8 2.6 4.6
AgriProAbilene - - - - .9 6.1 5.9 4.5
Arkan .9 6.3 10.1 14.9 11.9 6.8 3.2 2.2
AgriProSierra - - - - 1.3 3.4 3.0 1.8
Scout/Scout66 4.2 3.6 2.6 2.9 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8
Eagle 5.4 4.0 3.1 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.6
AGSECO 7846 - - - - .3 .8 2.4 1.5
2180 - - - - - .5 1.6 1.5
2157 - .1 4.4 7.2 9.5 7.2 2.5 1.1
TAM 105 13.1 13.4 6.8 1.5 1.0 .9 1.1 1.0
AgriProHawk 9.0 12.3 13.5 7.6 4.5 2.9 2.1 .8
Sage 1.8 1.4 1.1 .7 .5 .6 1.0 .8
---------------------------------------------------------------
Publications
Monthly Crops. Wheat cultivars, percent of acreage devoted to each
cultivar. Wheat quality, test weight, moisture, and protein content of
current harvest. $10.00
Weekly Crop-Weather. Issued each Monday, March 1 through November 30.
Provides crop and weather information for previous week. $12.00.
County Estimates. County data on wheat acreage seeded and harvested,
yield, and production on summer fallow, irrigated, and continuous
cropped land. December.
Wheat Quality. County data on protein, test weight, moisture, grade,
and dockage. Includes milling and baking tests, by cultivar, from a
probability sample of Kansas wheat. September.
-------------------------
LOUISIANA
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
S.A. Harrison*, P.D. Colyer*, and S.H. Moore*.
Wheat Breeding. A total of 271 wheat crosses were made during 1991,
which brings the number of active crosses made since 1985 to well over
1,200. Substantial progress was made during the 1990-91 season toward
the long-term objective of variety and germplasm development despite the
heavy rains during harvest. A total of 319 advanced lines developed by
the LAES wheat breeding program were evaluated in observation plots at
Baton Rouge. From these 319 plots, 30 lines were identified as superior
and were combine-harvested for testing in replicated yield trials at
Baton Rouge and Alexandria during the 1991-92 growing season.
681 different advanced (F(5)) lines (1985 crosses) were evaluated as
headrows. Each line was rated for plant type, disease reaction,
maturity date, and vigor. 828 observation plots will be evaluated in
1992, an increase of 509 plots over the previous year. Wheat
observation nurseries in the future will probably include about 1,000
lines, which approaches the maximum that can be properly evaluated and
handled. Additionally, 2,907 F(5) and 1,525 F(6) headrows were planted
for 1991-1992. The earlier generations of the wheat breeding program
also continued to increase in size. 1,300 genetically different F(3:4)
lines (1989 crosses)and 9,000 F(2:3) lines are included in the 1991-92
nursery.
Germplasm Enhancement. Over 1,000 F(3:4) CIMMYT lines will be grown at
Baton Rouge in 1992. These have been selected for two generations in
Louisiana for resistance to specific diseases and many have already been
utilized as parents. A recurrent selection program based on the
dominant male-sterile (Ms 3) was established in 1987 to develop a
genetically broad-based population of wheat that contains resistance
sources for numerous important pathogens. Parents of the population
currently include 33 adapted soft red winter wheats and 5 'exotics'.
The population has been through about six cycles of intermating and
selection, with new parents added each year. Selection has been for:
low vernalization; general vigor; leaf rust, septoria, and Xanthomonas
resistance; and green leaf duration. Seed of this population should be
available upon request after July, 1992. A formal germplasm release
will probably be made in the near future.
Other Research Activities of the Breeding Program. Cooperation
continued in 1991 to assess the likelihood of a Hessian Fly problem in
Louisiana and to incorporate resistance into adapted lines. Hessian Fly
has not been a problem to date in Louisiana. It may be that the
environment or other biological constraints prevent development of an
epidemic. The highly susceptible cultivar 'Florida 302' was grown on a
large scale in Louisiana in the late 1980's and is still grown on some
acreage. Efforts to utilize tissue culture, anther culture, and other
emerging technologies to increase efficiency and productivity of the
wheat variety development program continued during 1991, in cooperation
with Dr. Tim Croughan (Rice Research Station). Improvements were made
in media for anther culture and some level of success was obtained.
Soft red winter wheat lines have generally been very recalcitrant, but
some regenerants have been obtained. This effort will be continued in
1992, using F(2) plants selected in the field for disease resistance
and vigor. Initial efforts are also under way to develop a system to
produce haploids using corn pollen.
Cooperative work is being expanded with Dr. Mary Musgrave to evaluate
tolerance to waterlogging stress in wheat. A thesis project has been
initiated to examine the inheritance of tolerance and to assess the
magnitude of yield losses that result form waterlogging stress.
Bacterial streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv translucens (Xct)) research
continued in cooperation with Dr. Christopher Clark and Dr. John Russin.
Mr. Barry Tillman began working on a Ph.D. in the fall of 1991 to 1)
examine the inheritance of resistance to Xct, 2) to determine the level
of yield losses that occur from infection, 3) to evaluate the efficacy
of copper compounds and antibiotics for control, and 4) to study the
interaction of leaf rust and Xct. The inheritance study will utilize
two or more of ten populations selected for variation in reaction to
Xct.
Initial efforts to screen the USDA World Wheat Collection (hexaploids)
for resistance to Xct were initiated in the field with the planting of
5,000 accessions (hexaploids only) in 1991-92. These accessions will be
inoculated with a mixture of virulent isolates of Xct. One replication
of these will be fungicide protected, while the other replication will
be allowed to develop leaf rust and Septoria. The superior 1-5% of
lines will be utilized in crossing and recurrent selection programs. A
list of the most resistant lines will be published in the AWNL and other
areas so that other breeders know which lines offer some source of
resistance. Unfortunately, the project is not adequately funded to
permit a detailed evaluation of the lines for leaf rust, vernalization,
Septoria leaf & glume blotch, and Xct reaction.
Diseases and Hessian Fly (Colyer, Red River Research Station, Bossier
City).
Because of heavy spring rains, the incidence of bacterial blight
(Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens) and Septoria leaf and glume
blotch were high in northwest Louisiana. The incidence of leaf rust was
low and developed very late in the growing season. Evaluation of
commercial varieties at two locations, Bossier City and Winnsboro, for
reaction to foliar diseases indicated that very little resistance to
Septoria and bacterial streak is available in commercial varieties.
Labeled and experimental fungicides were evaluated for the control of
foliar diseases. The incidence of leaf rust was not severe enough to
make the necessary evaluations and none of the materials were very
effective in controlling Septoria. Failure to control Septoria may have
been related to the excessively high amount of rainfall which occurred
following application of the fungicides. Yield and test weight were not
determined because of heavy rainfall which prevented harvesting.
Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) was again identified in Bossier
Parish in the northwestern part of the state. The incidence was very
low and does not currently pose a serious problem to wheat production in
Louisiana.
Production Research (Moore, Dean Lee Research Station, Alexandria)
An extensive field experiment involving wheat with a sustainable
agriculture focus was established in November 1991 on a Red River
alluvial soil in central Louisiana. The 8-acre test includes eight
cropping systems in a factorial combination with three tillage systems.
Wheat is used as a cover crop in three cropping systems with corn,
cotton, and soybean. Wheat is also doublecropped with soybean in an
additional cropping system. tillage systems include conventional,
reduced, and no-till.
PUBLICATIONS
Jalaluddin, Md. and S.A. Harrison. In press. Repeatability of
stability statistics for grain yield in wheat. Crop Science.
Moore, S.H., D.J. Boquet, S.A. Harrison, and J. Rabb. In Press.
Performance of canola cultivars in Louisiana. Louisiana Agriculture.
Harrison, S.A. et al. 1991. Performance of small grain varieties in
Louisiana, 1990-91. LAES Mimeo Series No. 58.
Harrison, S.A,C.A. Clark, and J.S. Russin. Bacterial Streak of Wheat.
p. 8. IN Proceedings of the Southern Small Grain Workers' Conference.
April 28-30, 1991. Overton, TX.
-------------------------
MARYLAND
Department of Agronomy, University of Maryland at College Park
D.J. Sammons*
1992 Winter Wheat Production. Maryland wheat producers harvested
195,000 acres (78,947 hectares) in 1991, 1 2.7% increase over harvested
area in 1990. The state crop totaled 9.75 million bushels (265,909
metric tons) of grain, a slight decrease in total production compared to
the 1990 harvest. This production was obtained by a state average of 50
bu/a (3390 kg/ha), approximately 3.8% lower than for the 1990 crop year.
The production year 1990-1991 was moderately favorable for wheat
production in Maryland. Weather during the fall planting season was
normal, and timely planting occurred statewide. Seasonable fall
moisture and temperatures resulted in good stand establishment. The
winter months were unusually mild, and almost no winter kill was noted
anywhere in the state. Early spring regrowth was rapid, encouraged by
gradually warming temperatures and sufficient rainfall in February and
the first half of March. Late March and April were characterized by
unseasonably cool temperatures and damp conditions which favored the
development of disease in wheat. Excessive heat in mid- to late May
reduced the disease threat but also caused early maturation of the crop.
Wheat harvest was completed unusually early in 1991, however the late
season heat resulted in lowered yields and reduced tst weights at many
locations in the state.
Disease pressure was relatively intense in wheat in the spring. Powdery
mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was present throughout the state, and was
particularly severe on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay. Leaf
Rust (Puccinia recondita) was also severe in this region of the state on
some cultivars. In general, other common wheat diseases, including
glume blotch (Septoria nodorum) and scab (Fusarium sp.), were present
but variable in incidence and severity. Insect damage to wheat also
occurred during the 1990-1991 production year. At several locations on
the Eastern Shore, infestations of true armyworm (Pseudaletia
unipuncta), grass sawfly (Dolerus sp.), and cereal leaf beetle (Oulema
melanopus) were observed -occasionally reaching economically damaging
levels. There were also sporadic reports of economically damaging
infestations of Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) in Maryland this crop
year.
Cultivar Evaluation. Cultivar evaluation was conducted at four
locations in Maryland in 1991. A total of 39 genotypes were tested (30
cultivars, 9 elite breeding lines). Among public cultivars tested,
three (caldwell, Gore, Madison) yielded over 70 bu/a (4703 kg/ha) in
statewide testing; eight private cultivars (AgriPro brands 85-81 and 86-
5941, Coker brands 983 and 9835, Hoffman brand 89, Pioneer brands 2548
and 2555, Southern States FFR 555W) also yielded in this range. The
highest statewide yields in the evaluation program were observed for
Pioneer brands 2548 and 2555, both of which yielded an average of 77
bu/a (5174 kg/ha) over the four lcoations at which the cultivar
evaluation trials were planted.
Two excellent elite breeding lines (MD 80004-62 and MD 80071-56) are
currently under consideration for possible release in 1992. Both are
characterized by early maturity, short plant height, stiff straw,
excellent winter hardiness, good test weight, and moderate resistance to
powdery mildew, the most threatening disease in Maryland and the Middle
Atlantic Region.
Publications
Kratochvil, R.J. and D.J. Sammons. 1991. Dormancy Screening for Soft
Red Winter Wheat Cultivars. Agronomy Abstracts, p. 102.
Pan, Qiyuan. 1991. Determination of Appropriate Seeding Rate for Late-
Seeded Winter Wheat in Maryland. M.S. Thesis, Department of Agronomy,
University of Maryland. 68 pg.
Sammons, D.J. 1991. Maryland Barley and Wheat Variety Performance.
Agronomy Mimeo #19. University of Maryland, Department of Agronomy.
Sammons, D.J. and R.J. Kratochvil. 1991. Small Grain Variety Testing
in Maryland. Agronomy Abstracts, p. 160.
-------------------------
MICHIGAN
Michigan State University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824
R. Ward, D. Glenn, J. Han, H. Kim, T. Kisha, and S. Wang.
1990-91 Season. Planting during the fall of 1990 was severely hampered
by excessive rainfall resulting in both generally late planting and
reduction in planted acres. Winter conditions were generally mild with
only few reports of winter damage. Plant development up to flowering
was excellent, despite severe and widespread evidence of wheat spindle
streak virus (WSSV) during early spring. WSSV appears to be virtually
ubiquitous in lower Michigan soils. Genetic variation for WSSV symptoms
is marked, with many of our elite variety exhibiting good levels of
apparent resistance. Powdery mildew pressure, severe in 1990, was
minimal though ubiquitous this year. Leaf rust arrived in the state
prior to flag leaf emergence and proceeded to cause severe losses in
varieties exhibiting low levels of resistance. The impact of leaf rust
on yield was most apparent in our fungicide study where leaf rust was
the most abundant disease and Tilt and Bayletan applied at flag leaf
appearance resulted in yield increases of up to 35 bu/acre. Head scab
was also widespread and probably caused significant reductions in test
weight. High temperatures from flowering through harvest accelerated
development markedly. The
combination of high temperatures and high disease pressure resulted in a
disappointing low state wide yield average of 43.5 bushels/acre.
Fall planting conditions were excellent, and over 600,000 acres of wheat
were planted in Michigan. Over 70% of that is planted to white seeded
varieties.
Variety Development. Michigan State continues to be engaged in large
scale wheat variety development efforts. We target both white and red
seeded soft winter wheats with our main emphasis on white. Our breeding
strategy involves generation of about 300 F(1:3) bulks by bulk harvest
of F(1:2) populations. Two to three hundred heads are selected per
F(1:3) bulk to generate 75,000 F(3:4) head rows. Ten percent of the
head rows are selected and bulk harvested to generate six to eight
thousand F(3:5) bulks, of which six hundred are advanced to 3
replication, 2 location preliminary yield tests. Competitive lines are
further advanced to state wide yield tests (6-8 locations). Most of our
populations are now derived from bi-parental mating of advanced or
commercial lines. We are actively trying to decrease our cycle time by
using the best lines from our preliminary yield trials as parents of new
breeding populations.
We are moving to release three varieties: Chelsea (C5023) is a white
wheat with excellent yield in the Thumb region of Michigan. It is
bearded, very late in maturity, excellent for reaction to prevailing
pathotypes of leaf rust, powdery mildew, and WSSV, and exhibits
excellent milling and baking properties. C4227 and C4827 are red and
white seeded varieties respectively. Both are derived from the same
F(5) plant. These varieties are relatively early, with maturities
similar to Pioneer 2548. Both are very high yielding throughout
Michigan wheat environments and exhibit excellent milling and baking
properties. Disease resistance is also generally good. These sisters
have a noticeably higher tendency to lodge than other elite varieties,
but our seed industry has urged us to proceed with release because of
their yield potential. All three of these varieties were brought to an
advanced stage while the program was under the leadership of Dr. E.
Everson who retired two years ago.
Research. We are engaged in several areas of basic and applied
research. Begining with the 1990 planting season we have been trying
to generate data on the response of elite varieties to altered
management practices. To that end, we are executing various trials
including ones emphasizing fungicides, planting density, date of
planting, and rates of spring fertilizer.
We are also engaged in several areas of more basic research. H. Kim, a
Ph.D. student from South Korea, is evaluating RFLP diversity among a
range of genotypes including elite eastern soft wheats. Mr. Kim is also
applying RFLP technology to map slow rusting (leaf rust) loci in a
population derived from the cross of Suwan 92(susceptible) and CI13227
(slow rusting). We have also explored the use of RAPDs as tools for
marking useful genes in wheat. As expected, RAPD polymorphism is
considerably higher than that for RFLPs. However, we continue to have
great difficulty in obtaining repeatable results with RAPDs.
J. Han, a Ph.D. student from South Korea is studying growth and
development strategies in wheat with particular emphasis on
"phyllochron", or the rate of leaf emergence expressed in thermal time
(i.e. degree-days). Environmental or genetic based variation in
phyllochron would influence performance and prediction of performance
and is hence of scientific interest. We are working with Dr. J.T.
Ritchie and the CERES wheat model in this activity.
S. Wang, a Ph.D. student from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences in Beijing, is jointly supported by CIMMYT's wheat program,
J.T. Ritchie, and the MSU wheat breeding project. Wang is focusing on
refining the modeling of phenological events in wheat development, with
particular emphasis on the germination to anthesis period.
T. Kisha, a Ph.D. student who until recently worked on the Montana State
winter wheat breeding project, is working on the relationship of fructan
metabolism to winter hardiness. Ted has developed SSD populations whose
parents contrasted for both winter survival characteristics and for
rates of fructan accumulation. Establishing the degree of co-
segregation of these attributes is the general objective of his
dissertation work.
-------------------------
MINNESOTA
Cereal Rust Laboratory, USDA-ARS, St. Paul
A. P. Roelfs, D. L. Long, D. H. Casper, M. E. Hughes and J. J.
Roberts
The Rusts of Wheat in the United States in 1991
Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici). Overwintering stem
rust sites were found on susceptible cultivars in southern Louisiana and
southwestern Georgia. By late April, stem rust was severe in these
plots but none was found in plots of susceptible cultivars in northern
Texas. By mid May, stem rust was found at 20% severities in fields in
southwestern Oklahoma and north central Texas and at trace amounts in
demonstration plots in southern Kansas and northwestern Arkansas. In
late May, plots of 2157 (susceptible to both Pgt-TPM and QCC) were
lightly rusted (10-15% incidence) across the northern tier of Kansas
counties. Stem rust was more widely spread than last year in the
central Great Plains where it developed from a point source in south
central Kansas. Although severities in the central Great Plains were
slightly less than last year, conditions were favorable for rust
infection in May and the inoculum which was carried northward was
deposited over the spring grain area during late May.
By early June, stem rust was present across Kansas and eastern
Colorado. Most cultivars in plots in Kansas were lightly rusted (less
than 1% severity). The exception was 2157 which had 50% severity in a
north central Kansas location. By the third week in June, the cultivars
2157 and Quantum 542 in north central and northwestern Kansas plots had
20% stem rust severities. This is the second consecutive year that stem
rust has been so widely distributed in Kansas. Stem rust appeared
earlier than normal throughout this area because the inoculum (race
Pgt-QCC) produced in south central Oklahoma and adjacent areas in Texas
(Table 1), was more abundant than normal. The weather was very
favorable for rust in early April and early May but less favorable in
late April.
Several centers of stem rust (20% severities) were found in
southern Illinois fields during the first week in June. Traces of stem
rust were also found in fields in northwestern Illinois, south central
Wisconsin and plots in west central Indiana.
In most of the northern Great Plains locations stem rust was first
detected 1-2 weeks earlier than normal. In mid June, the rains and warm
nights (60-65 F) created a favorable environment for spore deposition,
infection and increase. By the last week in June, wheat stem rust was
found at severities of trace-40% in plots of susceptible spring and
winter wheat cultivars from east central North Dakota to southeastern
Minnesota. By the second week in July, foci of 30% severity were
observed in winter wheat plots in northwestern North Dakota and
northeastern Montana. Plots of susceptible winter wheat in southeastern
North Dakota, had foci of 40% severity but only traces of rust were
found in northeastern North Dakota. Since most winter wheat was near
maturity, losses were light. By the last week in July, stem rust
severities were as high as 60% on susceptible spring wheat cultivars in
northeastern North Dakota plots, but no stem rust was found in spring or
durum wheat fields in northern North Dakota. The commonly grown spring
and durum wheats remain resistant to stem rust,
and no significant losses occurred this year. Wheat stem rust developed
slowly in the Pacific Northwest and was light on susceptible winter and
spring wheats in late July.
Four Pgt races have been identified from 224 collections from wheat
in the U.S.A. in 1991 (Table 1). Race Pgt-QCC was the predominant race
identified this year. It comprised 38% of the isolates compared to 67%
in 1990. Pgt-TPM, the common race from 1974-1989, comprised 36% of the
isolates identified in 1991 and 13% in 1990.
Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici). By early April, leaf
rust was severe on the most susceptible lines in southern and northern
Texas plots but light on commercial cultivars in fields. Early spring
rains created conditions favorable for rust increase throughout Texas
and Oklahoma. In some southwestern Oklahoma fields, where the rust
overwintered, 60% severities were reported in late April, while in
adjacent fields only traces were present. By mid May, leaf rust
severities ranged from traces in northeastern Kansas to severe in
southwestern Oklahoma. Leaf rust increased slower than normal during
late April and early May, primarily because of dry weather and high
temperatures. However, with lower temperatures in late May, leaf rust
increased rapidly in Kansas production fields with traces found into
east central Nebraska. Leaf rust severities in the northern Great
Plains in mid June ranged from traces in spring wheat plots in
southeastern North Dakota to severe (80%) in northeastern Colorado. By
late June leaf rust severities ranged from 80% in winter wheat fields in
south central South Dakota and northern Nebraska to traces in spring
wheat fields in east central North Dakota. In mid July, leaf rust
severities in winter wheat fields ranged from 90% in northeastern North
Dakota to 20% in northeastern Montana a 2 to 5% yield loss occurred in
some fields. Plots of susceptible spring wheat had slightly less leaf
rust; severities at the mid-dough stage ranged from 70% in northeastern
North Dakota to 10% in northwestern North Dakota. The major winter
wheat cultivars grown in this area are susceptible to leaf rust.
Fields of spring wheat over most of the area from north central
South Dakota to west central Minnesota had traces of leaf rust, although
20% severities were reported in a few fields in mid July. Fields in
north central South Dakota and nurseries of the cultivar Marshall in
east central South Dakota and northwestern North Dakota had 20%
severities. Plots of susceptible spring wheat from west central
Minnesota to northwestern North Dakota had 40% leaf rust severities at
the early dough stage. Since most of the spring wheat cultivars in the
Great Plains are resistant to leaf rust, losses were light. Spring
durums in northeastern South Dakota plots had 20% severities on
susceptible cultivars while only 1% severities were reported in
northwestern North Dakota plots. Plots of triticale cultivars in the
same locations, had 20% severities. Since the commercial durums are
resistant to leaf rust, losses were nil.
In the soft red winter wheat area, 80% leaf rust severities were
common during early April in wheat fields and plots within 75 miles of
the Gulf Coast from Louisiana to Georgia. The most severe rust was in
fields of Fla 302 and CK 9766 in southern Georgia where 10% losses
occurred. In the eastern U.S.A., leaf rust overwintered at sites in
central North Carolina and eastern Virginia. Light amounts of leaf rust
were found by early May on susceptible cultivars in plots in east
central Illinois, west central Indiana and south central Pennsylvania.
By early June leaf rust severities ranged from 80% in some fields of
susceptible cultivars in southern Illinois and Indiana to traces in
fields in western New York, southern Michigan, and southeastern
Wisconsin. Wheat yield losses due to leaf rust were limited to less
than 2% from southern Missouri to southern Ohio because Septoria nodorum
killed much of the leaf tissue and scab destroyed many of the heads.
From Wisconsin to New York, early crop maturity limited leaf rust
development but losses were almost 3%.
In the Pacific Northwest, leaf rust was lighter than normal by mid
June because of abnormally cool weather and the small amount of initial
inoculum, due to the severe winterkill of wheat. When the temperatures
warmed in July, leaf rust increased rapidly, resulting in up to 2%
losses.
The leaf rust Prt races identified in 1991 (Tables 2 and 3) showed
that races MDB and MFB were most common in Texas. Both are virulent to
cultivars with Lr24 and MFB is also virulent to Lr26. Races MBG and
MBG-10 predominated in Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, Louisiana, Arkansas,
and Kansas.
Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis). By mid April, stripe rust was
found in the Sacramento Valley of California and southeastern and
northwestern Washington. Stripe rust increased slowly until mid June
when the adult plant resistance was expressed as temperatures increased.
Trace to 2% losses due to stripe rust were reported in the Pacific
Northwest this year. Traces of stripe rust were found in northeastern
Colorado and southwestern Montana plots in 1991.
Rust losses. Acreage harvested and yield production records are
based on 1991 Crop Production Summary, Agricultural Statistics Board,
USDA. Loss data summaries of estimates made by personnel of the State
Departments of Agriculture, University extension and research projects,
Agricultural Research Service and the Cereal Rust Laboratory. Losses
for 1991 are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Losses were calculated for each
rust as follows:
(Production) X (Percent loss)
Loss (specific rust) = ____________________________________
(100%) - (Percent loss due to rusts)
Losses are indicated as a trace (T) when the disease was present but no
fields were known to have suffered significant losses. If a few fields
suffered measurable losses this is reflected as a percent of the state's
production. Zeros indicate the disease was not reported in that state
during the season. Blanks for stripe rust indicate that the disease was
not reported nor does it occur annually in that state.
Table 1. Races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici identified from
wheat in 1991
Percentage of
Number of isolates of Pgt- race(a)
________________________ __________________________
State Source collections isolates HFL QCC QFC TPM
____________________________________________________________________
AR Nursery 1 3 100
CO Nursery 3 9 44 11 44
GA Nursery 19 42 100
IL Field 4 11 27 73
IN Nursery 3 9 100
KS Field 17 46 48 35 17
Nursery 40 94 44 28 29
LA Nursery 6 18 17 83
MN Field 1 3 33 67
Nursery 20 58 36 21 43
MT Nursery 2 6 17 83
ND Field 2 4 25 75
Nursery 40 115 43 43 15
NE Field 1 3 67 33
Nursery 15 34 38 15 47
OH Nursery 1 3 100
OK Field 12 36 81 19
Nursery 11 33 73 27
SD Field 3 6 33 67
Nursery 15 35 23 17 60
TX Field 4 9 78 22
Nursery 2 6 100
WA Nursery 4 12 50 50
WI Field 2 6 100
USA(b) Field 46 124 50 29 21
Nursery 178 465 1 35 23 40
Total 224 589 1 38 25 36
(a) Pgt- race code, after Roelfs and Martens, Phytopathology 78:526-533.
(b) Does not include Washington.
Table 2. Prt code and corresponding virulence
formula for wheat leaf rust
___________________________________________________
Prt code(a) Virulence formula(b)
___________________________________________________
BBG 11
BBD 17
CBG 3,11
CBB 3,10
CCB 3,10,26
CCG 3,11,26
CBM 3,3ka,10,30
DBB 2c,10
DBB 2c,18
DBB 2c,10,18
FBB 2c,3,10
FBM 2c,3,3ka,18,30
FBM 2c,3,3ka,10,18,30
FBR 2c,3,3ka,11,18,30
FLM 2c,3,3ka,9,30
KBB 2a,2c,3,10
KBG 2a,2c,3,10,11
KDG 2a,2c,3,10,11,24
KCG 2a,2c,3,10,11,26
KFB 2a,2c,3,10,24,26
LBB 1
LCB 1,10,18,26
MBB 1,3
MBB 1,3,10
MBG 1,3,11
MBG 1,3,10,11
MDB 1,3,10,24
MDG 1,3,10,11,24
MCG 1,3,11,26
MCG 1,3,10,11,26
MFB 1,3,24,26
MFB 1,3,10,24,26
NBB 1,2c,10
NBB 1,2c,18
NBG 1,2c,10,11,18
NBD 1,2c,10,17,18
PBL 1,2c,3,3ka,10
PBG 1,2c,3,10,11
PBM 1,2c,3,3ka,18,30
PBJ 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,17
PBR 1,2c,3,3ka,11,18,30
PLM 1,2c,3,3ka,9,10,30
PLM 1,2c,3,3ka,9,10,18,30
PLR 1,2c,3,3ka,9,10,11,18,30
TBB 1,2a,2c,3,10
TBG 1,2a,2c,3,10,11
TGB 1,2a,2c,3,10,16
TBJ 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,17,18
TDJ 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,17,18,24
TDB 1,2a,2c,3,10,24
TCB 1,2a,2c,3,26
TCB 1,2a,2c,3,18,26
TFB 1,2a,2c,3,10,24,26
TFG 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,24,26
TLG 1,2a,2a,3,9,11,18
___________________________________________________
(a) See Phytopathology 79:525-529.
(b) Resistances evaluated: Lr1, 2a, 2c, 3, 9, 16,
24, 26, 3ka, 11, 17, 30, 10 and 18.
Table 3. Races of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici identified from
wheat collections made in fields and
nurseries in 1991
________________________________________________________________________
Percent of isolates per state by area(a)_
AL AR FL GA LA NC VA PA NY OH IN IL MI TX OK CO KS NE SD ND MN MT CA WA USA
______________________________________________________________________________
BBG 3 0.3
BBD 1 0.2
CBG 6 2 0.9
CBB 4 0.2
CCB 100 0.3
CCG 4 0.2
CBM 22 0.3
DBB 8 22 0.5
DBB 29 11 0.5
DBB 43 0.5
FBB 2 0.2
FBM 7 0.6
FBM 3 6 1 5 0.6
FBR 3 0.3
FLM 3 0.3
KBB 25 0.3
KBG 1 4 8 4 2 18 5 35 5.5
KDG 4 0.3
KCG 3 17 2 0.5
KFB 2 4 9 5 1.5
LBB 9 0.3
LCB 23 0.8
MBB 3 3 0.6
MBB 3 5 0.6
MBG19 17 11 6 9 10 50 5.5
MBG51 34 33 33 39 33 23 13 35 41 19 2 2 20 7 3 5 2 19.8
MDB 8 24 13 22 18 18 5 33 9.1
MDG 7 2 0.5
MCG 4 0.2
MCG 3 9 9 3 1.1
MFB 9 0.3
MFB 4 18 11 4 9 30 11 12 21 21 11 9 11.9
NBB 14 0.2
NBB 14 4 0.3
NBG 33 0.2
NBD 60 0.5
PBL 33 0.8
PBG 3 0.3
PBM 31 3 1.1
PBJ 40 0.3
PBR 38 3 1.2
PLM 8 17 13 4 31 11 2.2
PLM 1 2 0.3
PLR 23 4 0.9
TBB 3 3 4 9 9 6 4 6 3.5
TBG 8 16 17 17 6 33 2 14 36 75 28 29 24 63 28 33 16.5
TGB 3 0.3
TBJ 1 6 0.3
TDJ 5 0.3
TDB 6 2 4 6 4 9 2.0
TCB 3 0.5
TCB 17 6 0.3
TFB 5 2 4 2 11 9 2.0
TFG 2 1 33 0.5
TLG 17 8 11 4 2 5 1.1
_____________________________________________________________________________
No.77 38 6 12 18 3 22 16 7 23 58 16 9 105 45 4 50 28 33 19 43 3 2 5 648
isol.(b)
________________________________________________________________________
(a) States grouped according to agroecological areas (Plant Dis.
73:294-297).
(b) Six additional isolates from four collections are included in the
USA total:
South Carolina (1) MBG (p1,3,10,11); Mississippi (1) KBG
(p2a,2c,3,10,11); Missouri (2), KBB (p2a,2c,3,10),
and MBG (p1,3,10,11); Wisconsin (2) PBL (p1,2c,3,3ka,10).
Table 4. Estimated losses in winter wheat due to rust in 1991
Losses due to
1,000 of Yield in Production Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
acres bushels in 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
State harvstd per acre of bushels % bushels % bushels % bushels
____________________________________________________________________________
AL 110 25.0 2,750 0.1 2.7 2.5 70.6 0.0 0.0
AK 930 22.0 20,460 0.0 0.0 3.0 632.8 0.0 0.0
CA 410 80.0 32,800 0.0 0.0 T(a) T T T
CO 2,300 31.0 71,300 0.0 0.0 1.0 720.2 0.0 0.0
FL 25 23.0 575 0.0 0.0 4.0 23.9
GA 425 33.0 14,025 T T 2.5 359.6
ID 700 70.0 49,000 0.5 482.6 0.5 482.6 0.5 482.6
IL 1,400 32.0 44,800 0.1 45.3 1.0 453.0 0.0 0.0
IN 720 40.0 28,800 0.0 0.0 2.0 587.8 0.0 0.0
IO 50 34.0 1,700 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
KS 11,000 33.0 363,000 0.7 2768.0 7.5 29,556.9 0.0 0.0
KN 400 27.0 10,800 T T 2.0 220.4
LA 190 20.0 3,800 0.5 20.1 5.0 201.1 0.0 0.0
MI 560 43.0 24,080 0.0 0.0 1.0 243.2
MN 55 36.0 1,980 0.0 0.0 T T
MS 250 18.0 4,500 0.5 22.5 4.0 188.5 0.0 0.0
MO 1,500 32.0 48,000 T T 1.0 484.8 0.0 0.0
MT 1,800 40.0 72,000 T T T T 0.0 0.0
NE 2,100 32.0 67,200 0.1 69.0 2.5 1724.8
NM 320 25.0 8,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NY 110 49.0 5,390 0.0 0.0 T T
NC 480 40.0 19,200 0.0 0.0 3.0 593.8
ND 90 33.0 2,970 0.0 0.0 T T
OH 1,080 49.0 52,920 0.0 0.0 0.5 265.9
OK 5,000 28.0 140,000 1.0 1428.6 1.0 1428.6 0.0 0.0
OR 800 52.0 41,600 0.1 42.2 0.7 295.3 0.6 253.1
PA 175 44.0 7,700 0.0 0.0 0.1 7.7
SC 275 31.0 8,525 0.0 0.0 2.0 174.0
SD 1,300 35.0 45,500 0.0 0.0 5.0 2394.7
TN 320 24.0 7,680 T T 2.0 156.7
TX 2,800 30.0 84,000 0.1 84.9 1.0 849.3 0.0 0.0
VA 250 49.0 12,250 0.0 0.0 0.5 61.6
WA 700 58.0 40,600 0.5 212.6 2.0 850.3 2.0 850.3
WV 10 45.0 450 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0
WI 120 49.0 5,880 0.0 0.0 1.0 59.4
WY 190 29.0 5,510 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
____________________________________________________________________________
Total
38,945 1,349,745 5,178.5 43,088.5 1,586.0
Average 34.7 0.4 3.1 0.1
U.S. total
39,396 34.8 1,372,182
T(a) = Trace
Table 5. Estimated losses in spring and durum wheat due to rust in 1991
Spring Wheat
Losses due to
1,000 of Yield in Production Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
acres bushels in 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
State harvstd per acre of bushels % bushels % bushels % bushels
____________________________________________________________________________
CO 36 75.0 2,700 0.0 0.0 T(a) T 0.0 0.0
ID 460 71.0 32,660 0.5 165.8 0.5 165.8 0.5 165.8
MN 2,070 31.0 64,170 0.0 0.0 1.0 648.2
MT 2,400 34.0 81,600 T T T T T T
ND 6,850 31.0 212,350 0.0 0.0 T T
OR 46 50.0 2,300 0.1 2.3 0.0 14.0 0.5 11.6
SD 1,750 28.0 49,000 0.0 0.0 1.0 494.9
UT 23 49.0 1,127 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
WA 1,450 40.0 58,000 0.1 60.5 2.0 1209.6 2.0 1209.6
WI 7 34.0 238 0.0 0.0 T T
WY 4 30.0 120 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
____________________________________________________________________________
Total
15,096 504,265 228.6 2,532.5 1,387.0
Average 33.4 0.04 0.5 0.27
U.S. total
15,100 33.4 504,565
Durum Wheat
Losses due to
1,000 of Yield in Production Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
acres bushels in 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
State harvstd per acre of bushels % bushels % bushels % bushels
______________________________________________________________________________
AZ 39 95.0 3,705 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CA 32 105.0 3,360 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
MN 30 32.0 960 0.0 0.0 T T
MT 179 33.0 5,907 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ND 2,850 31.0 88,350 0.0 0.0 T T
SD 67 25.0 1,675 0.0 0.0 T T
______________________________________________________________________________
Total
3,197 103,957 0.0 T 0.0
Average 32.5 0.0 T 0.0
U.S. total
3,197 32.5 103,957
T(a) = Trace
-------------------------
USDA-ARS and Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, Department of
Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; USDA-ARS University of
Missouri
R.H. Busch, and R. Wilcoxson
Wheat Production , Breeding and Studies. Minnesota produced an
estimated 70 million bushels (1.93 million MT) from 2.1 million acres (0.97
million ha) harvested. The average yield of spring wheat in 1991 was
estimated to be 31 bu/A compared to an average yield of 44 bu/A in 1990 and
38 bu/A in 1989. Weather conditions were favorable for April seeding again
in 1991 but subsoil moisture was quite low. The main growing area received
an over abundance of rainfall late June and July. The Red River Valley was
quite dry in late May and most of June. Production was badly reduced
because of well above average temperatures in May and June (June, 1991 was
2nd highest average temperature in 100 years) and much higher than normal
humidity. The early varieties of spring wheat were favored, primarily
because tillering was reduced especially in the later heading varieties.
Scab was not a major problem in the main growing area but other diseases
were rampant in most of the state. Rainfall was abundant in the southwest
and central areas resulting in severe scab infection in these areas.
Bacterial leaf blight, tan spot, some leaf rust, some wheat streak mosaic,
and even Septoria nodorum were observed in field. Grain fill was poor
resulting in low test weight wheat even in areas where scab was not a
problem. Bread-making quality varies widely depending upon local growing
conditions.
A new cultivar `NORM' (MN85324), a line from the cross MN73167/MN81070
will be released in 1992. Norm is a high yielding semidwarf hard red spring
wheat with high test weight, resistance to leaf and stem rust, and stiff
straw. Norm has acceptable bread-making quality and percent grain protein
intermediate between Marshall and Vance and lower than Grandin.
The survey of wheat varieties grown in Minnesota in 1990 was not taken
but Marshall remained the major variety. Marshall is a later maturing
variety and did not perform well in 1991. It is expected that other
varieties such as Vance, Grandin, 2375, and Bergen will increase in acreage
significantly.
Scab screening by Roy Wilcoxson, Plant Pathology, in an inoculated
nursery has been conducted since 1983. The first several years were spent
developing field screening methodology to attempt to reduce the large
environmental effect on genotypes-scab infections. Frequently lines judged
to be tolerant one year are judged to be susceptible the next because time
of flower and incidence of infection must coincide before major infection
results. In the inoculated nursery, inoculum collected from at least 30
different sites in Minnesota is increased, and mixed in a sprayer. The
lines being evaluated are sprayed in the evening beginning when the first
heads of the earliest line start to emerge from the boot. The lines are
misted by irrigation at least for 1/2 hour after inoculation and for 1-2
hours daily until nearing maturity. Incidence and severity of Fusarium head
scab infection are determined by counting 50 random heads in each plot (3
replicates used) and determining affected spikes and percent of
spiklets/spike infected. Even using the inoculated nursery, several years
of data are required to ensure accuracy of readings. Susceptibility can be
determined in one year but tolerance needs multiple year's data. Upper-
midwestern cultivars and introduced varieties from China have been tested
for three years (Table 1). Only two introductions from China seem to have
potential tolerance equal to or better than the best upper midwestern
cultivars. In 1991 field observations of scab in the Minnesota Spring Wheat
Variety Trial were available at two locations. The results of these natural
condition ratings are compared with those from two years in the inoculated
nursery (Table 2). The cultivars with the least infection in 1991
correlated well between natural infection sites, but these results did not
necessary relate well with the inoculated nursery. Obviously, early heading
was an important escape factor in natural infection in 1991 natural
infection ratings. Introductions with the best tolerance appear to be Fan
#1 and Sumai #3. Marshall, Stoa, Butte 86, 2375, and several Minnesota
lines appear to offer promise for better tolerance to scab.
Table 1. Percentage of spiklets affected by Fusarium head blight in
selected midwestern spring wheat varieties and Germplasm lines from China
for 1989-1991 in an inoculated nursery at St. Paul, MN.
Entry 1989 1990 1991 Mean
---------------------------------------------------------
Mid-western
Butte 86 31c 8 8a 15.7
Chris 23b 14 15a 27.0
Guard 20b 8 15a 14.3
Marshall 32c 4 15a 17.0
Stoa 9a 6 11a 8.6
Wheaton 30c 13 32c 25.0
Chinese
Fan #1 16b 3 7a 8.7
Shanghai #3 41d 14 15a 23.3
Shanghai #5 32c 10 47d 29.7
Sumai #3 18b 5 7a 10.0
Suzhoe T3 31c 8 31c 23.3
YMI 6 31c 15 27c 24.3
-----------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Fusarium head blight index (incidence*severity) of upper
midwestern spring wheat varieties grown in inoculated nurseries at St.Paul
in 1990 and 1991 and natural infection visual ratings at Morris and St.
Paul.
Entry Index Rating 1991
Morris St. Paul
1990 1991 Mean Mean
------------------------------------------------------------------
Marshall 4.9 15.7 10.3 2.3
Wheaton 11.6 29.3 20.5 6.7
Minnpro 5.1 13.0 9.0 4.4
Vance 14.6 12.4 13.5 5.2
Len 7.6 14.4 11.0 3.7
Butte 86 8.2 1.8 5.0 3.0
Stoa 5.1 14.3 9.7 4.0
Grandin 14.8 6.0 10.4 5.4
Gus 3.0 15.5 9.3 4.0
Prospect 10.6 21.9 16.3 4.8
Sharp 19.0 5.7 12.4 3.9
Norseman 6.1 24.6 15.4 3.8
Nordic 6.1 16.3 11.2 3.8
Telemark 7.6 31.6 19.6 4.4
Fjeld 15.0 4.5 9.8 6.9
Bergen 12.8 24.7 18.8 4.5
2370 16.0 13.7 14.9 6.0
2375 13.6 30.6 22.1 2.5
W2501 17.0 31.6 24.3 6.4
Roblin 48.0 19.3 33.7 5.4
Shield 7.5 15.0 11.3 3.7
------------------------------------------------------------------
LSD 6.8 17.8 4.7 1.2
The Pioneer hard red spring wheat breeding program was discontinued in
1990, and breeding materials were distributed to North Dakota, South Dakota,
and Minnesota public breeding programs. Lines which passed rust testing and
agronomic evaluation were grown in an advanced trial in 1991.
Personnel. Graduate student Brent Delzer completed requirements for a
PhD. degree and has accepted a position as corn breeder with Northrup King
at Jaynesville, Wisconsin. Two new graduate students, Jocum Wiersma from
the Netherlands and Martin Fabrizius, have joined the project.
Publications
Abadie,T., R.H. Busch and J.P. Gustafson. 1991. The effect of 1B/1R on
traits of spring wheat. Agronomy Abstracts p.84.
Rines,H.W.,D.W. Davis and R.H. Busch. 1991. Use of male steriles in
producing haploid wheat and oat plants by wide cross hybridizations.
Agronomy Abstracts p.114.
Van Beuningen,L.T., and R.H. Busch. Cluster analysis of 300 North American
spring wheat cultivars. Agronomy Abstracts p.119.
-------------------------
MISSOURI
University of Missouri and USDA-ARS, Columbia
J. P. Gustafson, K. D. Kephart, G. Kimber, A. L. McKendry, H.
Aswidinnoor, J. E. Berg, D. Bittel, J. Chen, H. Daud, P. Goicoechea,
K. Houchins, F. Kidwaro, S. Madsen, J. Mehuys, J. Monte, K. Ross, D. N.
Tague, M. M. Tague, M. Wanous, R. Wilman, B. Winberg and Z.Zhou
Genetics and cytogenetics: Progress has been made in the development
of numerical methods of analysis of meiotic data from hybrids. New
computer programs have been written that allow the derivation of data from
incompletely documented meiotic analyses. In addition new theory has been
developed that allows the calculation of genomic affinities in situations
where previously only symmetrical relationships were analyzable.
Re-examination of previous data using the newly developed expressions has,
in most cases, confirmed previous conclusions. In some cases, new insights
have been gained into the differentiation of the genomes in various
polyploid species. New accessions of A- and D-genome autotetraploids have
been obtained and hybrids with these autotetraploids will allow the
investigation of the relationships of the A- and D-genome donors to
hexaploid wheat.
Seed of M, and T genome diploids (Triticum comosum and T. tripsacoides)
have been treated with colchicine to produce autotetraploids of these
species. The M-genome autotetraploid will be a vital tool for the
investigation of the Pivotal-differential evolutionary patterns in polyploid
wild wheat relatives.
New accessions of wild wheat species were grown, identified,
multiplied and added to the U.S.D.A. collections. Seed of wild species were
distributed to several workers in the U.S.A. and abroad.
In collaboration with Dr. R. Pienaar, a set of aneuploid stocks is
being created in the spring wheat "Pavon 76" from the International Maize
and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, program. This series has
been completed to backcross seven and is currently being checked against the
Chinese Spring monosomic series for any mistakes after which it will be made
available for use. Work is continuing on the development of a ditelocentric
series in the highly aluminum tolerant spring wheat "BH1146" and is
currently at the backcross 4 stage. This series will be utilized in
studying the genetics of aluminum tolerance in wheat as influenced by the
genes present in rye (Secale cereale L.). Genes and restriction fragment
length polymorphisms (RFLP) that have been isolated from the genomes of
wheat, rye, and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and are currently located on
various genetic linkage maps, are being placed onto physical maps by the
utilization of in situ hybridization techniques. At the present time 0.6 kb
unique sequence DNA fragments can be visualized. Genome-specific DNA
sequences are currently being isolated from the potential B genome donors of
hexaploid wheat. These sequences will be utilized for studies on the origin
of the B genome of hexaploid wheat as well as for use by plant breeders as
markers. The sequences isolated from Triticum tauschii have been showed to
be physically present and scattered along the length of seven chromosome
pairs of hexaploid wheat.
1991 Missouri Wheat Crop. Missouri's 1991 wheat crop was harvested from
1.55 million acres, down 23 percent from the wheat acreage harvested in
1990. The statewide average yield was 32 bu/acre, down from 47 and 38
bu/acre reported for the 1989 and 1990 crop years respectively. Average
yields by district ranged from a high of 40 bu/acre for the northwest crop
reporting district to a low of 22 bu/acre for the southcentral district.
Total production of the 1991 Missouri wheat crop was 48 million bushels.
Weather conditions were favorable for emergence and fall tillering
throughout the state. Above average rainfall throughout May combined with
normal temperatures, however, resulted in significant levels of powdery
mildew, Fusarium scab, bacterial streak and Septoria complex diseases.
Severe disease levels limited yields and reduced test weights throughout the
state.
The survey of wheat varieties grown in Missouri in 1991 was as follows:
Caldwell, 30.9%; Cardinal, 28.7%; Pioneer*, 27.9%; Coker*, 2.1%; AgriPro*,
1.6%; Arthur 71, 1.2%; Merschman*, 1.2%; all others, 4.4%. Names followed
by an asterisk include all varieties within the product line grown in
Missouri.
Genetic studies of newly identified sources of resistance to Septoria
tritici found among accessions of the wild wheats Triticum tauschii and T.
speltoides are currently underway. Direct hybrids obtained between
hexaploid soft red winter wheat cultivars and the S. tritici resistant T.
tauschii accession 2377 from the Kansas State Collection will be field
tested during the 1992 crop year.
Field studies on the impact of S. tritici on grain quality in soft red
winter wheat indicated that although S. tritici had a negative impact on
both milling and baking quality, the effect was greatest on milling quality
and its components. Results indicated that the varietal effect was more
important than test weight per se in determining milling quality of the
grain and that environment x cultivar effects, although highly significant,
were due primarily to changes in magnitude and not rank. This suggested
that screening for grain quality in early generations could be effectively
carried out in one environment.
Visitors: H. Guedes Pinto, Portugal; G. Butnaru, Romania; W. Bluthner,
Germany; R. Riley, England; S. Borojevic, Yugoslavia; and V.D. Reddy, India.
Publications
Kimber, G. 1990. Choice of the best method for the introduction of alien
variation in wheat. In: "Wheat breeding- Prospects and future approaches."
Ed. I. Panayotov. Varna, Bulgaria. In press.
Kimber, G. 1990. Chromosome pairing in hybrids: Basic studies and
practical application. Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Invited paper. In
Press.
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1991. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. I. Review of theory and optimization in triploids. Heredity.
In press.
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1991. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. II. Amended models for tetraploids. Heredity. In press.
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1991. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. III. Amended models for pentaploids. Heredity. In press.
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1991. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. IV. Utilizing data sets with merged figure classes. Heredity.
In press.
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1991. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. V. Second order models for tetraploids and pentaploids.
Heredity. In press.
Kimber, G. 1990. Editor: Proceedings Second International Symposium on
Chromosome Engineering in Plants. pp 346. University of Missouri-Columbia.
Jouve, N., McIntyre, C. L. and Gustafson, J. P. 1991. Chromosome
preparations from protoplasts: In situ hybridization banding pattern of a
dispersed DNA sequence in rye (Secale cereale L.). Genome 34: 524-527.
Aswidinnoor, H., Nelson, R. J., Dallas, J. F., McIntyre, C. L., Leungh, J.,
and Gustafson, J. P. 1991. Cloning and characterization of repetitive DNA
sequences from genomes of Oryza minuta and Oryza australiensis. Genome 34:
790-798.
Kephart, K.D., A.L. McKendry, D.N. Tague, J.E. Berg, C.L. Hoenshell. 1991.
1991 Missouri Winter Wheat Performance Tests. Special Report 429, Missouri
Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural
Resources, University of Missouri.
Kephart, K.D., A.L. McKendry, D.N. Tague, J.E. Berg. 1991. 1991 Missouri
Spring Oats Performance Tests. Special Report 436, Missouri Agricultural
Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources,
University of Missouri.
-------------------------
NEBRASKA
University of Nebraska and USDA-ARS, Lincoln
P. S. Baenziger*, C. J. Peterson* (USDA-ARS), R. A. Graybosch* (USDA-
ARS), D. R. Shelton*, L. A. Nelson*, D. D. Baltensperger*, D. J.
Lyons*, G.L. Hein*
Growing conditions and production. A below average crop was harvested
in 1991 with production estimated at 67.2 million bushels harvested from 2.1
million acres and with a state average of 32 bushels per acre. In eastern
Nebraska, a cool spring and excessive rains caused severe lodging, high
levels of powdery mildew and scab, and an epidemic of leaf rust which was
present throughout the state. Stem rust was present, but fortunately was
too late to damage the crop. However, other parts of Nebraska were droughty
and yields were reduced by insufficient moisture and heat. Unfortunately,
leaf rust appeared to change its pathogenic spectrum and formerly moderately
resistant wheats now appear to be susceptible. With this change in
virulence, few wheats are available that have good leaf rust resistance.
Redland (14.9% of the total acreage) replaced Siouxland as the most
popular variety in Nebraska. Redland is a selection from Brule (5.4% of the
total acreage), hence the combination of Redland and Brule are grown on
20.3% of the total acreage. Arapahoe has been quickly accepted by the
growers and increased from 1.8% of the acreage in 1990 to 8.5% in 1991.
-------------------------
P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson (USDA-ARS), D. R. Shelton, and D. D.
Baltensperger
Release of New Cultivars and Increase of New Experimental Lines. No new
cultivars were released in 1991. Rawhide was formally released in December
1990. Its pedigree is Warrior*5/Agent//Kavkaz/4/Parker*4/Agent//
Beloterkovskaia 198/Lancer/3/Vona. Currently, it appears to be a TAM107
replacement and has the variable performance and leaf rust susceptibility
that TAM107 is also known for in Nebraska.
Three experimental wheats are currently under large scale increase.
They are NE86501 [Colt/Cody], NE87612 [Newton//Warrior*5/Agent/3/NE69441]
and NE87615 [NE68513/NE68457//Centurk/3/Brule]. NE69441 is an Agate sib.
NE68513 is Warrior//Atlas 66/Cheyenne/3/Cheyenne/Ottawa. NE68457 is
Ponca/*2 Cheyenne/4/ IL#1-Chinese Spring 2*/Triticum timopheevi//Cheyenne-
Tenmarq-Michigan-Hope /3/ Sando 60.
NE86501 is a taller wheat (similar in height to Cody and Centura) with
moderately strong straw for a conventional height wheat, but less straw
strength than many short statured wheats. NE86501 is susceptible to leaf
rust, soilborne mosaic virus, and wheat streak mosaic virus; resistant to
stem rust (contains genes Sr6, Sr17, and Sr24); and moderately resistant to
Hessian fly. NE86501 has medium maturity. The test weight of NE86501 is
similar to Siouxland and superior to Redland or Brule. NE86501, if
released, would be targeted to areas where tall wheats are needed.
NE87612 is a medium height wheat (similar to Arapahoe and Brule) with
moderate straw strength. NE87612 is susceptible to leaf rust, and soilborne
mosaic and wheat streak mosaic viruses; resistant to the Great Plains
biotype of Hessian fly, and moderately resistant to stem rust (contains
genes Sr17, Sr24, and segregates for Sr6). NE87612 is a genetically lower
test weight wheat, though superior to Redland. If released, current
performance data would suggest it be targeted for dryland production in
western Nebraska. While adapted to many of the same areas as Arapahoe and
having satisfactory winterhardiness for Nebraska, NE87612 is not as
winterhardy as Arapahoe.
NE87615 is a "pretty" semidwarf. It is shorter than Arapahoe and Brule
with moderate straw strength. NE87615 has exhibited moderate resistance to
leaf rust (may be lost with recent leaf rust race changes), resistant to the
Great Plains Biotype of Hessian fly, and moderately resistant to stem rust
(contains genes Sr6, Sr17, and Sr36); and is susceptible to soilborne mosaic
virus. Its reaction to wheat streak mosaic virus needs further testing,
however, in the greenhouse it appears to be superior to Brule and Redland.
The winterhardiness of NE87615 is good, superior to NE87612. NE87615 is a
genetically lower test weight wheat, though superior to Redland. If
released, NE87615 would probably be targeted to southwest and western
Nebraska dryland wheat production though its short stature may pose problems
in droughty years. Its short stature is beneficial under irrigation which
preliminary data indicate NE87615 performs well.
-------------------------
P. S. Baenziger, W. R. Deaton (Monsanto Company), and D. M. Wesenberg
(USDA-ARS)
Doubled Haploid Breeding. We continue to work on improving the anther
culture systems for producing doubled haploid lines. We continue to define
the favorable effect of wheat starch as a gelling agent or nutrient in the
medium. The starch work has been coupled to research studying the effects
of sugars in the media by Mr. W. Navarro, a graduate student on the project.
It appears that maltose with starch is beneficial (particularly for removing
some of the genotype specificity of the anther culture system) when compared
to starch with the more commonly used disaccharide, sucrose.
We are in the process of analyzing an experiment which compares doubled
haploid lines from wheat anther culture to conventionally derived single
seed descent lines. Preliminary analyses, done by Ms. L. Oberthur (a
graduate student on the project), indicate the doubled haploid lines have
lower yield when compared to the single seed descent lines which indicates
the presence of deleterious gametoclonal variation. Previously, we had
reported deleterious gametoclonal variation in doubled haploids derived from
pure lines. However, other researchers have not found deleterious variation
in lines derived from a cross. Hence, we wondered if the genetic variation
in a cross is sufficiently large to mask any gametoclonal variation. For
this cross and this experiment, it appears that gametoclonal variation can
be identified.
-------------------------
B. Moreno-Sevilla, P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson (USDA-ARS), and R.
A. Graybosch (USDA-ARS)
Effect of 1B/1R on Agronomic Performance. Siouxland is an important
wheat in Nebraska and carries the 1BL/1RS translocation. To determine if
the 1BL/1RS translocation enhances yield, 60 F(3)-derived F(6) and F(7)
lines were randomly selected from the cross Siouxland x Ram, classified into
three groups (homozygous 1BL/1RS, heterogeneous 1BL/1RS, and homozygous 1B)
and evaluated in seven environments in Nebraska. The 1BL/1RS group averaged
9% higher yield than the homozygous 1B and heterogeneous lines. Hence the
1BL/1RS translocation did possess genes that enhanced yield. A recent
Nebraska release, Rawhide, is heterogeneous for 1BL/1RS. Future experiments
will examine the effect of 1BL/1RS in this more homogeneous background.
-------------------------
W. Stroup, Biometrics Department, D. Mulitze, Agronomix Software Inc.,
and P. S. Baenziger
Improved Statistical Analyses for Field Plot Research. Historically,
the wheat breeding effort has used randomized complete block designs for
their convenience and ease of analysis. With the advent of user friendly
software, more complex analytical tools to measure spatial variation are
available. In this study using three different breeding trials at four
locations, nearest neighbor analyses were found to be superior to randomized
complete block analyses. In the most extreme case, the nearest neighbor
techniques identified genetic variation among breeding lines while the
randomized complete block analysis was unable to identify genetic
differences. The greatest advantage was found in a low yielding environment
with wind erosion, winterkilling, and variable soils. These conditions are
notoriously hard to block, but common in western Nebraska which is a major
wheat producing area. While nearest neighbor analysis is common in Europe,
it is rare in the United States.
-------------------------
A. Ouassou, P. S. Baenziger, and J. Schmidt
Genetic Variation for Height in Durum Wheat. A diallel cross was made
between seven durum wheat lines representing semi-dwarf and tall wheats with
considerable height variation within each class. The height data was
analyzed using generation means analysis and classical genetics. Additive
gene effects predominated, though small dominance and additive by additive
effects were also identified. What was particularly surprising was the
overlap of lines within the semi-dwarf (determined by giberellic acid
response) and tall wheat class. The parents and progeny included tall semi-
dwarfs and "short" tall wheats.
-------------------------
A. Masrizal and P. S. Baenziger
Triticale Breeding Efforts. Nebraska has bred winter triticales for
the past 20 years. The goal of this program is to develop winterhardy, feed
grain triticales, and to use triticale as a source of genes for improving
winter wheat. Forage triticales are a recent objective.
Examples of triticale grain yields in Nebraska are:
Entry Yield (kg/h) Rank Rank Rank
Lincoln Sidney Average Lincoln Sidney Average
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TSW250783 3701 3906 3804 2 1 1
LAD285 4031 3387 3709 1 6 2
RYMIN RYE* 3026 3779 3402 13 3 3
NE90T405 3473 3104 3288 4 8 4
NE90T406 3551 2884 3218 3 12 5
REDLAND* 2959 3408 3183 15 4 6
SIOUXLAND* 2439 3830 3135 28 2 9
PRESTO 3248 2836 3041 9 13 12
NEWCALE 2851 2288 2570 20 20 22
TRICAL 1709 1519 1613 33 31 32
GRAND MEAN 2891 2596 2744
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Rye or wheat check cultivars.
From the yield data three points are clear. First, winterkilling was
minimal at Lincoln and Sidney, hence lines which previously have been
injured survived well at both locations. Secondly, the key to improved
triticale varieties is access to improved triticale germplasm (the two
highest yielding triticales are European triticales). Thirdly, winter
triticale with high yield potential is available and may be useful as a feed
grain or forage crop.
-------------------------
C. J. Peterson (USDA-ARS), R. A. Graybosch (USDA-ARS), P. S.
Baenziger, and D. R. Shelton
Release of 'N86L177' Hard Red Winter Wheat Germplasm. 'N86L177' (PI
559717) was selected and released as germplasm by USDA-ARS and University of
Nebraska based on its superior grain protein concentrations and excellent
bread-making qualities. It was derived from the cross 'Nap Hal'/
'Lancer'//'Karlik 1'/3/'NS 622'/4/'Centurk'/'GK-Tiszataj'/2/'Plainsman V',
made in 1980. Grain protein concentrations of N86L177 average 5 g/kg higher
than 'Karl', 16 g/kg higher than 'Siouxland', and 24 g/kg higher than
'Redland'. N86L177 has very long dough mixing requirements, approximately
0.5 min longer than Karl, accompanied by high levels of mixing tolerance.
In bread-making evaluations, N86L177 has shown superior loaf volume
potential combined with excellent external and internal loaf grain and
texture properties when compared with Karl and commonly grown Nebraska
varieties. N86L177 is an awned, white-glumed, short wheat. It is equal in
height to Karl with similar to slightly earlier maturity. Its
winterhardiness is better than 'TAM-200' and slightly less than Karl.
N86L177 has moderately erect leaves, very stiff straw, and is lower
tillering than commonly grown Nebraska varieties. Grain yield of N86L177
averaged 87% of the Nebraska varieties Redland and Siouxland and 85% of
Karl. Its grain yield is superior to Redland and Siouxland under conditions
favoring high levels of lodging. Its test weight is higher than Redland or
Siouxland, but less than Karl. N86L177 was entered in the 23rd
International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery for evaluation in 1991.
-------------------------
D. R. Shelton
Computerization of Mixograph. The Nebraska Wheat Quality Laboratory
has been working closely with the National Manufacturing Division of TMCO,
Lincoln, Nebraska, to develop various ways to computerize the output of the
Mixograph. One method is to convert the Mixogram chart into a digital
format using a flatbed scanner. A computer program has been written that
takes this digital output from the scanner and performs analysis on the
Mixogram curve. Peak height and time along with a number of other
parameters are determined by using the computer rather than subjective
interpretations. The program is being evaluated and modified at this time
to remove errors and enhance user friendliness.
-------------------------
J. H. Lee, R. A. Graybosch (USDA-ARS), and C. J. Peterson (USDA-ARS)
Improving the Quality of 1RS Wheats. To assess the effects of genetic
background on end-use quality of wheats carrying wheat-rye translocations,
mixograph properties, SDSS volumes and flour protein concentrations of 1RS
wheats were compared to those of non-1RS and heterogeneous sister lines
obtained from 12 breeding populations (total 726 lines). Quality
characteristics were examined in relation to genetic background as measured
by SDS-PAGE analysis of glutenin proteins, and to flour protein molecular
weight distribution as measured by size-exclusion chromatography. In 10 of
12 populations, quality characteristics were significantly higher in non-1RS
lines than in 1RS wheats; in the remaining two populations, no differences
in quality parameters were observed. Heterogeneous lines were intermediate
in quality between 1RS and non-1RS lines. In 11 of 12 populations, the
amount of glutenin protein was higher in non-1RS wheats, and, in all
populations, levels of salt-water soluble proteins were higher in 1RS
wheats. Twelve lines were selected as possessing both enhanced end-use
quality (when compared to currently grown 1AL/1RS and 1BL/1RS cultivars) and
suitable agronomic attributes. These lines have been planted for additional
testing/observation in 1992.
-------------------------
R. French (USDA-ARS) and N. L. Robertson (USDA-ARS)
Cereal Virology. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed
to generate ca.2 kbp cDNA fragments from the RNA genomes hordeum mosaic
virus (HoMV), two strains of agropyron mosaic virus (AgMV), and wheat streak
mosaic virus (WSMV). Sequences of a portion of the NIb and the entire coat
protein gene and 3'-noncoding region of these suggest that HoMV and AgMV are
more similar to each other than to WSMV. Sequence data were also used to
develop specific PCR primers for diagnostic tests for WSMV, AgMV, and HorMV.
We now routinely use PCR for identifying theses viruses and the five major
strains of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Over 100 fields were surveyed
in Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming in
late Spring of 1991. WSMV and BYDV-PAV strain were the only viruses
detected.
Personnel. Dr. Yang Yen joined the wheat cytogenetics project and is
developing recombinant chromosome lines and studying wheat RNases. Mr.
Necdet Budak, a Ph.D. student from Turkey, who is sponsored by Rotary
International, joined the wheat breeding project and will probably work on
determining factors affecting plant height in winter wheat, with particular
emphasis on developing tall wheats for western Nebraska. Dr. Fawzy Fathy
Saad, from Cairo University, worked on the wheat breeding project for five
months to learn new breeding methods. Mr. Ouyang Jen-wen, from the Academia
Sinica in Beijing, China, spent three months working on ways to improve
wheat anther culture. Marizanne Hugo, from Stellenbosch University, South
Africa, joined the project and will work for one year on heat stress
tolerance in winter wheat. Chaohui Wang arrived in December, 1991 to pursue
a Ph.D degree in Plant Pathology. She will work on wheat virus molecular
genetics in the USDA Wheat Virology program.
Publications
Baenziger, P. S. and T. G. Berke. 1991. The past and future of chromosome
engineering. In G. Kimber (ed.) Proceedings of the 2nd Internat. Symp. on
Chromosome Engineering in Plants. August 13-15, 1990, Columbia,
Missouri. pp. 90-98.
Baenziger, P. S., V. D. Keppenne, M. R. Morris, C. J. Peterson, and P.
J.Mattern. 1991. Quantifying gametoclonal variation in wheat doubled
haploids. Cereal Res. Comm. 19:33-42.
Baenziger, P. S. and J. W. Schmidt. 1991. Registration of 'Newcale' winter
triticale. Crop Sci. 31:489-490.
Berke, T. G. and P. S. Baenziger. 1992. Portable and desktop computer
integrated field book and data collection system for agronomists. Agron. J.
84:119-121.
Eskridge, K. M. and C. J. Peterson. 1991. Selection for quality traits in
wheat based on probability of the traits falling within established limits.
Agronomy Abstracts.
Graybosch, R. A., C. J. Peterson, W. D. Worrall, D. R. Shelton, and A.
Lukaszewski. 1991. Comparative quality characteristics of 1BL/1RS and
1AL/1RS wheat-rye translocation lines. Agronomy Abstracts.
Graybosch, R., C. J. Peterson, K. Moore, and M. Stearns. 1991. Flour
quality evaluation among hard red wheats: an integrated biochemical
approach. Cereal Foods World.
Graybosch, R. A. The high-molecular-weight glutenin composition of U.S.
winter wheats and parental lines. Crop Science. Accepted 2-9-92.
Griffey, C. A., C. J. Peterson, and P. J. Mattern. Wheat protein
concentrations after two cycles of divergent selection for seed density.
Crop Science. Accepted 8-6-91.
Jackson, A. O., Petty, I. T. D., Jones, R. W., Edwards, M. C., and French,
R. 1991. Analysis of barley stripe mosaic virus pathogenicity. Seminars in
Virology 2:107-119.
Jackson, A. O., Petty, I. T. D., Jones, R. W., Edwards, M. C., and French,
R. 1991. Molecular genetic analysis of barley stripe mosaic virus
pathogenicity determinants. Can. J. of Plant Pathol. 13:163-177.
Lee, J., R. A. Graybosch, and C. J. Peterson. 1991. Relationships between
genetic background and quality characteristics of 1RS wheats. Agronomy
Abstracts.
Masrizal, R. L. Simonson, and P. S. Baenziger. 1991. Response of different
wheat tissues to increasing doses of ethyl methanesulfonate. Plant Cell,
Tissue and Organ Culture 26:141-146.
Moreno, B., P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson, and R. A. Graybosch. 1991.
Effect of the 1B/1R translocation on agronomic performance of hard red
winter wheat in Nebraska. Agronomy Abstracts.
Niaz, N., C. J. Peterson, and R. A. Graybosch. 1991. Accumulation of
protein within solubility classes during grain fill in hard red winter wheat
cultivars. Cereal Foods World.
Niaz, N., C. J. Peterson, and R. A. Graybosch. 1991. Influence of cultivar
and N fertilization on accumulation of protein components during grain fill
in hard red winter wheat. Agronomy Abstracts.
Peterson, C. J., R. A. Graybosch, P. S. Baenziger, and A. W. Grombacher.
1992. Genotype and environment effects on quality characteristics of hard
red winter wheat. Crop Science 32:98-103.
Peterson, C. J. Similarities among test sites based on cultivar performance
in the hard red winter wheat region. Crop Science. Accepted 12-26-91.
Primard, S., R. Graybosch, C. J. Peterson, and J. H. Lee. 1991.
Relationships between gluten protein composition and end-use quality in
four populations of high protein hard red winter wheat. Cereal Chem.
68:305-312.
Robertson, N. L., French, R., and Gray, S. M. 1991. Use of group-specific
primers and the polymerase chain reaction for the detection and
identification of luteoviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1473-1477.
Rybczynski, J. J., R. L. Simonson, and P. S. Baenziger. 1991. Wheat
morphogenesis in anther culture using starch as a gelling agent. In Vitro
Cell. Dev. Biol. 27P:168-174.
-------------------------
NEW YORK
Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca
M. E. Sorrells* and W. R. Coffman*
1991 Winter Wheat Production: The 1991 soft white winter wheat crop
for New York was 110,000 acres, down about 35,000 acres from 1990. Yield
was estimated to be 49 b/a, identical to 1990 and down 9 b/a from the record
yield of 1985. The 1991 growing season was 1 to 3øF warmer than normal.
Record levels of precipitation were received for March and April were
followed by a very dry May and June.
Soft White Winter Wheat: Harus, Houser, and Geneva are cultivars currently
recommended to New York farmers. No new cultivars are pending release;
however, we are increasing seed of two preharvest sprouting resistant
advanced selections that are candidates.
Soft Red Winter Wheat: Susquehanna soft red winter wheat was first
available to farmers for 1991 production and production reports were
favorable.
Hard Red Spring Wheat: Production of hard red spring wheat continues at a
low level. Stoa and lines related to Stoa have demonstrated very good
milling and baking quality and yield performance. We are currently testing
cultivars and breeding lines from other regions as well as powdery mildew
resistant selections from our own program. We plan to propose a release
sometime this year.
RFLP Mapping: Development of hypervariable hybridization probes and
mapping techniques for wheat: The level of polymorphism among common wheat
varieties is very low when randomly chosen clones are used for RFLP studies.
Therefore we have initiated work to determine if other technical approaches
could be useful for obtaining higher levels of polymorphism in wheat. We are
in the process of investigating how well the so called 'GA-mapping
technique' (Weber & May, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 44: 388-396 (1989)) works in
wheat. This technique is based on a PCR reaction.with primers flanking
genomic (GA)n or (GT)n sites.
We recently received a genomic wheat lambda library from Dr. Olin
Anderson (USDA, Albany, CA). By probing this library with synthetic (GA)n
and (GT)n sequences we determined the frequency of (GA)n sites as being 3.6
x 104 per haploid wheat genome and the frequency of (GT)n sites as 2.3 x
104. We have purified several phages containing (GA)n and (GT)n sites and
are currently in the process of subcloning them. It is also planned to
screen the wheat phage library with the Jeffrey's minisatellite probes in
order to try to pull out hypervariable single copy clones containing
stretches of minisatellite sequences. (Dr. M Roder, Post-doctorate)
A-genome mapping: We just received F2 seed from two intraspecific T.
boeoticum crosses from Prof. Ananiev (Moscow, USSR). Previous RFLP studies
have shown, that the parents involved show ca. 50 % polymorphism by
surveying with one enzyme (Eco RI). We plan to grow these populations for
another generation and use DNA of pooled F3 families for constructing a RFLP
map of the A-genome. (Dr. M Roder)
Development of a Chromosomal Arm Map for Wheat Based on RFLP Markers* - J.A.
Anderson, Y. Ogihara, M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley: A chromosomal arm
map has been developed for common wheat using aneuploid stocks to locate
more than eight hundred restriction fragments corresponding to 210 low copy
DNA clones from barley cDNA, oat cDNA, and wheat genomic libraries. The
number of restriction fragments per chromosome arm correlates moderately
well with relative DNA content and length of somatic chromosomes. The
chromosomal arm locations of loci detected with six different clones support
an earlier hypothesis for the occurrence of a two-step translocation (4AL to
5AL, 5AL to 7BS, and 7BS to 4AL) in the ancestral wheat genomes. In
addition, one clone revealed the presence of a 5AL segment translocated to
4AL. Anomalies in aneuploid stocks were also observed and can be explained
by intrahomoeologous recombination and polymorphisms among the stocks. We
view the development of this chromosomal arm map as a complement to, rather
than as a substitute for a conventional RFLP linkage map in wheat.
* Theor. Appl. Genet. Accepted
Use of DNA markers to identify genomic regions associated with
pre-harvest sprouting resistance in white wheat: Our objective is to
identify genomic regions associated with resistance to pre-harvest sprouting
(PHS) in two single-seed descent populations using DNA markers. One
population is from the cross of NY 6432-18 (moderately resistant) X Clark's
Cream (highly resistant). The second population is from a cross between
closely related lines, NY 6432-18 and NY 6432-10 (susceptible). Both
populations have been evaluated for PHS for two years with three locations
per year by examining physiologically mature spikes under simulated
rainfall. Both populations are being grown out for another year of
evaluation in 1992. RFLP probes are currently being used to identify
polymorphisms that are associated with PHS. To date, 110 RFLP clones have
been probed onto filters containing parents and a bulk of the 5 most
resistant and susceptible individuals in each population digested with 4
restriction enzymes. Thus far, 3 of these clones reveal restriction
fragment polymorphism associated with resistance in these populations.
Putative markers will be verified on a larger sample of single-seed descent
lines from each population. (J.A. Anderson, Ph.D. student)
RFLP Tagging of Two Hessian Fly-Resistant Genes in Wheat from Triticum
tauschii - Z.-Q. Ma, B. S. Gill (Kansas State Univ.), M. E. Sorrells, S. D.
Tanksley: RFLP markers linked to loci controlling Hessian fly-resistance
from Triticum tauschii were identified for two wheat germplasm lines
KS89WGRC3 and KS89WGRC6. Forty-six clones with loci on chromosomes of
homoeologous group 3 and 28 clones on those of group 6 were surveyed for
polymorphisms. Eleven and twelve clones detected T. tauschii loci in the two
lines, respectively. Analysis of F2 progenies indicated that the Hessian fly
resistance gene H23 identified in KS89WGRC3 is linked to XksuH4 (7.0cM) and
XksuG48(A) (13.7cM), located on 6D. The resistance gene H24 in KS89WGRC6 is
linked to XcnlBCD451 (5.9cM), XcnlCDO482 (5.9cM) and XksuG48(B) (12.9cM),
located on 3DL.
Leaf Rust gene tagging: Putative markers were detected for six leaf
rust resistant genes and one stem rust gene. The genes with putative
markers and the number of markers for each of them is as follows: Lr19 (3),
Lr20 (7), Lr24 (4), Lr28 (10), Lr32 (2), Lr36 (3), and Sr35 (3). For Lr9, a
leaf rust gene located near the centromere in chromosome 6B, no putative
marker has been detected, as well as for two new genes transferred from Ae.
squarrosa (Lr3y and Lr3x) and for Lr21.
Dr. Alan Roelfs, at the Cereal Rust Laboratory, is running the initial
screenings for the selection of the rust races to be used for the screening
of the segregating populations for each one of the genes. F3 lines were
produced for each one of the isolines tested for polymorphism. These
segregating populations will be used to estimate linkages between probes and
resistance gene. (E. Autrique, Ph.D. student)
Durum survey: Ten landraces and 32 cultivars were surveyed for RFLPs. From
39 probes, 31 showed polymorphism using three different enzymes. Landraces
showed greater level of polymorphism than the cultivars and advanced lines.
RFLP data was used to calculate the genetic distance between the 42
genotypes and generate a dendrogram. Five different clusters were found.
In one of them, three of the ten landraces were clustered within a group of
cultivars, and six other landraces were grouped in a separate cluster. One
landrace from the middle east region showed the greatest genetic distance to
all the other genotypes.
The three landraces that were clustered with the bred cultivars were
originally collected in North Africa. Based on the coefficient of parentage
(COP), one of them is present as ancestral parent in most of the cultivars
evaluated in this study. Thus, the genetic distance between these north
African landraces is not very large. Another landrace, Haurani, that has
been used recently in crosses was grouped within the landrace cluster,
showing a larger distance to the cultivated genotypes.
A matrix of COP that compares all cultivars and advanced lines was
generated. The COP values and the Nei genetic distance were use in
correlation analysis and the correlation coefficient was significant but low
(R2=.15).
From this information, we conclude that the COP does not accurately
predict the genetic differences between any two individuals. The
assumptions used to calculate the COP values, do not consider the effect of
selection and assume an equal initial relationship for two unrelated
cultivars or for a cultivar and a wild species.
Pedigrees of cultivars trace back to 42 different ancestral lines that
include landraces, wild relatives and some improved varieties. Testing the
ancestral genotypes for the same probes would enable us to detect the effect
from selection and to identify the major contributors of the recently
developed cultivars. (E. Autrique)
-------------------------
Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
G.C. Bergstrom*, J.E. Carroll, D.W. Kalb, A.M.C. Schilder, and D. Shah
Winter wheat pathology research:
Agricultural scale evaluation of Baytan seed treatment and Tilt foliar
application on winter wheat occurred on three western and central New York
farms in 1990-91. Baytan-treated crops yielded 2, 0, and 4 bushels of grain
per acre more than did crops from Vitavax 200-treated seed, representing a
negative average return over variable costs for New York growers in 1991, a
year with minimal foliar disease pressure. Tilt application also produced a
negative average
return over variable costs, reinforcing extension recommendations that
foliar fungicides be applied only if warranted by level of disease observed
at flag leaf emergence.
In a field test in Ithaca, NY, under natural infection, the Kansas
wheat breeding lines U1273-5-18-3 and U1266-4-11-6 and the hard red winter
wheat cultivar Century appeared to be as or more resistant to wheat spindle
streak mosaic virus as the resistant soft white winter wheat cultivar
Geneva. The test provided an extremely stringent selection for resistance.
Research continues in collaboration with Dr. Peter Ueng (ARS,
Beltsville, MD) to develop RFLP probes for Stagonospora nodorum. Genetic
fingerprinting is being used for studies of the epidemiology of Septoria
nodorum blotch of wheat. Graduate students Annemiek Schilder and Denis Shah
are completing thesis projects on the epidemiology of tan spot and Septoria
nodorum bloth of winter wheat, respectively, both emphasizing the role of
seedborne inoculum in initiation of epidemics. Juliet Carroll has initiated
a thesis project addressing fundamental aspects of the interaction between
wheat spindle streak mosaic virus, its vector Polymyxa graminis, and wheat.
Publications
Anderson, J.A., Y. Ogihara, M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1992.
Development of a chromosomal arm map for wheat based on RFLP markers. Theor.
Appl. Genet. In Press.
Bergstrom, G.C., D.W. Kalb, and W.J. Cox 1991. Effects of Baytan seed
treatment on powdery mildew, leaf spots, and yield of winter wheat in farm
scale plots in New York, 1990. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:281.
Heun, M., A.E. Kennedy, J.A. Anderson, N.L.V. Lapitan, M.E. Sorrells, and
S.D. Tanksley. 1991. Construction of an RFLP map for barley (Hordeum vulgare
L.). Genome 34:437-446.
Kalb, D.W., G.C. Bergstrom, and M.E. Sorrells. 1991. Effects of planting
date, and foliar-and seed-applied fungicides on eyespot of winter wheat in a
continuous wheat culture site with a history of foot rot diseases, 1990.
Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:207.
Miller, N.R., G.C. Bergstrom, and S.M. Gray. 1991. Identify, prevalence,
and distribution of viral diseases of winter wheat in New York in 1988 and
1989. Plant Dis. 75:1105-1109.
Minella E., and M.E. Sorrells. 1992. Aluminum tolerance in barley: Genetic
relationships among genotypes of diverse origin. Crop Sci. In Press.
Paolillo, D.J., Jr., M.E. Sorrells, and G.J. Keyes. 1991. Gibberellic acid
sensitivity determines the length of the extension zone in wheat leaves.
Ann. Bot. 67:479-485.
Paterson, A.H., S.D. Tanksley, and M.E. Sorrells. 1991. DNA Markers in plant
improvement. Adv. Agron. 46:40-90.
Roder, M.S.,M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1992. 5S ribosomal gene
clusters in wheat: pulsed field gel electrophoresis reveals a high degree of
polymorphism. PNAS:In Press.
Schilder, A.M.C. and G.C. Bergstrom. 1991. Effects of wheat genotype,
growth stage, and foliar disease severity on incidence of seed infection by
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Phytopathology 81:1146-1147.
Schilder, A.M.C. and G.C. Bergstrom. 1992. A low-cost spore trap for
sampling at multiple field sites. Phytopathology 82:247.
Shah, D. and G.C. Bergstrom. 1991. Extensive occurrence of seedborne
Stagonospora nodorum in New York winter wheat. Phytopathology 81:1146.
Sorrells, M.E. 1991. New technologies and their application to wheat
breeding in warmer areas. Wheat for the Non-Traditional Warmer Areas.
UNDP/CIMMYT Intl. Conf. Iguazu Falls, Brazil, July 29-Aug. 3, 1990.
Ueng, PP., R.M. Slay, E.A. Geiger, G. Shaner, A.L. Scharen, and G.C.
Bergstrom. 1991. RFLP maps in the fungus Stagonospora nodorum, a causal
agent of wheat glume blotch disease. Phytopathology 81:1229.
Wu, K.K., W. Burnquist, M.E. Sorrells, T.L. Tew, P.H. Moore, and S.D.
Tanksley. 1991. The detection and estimation of linkage in polyploids using
single-dose restriction fragments. Theor. Appl. Genet. In Press.
-------------------------
NORTH CAROLINA
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
R.E. Jarrett,* S.Leath and J.P. Murphy
PRODUCTION. During the 1991 growing season, seeding was 90 percent
complete by the end of November which was approximately three weeks earlier
than in 1990. Temperatures were again above normal throughout the growing
season, particularly January through May. Rainfall was normal (25 inches)
during the growing season (November-May). Management practices were
implemented at the appropriate times. As usual, diseases were very
prevalent. Powdery mildew was the most prevalent disease although leaf rust
and glume blotch were evident as well. There was also a greater number of
incidences with the Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus occurring over the state.
Harvesting occurred 7 to 10 days earlier than normal and was 90 percent
complete by the end of June. Test weights were low to average, but not as
low as in other areas of the Southeast.
Production from the 1991 winter wheat crop was 19.2 million bushels, a
decrease of 15 percent from last year's (1990) 22.55 million bushels. The
total acreage harvested for grain was 480,000, a 13 percent decrease from
the 550,000 acres harvested in 1990. The 1991 state average yield, was 40
bushels per acre, only one less than last year. Wheat contributed
approximately $50.9 million to the economy of North Carolina in 1991.
Data from the USDA-ARS International Winter Wheat Powdery Mildew
Program indicate that genes Pm4b and Pm17 remain effective in the Southeast.
Virulence to Pm1 is now widespread and virulent to Pm8 is increasing and it
can no longer be considered effective. No virulence to the recently
developed lines carrying Pm12 and Pm16 has been detected.
Field studies concerning yield relationships between powdery mildew,
leaf rust and wheat yields continue. Population genetic studies with the
powdery mildew fungus and a study to quantify somaclonal variation in soft
wheat continue.
PERSONNEL CHANGES: Dr. K. L. Everts has left her post-doctoral
position to join the program at Busch Agricultural Resources, Inc. as a
plant pathologist; she has been replaced by Dr. C. Garcia, a recent graduate
of Dr. David Marshall's program at Texas A&M.
REFERENCES:
Bowen, K. L., Everts, K. L., and Leath, S. 1991. Reduction in yield of
winter wheat in North Carolina due to powdery mildew and leaf rust.
Phytopathology 81:503-511.
Leath, S., Bruckner, P. L., and Wilson, J. P. 1991. Reaction of winter oat
germ plasm to an epidemic of oat powdery mildew. Plant Dis. 75:807-809.
Leath, S. 1991. Screening the virulence of Erysiphe graminis DC, Ex Merat
f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal in mobile nurseries. Plant Prot. 42:21-31.
-------------------------
NORTH DAKOTA
Crop & Weed Sciences Dept., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND.
E.M. Elias*, D.K. Steiger, O. Olmedo-Arcega, N. Nasrellah, A. Stancyk,
and C.M. Rystedt
1991 Durum Wheat Production. North Dakota growers produced 88.4
million bushels (2.4 million MT) of durum which was 85% of the total U.S.
production. Both the North Dakota and national production was down 15% from
1990. The average yield of durum in 1991 was estimated to be 31 bu/A
compared to an average yield of 34.0 bu/A in 1990. Producers harvested 2.85
million acres (1.54 million ha), a 9% decrease from 1990.
Weather conditions were favorable for timely planting and rainfall was
adequate to above average for the main durum growing region of ND in 1991.
Disease pressure was relatively intense with tan spot (Pyrenophora
tritici-repentis), scab (Fusarium spp.), septoria (Septoria nodorum), and
bacterial stripe (Xanthomonas translucens) being the most prevalent. Yields
in the southeastern part of the state may have been affected by a moderate
greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) infestation early in the growing
season. There were also localized moderate infestations of Hessian fly
(Mayetiola destructor (Say)).
The 1991 survey of durum cultivars grown in North Dakota by percentage
of acreage was as follows: Monroe, 1985 ND release, 20%; Medora, 1984
Canadian release, 17%; Renville, 1988 ND release, 15%; Vic, 1979 ND release,
12%; Sceptre, 1985 Canadian release, 8%; Rugby, 1973 ND release, 7%; Ward,
1972 ND release, 5%; Cando, 1975 ND release, 4%; Fjord, 1987 Western Plant
Breeders release, 4%; Crosby, 1973 ND release, 2%; and Laker, 1986 Western
Plant Breeders release, 2%. The cultivar Monroe has occupied the largest
percentage of acreage for the past three years.
Langdon (dicoccoides) x Vic Population Study. The durum project
studied the potential of using Langdon (dicoccoides) [LDN(DIC)] substitution
lines as parents for deriving lines with increased protein content and
acceptable gluten strength. The F4 and F5 lines derived from 14 populations
developed by crossing each of the LDN(DIC) substitution lines to a common
male parent VIC were evaluated at two locations in 1989 and 1991,
respectively. A base population LDN/VIC was also developed.
Parents and lines were grown in replicated trials and evaluated for yield,
kernel weight, heading date, height, grain protein, and sedimentation
volume.
The LDN and VIC parents had equivalent protein content but VIC had
significantly greater sedimentation volume than LDN. Three populations
(those with DIC-5A, DIC-3B, and DIC-4B) were significantly higher yielding
than the base population. Populations were significantly shorter in height
(except that with DIC-3A) and earlier in heading (except that with DIC-5B)
than the mean of the base population. Eight populations had mean kernel
weights significantly greater than the base. Two populations (those with
DIC-7A, and DIC-1B) had mean sedimentation volumes significantly greater
than the base but far less than VIC. Six of the populations had mean protein
content significantly greater than the base population (Table 1) and all had
lines with significantly greater protein content than the highest protein
line of the base. The level of genetic variance in populations
LDN(DIC-5B/VIC and LDN(DIC-6B)/VIC versus the base indicates the use of
LDN(DIC-5B) and LDN(DIC-6B) as parents may result in measurable gain from
selection among derived lines for increased grain protein content.
Table 1. Mean protein content and genetic variance of populations with
significantly greater grain protein than the base population and minimum &
maximum performance of lines within populations evaluated at two locations
in 1989 and 1991, respectively.
Total
Population # of Pop'n Line Means Genetic
Pedigree Lines Mean Min. Max. Variance
----------------------------------------------------------
LDN(1A)/VIC 47 15.82** 14.1 17.8 .13 +/- .04
LDN(2A)/VIC 46 15.63* 14.0 17.7 .112 +/- .042
LDN(3A)/VIC 47 15.68** 14.2 17.4 .08 +/- .043
LDN(6A)/VIC 46 15.74** 12.6 17.3 .168 +/- .05
LDN(5B)/VIC 32 15.88** 14.5 17.5 .213 +/- .053
LDN(6B)/VIC 32 15.90** 14.1 18.0 .354 +/- .063
LDN/VIC 34 15.56 14.3 16.9 .088 +/- .052
Parent LDN 15.66 15.3 16.1
Parent VIC 15.47 15.3 16.0
----------------------------------------------------------
Recurrent selection for grain yield. Nineteen semidwarf durum
genotypes were intermated in a partial diallel in 1982 to initiate the base
population. Fifty-five randomly selected S3 lines each from C0, C1 and C2
were evaluated at two locations in 1989. A significant 6.5% increase in
grain yield was observed from C0 to C2. Plants were 4.4 cm taller whereas
no changes occurred in days to heading. Lines with high grain yield were
recovered with higher frequency in C2 than in C0 or C1. Mean grain yield of
top 10% lines in C2 exceeded the highest yielding check (Table 2). No
reduction in genetic variability was observed, in fact, a significant amount
of genetic variability was present in C2. The genetic variability in this
population should allow further development of high yielding semidwarf durum
wheat cultivars.
Table 2. Mean of selected agronomic traits for the top 10% of lines from
cycle 0, 1 and 2 and checks of recurrent selection for grain yield.
Grain Days to Plant
Cycle/checks Yield Heading Height
kg/ha days cm
----------------------------------------------
CO 3248 56 73
C1 3140 56 74
C2 3519 56 78
Cando 2833 56 64
Lloyd 2988 58 67
Laker 3406 57 72
Yav-79 3184 55 62
----------------------------------------------
Publications and presentations at meetings
Cantrell, R.G., and L.R. Joppa. 1991. Genetic analysis of quantitative
traits in wild emmers (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides). Crop Sci.
31:645-649.
Joppa, L.R., and R.G. Cantrell. 1990. Chromosomal location of genes for
grain protein content of wild tetraploid wheat. Crop Sci. 30:1059-1064.
Joppa, L.R., G.A. Hareland, and R.G. Cantrell. 1991. Quality
characteristics of the Langdon durum-dicoccoides chromosome substitution
lines. Crop Sci. 31:1513-1517.
Nsarellah, N., E.M. Elias, and R.G. Cantrell. 1991. Relationship of growth
stage and expression of tan spot in wheats. Agron. Abstr. 83:108.
Olmedo-Arcega, O., E.M. Elias, and R.G. Cantrell. 1991. Recurrent
selection for grain yield in durum wheat. Agron. Abstr. 83:109.
Steiger, D.K., E.M. Elias, L.R. Joppa, and R.G. Cantrell. 1991. Quality
evaluation of lines derived from crosses of Langdon (T. dicoccoides)
substitution lines to a common durum wheat. Agron. Abstr. 83:117.
-------------------------
Cereal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
B.L. D'Appolonia, K. Khan, C.E. McDonald, W.R. Moore, W. Pitz, Cereal
Science and Food Technology; B. Donnelly, Northern Crops Institute; G.
Hareland and L.A Grant, USDA/ARS Wheat Quality Laboratory.
General Activities: Foreign travel during 1991, was undertaken by Dr.
Bert D'Appolonia, Dr. Vernon Youngs, Dr. Brendan Donnelly and Mr. Truman
Olson representing the Department of Cereal Science and Food Technology.
Dr.'s D'Appolonia and Youngs travelled to Singapore in January of
1991, to present a Cereal Chemistry Short Course to milling representatives
from India, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand on behalf
of U.S. Wheat Associates.
Mr. Truman Olson, Cereal Technologist in Cereal Science and Food
Technology, participated in a number of seminars as a member of a crop
quality team presenting information on the quality of the 1991 HRS and durum
wheat crops in Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
Dr. Brendan Donnelly, Director of the Northern Crops Institute,
represented the Department of Cereal Science and Food Technology by
presenting seminars as a member of the crop quality team in several European
countries in November of 1991.
Faculty and staff of the department by invitation participated in short
courses presented by the Northern Crops Institute as well as giving
presentations to numerous trade team delegations.
A successful AACC short course entitled "Pasta and Durum Wheat Quality"
directed by Mr. Jim Jacobs, Technical Director of the Northern Crops
Institute was presented on behalf of the Cereal Science and Food Technology
Department during April of 1991.
Several new laboratories in the Harris Hall complex were occupied
during 1991, including the dedication of a baking-teaching laboratory.
Construction of a new Industrial Agriculture and Communications Center
is underway, the third floor of which will house Industrial Agriculture
research and the Food Science undergraduate program offered in the Cereal
Science and Food Technology program.
Three new staff and faculty appointments occurred in the department
during 1991. Dr. Wayne R. Moore has been named associate professor. Moore
has a Ph.D. from Kansas State University and will be engaged in hard red
spring quality and research starches. Walter Pitz was also named associate
professor in the department. Pitz has a Ph.D. from the University of
Saskatchewan and will be engaged in durum wheat and pasta research. William
L. Robinson was named Milling Specialist in a three-way appointment
including the Cereal Science and Food Technology Department, the Northern
Crops Institute and the USDA Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat Quality
laboratory.
Hard Red Spring and Hard Red Winter Wheat Research. Department of
Cereal Science and Food Technology continued to conduct evaluations of hard
red spring (HRS) and hard red winter (HRW) wheats. The majority of
evaluations were performed on a macro scale (Buhler- or Brabender Quad Sr.
and 100 g flour bake evaluations) or micro scale (Brabender Quad Jr. and 25
g flour bake test) and the requisite chemical and physical dough analyses to
adequately evaluate wheat and flour quality. Macro testing was performed on
23 HRS wheat flour samples for the Spring Wheat Quality Advisory Council and
11 hard red winter (HRW) wheat samples for the Wheat Quality Council. Large
scale testing of 30 HRS and 117 HRW samples from the plant breeding program
was completed. Small scale quality evaluation was performed on 481 HRS and
272 HRW samples from wheat breeders. Protein evaluations were conducted on
more than 1000 wheat samples grown at off-site locations in conjunction with
the various agriculture experiment stations. Falling number evaluations
were conducted on approximately 148, early generation materials for plant
breeders.
The Department of Cereal Science and Food Technology conducted the
four-state regional HRS wheat crop quality survey. More than 1300 samples
were collected throughout the region and utilized for the analysis. A
summary is provided below.
The HRS cargo sampling program evaluated 40 export cargos from ports of
Duluth/Superior, Pacific Northwest, and the Gulf Coast. An additional 148
cargo sublots were tested for U.S. Wheat Associates. The results of the
cargo sampling projects were prepared, published and distributed
periodically.
1991 Wheat Quality Summary
Hard Red Spring Wheat
Considerable variation in moisture and growing conditions was observed
throughout the four-state region this year. Spring wheat planting was
initiated earlier than long term average planting dates. Timely rainfall
during and after planting generally improved soil moisture conditions
throughout the region. The weather pattern could be characterized as warmer
than normal and more rainfall than normal. Certain areas that had adequate
to surplus moisture while others remained dryer than average.
The USDA estimated (October, 1991) the 1991 regional (Montana, North
Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota) production of hard red spring wheat to
be 407.2 million bushels (11.0 million metric tons). Estimated average
yield for the 1991 crop for the region was approximately 31 bushels per
acre, or 2.05 metric tons/hectare, which was also lower than the 1990 crop.
Average 1991 crop test weight for the region was 59.7 pounds per bushel
which was 1.2 pounds/bushel lower than last year. Approximately 71 percent
of the 1991 hard red spring wheat crop was graded U.S. No. 2 Northern Spring
or better, down from 83 % in the 1990 crop year. Wheat protein content
averaged 14.5 percent (12.0 percent moisture basis) for the four-state
region. Some crop reporting districts received high rainfall levels and
were subject to disease related problems such as scab. These areas were
generally isolated and not representative of the overall crop quality.
Average wheat falling number values (389 seconds) were indicative of a
generally sound crop with little sprout damage. Flour extraction and flour
ash, as determined no the Buhler experimental mill, were equivalent to the
1990 crop. Farinogram peak viscosity was lower and mixing tolerance was
slightly weaker than the 1990 crop. Baking properties for the 1991 hard red
spring wheat crop are considered good to very good. Dough handling was good
to very good for most of the flours evaluated. Loaf volume, grain and
texture, and both crumb and crust color values were equivalent to their
respective five-year average values.
Durum Wheat. Cereal Science and Food Technology conducted the eleventh
consecutive regional (Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota)
durum crop quality survey. Total durum production in this region was
estimated to be 97.7 million bushels (2.6 million metric tons),
approximately 94 percent of the U.S. total. Total of durum harvested was
down 14 percent compared to the 1990 crop.
Grade quality determination, based on physical appearance and grading
factors, of the 1991 crop from the four-state region found 36 percent of the
crop graded U.S. No. 1 hard amber Durum (HAD). Seventy-four graded No. 3
HAD, or better. Additional grain quality factors evaluated included test
weight (60.0 lbs/bu) vitreous kernels (91 percent), dockage (0.8 percent),
thousand kernel weights (35.6 g) and total defects (2.8 percent). High
average falling number values (381 seconds) indicated little, if any sprout
damage. Regions of Minnesota and South Dakota received environmental
conditions detrimental to wheat crop quality. Quality evaluations from
these limited areas were lower
than the four-state quality averages. Overall quality of the 1991 durum
wheat crop from the northern four-state region was very good.
Average semolina extraction, as obtained using a modified Buhler
experimental mill, was 59.2 percent, down compared to the 1990 value (60.8
percent). Speck counts averaged higher than the 1990 crop, however, the
color of spaghetti was exceptionally good. Spaghetti firmness was greater
than last year and the overall cooking quality was rated very good.
Basic Research Studies. Studies were underway in 1991 to study the
end-use potential of ND643, a high protein hard red spring wheat derived
from crosses of HRS wheat, Len and RL4352-1 with a high protein donor,
Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides. ND643 has a protein content of three
percentage points high on the average than its HRS wheat parental genotype.
A study is in progress to investigate the utilization of durum wheat in
breadmaking. The objectives of this study are to determine the difference
in the chemical, rheological and baking properties of durum flour, durum
first clear flour, semolina and bread flour and investigate the changes in
baking quality by replacing part of the bread flour with durum flour, durum
first clear flour and semolina and to improve the properties of bread by
using certain additives.
A collaborative study was initiated with the All-Union Research
Institute of Grain and Grain Products, Moscow, U.S.S.R. for the comparison
of wheat grain and flour gluten quantity and quality determination methods.
Methods employed include ICC Standard No. 137 and U.S.S.R. for the
determination of gluten quality and quantity.
Studies on the inheritance of the protein components of a high protein HRS
wheat line, ND-643, derived from crosses with T. dicoccoides were continued.
Results from SDS-PAGE, semi-preparative RP-HPLC and amino acid composition
studies indicated that ND-643 inherited most of its gliadin proteins from T.
dicoccoides while its glutenin proteins were inherited from its HRS wheat
parents Len and RL-4352-1 (a selection of Columbus for rust resistance).
Studies on the hydrophobic properties of the acetic acid soluble
glutenins were continued. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)
indicated that HRS wheats of good breadmaking quality contained more
hydrophobic proteins. Analysis by HIC also indicated that the high
molecular weight (HMW) subunits 8, 9, 10, and 12 had lower surface
hydrophobicity than HMW subunits 1, 2, 2*, 5, and 10.
Gel electrophoresis was used to purify two genotypes of the HRS wheat
cultivar "Marshall". These genotypes are being propagated by Dr. R.
Frohberg, Crop and Weed Science Dept., North Dakota State University.
A number of HRS wheat cultivars and lines of similar protein content,
but diverse milling and baking quality are being investigated with respect
to their HMW and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subunit compositions.
The majority of these wheats contain identical HMW subunit composition.
Publications
Khan, K. Huckle, L. and Jones, B.L. 1991. Inheritance of the gluten protein
components of a high protein hare red spring wheat line derived from
Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides - semipreparative RP-HPLC, gel
electrophoresis and amino acid composition studies. Cereal Chem. In press.
Figueroa, J.D.C. and Khan, K. 1991. The relationship of bromate requirement
and sugar in breadmaking and implications in loaf volume potential of HRS
wheat flours. Cereal Chem. 68:284.
Aktam, B. and Khan, K. 1991 Effects of high temperature drying of pasta on
quality parameters and on solubility, gel electrophoresis and reversed phase
- high performance liquid chromatography of protein components. Cereal Chem.
In press.
Boyacioglu, M.H., Youngs, V.L., Khan, K. and D'Appolonia, B.L. 1991. A
comparison of durum wheats grown in Turkey and in the United States. Pasta
J. Sept./Oct. p 24.
-------------------------
OHIO
Ohio State University/ Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center
H. N. Lafever, W. A. Berzonsky, R. W. Gooding, L. D. Herald, R. J.
Minyo, Jr., and T. L. Hoover
Personnel Changes: Dr. Howard Lafever retired as Soft Red Winter Wheat
Breeder at the end of 1991. Dr. William Berzonsky is currently serving as
the SRWW Breeder in his capacity as Senior Researcher.
1991 SRWW Production. In 1991, an estimated 53.9 million bushels of
wheat were produced in Ohio on 1.1 million acres (Ohio Ag. Statistics
Service). Acres harvested were down approximately 250,000 resulting in a
reduction in production of 25.75 million bushels from 1990. The state-wide
average yield was 49 bu/a, an average of 10 bu/a less than in 1990. Reduced
production and yield was in large part due to the hot, dry spring and summer
which shortened the wheat growing season in Ohio. Despite the reduced
state-wide yield, Ohio wheat quality was generally acceptable since most of
the state essentially avoided a severe scab epidemic which was prevalent in
surrounding states.
New Varieties. 'Freedom' wheat (formerly OH 413) and 'GR 915'
(formerly OH 394) were approved for release in 1991. Freedom was released
as a public variety and carries a 1RS/1BL 'Kavkaz' rye/wheat chromosome
translocation. 'GR 915' was released to the Agricultural Genetic Research
Association.
Winter Durum Wheat Breeding. The Ohio Winter Durum Wheat Breeding
Project entered into its third year of existence in 1991. Approximately 91
winter x winter and 50 winter x spring durum wheat hybridizations were made.
Average yield for the best winter durums was 54% of the SRWW checks.
Powdery mildew and Septoria diseases were less severe on Ohio durum wheats
in 1991, despite a general lack of genetic resistance within the winter
durum germplasm.
Cytogenetics. Forty-two-chromosome plants derived from a cross
between tetraploid 'Canthatch' and 'Atlas 66' were tested for tolerance to
aluminum. Results suggest that the A and/or B-genome chromosomes of Atlas
66 may carry a gene or genes for tolerance to aluminum. A backcrossing
scheme is being continued to develop a tetraploid Atlas 66 to further
examine the genetic mechanism of aluminum tolerance in this variety.
Advanced breeding lines are being examined for the presence of rye/wheat
chromosome translocations. We continue to proceed with studies designed to
induce specific rye/wheat chromosome translocations and to determine the
effects of such translocations on important agronomic characteristics.
Publications
Berzonsky, W. A., R. L. Clements, and H. N. Lafever. 1991. Identification of
'Amigo' and 'Kavkaz' translocations in Ohio soft red winter wheats (Triticum
aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 81: 629-634.
-------------------------
OKLAHOMA
Agronomy Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
E. L. Smith, G. H. Morgan, D. L. Jones, R. J. Sidwell - Breeding and
Production
Production. An estimated 5.0 million acres of wheat were harvested for
grain in Oklahoma. The state average yield was 28.0 Bu/A, which is 2.2 Bu/A
below the 1986-1990 average. Total grain production for 1991 was 140.0
million bushels. In 1991 some 32% of the planted acreage was diverted or
abandoned as compared to 16% for last year. Wheat production statistics for
the past 5 years are shown below.
Harvested acreage Yield Production (Bu)
Year X 1,000,000 Bu/A X 1,000,000
--------------------------------------------------------
1987 4.8 27.0 129.6
1988 4.8 36.0 172.8
1989 5.7 27.0 153.9
1990 6.3 32.0 201.6
1991 5.0 28.0 140.0
--------------------------------------------------------
Performance Test. Our 1991 wheat performance test was composed of five
hybrids (HybriTech), 16 private semidwarf pureline cultivars, 17 public
cultivars, and 2 long-term checks. Data are reported from 6 locations in
the state. These locations were Tonkawa, Lahoma, Stillwater, Cordell,
Goodwell-dryland, and Goodwell,irrigated. The test at Altus was abandoned
due to severe storm damage. The test at Woodward was not reported due to
non-uniform drought stress and hail damage. SBMV was a factor at Stillwater
and Tonkawa. Drought and WSMV were evident at Lahoma. Averaged over the 6
locations, the private varieties as a group outfielded the hybrids as a
group and the public varieties as a group. In fact, the top five best
yielders across locations were all private semidwarf varieties. Tomahawk
and Mesa (AgriPro) ranked first and second with yields of 52.6 and 51.9
Bu/A, respectively. The best hybrid in the test, Q598, ranked seventh with
a yield of 50.2 Bu/A. Yields of different groups of hybrids and pureline
varieties are presented below.
Yield in % Yld in % 4% Yield in % of
Avg Yield of 17 Public of 5 Best 2 Long-term
Group (Bu/A)(Kg/ha) Varieties Varieties Chk Varieties
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hybri-Tech
Hybrids(5) 47.1 3168 106 91 113
Private
Varieties(16) 49.1 3302 110 95 117
Public
Varieties(17) 44.5 2993 110 86 106
Best
5 Varieties(5) 51.6 3471 116 100 123
Long-term
Checks(2) 41.8 2811 94 81 100
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grazing Potential of Wheat. Grower interest in grazing and grain (dual
purpose) wheats varieties remains at a high level in the state, and we are
giving this a higher priority in our breeding program. In addition to
conducting visual estimates of grazing potential in our performance trials
and breeding nurseries (on a scale of 1 to 5, which takes into account semi-
erect juvenile growth habit and amount of top growth), we have initiated a
replicated clipping study at Stillwater of potentially promising dual
purpose varieties and advanced lines. Preliminary results from the first
clipping (1-10-92) indicate promising fall forage production for the
following genotypes: Longhorn (AgriPro), OK88767 (Oklahoma), Karl (Kansas),
2157 (Kansas) and TAM 109 (Texas). The clipping trial and juvenile growth
evaluation system will be continued next year.
Kernel Hardness Study. The objectives were to examine kernel hardness
levels of the Oklahoma wheat breeding lines and to study the relationship of
kernel hardness with important milling and baking characteristics.
Information on kernel hardness would impact breeding strategies in the
Oklahoma program. Based on NIR kernel hardness values over two locations in
1989 and 1990, the range in hardness for 24 advanced strains was 50.0 to
76.1 units. The range in hardness for 33 lines in the intermediate tests
was 45.6 to 90.1 units. Kernel hardness was positively correlated with
flour yield but negatively correlated with mixing time and specific
sedimentation. Results of this study do not support the assumption that NIR
hardness could be used to predict baking quality values; rather, it is
suggested that good quality HRW wheats can be found within a wide range of
hardness value (E. Smith and E. Olmedo-Arcega).
-------------------------
Plant Pathology Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
R. M. Hunger*, J. L. Sherwood*, R. E. Pennington, C. K. Evans, and J.
R. Montana
Tan spot. A procedure was developed that allows production of nearly-
pure conidial suspensions of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. The use of a
nearly-pure suspension of conidia will facilitate studies involving this
pathogen because the effects of other infective units (i.e. aerial hyphae
and conidiophores) are significantly reduced. - Evans and Hunger
The reactions of entries in the 1992 Southern Regional Performance
nursery to tan spot were determined in the greenhouse by measuring the
largest lesions formed on leaves following inoculation with conidia of P.
tritici-repentis. Results from two tests demonstrated that entries 10
(TX88V5440; Karl Resel.), 15 (TX88V5433; Karl Resel.), 23 (KS831374-142;
Karl sib), 24 [KS84170E-8-3; Hawk/(Pkg16/Lov13//Jgw13)//TAM108], and the
check Red Chief had the greatest resistance to tan spot. The complete
results from these tests will be presented at the Second International Tan
Spot Workshop at Fargo, ND from June 25-27, 1992. - Evans and Hunger
Wheat soilborne mosaic virus. The reactions of entries in the 1991
Southern Regional Performance nursery and the USDA Soilborne Mosaic Nursery
to wheat soilborne mosaic virus (WSBMV) were determined in the field using
symptomatology and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results
from both nurseries should be published in the 1991 USDA-ARS report that
summarizes results from testing cooperative nurseries, and also were
submitted for publication in the 1992 edition of Biological and Cultural
Tests for Control of Plant Diseases (volume 7, American Phytopathological
Society Press). - Hunger, Sherwood, and Pennington
A field study to characterize the mechanism of resistance to WSBMV is
in progress. Initial results obtained by ELISA indicate that virus becomes
established in the roots of resistant (Hawk and Newton) and susceptible
(Vona and Sage) cvs. Spread of virus to the foliage, however, appears to be
delayed or inhibited in resistant cvs indicating that resistance may be due
to inhibition of systemic virus movement. A polymerase chain reaction-based
assay has been developed to detect individually the large and small
particles of WSBMV, and is being used to further characterize virus spread
in resistant and susceptible cvs. - Pennington, Sherwood, and Hunger
Wheat streak mosaic virus. Studies documenting the effect of planting
date, time of infection, and the effect of grazing on incidence of wheat
streak mosaic are continuing. - Montana, Hunger, and Sherwood
Personnel changes. Dr. Francis J. Gough, USDA-ARS, retired from the
USDA effective January 1, 1992. Dr. Gough and his wife Ruby plan to remain
in Stillwater for most of 1992, but will eventually move to Alabama to enjoy
their retirement. Dr. Rodney E. Pennington was hired in January, 1991, as a
postdoctoral/senior research specialist to investigate mechanisms of
resistance to WSBMV. Dr. Pennington received his Ph.D. in biochemistry at
Oklahoma State University in 1991.
Publications
Evans, C. K., and Hunger, R. M. 1991. An improved method to produce
conidial suspensions of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Phytopathology
81:1238.
Farih, A., Gough, F. J., Hunger, R. M., and Montana, J. R. 1991. Effect of
surfactants and wheat leaf leachate on production, germination, and
infectivity of Septoria tritici conidia. Phytopathology 81:811.
Hunger, R. M., Sherwood, J. L., and Smith, E. L. 1991. Identification of
wheat resistant to wheat soilborne mosaic virus. Proceedings of Symposium
on Plant Breeding, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, March 10-
14, 1991, 86 pp.
Hunger, R. M., Sherwood, J. L., Smith, E. L., and Armitage, C. R. 1991.
Symptomatology and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used to facilitate
breeding for resistance to wheat soilborne mosaic virus. Crop Sci. 31:900-
905.
Hunger, R. M., and Siegerist, W. C. 1991. Reaction of winter wheat to leaf
rust, 1990. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases
6:71.
Sherwood, J. L., Hunger, R. M., Keyser, G. C., and Myers, L. D. 1990.
Production of a monoclonal antibody for evaluation of hard red winter wheat
cultivars to wheat streak mosaic virus. Food and Agricultural Immunology
2:155-161.
Sherwood, J. L., Myers, L. D., and Hunger, R. M. 1991. Replication and
movement of wheat soilborne mosaic virus (WSBMV) in hard red winter wheat.
Phytopathology 81:1216.
-------------------------
Plant Science Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service,
Stillwater, OK
C.A. Baker, J.D. Burd, R.L. Burton, N.C. Elliott, F.J. Gough, E. Levy,
D.R. Porter, D.K. Reed, J.A. Webster
Russian Wheat Aphid Research. The Russian wheat aphid (RWA) continues
to be the focus of research activities at Stillwater. The cumulative
economic loss attributed to RWA now exceeds $657 million, with over $70
million being spent on control, $250 million in lost production, and $325
million in additional lost economic activity to local communities (Massey
and Amosson, 1991).
Plant damage. Comparative analyses of in vivo chlorophyll and
chlorophyll fluorescence using susceptible (Tam W-101) and tolerant (PI
372129) wheat lines has revealed that both the amount of chlorophyll and the
relative efficiency of extant chlorophyll is significantly diminished in the
susceptible entry. Total chlorophyll and chloroplast functional integrity
were not impacted in the tolerant wheat. Moreover, chlorophyll a:b ratios
were significantly reduced in the susceptible wheat, suggesting that
substantial damage to photosystem II occurred. Analysis of chlorophyll
fluorescence transients indicated that electron transport from photosystem
II to photosystem I was disrupted in the susceptible wheat and may be
attributable to the loss or dysfunction of the primary acceptor (Q(A)) pool.
(Burd)
Biological control. Tests continued on the interactions among various
wheat and grass entries, either resistant or susceptible to the RWA, and it
was confirmed that plant entries with antibiosis as the mode of resistance,
whether wheat or wheatgrass, conferred a detrimental effect on Diaretiella
rapae, the braconid parasitoid used in the experiments. Further testing is
being done on long-term associations of the host, pest, and parasitoid, as
well as field research in caged situations, and tritrophic effects of those
entries on fungal pathogens of the aphid.
Field releases of several exotic parasitoids and predators were made in
Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, and Nebraska in the spring. Releases made into
cages were more successful than open field releases, but evaluation of
recovery will not be made until the spring of 1992.
Experiments were conducted to determine the potential of selected RWA
parasitoids to overwinter in various locations throughout the Great Plains.
None of the parasitoids overwintered successfully in South Dakota, but all
species tested overwintered in Kansas and Oklahoma. The suitability of
several aphids common to the Great Plains as hosts for exotic parasitoids
and predators is being investigated. Results of these studies may lead to
methods for selecting sites to release natural enemies that improve chances
for successful establishment. (Elliott, Reed)
Host plant resistance and germplasm enhancement. To date, over 10,000
wheat lines have been evaluated for RWA resistance. As previously reported
(AWN 1991), over 400 RWA-resistant lines were identified, and continued
screening has resulted in the identification of additional sources of
resistance. We will continue to screen the wheat collection in a systematic
manner in order to identify as many different sources of resistance as
possible. A core collection of 29 RWA-resistant lines was established.
These selections have useful levels of resistance; few have acceptable
agronomic traits. Each of the 29 selections in this core collection was
hybridized with adapted RWA-susceptible wheat cultivars; BC1 seed, F2
populations, and F3 families have been produced; genetic analysis of this
material will determine the inheritance of RWA resistance in these lines.
In order to determine if these 29 selections carry different genes for RWA
resistance, crosses were made between as many lines as possible; F2
populations will be screened for RWA resistance.
Mechanisms of resistance of PI 140207 (a RWA-resistant spring wheat)
were determined. Antibiosis and a moderate level of tolerance both appear
to play a role in the resistance reaction. The size, weight, and
developmental time of 2nd generation aphids produced on PI 140207 were all
detrimentally affected.
Uniform segregants within several F4 families derived from a cross
between Bobwhite (a RWA-susceptible spring wheat cultivar) and PI 149898 (a
RWA-resistant wheat accession) were identified and are being increased for
release as a source of RWA resistance for cultivar development.
The development of greenbug-resistant wheat germplasm continued in
1991. The new source of resistance to biotype G, which also confers
resistance to biotypes B, C, E, and I, is now available as germplasm release
GRS 1201. The release announcement will be circulated in 1992, and seed
requests can be made through the Plant Science Research Laboratory,
Stillwater. Biotype H is now being used to systematically screen for new
sources of resistance in wheat and related species. (Baker, Porter, Webster)
Wheat pathology. An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens
(PFM2), identified as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, at 50 micro-g/ml inhibited
growth, in vitro, of fungal plant pathogens Pyrenophora tritici-repentis,
Pythium irregulare, Sclerotinia rolfsii, and Septoria tritici; and of
bacterial plant pathogens Clavibacter m. michiganense, Erwinia c.
carotovera, Pseudomonas solanacearum, and Xanthomonas c. phaseoli. Growth
of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and of the bacterium Agrobacterium
tumefaciens was not significantly reduced. Two other antibiotics produced
by P. fluorescens were not fully characterized. (Gough, Levy)
Personnel Changes. Dr. Francis Gough retired from the USDA-ARS in
January 1991 after a productive and very distinguished career. Francis will
be moving to Alabama as soon as he can sell his house in Stillwater. Dr.
Helen Belefant joined the staff at the Plant Science Research Laboratory as
a Research Associate. Dr. Belefant will be working on the physiological and
biochemical basis of RWA resistance in barley. Dr. Edna Levy completed her
work at Stillwater and has returned to Israel.
Publications
Baker, C.A., J.A. Webster, and D.R. Porter. 1991. Characterization of a
Russian wheat aphid-resistant hexaploid wheat plant introduction - PI
140207. Agron. Abstr. p. 86.
Bechere, E., E.L. Smith, F.J. Gough, and O.G. Merkle. 1991. Genetics of stem
rust resistance in the durum wheat accession "Reichenbachii". Euphytica
53:103-106.
Burton, R.L., D.R. Porter, C.A. Baker, J.A. Webster, J.D. Burd, and G.J.
Puterka. 1991. Breeding wheat for resistance to aphids, pp. 203-213. IN:
Saunders, D.A. (ed.) Wheat for Non-traditional Warm Areas. CIMMYT.
Elliott, N. C. 1991. Biological control of the Russian wheat aphid, pp. 3-
5. Proc. Wheat Technology Conference: Focus on the Russian Wheat Aphid,
Chappel and Kimball, Nebraska, February 27-28, 1991.
Farih, A., F.J. Gough, R.M. Hunger, and J.R. Montana. 1991. Effect of
surfactants and wheat leaf leachate on production, germination, and
infectivity of Septoria tritici conidia. Phytopathology 81:811.
Friebe, B., J.H. Hatchett, B.S. Gill, Y. Mukai, and E.E. Sebesta. 1991.
Transfer of Hessian fly resistance from rye to wheat via radiation-induced
terminal and intercalary chromosomal translocations. Theor. Appl. Genet.
83:33-40.
Holmes, R.S., R.L. Burton, J.D. Burd, and J.D. Ownby. 1991. Effect of
greenbug (Homoptera:Aphididae) feeding on carbohydrate levels in wheat. J.
Econ. Entomol. 84:897-901.
Levy, E., and F.J. Gough. 1991. Biocontrol of Septoria tritici by
fluorescent pseudomonas. Phytopathology 81:1178. Merkle, O.G., J.A. Webster,
K.J. Starks, and E.L. Smith. 1991. Registration of yellow sugarcane aphid-
tolerant wheat germplasm YSCA-1. Crop Sci. 31:1394.
Porter, D.R., C.A. Baker, R. Veal, and D. Mornhinweg. 1991. Russian wheat
aphid resistance germplasm enhancement, p. 274. IN: Peters, D.C....(eds)
Aphid-Plant Interactions:Populations to Molecules. Proc.Int. Aphid Symp.,
Okla. State Univ. MP-132.
Porter, D.R., J.A. Webster, R.L. Burton, G.J. Puterka, and E.L. Smith. 1991.
Detection of greenbug biotype G resistance in wheat. Agron. Abstr. p. 112.
Porter, D.R., J.A. Webster, R.L. Burton, G.J. Puterka, and E.L. Smith. 1991.
New sources of resistance to greenbug in wheat. Crop Sci. 31:1502-1504.
Reed, D. K., J. A. Webster, B. G. Jones, and J. D. Burd. 1991. Tritrophic
relationships of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae), a
hymenopterousn parasitoid (Diaretiella rapae McIntosh), and resistant and
susceptible small grains. Biol. Control 1:35-41.
Webster, J.A. 1991. Developing aphid-resistant cultivars, pp. 59-69.
IN:Peters, D.C....(eds.) Aphid-Plant Interactions: Populations to Molecules.
Proc. Int. Aphid Symp., Okla. State Univ. MP-132.
Weeks, J.T., A.C. Guenzi, and D.R. Porter. 1991. Protein synthesis in wheat
callus tissue exposed to low water potentials. Agron. Abstr. p. 202.
-------------------------
OREGON
R. S. Karow*
Production. Wheat was harvested from 846,000 Oregon acres in 1991 in
comparison to 968,000 acres in 1990. The ten-year acreage average is 1.05
million. Average yield was 51.9 bu/a, down 7.6 bu from the 1990 figure of
59.5 bu/a. Farm programs, including CRP, and an extreme cold snap the end of
December 1990 lead to lower acreage. Winter wheat seedings were lost due to
cold weather in some areas. While precipitation levels have been below
normal for the last four years as a whole, unusual late spring and summer
rains fell across many dryland production areas. As a result, yield levels
were near normal. In areas not receiving rains, crop yield and quality was
poor.
Irrigated production areas across the state faced water shortages in
1990-91 and worse conditions are anticipated in 1992 . Growers in irrigated
areas have tended to focus water resources on higher value crops and grain
yields have suffered as a result.
As a result of late rains and winter injury, disease pressure was higher
than normal. Stripe rust, Septoria, powdery mildew, strawbreaker foot rot
and a non-pathologic leaf spot were concerns in some areas. Fusarium foot
rot and Cephalosporium stripe were also commonly found. Crop quality varied
significantly. In areas receiving late rains, quality was good and protein
levels low - 8 to 10%. In areas with precipitation shortages, test weights
were lower and protein levels above 10.5%. Protein values on a statewide
basis ranged from 6.3 to 16.1% for soft white wheat with an average near
10.5%. Sales of protein specified soft white wheat have been made.
Three winter wheat cultivar releases were made by OSU in 1991. "Gene"
is an awnless, short-statured, early maturing common soft white with
Septoria tritici resistance. Gene was released by the Cereal Breeding
Project lead by Warren Kronstad. "MacVicar" is an awned, mid-season,
mid-height common soft white with excellent yield potential in the irrigated
production region of SE Oregon and SW Idaho. MacVicar was developed by Matt
Kolding. ORCR8313 is a hard red winter wheat with excellent yield potential
across Oregon. It is an awned, early maturing, mid-height cultivar. It was
developed by Warren Kronstad and members of his cereal breeding project.
-------------------------
Oregon State University - Wheat Breeding and Genetics.
C.S. Love, D.K. Kelly, R.W. Knight, W.E. Kronstad*, M.D. Moore, S.E.
Rowe, N.H. Scott, M.C. Verhoeven
1991 Crop Conditions. The 1991 winter wheat crop emerged well
throughout the state despite limited moisturein some regions. Late spring
rains in the North Central area of the state alleviated moisture stress with
average or above average yields being realized. A late December cold period
severely damaged stands throughout the state, resulting in losses in much of
the winter wheat growing region. Germplasm developed in the wheat breeding
program for use in short-season regions of the world is derived from spring
x winter crosses selected for earliness and winter-type. The winter
hardiness of this germplasm, as well as germplasm derived from winter x
winter crosses and selectedfor adaptation to the Pacific Northwest, is often
unknown since damaging low winter temperatures occur infrequently in
Oregon, making selection for cold tolerance difficult. This rare freeze
enabled an evaluation of the low temperatureresponse of the breeding
material including parental lines, segregating populations and advanced
breeding lines. A prolonged, cool wet spring provided excellent conditions
for the development of powdery mildew. Other diseases causing damage to the
wheat crop included septoria tritici blotch, strawbreaker foot rot, and
stripe rust.
Breeding. Efforts in the breeding program continue to emphasize disease
resistance. Gene, an awnless, early-maturing, semi-dwarf soft white winter
wheat with excellent resistance to septoria tritici blotch, was released in
1991. Gene has good resistance to stripe and leaf rust, but is susceptible
to septoria nodorum blotch. Although this line is best adapted to areas in
which extreme winter hardiness is not required, it has yielded well across
all testinglocations in the state. Breeding efforts also focus on dwarf
bunt (TCK) resistance. Initial screening of segregating populations using
four races of the common bunt fungus is conducted each year. The selected
common bunt races identify resistant genes Bt 5,8,9,10. Resistant lines are
included in replicated yield trials and planted near Flora, Oregon in the
extreme northeastern corner of the state. In 1991, the entries in the yield
trial were also treated with three levels of the seed treatment Dividend
(Ciba-Geigy). Disease severity data indicate that Dividend provides 100%
control of dwarf bunt. The breeding line OR 880494 (OR7946/Hill//Hill)
out-yielded the resistant check Lewjain, and had very low disease incidence
in the absence of seed treatment.
In the international wheat germplasm enhancement program a shuttle
breeding approach has been established between Oregon State University,
CIMMYT (Mexico and Turkey), and ICARDA (Syria). Selected F3 winter and
facultative lines are selected in Oregon and sent to the international
centers for additional cycles of selection and subsequent inclusion in
international screening nurseries. Promising lines are also recycled back
to Toluca, Mexico and Corvallis, Oregon for developing single or top
crosses, as part of the overall probing of winter and spring gene pools to
enhance genetic variability.
Theses Completed
Bruzzone, C. 1991. Bridging upland-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) gene
pools via anther culture. Ph.D. Thesis.
Oregon State University.
Costa, J. 1990. Possible association of grain protein content, harvest index
and biological yield in winter wheat
populations. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State University.
Encinas-Mungarro, A. 1991. Assessment of genetic resistance to strawbreaker
foot rot (Pseudocercosporella
herpotrichoides) in selected winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars.
Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State University.
Wang, S. 1990. Influence of planting density on spike size and grain yield
in five winter wheat cultivars. M.S. Thesis.
Oregon State University.
-------------------------
Club Wheat Breeding Program, Columbia Basin Agricultural, Research
Center, Pendleton.
P.K. Zwer* , D.L. Sutherland, and S.D. Dunnagan
Winter club wheat is a significant albeit small class of wheat produced
in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Club wheat is primarily grown in regions
with fallow/wheat rotations characterized by low rainfall and shallow soils.
The region encompasses northcentral/eastern Oregon as well as
southcentral/eastern Washington. The emphasis of the breeding program is to
develop club wheat cultivars possessing disease and insect resistance, yield
potential competitive with common wheat cultivars, and superior milling and
baking qualities.
Disease and Insect Resistance. The early generation populations and
headrows were inoculated with Puccinia striiformis, collected from the field
at Pendleton. A uniform infection resulted from the inoculation. Heads
were selected from resistant plants in F2 populations and head row
selections were made on the basis of notes collected in late June.
Advanced club selections and new introductions were evaluated for
strawbreaker foot rot (eyespot) tolerance. The nursery, composed of 270
lines and two replications, was inoculated with spores of
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in early December at a rate of 250,000
spores per ml. A one meter sample was dug in late June and 25 random culms
per row were evaluated for percentage of necrotic tissue in a culm cross
section taken near the soil level. A rating scale from 0 to 4 was used to
characterize the variability, where 0 had no necrosis, 1 less than 10%, 2
less than 30%, 3 less than 60%, and 4 more than 60%. Scores 0 to 2 were
immune to tolerant whereas scores 3 and 4 were susceptible. The 270 entries
were primarily susceptible, however 28 lines and varieties were tolerant.
the two most tolerant lines were a triticale, Flora, and an advanced club
line. Seven lines, possessing mean scores in the 1.5 range, were from
diverse backgrounds; France, China, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and one
advanced club line from the breeding program. An additional nineteen
tolerant lines classified with a mean score of 2 were of similar parentages.
A natural infection of Cephalosporium stripe occurred in the crossing
block at Pendleton. Notes were collected for advanced club breeding lines,
common wheat introductions, and F1 plants. Incorporating Russian wheat aphid
(RWA) tolerance into the club wheat background continues. Several sources
of tolerance are being used in the crossing program. Field evaluations of
F2 populations with PI137739 and PI294994 as the tolerant parents showed
effective protection under heavy RWA populations. Quality. The club wheat
class has inherently superior milling yield and produces finer textured
sponge cake than the soft common wheat class. Quality evaluations are
conducted by the ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, Pullman, WA. Two
characters, grain protein and hardness, are evaluated in F4 seed. Advanced
lines are evaluated for several milling and baking characters, including
grain hardness, grain and flour protein, flour yield, break flour yield,
flour ash, milling score, mixograph type, cookie diameter, top grain score,
cake volume, and sponge cake score.
Advanced Club Material. Several advanced club lines have a combination
of stripe rust resistance, competitive yield potential, strawbreaker foot
rot tolerance, and excellent milling and baking characters. The lines are
being evaluated at Pendleton and Moro, Oregon as well as Washington and
Idaho.
-------------------------
SOUTH DAKOTA
Plant Science, Bot-Bio Departments and Northern Grain Insect Lab.
F.A. Cholick* , C.H.Chen, B.G. Farber, B.E. Ruden, and S. Shin
Production: Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat production was estimated at
49.0 million bushels from 1.75 million acres harvested, for an average yield
of 28.0 bu/a. When compared to the record high production of 1990, total
production was 27% lower, with yield per acre being 4.0 bushels lower.
Yield was, however, 6.0 bu/a higher than the 1989 crop. Acres harvested
were 17% lower than the previous two years. Average temperatures were more
than six degrees above normal for the period May 1 through June 15. The
above normal temperatures, especially nighttime temperatures, adversely
affected two major components of yield: tiller number and head size, thus
reducing yield potential. These temperatures, combined with relatively wet,
humid environments also created conditions favorable for severe disease
infestations. Fusarium head blight infestation was widespread over eastern
South Dakota, and bacterial leaf blight and tan spot were also present. The
combination of above normal temperatures and disease problems substantially
decreased the quality of the 1991 crop in eastern South Dakota. Durum
production was 1.68 million bushels from 67,000 acres, with an average yield
of 25.0 bu/a.
Breeding: Anthers from field-grown plants containing mid- to late-
uninucleate microspores were cultured in the dark at 25ø C. Twenty-five of
35 spring wheat hybrids (red x white seeded) cultured produced 122 green
pollen plants. Tsay's and Potato IV were more effective than 85D12 medium in
callus/embryoid initiation. Eighteen percent of the green plants were white
seeded. Almost all of these plants were homozygous as verified in the
progeny test. In the second experiment, 10 spring wheat F1 hybrids between
pollen plant H1's and breeding lines from South Dakota's spring wheat
breeding program were cultured. Anthers from greenhouse-grown plants were
cool-treated at 4øC for 4 days, inoculated with on W14 medium and placed in
the dark at 32øC for 3 days. Incubation temperature was then reduced to
25øC for callus/embryoid induction. Of 212 plants regenerated, 130 (61.3%)
were green. Breeding efficiencies in the eight responding crosses were:
1.05, H1-1(Stoa/Pavon)/Prospect; 1.02, H1-1(Grandin/Crow)/Prospect; 0.66,
H1-2(Stoa/Pavon)/Norm; 0.64, H1-3(Stoa/Pavon)/SD 8070; 0.35
H1-4(Stoa/Pavon)/Norm; 0.16 H1-2(Grandin/Crow)/SD 8072; 0.10
H1-5(Stoa/Pavon)SD 3119; and H1(SD 3000/V9)/Butte 86, 0.09. Plants bearing
white seeds were regenerated in four of the five crosses in which 'Pavon'
inherited the trait. Fifty-one percent of the green plants were dihaploid,
which will be tested in the field for agronomic desirability. Androgenetic
responses were detected by the presence of multicellular pollen grains (MPG)
as early as 2 weeks after anther inoculation. The frequency of MPG might
serve as an early indicator of genotype responsiveness to W14 medium. For
example, 7.2% were observed in the high performer H1(Grandin/Crow)/Prospect
whereas 0.3% in the low performer H1(SD 3000/V9)/Butte 86. In general,
anthers at inoculation density of 15 anthers/ml initiated calli 15 times as
those at 3 anthers/ml of medium. Anthers collected from greenhouse-grown
plants generally did not respond as well as those from field-grown plants.
Other anther culture research projects, including (1) methods for
dihaploid green plant regeneration, and (2) in vitro selection for tan-spot
disease resistance, are being carried out.
A series 16 HRS wheat cultivars which are adapted to the Northern Great
Plains Region are currently being tested to determine their ability to
osmoregulate. Water stress during the growing season is an inevitable fact
in the Northern Great Plains. Osmoregulation is one mechanism by which
plants may tolerate water stress. The coleoptile evaluation technique as
described by J. Morgan in Australia is being used, with some modifications
to the method described, including the use of polyethylene glycol (MW 8000)
as the osmoticum to create an osmotic gradient around the seedling roots,
partial sealing of the petri dishes to limit differential water loss from
dish to dish, and growing the seedlings in dark conditions. The advantages
of the coleoptile technique are twofold: 1) one repetition of each
experiment requires 5-7 days to complete, a significant reduction of time as
compared to measuring osmoregulation at later stages of plant development;
and 2) the experiments can be conducted in a limited amount of space, as
seedlings are grown in 9 cm petri dishes in a benchtop-size growth chamber,
instead of greenhouse pots and larger growth chambers. After the completion
of one experiment, the data show that a range of osmoregulation is present
in the adapted cultivars. The range appears to be similar to the range
found by Morgan, but statistical analysis of the data has not been completed
at this time.
The HRS wheat line SD 3056 will be increased with intent to release in
1993. SD 3056 is an awned, early heading, standard height, F4-derived head
selection from the cross ND 604/SD 2971 made in 1984. The pedigree of ND
604 is Len/Butte//ND 526 and SD 2971 is Agt/3/ND 441//Wld/BB/4/Butte/5/Len.
SD 3056 has demonstrated good yield potential and very good yield stability
in state wide yield trials in South Dakota. The probable genes for stem
rust resistance are Waldron and/or SR 24 and segregating SR 5. Quality data
for SD 3056 appears promising.
Personnel Changes: Dr. Fred Cholick has moved from the position of
spring wheat breeder to head of the Plant Science Department. He may be
reached at the same address as before. His new phone number is (605) 688-
5125. The search for a new spring wheat breeder is nearing completion, and
it is hoped that we will have a new person on board before spring planting
is completed.
-------------------------
Wheat Diseases
G.W Buchenau*, D.J. Gallenberg, Marie Langham & Shaukat Ali
April surveys of wheat fields in western SD indicated a very low
incidence of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis pseudothecia and leaf infection
was nil in the majority of fields. Follow-up surveys in mid-may in both
spring and winter wheat regions indicated that primary infection had
occurred but was very light in all areas except where moderate to heavy
wheat residue was present; no infection was detected where spring wheat was
planted in the absence on wheat residue. These observations reflect low
background inoculum from the light tan spot epidemics of 1989 and 1990. At
some locations, fungicides resulted in substantial yield increases, whereas
no yield improvement occurred at other locations with relatively light
tanspot and severe scab. Once established, tan spot developed at a
moderately rapid rate, r=0.23 logits/day. Five infection periods were
indicated by our modification of EPINFORM at the two locations where
automated weather stations were utilized, but the modified EPINFORM systems
overestimated disease development at all locations. It is apparent that a
primary inoculum/primary infection parameter is needed for these models.
Wheat scab was epidemic in east central and north eastern SD. Limited
surveys detected t-21% of florets scabbed, and fields showed 10-20% by 15
July. An experimental fungicide bromoconazole showed promise in controlling
scab.
-------------------------
Chloride Soil Treatment
H. J. Woodard & G.W. Buchenau
Chloride and fungicide effects on yield of Marshall spring wheat were
additive at a site near Brookings, where each factor increased yield by 5
bu/A. Both chloride and fungicide treatments reduced leaf rust but the
reductions were not additive. Butte 86 escaped/resisted leaf rust and its
yield was not improved by chloride nor fungicide. In four other fungicide
by chloride studies at other sites, neither chloride nor fungicides improved
yield of Prospect spring wheat, nor did chloride reduce leaf rust or tan
spot.
-------------------------
Winter Wheat
J.L. Gellner*, R.A. Schut, R.W. Kieckhefer, and G.W. Buchenau
Yields in the state were good and averaged 2356 kg/ha (35 bu/acre).
Production was 1.24 million metric tons (45.5 million bu) harvested from
526,500 ha. Plantings for the 1992 harvest year were estimated at 668,250
ha (1.65 million acres) 10% above last year.
Breeding material was harvested from five locations. Winner, a new
location, was abandoned due to poor seedling emergence (severe drought). For
the 1992 harvest year, duplicate plots of our advanced yield trials have
been planted under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions at Dakota Lakes
Research Station (Pierre). We feel that simultaneously growing our material
under stress and nonstressed environments will increase efficiency of
selection for yield stability.
We continue to study the effect of aphid feeding on seedling wheat. In
our present research, a drought stress of one week duration (no watering of
the pot for one week) was applied to pre-vernalized seedlings of 'Arapahoe'
at the 2.5 leaf Haun growth stage. In addition, aphid infestation
treatments of 2 or 4 adult Russian wheat aphids (RWA), D. noxia, were
superimposed over the drought stress treatment. Data were combined over two
identical studies. Percent relative water content (RWC) was reduced from
97% for the control plants to 67% for the drought-stressed plants. Aphid
feeding did not affect RWC greatly. Seed yield was reduced 12% by the
drought stress and 16% by the RWA feeding. The interaction term drought
stress x aphid feeding was not significant.
We attempted to find a seedling trait which is correlated with
winterhardiness level and nondestructive. Rate of water (RWL) loss was
measured for four winter wheat cultivars (TAM101, Vona, Agassiz, and
Norstar). Seedlings were clipped at the soil surface at three Haun growth
stages (1.5, 2.0 after four weeks of cold treatment (3 C), and 2.0 after
four weeks of cold treatment and 48 hr. warm treatment (10 C). Fresh weight
for each seedling was measured at nine time intervals after clipping. RWL
was not found to be correlated to winterhardiness level at any growth stage.
Earliness is important for yield stability in the Northern Plains. We
are studying conditions that effect days to complete spike emergence. We
are mimicing effect of leaf "die back" in winter due to cold temperatures by
clipping winter wheat pre- and post-vernalization. In our first study, four
winter wheat and one spring wheat cultivars at the 1.5 leaf Haun leaf growth
stage but either per- or postvernalization were clipped 3 cm above the soil
surface. Compared to the unclipped, control plants, prevernalized clipping
significantly (p=0.01) delayed days to complete spike emergence.
Postvernalized clipping did not significantly delay days to complete spike
emergence.
Twenty-seven accessions of T. tauschii from the NSCG (Aberdeen, ID) were
screened for reaction to tanspot isolates collected in SD. Three, found
highly resistant, were crossed to Agassiz, Abilene, and Arapahoe winter
wheats varieties by C. Curtis at UC, Riverside. A backcross program will
begin in the fall of 1992.
Publications
Gellner, J.L., R.W. Kieckhefer, and W.E. Riedell. 1991. Seedling and mature
plant response to aphid feeding in spring wheat. (in) Aphid-Plant
Interactions: Populations to molecules. (ed) D.C. Peters, J.A. Webster, and
C.S. Chlouber. Oklahoma Ag. Exp. Stat. Miscellaneous Publication No. 132. p.
303.
Gellner, J.L., F.A. Cholick, and J.J. Bonnemann. 1991. The use of yield
trial data in predicting subsequent cultivar yield rankings. Plant varieties
and seeds 4:67-72.
Gellner, J.L., T.E. Schumacher and D.G. Kenefick. 1991. Increase in the
number of days to spike emergence in winter wheat due to clipping prior to
vernalization. Cereal Research Communications 19:413-417.
Kafawin, O.M., J.L. Gellner, R.W. Kieckhefer, and D.L. Reeves. 1990.
Seedling growth response in oat to inoculation with barley yellow dwarf
virus. Proc. SD Acad. Sci. 69:51-60.
Gellner, J.L., and K.D. Kephart. 1991. Possible use of rate of water loss
from clipped plants as a measure of winterhardiness level in winter wheat.
p. 94. (in) Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.
Schumacher, T.E, and J.L. Gellner. 1991. Delayed heading in clipped, pre-
vernalized winter wheat. p. 160. (in) Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.
-------------------------
TEXAS
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station/Texas A&M University
Mark Lazar, M. E. McDaniel, B. McDonald, W. D. Worrall, D. Marshall, C.
A. Erickson, G. E. Hart, Lloyd Rooney, John Sij, J. E. Slosser, Neal Tuleen,
R. Sutton, M. Harrington, L. R. Nelson, R. Montandon, W. A.
Frank, G. L. Peterson, and J. Hu
High Plains: The 1990-91 crop year on the high plains was a very dry
one, as no measurable precipitation occurred at Bushland from mid-January to
late May. Late rain saved nurseries at Bushland and Washburn, but produced
damaging hail at Stinnett. Yields under irrigation approached 120 bu/ac for
TAM 200, Quantum 588 and a few experimentals. Best yields on dryland
nurseries were obtained from TAM-107, TAM-105, and Siouxland 89.
Blacklands: In the Texas Blacklands over the past seven years, the top
five yielding hard wheats have been `Collin', `Mesa', `Siouxland (89)',
`2180', and `TAM 200'. The top five soft wheats have been `Pioneer 2548',
`Saluda', `Adder', `Coker 747', and `Coker 68-15'. The hard wheat line,
TX86D1332 (Tam 106/Collin), is being increased for possible release in the
fall of 1992 for the Texas Blacklands. Infection-type data suggest that
TX86D1332 contains the leaf rust resistance genes Lr1, Lr2A, Lr10, Lr16, and
Lr24. TX86D1332 is also resistant to soilborne mosaic virus, and has
excellent hard red quality.
Marta Harrington has set up the facilities and equipment necessary for
ELISA diagnosis of barley yellow dwarf virus. She is conducting a state-
wide survey of the virus complex in addition to using ELISA for breeding
BYDV-resistant small grains. Graduate student, Celsa Garcia successfully
completed her Ph.D. dissertation defense on "Studies of septoria tritici
blotch in Texas".
East Texas: Wheat grain yields in East Texas in 1991 were well below
average. A very wet winter and spring resulted in severe epidemics of leaf
spotting diseases such as Septoria nodorum, bacterial leaf blight, and scab.
The mean wheat grain yield at Overton in the Elite Wheat Test was 26 bu/a.
The highest yielding released variety was Fl 302 which produced 33 bu/ac.
Leaf rust severity levels were quite low in 1991, however we were able to
evaluate wheat breeding lines and discard susceptible germplasm. The soft
red winter wheat breeding line TX-76-40-2 will be released as a breeding
line, and probably not as a cultivar. This line has good S. nodorum and
good powdery mildew resistance, however does not have sufficient genes for
leaf rust resistance to be released as a cultivar. Results of herbicidal
research on wheat for cheat control in 1992 indicated that Metribuzin at
either 2.25 or 4.0 oz ai/ac has good potential for control of this weed in
Texas.
Winter wheat and oat trials were conducted at Beaumont and Eagle Lake
during 1990-1991. Heavy rainfall in January and April resulted in below
average yields and test weights. `Coker 9835', `Coker 9323', and `Coker
9877' were the highest yielding commercial entries at 30+ bu/ac. The Texas
breeding line Tx89D2167 was among the highest yielding entries at both
locations. Leaf rust was not a problem at the Beaumont site but was
moderate to heavy at Eagle Lake. The top yielding Coker varieties showed
little or no leaf rust at either location. Oat yields, like wheat yields,
were similarly affected by wet weather conditions. Lodging was severe at
Beaumont due to high winds. Crown rust was light at Beaumont, but moderate
at Eagle Lake. Highest yield was 60 bu/ac at Beaumont. The Texas breeding
lines Tx87M1023, Tx87A1081, Tx87B8297, and Tx83Ab2923 were among the highest
yielding entries at both test sites. However, no commercial entry was
superior in both locations.
RFLP mapping of wheat chromosomes 6A and 6B is being conducted in the
laboratory of G. E. Hart using derivatives of T. turgidum var. durum cv.
Langdon-T.t. var. dicoccoides substitution lines. Two types of populations
are being analyzed, namely, recombinant substitution lines developed by Dr.
Leonard Joppa (USDA, Fargo, ND) and F(3) families derived from crosses of
the substitution lines with Langdon. DNA probes being used include 18 group
6 probes developed locally and several probes obtained from Dr. Bikram Gill
(Kansas State University). Using four to six restriction enzymes, 70% of
the probes detected a 6A RFLP and 73% a 6B RFLP. The RFLP frequency per
chromosome detected using a single restriction enzyme ranged from 24% to 52%
and averaged 36%.
Population genetics of wheat fungal pathogens: B. A. McDonald and L.
R. Nelson found that a collection of Stagonospora nodorum (anamorph Septoria
nodorum) isolates sampled from Overton had a large amount of genetic
variation distributed on a surprisingly fine scale. DNA fingerprinting was
used to show that different pathogen fruiting bodies on the same kernel of
wheat were different genotypes. Analyses of RFLP variation at single loci
confirmed this result. B. A. McDonald and J. Boeger found that an Oregon
population of Septoria tritici has near genetic identity with a California
population sampled 1000 km to the south. This suggests that migration of
genotypes may occur over long distances for this fungus. Analysis of RFLPs
in mitochondrial DNA suggests that there is a high degree of uniformity
among S. tritici populations on a worldwide basis, possibly due to dispersal
of the fungus in infected seeds.
Genetics of greenbug resistance: A major emphasis of the research
program at Amarillo has been genetic analysis of resistance/susceptibility
to biotype `E' greenbug, derived from Triticum tauschii via the synthetic
hexaploid, Largo. Several near-isogeneic sister lines, pedigree TAM-
105*4/Amigo*5//Largo, have been identified for this trait. Crosses among
these confirm that, as in Largo, a single dominant gene conditions
resistance. Preliminary electrophoretic separations of total leaf protein
suggest constitutive expression of two polypeptides in susceptible material
not found in resistant.
Effects of Russian wheat aphid time and rate of field infestations on
aphid populations and wheat yield in the Texas Rolling Plains: Effects of
field infestations of the Russian wheat aphid on yield of winter wheat in
the Rolling Plains were studied. In 1988-89, the effects of three different
colonies released into 3 x 2 m plots in the fall and spring were
investigated. In 1990-91, the effects of one colony released at three
different levels and on four release dates were examined. Numbers of other
aphid species and mummified aphids were monitored in 1990-91. In 1988-89,
the aphid colonies did not differ in population numbers or in their effect
on yield, but fall infestations resulted in higher numbers and greater yield
loss than spring infestations. In 1990-91, the early fall infestation of
aphids was the only one of four to develop high numbers and cause yield
loss. Infestations in early and late winter and early spring did not affect
yield. Release rates of 330, 660, and 1,000 aphids/plot had no significant
effect on population numbers or yield. Higher numbers of Russian wheat
aphids developed in 1990-91 than in 1988-89, but peaks in the populations
during both years occurred in mid- to late April. Greenbug, Schizaphis
graminum Rondani, and bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.),
numbers were highest in treatments with high Russian wheat aphid numbers.
The presence of aphid mummies was highly correlated with greenbug and bird
cherry-oat aphid numbers, but not with numbers of Russian wheat aphids.
Unsuitable wind direction and lack of alternate host plants are other
possible reasons that Russian wheat aphid infestations have been light and
slow to spread in the Rolling Plains in recent years.
Personnel: Dr. S. Serna-Saldivar has left the TAES wheat quality
evaluation program and has joined the Monterrey Institute of Technology in
Mexico where is a Professor in Food Science.
Dr. Marta Gomez has been promoted to research scientist and will work
in the wheat quality evaluation program at College Station.
Jie Hu joined the research team at Amarillo as research associate in
molecular biology, after receiving her M.S. degrees from the University of
Wyoming.
Publications
Boeger, J. and B. A. McDonald. 1991. Genetic diversity at RFLP loci in an
Oregon Septoria tritici population. Phytopathology 81:1190 (Abstract).
Erickson, C. A., M. E. McDaniel, M. Borlaug, L. R. Nelson, and D. S.
Marshall. 1991. Heterosis for grain yield and its components in winter by
spring wheat hybrids. In: Proceedings of the Southern Small Grain Workers'
Conf. at Overton, p. 32.
Garcia, C. and D. Marshall. 1992. Observations on the ascogenous stage of
Septoria tritici in Texas. Mycol. Res. 96(1):65-70.
Mahmood, T., D. Marshall, and M. E. McDaniel. 1991. Effect of winter wheat
cultivar mixtures on leaf rust severity and grain yield. Phytopathology
81:470-474.
Marshall, D. 1992. Virulence of Puccinia recondita in Texas from 1988 to
1990. Plant Dis. (Accepted for publication).
Marshall, D. 1991. Crop diversity for plant pathogen control. Pages 568-
577 in Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., (D.
Pimentel, Ed.), CRC Press.
Marshall, D., J. H. Gardenhire, B. A. Shafer, K. B. Porter, M. D. Lazar, M.
E. McDaniel, L. R. Nelson, and W. D. Worrall. 1991. TAMBAR 500 winter
barley. TAES MP-1729, 4 p.
Marshall, David, J. H. Gardenhire, B. A. Shafer, K. B. Porter, M. D. Lazar,
M. E. McDaniel, L. R. Nelson and W. D. Worrall. 1991. Tambar 500 Winter
Barley. TAES MP-1729.
McCarty, D. R., T. Hattori, C. B. Carson, V. Vasil, Mark Lazar, and I. K.
Vasil. 1991. The Viviparous-1 Developmental gene of maize encodes a novel
transcriptional activator. Cell 66:895-906.
McDonald, B. A. 1991. Gametic disequilibrium among anonymous, nuclear RFLP
loci in a Septoria tritici population. Phytopathology 81:1190 (Abstract).
McDonald, B. A. and J. P. Martinez. 1991. Chromosome length polymorphisms
in a Septoria tritici population. Current Genetics 19:265-271.
McDonald, B. A. and J. P. Martinez. 1991. DNA fingerprinting of the plant
pathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria tritici).
Experimental Mycology 15:146-158.
McIntosh, R. A., G. E. Hart, and M. D. Gale. 1991. Catalogue of gene
symbols for wheat: 1991 Supplement. Wheat Newsletter 37:200-217.
Nelson, L. R. and David Marshall. 1990. Breeding wheat for resistance to
Septoria nodorum and S. tritici. In: Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 44:257-
277. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY.
Nelson, L. R. and M. E. McDaniel. (Editors). 1991. Proceedings of the
Southern Small Grain Workers' Conference at Overton. 52 p.
Nelson, L. R. 1991. Wheat breeding program in East Texas. In:
Proceedings of the Southern Small Grain Workers' Conference at Overton. p.
41.
Tuleen, N. A., Y.-C. Yang, and G. E. Hart. 1991. Evidence that Aco-B2 and
Aco-D2 of Triticum aestivum are located in chromosomes 4B and 4D. Theor.
Appl. Genet. (In Press.).
Ward, S., J. Crowder, and L. R. Nelson. 1991. Oat, rye, wheat, and
triticale forage variety tests at Overton in 1988-89. In: Forage Research
in Texas, 1989. TAES CPR-4731, pp. 50-53.
Worrall, W. D., K. B. Porter, M. Lazar, G. H. Gomez, D. S. Marshall, L. R.
Nelson, and M. E. McDaniel. 1991. TAM-109 Hard Red Winter Wheat. TAES
Leaflet L-2464.
-------------------------
UTAH
Rulon S. Albrechtsen
Spring Wheat
Production, diseases and insects. A slightly smaller harvested acreage
was offset by a slightly higher yield per acre to make Utah's 1991 spring
wheat production essentially equal to that of the previous year.
Diseases were generally light. The Cereal Leaf Beetle caused
considerable damage in some areas. Losses from the Russian wheat aphid were
less than those experienced in 1990. Our winter and spring weather
conditions seem to largely determine the severity of the summer problem.
Breeding program. Our small spring wheat acreage, budget crunches and
active breeding programs in nearby states developing cultivars that meet our
needs quite well have dictated scaling down our spring wheat program and
directing the resources into other areas.
Cultivars. `Rick' hard red spring wheat continues to increase in
acreage. It is a dual purpose cultivar that performs well under both
irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Fremont (HRS) and a number of soft
white types make up the majority of the remaining spring wheat production.
-------------------------
D.J. Hole
Winter Wheat
Production, diseases and insects. Harvested acreage of Utah's 1991
winter wheat crop dropped to 130 thousand acres, down 20 thousand acres from
1990 levels. Despite a better water year, average yields statewide were
lower. This may have been caused, in part, by a cold wet spring.
Dwarf smut levels were low throughout the state due mainly to continued
stability of current resistant cultivars. Our highest priority is
diversifying the genetic base of the resistance, as all currently resistant
cultivars utilize the same source of resistance.
Cereal Leaf Beetle continues to move north through the state although
losses were minimal this year. Incidence of Russian Wheat Aphid was also
lower this year.
Wide hybridization. The wide hybridization program is being continued
in an effort to introduce barley dwarf smut resistance genes into wheat.
Haploid addition hybrids have been prepared containing 21+1 through 21+7
chromosomes. These are being doubled subsequent to testing for dwarf bunt
infection. Not all addition lines have been created yet.
We received a set of disomic and ditelo addition lines of winter rye
into winter wheat from Adam Lukaszewski at Univ. of California, Riverside.
We are currently testing these lines in our dwarf smut nursery with the goal
of identifying chromosomes carrying resistance genes in rye.
New cultivars. Promontory, released last year was available to
growers in limited quantity this year. There is good interest in this
cultivar.
Breeder Seed of a hard red winter semi-dwarf line was harvested and a
foundation field planted this year. This line (UT1706-1) is adapted to
irrigated conditions, and has excellent mildew resistance.
-------------------------
VIRGINIA
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
C.A. Griffey, M.K. Das, D.E. Brann, M.M. Alley, P. Scharf, E.L.
Stromberg, A. Herbert, C. Hull, and J.M. Johnson
-------------------------
Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences
Carl Griffey, Modan Das, and Dan Brann
1991 Winter Wheat Production. The harvested soft red winter wheat crop
in Virginia was 250,000 acres (101,250 ha) in 1991. State-wide grain yields
averaged 49 bu ac(-1) (3290 kg ha(-1), and total production was 12.3 million
bushels (334,000 metric tons). Grain yields have averaged 48.5 bu ac(-1)
(3260 kg ha(-1)) over the past four years (1988-1991).
Growing Conditions. Temperatures were unseasonably warm throughout
most of the fall and winter seasons, and winterkill was minimal. The
cumulative precipitation received in most regions of Virginia was above
normal for the period of August 1990 to March 1991, and moisture was
adequate throughout most of the growing season. High temperatures and lack
of sufficient moisture during the final stages of the grain-fill period
restricted grain yields, especially in later maturing cultivars.
Diseases. Mild weather conditions in the fall and early spring
promoted the build-up of large aphid populations, and barley yellow dwarf
was a problem statewide. The incidence and severity of powdery mildew
(Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici) on wheat were high at locations east of
the Blue Ridge Mountains. Susceptible cultivars had mean disease severities
ranging from 31 to 54% (0 - 100% scale) in state variety trials. Mildew
isolates capable of overcoming the Pm8 gene ('Kavkaz') were identified at
Warsaw, Virginia. Among the wheat mildew differentials tested (Pm1 to Pm8),
only 'Amigo' (Pm17) expresses complete resistance in both seedlings and
adult plants. Significant incidence of wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita
f. sp. tritici) was noted only after head emergence. Susceptible cultivars
had rust severities ranging from 20 to 58% (0 -100% scale) in state variety
trials.
State Variety Tests. Seven public and 13 private wheat cultivars were
evaluated at six locations in Virginia in 1991. The cultivars 'Florida
302', 'GA-Gore', 'Coker 983', 'Coker 9835', and 'Coker 9803' had grain
yields of 70 bu ac(-1) (4700 kg ha(-1)) or higher. Coker 9803 and GA-Gore
were the highest yielding cultivars with yields of 76 bu ac(-1) (5100 kg ha-
1) and 77 bu ac(-1) (5175 kg ha(-1)), respectively. Test weights ranged from
57.8 lbs bu(-1) (744 kg m(-3)) to 62.1 lbs bu(-1) (799 kg m(-3)), and the
average test weight among cultivars was 59.2 lbs bu(-1) (762 kg m(-3)).
-------------------------
Modan Das and Carl Griffey
Genetic Studies on Adult-Plant Resistance to Powdery Mildew. Powdery
mildew is a prevalent disease of wheat in Virginia. In experiments
conducted over the past two years, the susceptible cultivar 'Saluda' had an
average yield loss of 13% in non-treated versus fungicide-treated plots.
Adult-plant resistance (APR) in the cultivars 'Massey', 'Knox 62',
'Redcoat', and 'Houser' was effective in restricting mildew development and
in protecting grain yields. To effectively breed for APR, knowledge of the
underlying genetic systems involved is essential. Experiments have been
initiated to genetically characterize APR in the four cultivars previously
mentioned. The objectives of this study are to: 1) determine gene ation;
2) estimate heritability and gene number; and 3) estimate combining ability
and heterosis for APR. Area Under Mildew Progress Curve (AUMPC) data of
parental lines and F(2) progeny from a diallel cross among the APR cultivars
Massey and Knox 62, and the susceptible cultivar 'Hancock' were used to
estimate gene number according to Wright's Variance Method. Preliminary
data proposes that Knox 62 has at least one gene (0.67 + 0.11) and Massey
(pedigree: 'Blueboy'/Knox 62) has two or more genes (1.95 + 0.68) for APR.
The broad-sense heritability estimates were 0.77 and 0.49 for the crosses
Knox 62/Hancock and Massey/Hancock, respectively. Further studies on F(3)
and F(5) lines will be conducted to verify these results. The inheritance
of APR in the cultivars Redcoat and Houser will also be studied in 1992.
-------------------------
Peter Scharf and Mark Alley
Nitrogen Management in Wheat. Research continued in 1991 on an
improved nitrogen fertilizer recommendation system for winter wheat. Nine
field experiments were conducted in the Coastal Plain and Valley regions of
Virginia. These experiments involved spring N applications ranging from 0
to 210 lbs N acre(-1) in various combinations at Zadoks Growth Stages 25 and
30. Nitrate soil sampling and plant tiller counts were evaluated for
optimizing GS 25 N fertilizer applications while tissue analysis at GS 30
was studied for use in making economically optimum GS 30 N fertilizer
treatments.
Plant tiller counts were more closely related to optimum GS 25 N
fertilizer applications than were soil nitrate levels from the surface 12
inches of soil at GS 25. Whole plant tissue N contents at GS 30 were
related to optimum N fertilizer applications at GS 30 (r-sq = 0.60).
Although this relationship is far from perfect, using the split spring N
application program with a tissue test at GS 30 has been consistently more
profitable than a single N application at GS 25.
Research with N fertilization is continuing in 1992 with support from
both producer and environmental organizations. Twelve field experiments are
underway and we anticipate completing work on an integrated N recommendation
system.
-------------------------
Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science
andDepartment of Entomology
Erik Stromberg, Ames Herbert, and Cathy Hull
Barley Yellow Dwarf. In 1991 barley yellow dwarf (BYDV the PAV strain
as confirmed by serological test for a number of samples and locations of
both wheat and barley) occurred over a wide area in Virginia. By early
April typical BYDV symptoms were observed in susceptible barley and wheat
cultivars. The most pronounced symptom in addition to chlorosis was a
reddening of flag leaves by the first week in May in many wheat cultivars
from the Coastal Plain to the Mountain Valleys of western Virginia. Yield
losses due to this epidemic are difficult to estimate; however, twenty-two
BYDV loci (sites) exhibiting severe chlorosis and stunting within a barley
field in Charles City County were tagged. Twenty-two loci exhibiting only
yellowed flag leaves and 22 loci appearing unaffected corresponding to and
immediately adjacent to each of the 22 severely affected loci were also
tagged. Just prior to harvest, one square foot areas from each locus were
measured for height, number of heads, number of seeds per head, 1000 grain
weights, and yield in bushels per acre. The results of this experiment are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Effect of barley yellow dwarf virus on plant height and yield
components in 'Boone' barley.
Plant Yield
height # heads # seeds/ 1000K in g/
Symptoms in cm per ft(2) head in g ft(2)
None
---------------------------------------------------------------------
(healthy) 82.6a 58.5a 38.2a 30.96a 59.7a
Yellowed
leaves 80.5a 61.7a 35.1b 29.33b 63.6a
Severe stunt
and yellowed 66.5a 45.8b 31.0c 26.89c 37.6b
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P<0.05
for DMRT.
-------------------------
Department of Human Nutrition and Foods
Janet Johnson
Wheat and the End Products. One of the dietary guidelines authored by
the USDA was revised from "Eat more complex carbohydrates" to "Eat more
grains and cereal foods". Six to 11 servings of breads or cereal products
are recommended daily. These guidelines underscore the importance of
cereals and grains in the diet and especially the most commonly consumed
grain; wheat.
The consumption data and value of production indicate that the dietary
recommendations have had an impact. The baking and cereal industry has
shown a steady modest increase each year for the past 10 years. In 1990,
the cookie and cracker production increased 9% and breads 11% from the
previous year. The most dramatic change was the production of low-fat or
fat-free bakery products which increased by 25%.
The reduction or substitution of fat in baked products may result in a
product that is dry, harsh, crumbly, and easily overbaked. However, you can
have the fat-free cake and eat it too, if the formula is adjusted for
moisture and a softer flour. Soft wheat flour will definitely have a niche
market if the marketing of reduced fat and fat-free baked products continues
as predicted.
The requirements of the flour for fat free and other bakery products is
specific for each product. In other words, there is not a "one size fits
all" in flours for the fat-free cakes, cookies, specialty breads, or cake-
style muffins. This laboratory has studied the quality factors of flour as
related to baking performance and why flours may perform better in one
product than another.
Generally, a lower protein flour is desirable for cakes and cookies
(8%) and higher protein flour (11% +) is used as a family flour or for
breads. However, quantity isn't the whole story. Flours of the same
protein content but of different wheat cultivars produce different results
as measured by cake volume or stack height or spread of cookies. The
evaluation of three wheats ('Madison', 'Coker 916', and 'Pioneer 2548') are
shown in Table 1. All were approximately the same in protein content.
However, the performance in cakes as measured by volume varied, while the
performance in cookies as measured by stack height and spread was nearly the
same. Flours that vary in performance in one product such as cake may show
little difference in another such as cookies. The reasons for these
inconsistencies is not clear, but thus far we have found differences in the
water absorption and strength of the doughs of the flours of identical
protein quantity. This would point to a difference in the quality of the
proteins which is what this laboratory is studying. Some of the questions
to be answered are: "What qualities are critical for a given product?"; and
"How can cultivar identity and crop management be used to predict the
qualities that the flour will have?".
The selection of cereal and grain products from flours is seeming
endless on a trip down the aisle of the grocery store. The requirements for
flour for the wide range of products is also more sophisticated. There is a
need to know how to predict the needed qualities of a flour and possibly
create designer flours for the future.
Table 1. Evaluation of cake and cookie performance in three flours.
Cultivar % Protein Cake Volume Cookie Spread Stack Height
cc mm mm
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Madison 8.2 775 79.7 54.8
Coker 916 8.4 817 78.8 54.2
Pioneer 2548 8.6 683 81.8 54.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
WASHINGTON
Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology, and Disease Research, USDA-ARS,
Pullman, Washington
R.E. Allan, J.A. Pritchett, and L.M. Little
Post Harvest Dormancy of Red vs. White Grained Populations.
Differences in the degree of dormancy of red vs. white grained near-isolines
derived from BC(5) and BC(6) sub-populations were compared during 2 to 3
years for 4 to 5 soft white wheat (SWW) genetic backgrounds. Dormancy level
was measured at 90degF based on percentage of seeds germinated after several
days and by a germination rate index. The red-grained sub-populations
consistently expressed higher dormancy than the white grained counterparts.
Over 2 years the germination percentages after 7-9 days for red vs.
white seed lots of four cultivars were: Paha (50 vs. 67%), Luke (56 vs.
91%), Daws (46 vs. 88%) and Nugaines (27 vs. 74%), respectively. In Brevor,
a SWW which typically expresses high dormancy, the germination percentages
of red vs. white seed lots were 62 and 84%, 4 vs. 58%, and 1 vs. 17% in
1988, 1990 and 1991, respectively. Apparently incorporation of the red
grain trait into white grain cultivars enhances dormancy regardless of
whether the backgrounds have inherently high or low dormancy.
Cold Injury Observations. The severe cold episode of the 1990-1991
winter was the worst to occur in Washington in the past 50 years. Over 70%
of the winter wheat crop was destroyed. Damage to our breeding material was
also generally severe yet valuable genotypic differences in survival at
Pullman and several other sites helped to differentiate the germplasm.
Among club selections Hyak (59%) and Tyee (58%) had the highest
survival rates in the Pullman tests. The survival rates of 53 advanced club
lines ranged from 4 to 72% with only 6 lines comparable to Hyak in
hardiness. Nearly 66% had survival rates below 50%. Somewhat greater
genetic diversity occurred among advanced common white selections than among
the clubs. The range in survival values of 43 lines was 4 to 82% and Daws
had the highest survival rating (76%) among commercial SWW varieties. Only
4 lines were comparable to Daws for coldhardiness.
Survival ratings made in March accounted for 75 to 95% of the grain
yield potential in four replicated tests of advanced SWW lines. The
survival ratings of lines derived from Luke and Nugaines had lower
predictability (9 to 38%). Several of these lines were able to recover and
compensate for low stands by tillering profusely. In general the field
survival rankings of common and club wheats agreed closely with the
artificial crown freeze rankings. Our capability to exploit this method is
limited because we have only one small and unreliable low temperature
chamber. Among early generation material, several populations derived from
parents having only fair coldhardiness contained a few progeny transgressing
both parents for hardiness.
Club and Common White Winter Wheats for Low-Rainfall Zones. Wheat
varieties with semidwarf growth habit have had little impact in the low
precipitation zones of northwestern USA. Stand establishment is the main
varietal adaptive requirement for these zones and no Rht(1) and Rht(2)
semidwarfs have proven to be suitable. Moro club wheat, a nonsemidwarf, was
released in 1965. Moro remains the most important variety produced in these
low rainfall zones because it has excellent stand establishment
characteristics. Moro has low yield potential, weak straw, only fair
quality, and is susceptible to some of the newer races of stripe rust. A
project has been initiated to develop suitable replacements for Moro. One
short-term strategy is to convert some well-adapted semidwarf club and
common SWW varieties to nonsemidwarf types. Segregates from several
backcross populations have produced nonsemidwarf genotypes of Tres, Tyee,
Daws and Nugaines. These standard height selections have been placed in
preliminary yield trials in the low rainfall zones. Using semidwarf sources
other than Rht(1) and Rht(2) that do not adversely affect stand
establishment is second strategy. Reports from E. Europe indicate Rht(8)
does not impede stand establishment. We have begun transferring the Rht(8)
gene from SAVA into several adapted SWW varieties. Our preliminary results
suggest Rht(8) may not have a neutral effect on stand establishment. Among
50 Rht(8) BC(1) lines involving SAVA and four standard height Washington
varieties, few had average stands comparable to their recurrent parents.
The mean stands of the BC(1) lines and their recurrent parents were 42% vs.
54%, respectively.
Nucleo-cytoplasmic Interactions. The potential for exploiting
favorable nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions (N/C heterosis) is being evaluated
and 1989-1990 results have been summarized. Comparisons were made between
49 members of alloplasmic (A) vs. euplasmic (E) BC(5) and BC(6) derived
populations. The cytoplasmic donors (CD) included 6 Aegilops sp., 2 T.
turgidum, 1 T. macha and 1 Haynaldia villosa. The Aegilops sp. were
squarrosa, cylindrica, ventricosa, variabilis, uniaristata and juvenalis.
Winter wheat recurrent parents and genetic backgrounds (GB) were 5 soft
white commons, 3 clubs and 1 hard red. Agronomic, disease and quality
evaluations of the 49 A vs. E pairs were made in two and three trials in
1989 and 1990, respectively. When all A vs. E paired comparisons were
assessed for all of the traits, favorable and unfavorable changes were
detected in 5 and 8% of the comparisons. The Ae. squarrosa cytoplasm was
tested in all 9 GB. It had no adverse effects in 6 GB's but occasionally
caused unfavorable effects in 3 GB's. Among 40 CD/GB that involved the 10
cytoplasms with SWW of Tyee, Nugaines, Luke and Stephens, 5 had potential
for enhancing 1 to 3 agronomic traits without any deleterious effects.
Among the other CD/GB's, 15 were neutral while 20 were unfavorable for one
or more of the eight traits evaluated. The cylindrica cytoplasm caused
unfavorable effects in all 4 GB's whereas H. villosa cytoplasm imparted
favorable or neutral effects in all 4 GB's. Mixing alloplasmic strains with
different CD's but having the same GB may allow for exploiting several CD's
to achieve N/C heterosis for the same trait or different traits. For
example, by blending the Tyee alloplasmic strains of macha, juvenalis and
uniaristata enhancement of grain yield, bioyield, kernel weight, and kernels
per spike should occur. The frequent influence of environment on
cytoplasmic effects and cytoplasm x genetic background effects suggested
that alloplasmic strains would probably have narrow rather than broad
adaptation. Limited potential existed for enhancing disease resistance,
coldhardiness and soft wheat quality via N/C interactions.
Personnel Changes. Dr. Stephen S. Jones joined the research unit as
Research Geneticist, Plants in August. He recently received his Ph.D. in
Genetics from U.C. Davis and will conduct research on wheat cytogenetics and
molecular mapping of QTL traits of wheat.
Publications
Allan, R.E. 1991. Potential for practical exploitation of alloplasmon in
winter wheat breeding. Kihara Memorial Intern. Sympos. Abst. on Cytoplasmic
Engineering in Wheat. p.15.
Allan, R.E. and Hwu, K.K. 1991. Seasonal shifting among components of a
wheat miltiline based on gliadin banding patterns. Agron. Abst. p. 84.
Allan, R.E. and Roberts, D.E. 1991. Inheritance of reaction to
strawbreaker foot rot in two wheat populations. Crop Sci. 31:943-947.
Jones, S.S., Dvorak, J., Knott, D.R. and Qualset, C.O. 1991. Use of
double-ditelosomic and normal chromosome 1D recombinant substitution lines
to map Sr33 on chromosome arm 1DS in wheat. Genome 34:505-508.
Peterson, C.J., Jr., Allan, R.E., Rubenthaler, G.L. and Line, R.F. 1991.
Registration of 'Eltan' wheat. Crop Sci. 31:1704.
Peterson, C.J., Jr., Allan, R.E., Rubenthaler, G.L. and Line, R.F. 1991.
Registration of 'Kmor' wheat. Crop Sci. 31:1704-1705.
Roberts, D.E. and Allan, R.E. 1990. Natural and mass selection for
improving strawbreaker foot rot resistance in winter wheat. Crop Sci.
30:510-515.
-------------------------
Roland F. Line
Control of Rusts and Smuts of Wheat, 1991. Models developed for
predicting stripe rust when used with monitoring data accurately forcasted
stripe rust for the 13th consecutive year. During the fall of 1990 the
absence of any appreciable precipitation from August 23 to October 21
delayed fall emergence of wheat and establishment of rust in northern Idaho
and eastern Washington and Oregon (region 1). Above normal precipitation in
November and above normal temperatures from October to December 18 favored
wheat growth and rust development in region 1. A sudden drop in
temperatures on December 19 followed by two weeks of low temperatures killed
much of the wheat in the region and reduced survival of rust inoculum.
Thus, stripe rust and leaf rust did not increase to high percentages until
late in the spring. An unusually wet May and June was highly favorable for
late development of leaf rust and stem rust. Hot weather in July limited
stripe rust in the later planted spring wheat. Therefore, damage from stripe
rust in region 1 was low, except in some fields in the southeastern part of
the region that escaped winterkill. Stripe rust was severe in northwestern
Washington where the environment was more favorable.
Stripe rust in region 1 reduced yields by 0% to 10% depending upon
cultivar. Leaf rust was most severe in irrigated fields and in non-
irrigated fields that matured late in the season, and when not controlled,
caused losses exceeding 20%. Stem rust also caused losses up to 20% in same
fields of late maturing cultivars.
Table 1 lists the races of Puccinia striiformis that have been
detected in North America and their virulences on differential cultivars.
Forty-five stripe rust races have been identified including a new race (CDL-
45) that is virulent on Hyak. In 1991, the most prevalent races in the
Pacific Northwest were those virulent on Hatton, Tres, Tyee, Moro, Jacmar,
Weston, Paha, Yamhill, Fielder, Owens, seedlings of Stephens and Daws, and
cultivars developed in other regions of North America (Races CDL-5, CDL-20,
CDL-25, CDL-26, CDL-27, CDL-29, CDL-33, CDL-38, CDL-40, CDL-41, CDL-42, and
CDL-43). Races CDL-1, CDL-3, CDL-6, CDL-20, and CDL-21 occurred in
California. No stripe rust of wheat was detected east of the Rocky
Mountains. A new bulletin (USDA Technical Bulletin Number 1788) on
"Virulence, Aggressiveness, Evolution, and Distribution of Races of Puccinia
striiformis (the Cause of Stripe Rust of Wheat) in North America, 1968-1987"
is now available.
Research on the inheritance and identification of genes for resistance
to specific races of Puccinia striiformis is continuing, and studies on the
location of the genes have been initiated. Those results will aid in
identifying races, screening germplasm and developing new resistant
cultivars. Genes for race-specific, seedling resistance were studied in
Lemhi, Chinese 166, Heines VII, Moro, Paha, Druchamp, Riebesel, Produra,
Yamhill, Stephens, Lee, Fielder, Tyee, Tres, Cappelle Desprez, Hybrid 46,
Minister, Nord Desprez, Vilmorin 23, Compare, Element, Heines Kolben, Heines
Peko, Carstens V, T. spelta album, Spaldings Prolifique, Alba, and Daws.
Many of the genes in those cultivars were not previously named. Information
was also obtained on the interaction of the genes and the effect of maternal
cytoplasm on expression of the genes.
High-temperature, adult-plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust has
continued to be effective against all races. HTAP resistant genes have been
identified in several cultivars. Two genes for high-temperature, adult-
plant resistance to stripe rust (two in Stephens and two in Druchamp) were
identified. HTAP resistant club wheat lines with good yield and quality
have been distributed to breeders in the region, and the breeders are
currently crossing to those lines with local wheats to obtain more resistant
club wheats.
Each year, we evaluate cultivars and breeding lines developed in
western United States for resistance to stripe rust, leaf rust, and flag
smut. Currently, all of the major soft white winter wheat cultivars and
most of the hard red winter wheat and spring wheat cultivars grown in the
Pacific Northwest have high-temperature, adult-plant resistance, and their
resistance has remained durable against all North American races of stripe
rust. Many of the spring wheat cultivars in the Pacific Northwest have
slow-rusting, variable infection-type resistance to leaf rust, which also
appears to be durable. As part of an ongoing program, entries in the
national germplasm collection are being evaluated for high-temperature,
adult-plant resistance in the field at Mt. Vernon and Pullman, WA and for
specific resistance to stripe rust races CDL-17, CDL-20, CDL-27, CDL-29, and
CDL-41 in the greenhouse. The five races include all of the virulences that
have been identified in North America except virulence for Hyak. Race CDL-
45, which is similar to CDL-27 but also virulent on Hyak, is now being used
instead of race CDL-27. As of this date, about 38,000 germplasm entries
have been evaluated at the two field sites and about half of those have been
evaluated for resistance to the races in the greenhouse.
Foliar application of Bayleton, Tilt, Folicur, LS86263, SAN 619, RH-
7592, and Punch controlled stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery
mildew and significantly increased yields of susceptible cultivars, when
applied at jointing to early heading stages of plant growth. Treatment of
seed with Baytan, Raxil, San-619, and RP400727 controlled early stripe rust
and powdery mildew, but did not adequately control leaf rust or other
diseases that developed later. Control of soilborne common bunt was
obtained with Baytan, Raxil, Dividend, SAN-619 and RP400727. Dividend
provided nearly complete
control of dwarf bunt when winter wheat was planted at a range of planting
dates at Logan, Utah, Kalispell, MT, Pullman, WA, and Cavandish, ID and 100%
control at all dates except September plantings at Pullman and Kalispell.
Development of a computerized advisory system titled Managerial Options for
Reasonable Economical Control of Rusts and Other Diseases (MORE-CROP) is
progressing and should be ready for testing in the fall of 1992. The system
should aid in disease control decisions. The system is based on effect of
environment and regional and individual farm management practices in
different agronomic zones; on establishment, survival, and development of
wheat diseases, especially the rusts;
prevalence and distribution of rust races; vulnerability of cultivars; kind
and degree of cultivar resistance; effectiveness of fungicides at various
rates and schedules; potential yield; and economic losses or benefits.
Table 1. Virulence (V) and Avirulence (A) of North American races of
Puccinia striiformis on 1) Lemhi, 2) Chinese 166, 3) Heines VII,
4) Moro, 5) Paha, 6) Druchamp, 7) Riebesel 47-51, 8) Produra,
9) Yamhill, 10) Stephens, 11) Lee, 12) Fielder,
13) Tyee, 14) Tres, and 15) Hyak.
Virulence
Component of
North American
CDL(a) Differential cultivar
race race 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1,2 1 V V A A A A A A A A A A A A A
1,2,5 2 V V A A V A A A A A A A A A A
1,3 3 V A V A A A A A A A A A A A A
1,3 4 V A V A A A A A A A
1,3,4 5 V A V V A A A A A A A A A A A
1,6,8,12 6 V A A A A V A V A A A V A A A
1,3,5 7 V A V A V A A A A A A A A A A
1,3,9 8 V A V A A A A A V A A A A A A
1,3,6,8,12 9 V A V A A V A V A A A V A A A
1,2,3,9 10 V V V A A A A A V A A A A A A
1 11 V A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
1,5,6,12 12 V A A A V V A A A A A V A A A
1,5,6,8,12 13 V A A A V V A V A A A V A A A
1,8,12 14 V A A A A A A V A A A V A A A
1,3,6,10 15 V A V* A A V A A A V A A A A A
1,3,9,11 16 V A V A A A A A V A V A A A A
1,2,3,9,11 17 V V V A A A A A V A V A A A A
1,3,4,9 18 V A V V A A A A V A A A A A A
1,3,6,8,10,12 19 V A V A A V A V A V A V A A A
1,6,8,10,12 20 V A A A A V A V A V A V A A A
2 21 A V A A A A A A A A A A A A A
1,3,12 22 V A V A A A A A A A A V A A A
1,3,6,9,10 23 V A V* A A V A A V V A A A A A
1,3,5,12 24 V A V A V A A A A A A V A A A
1,3,6,8-10,12 25 V A V A A V A V V V A V A A A
1,3,9,12 26 V A V A A A A A V A A V A A A
1,3,12,13 27 V A V A A A A A A A A V V A A
1,3,4,12 28 V A V V A A A A A A A V A A A
1,3,4,5 29 V A V V V A A A A A A A A A A
1,4,6,8,12 30 V A A V A V A V A A A V A A A
1,3,5,11 31 V A V A V A A A A A V A A A A
1,4 32 V A A V A A A A A A A A A A A
1,3,9,12,13 33 V A V A A A A A V A A V V A A
1,3,4,5,12 34 V A V V V A A A A A A V A A A
1,10 35 V A A A A A A A A V A A A A A
1,3,4,9,12 36 V A V V A A A A V A A V A A A
1,3,6,8,9-12 37 V A V A A V A V V V V V A A A
1,3,11 38 V A V A A A A A A A V A A A A
1,2,4 39 V V A V A A A A A A A A A A A
1,4,14 40 V A A V A A A A A A A A A V A
1,3,4,14 41 V A V V A A A A A A A A A V A
1,3,11,12 42 V A V A A A A A A A V V A A A
1,3-5,12,14 43 V A V V A A A A A A A A A V A
1,4,5 44 V A A V V A A A A A A A A A A
1,3,12,13,15 45 V A V A A A A A A A A V V A V
(a) Cereal Disease Laboratory type race
* Initially avirulent (infection type = 2), but eventually virulent
(infection type - 6-7).
Publications
Line, Roland F. and Qayoum, Abdul. 1991. Virulence, aggressiveness,
evolution, and distribution of races of Puccinia striiformis... U.S. Dept.
of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 1788, 44pp.
Line, Roland F. and Newberry, G.D. 1991. Control of powdery mildew, stripe
rust, leaf rust, and stem rust of spring wheat with foliar fungicides, 1990.
Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:212-213.
Line, Roland F. and Newberry, G.D. 1991. Control of powdery mildew, stripe
rust, leaf rust, and leaf rust of winter wheat with foliar fungicides, 1990.
Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:214.
Line, Roland F. and Newberry, G.D. 1991. Control of soilborne common bunt
of winter wheat with seed treatments, 1990. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests
46:285.
Line, Roland F. and Newberry, G.D. 1991. Control of seedborne and soilborne
common bunt of spring wheat with seed treatments, 1990. Fungicide and
Nematicide Tests 46:286.
Line, Roland F. and Newberry, G.D. 1991. Control of flag smut of wheat with
seed treatments, 1990. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:287.
Chen, Xianming and Line, Roland F. 1991. Gene action of adult-plant
resistance to stripe rust in wheat cultivars Druchamp and Stephens.
Phytopathology 81:1207.
Chen, Xianming and Line, Roland F. 1991. Gene number and heritability of
adult-plant resistance to stripe rust in wheat cultivars Druchamp and
Stephens. Phytopathology 81:1207.
Chen, Xianming and Line, Roland F. 1991. Race-specific resistance genes in
wheat to stripe rust. Phytopathology 81:1344.
Line, R.F. 1991. Are quarantines effective or necessary for control of
flag smut of wheat? Proc. XII Intern. Plant Protection Congress, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazel, 11-16 August.
Line, R.F. 1991. Integrated control of wheat rusts. Proc. XII Intern.
Plant Protection Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazel, 11-16 August.
Line, R.F. and Chen, X. 1991. Inheritance of stripe rust resistance in
wheat cultivars that differentiate races of Puccinia striiformis. Proc. XII
Intern. Plant Protection Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Braxel, 11-16 August.
-------------------------
WASHINGTON
Crop and Soil Science Department, Washington State University
C.F. Konzak
Spring Wheats
Spring Wheat acreage production and yield levels in 1991 were among the
highest achieved in several years. Disease injuries were negligible, but
diseases were present at low levels. Stem rust came in late as in common
for the area. Protein levels were generally high, but soft wheats averaged
more than 1 to 2 percentage points lower protein than hard wheats. N.
Dakota spring wheats like Stoa, Len and Butte 86 produced the highest
protein grain, sometimes at a lower grain yield level. Western Plant
Breeders 906R and Express had generally good protein levels and fair to good
yields overall. WSU's new Spillman produced good yield at protein levels
between that of Butte 86 and Wampum an old standard, but high yielder.
Spillman's grain protein level is typically 1/2 percentage point below WPB
906R , but its yield is more comparable to Wampum on average.
The most widely grown SWS wheat was Penawawa, which seems to excel in
adaptability. The hessian fly resistant Wakanz was produced in greater
amounts in the higher rainfall areas, but seed supplies were yet too limited
to meet grower needs. More will likely be grown in 1992 based on seed
production in 1991. The adult plant type stripe rust resistance of Wakanz
does not appear to be a high enough level to prevent injury from early rust
build-up in some areas. Consequently, a tester line WA7176, with a higher
type stripe rust resistance was advanced toward release. Another line,
WA7712 is being advanced as a back up for WA7176. It has superior soft
white spring wheat processing properties along with the H3 hessian fly
resistance gene, and it possibly carries an even broader based stripe rust
resistance.
Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance. While weather in the past 2 years has not
favored the RWA, the insect poses a potentially serious threat to wheat
production in the region. Seed of resistant lines PI137739 and PI294994
were obtained from Dutoit in South Africa. Crosses were made with local
soft and hard wheats. Dihaploid progeny were produced via anther culture
and in 1991 lines remaining after 2 greenhouse test cycles were grown and
evaluated in the field. Most of the lines were discarded for a variety of
reasons; tall height, rust susceptibility, late maturity, or general
appearance. Twelve soft white spring lines and 4 hard red spring dihaploid
lines with high yielding capacity were retained. These lines will be used
in backcrosses toward improving quality and other properties as well as in
research on the RWA,
Dihaploid breeding. Several hundred lines of HRS wheats derived from anther
cultures were evaluated and increased in the field in 1991. Most lines were
obtained from crosses involving Spillman, some with Yecora Rojo and with
WPB906R. The more promising of these lines were subjected to quality
evaluations and 2HRS and 1HWS lines were selected for regional (Tri State)
trials - in the 3rd year following the cross! Some twenty other promising
lines were entered in State regional trials. It would appear that the
dihaploid production technology has great potential not only in speeding
cultivar development, but also for germ plasm enhancement and to produce
lines for a widening range of research.
New Cultivars:
Preliminary breeder seed increases will be made in 1992 of four soft white
spring wheat lines. These and their properties are described here: WA7176 -
Release of the breeder seed composite of lines proved resistant to the
hessian fly was delayed until 1993 for comparison field testing of the new
composite, since the original lot was heterozygous and heterogenous even
after 6 years of field testing! The resistant breeder lines will be
increased individually and composited for the release. WA7677 is a more
widely adapted SWS line, potentially a replacement for Penawawa and Edwall.
WA7715 is a subline component of the original Wadual (a mixture of about 60
lines) will be increased and used as a replacement for Wadual, perhaps
released as Wadual 93. WA7715 appears to have similar milling and pastry-
making properties to the original Wadual, but has increased grain and flour
protein content and better bread making properties.
WUC657 is a soft white spring club wheat developed by C.O. Qualset at U.C.
Davis. WUC657 is an early semidwarf spring habit club wheat with moderate
to good disease resistance. It will be the first spring club wheat released
in the PNW. Pamela Zwer, Oregon State University, Pendleton coordinated a
regional spring club trial from which WUC657 was identified. OSU and CA may
join in the release proposed for 1993. WUC657 would be used to overseed
partially winterkilled winter club wheats, and may be useful for
supplementing supplies of club wheat in case of severe losses by winter kill
or diseases. WUC657 may carry adult plant stripe rust resistance and it
appears to have some resistance to stem rust.
-------------------------
Western Wheat Quality Laboratory
C.F. Morris, H.C. Jeffers, A.D. Bettge, D. Engle, M.L. Baldridge, B.S.
Patterson, R. Ader, and J. Raykowski
WSU Personnel include: G. King, B. Davis; Post-docs: H. Malkawi, G.
Greenblatt; Graduate student: V. DeMacon
The USDA/ARS Western Wheat Quality Lab (WWQL) is one of four federally-
supported regional wheat quality labs and serves cultivar development
programs of the western states. In addition to our traditional efforts in
quality evaluation and cultivar development we are expanding to include the
new class of hard white. Our current aim is to incorporate excellent
milling and Chinese noodle qualities in hard white cultivars. We will also
incorporate traditional bread-type quality in this class to the extent
possible, but without sacrificing noodle quality. We are expanding our
research effort on the biochemical and genetic basis of endosperm texture.
Our current focus is on friabilin, a 15-kDa protein associated with starch
granules from soft wheat. We have purified this protein and are in the
process of raising polyclonals to it and obtaining its amino acid sequence.
An additional research project is examining the relationship between high
levels of seed dormancy and tissue culture response of excised immature
embryos.
-------------------------
M.K. Walker-Simmons, R. Anderberg, J. Curry, L. Holappa, and J.L. Ried
Molecular and biochemical regulation of wheat grain dormancy and
environmental stress responses. Growth of sprouted seeds and emerging
seedlings can be slowed by drying. Towards a long-term goal of improving
sprouting resistance and environmental stress tolerance in wheat, we are
elucidating the molecular and biochemical changes that occur when wheat
seedlings are dried. Levels of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA)
increase ten-fold in root, shoot and scutellar tissue upon drying of wheat
seedlings. We have identified and sequenced cDNA clones representing
dehydration stress-inducible transcripts in wheat from five different gene
families. Many of the clones encode hydrophilic proteins and production of
antibodies to specific gene products is now in progress. These antibodies
will be used to test the hypothesis that some ABA inducible genes encode
proteins having a role as desiccation protectants.
Publications
Curry, J., Morris, C.F., and Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1991) Sequence analysis
of a cDNA encoding a Group 3 LEA mRNA inducible by ABA or dehydration stress
in wheat. Plant Mol. Biol. 16:1073-1076.
Morris, C., Anderberg, R.A., Goldmark, P.J., and Walker-Simmons, M. (1991)
Molecular cloning and expression of abscisic acid-responsive genes in
embryos of dormant wheat seeds. Plant Physiol., 95:814-821.
Ried, J.L. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1991) Expression of ABA-responsive
mRNAs and proteins in dehydrated wheat seedlings capable of regrowth. Plant
Physiol. 96(S): 81.
Walker-Simmons, M.K. and Abrams, S.R. (1991) Use of ABA Immunoassays,
Chapter 5, pp. 53-61, IN: W.J. Davies and H.G. Jones (eds.) Abscisic Acid -
Physiology and Biochemistry, Bios Publishers, Oxford, UK.
Walker-Simmons, M., Reaney, M., Quarrie, S.A., Perata, P., Vernieri, P., and
Abrams, S.R. (1991) Monoclonal antibody recognition of abscisic acid
analogs. Plant Physiol., 95:46-51.
Walker-Simmons, M.K., Anderberg, R.J., Rose, P.A., and Abrams, S.R. (1992)
Optically pure ABA analogs - Tools for relating germination inhibition and
gene expression in wheat embryos. Plant Physiol. In press.
-------------------------
WEST VIRGINIA
USDA-ARS, Appalachian Soil and Water Conservation Research Laboratory,
Beckley
Screening for acid soil tolerance of wheat and other small grains
V.C. Baligar, L. Bona*, K.D. Ritchey and R.J. Wright***L. Bona on
research leave from Cereal Research Institute, POB 391, 6701 Szeged,
Hungary. **Current address: USDA-ARS, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory,
Beltsville, MD 20705
Soils of the Appalachian Region are mostly acidic and infertile.
Inhibition of plant growth in these soils results mainly from a combination
of factors including Al, Mn, and H-ion toxicities, and deficiencies of
essential elements, particularly Ca, Mg, P, and Mo. A root bioassay
technique was developed to (i) evaluate the relationship between root
elongation of wheat seedlings and soil and soil solution chemical properties
of a range of hill-land soils from the Appalachian Region, and (ii)
distinguish acid-soil tolerance among cereal species and winter wheat
genotypes.
The root bioassay technique consisted of germinating seeds for one day
at 20degC in petri dishes lined with moist filter paper. Twenty-four
uniform, healthy seedlings were selected from each entry and planted at a
rate of four seedlings per 200 ml plastic cup. Each cup contained 200 g of
soil, packed to a bulk density of 1 g/cm(3) and held at a moisture content
corresponding to 33 kPa moisture tension. Three replications (three cups)
of both the limed (+L) and unlimed (-L) treatments of the soil were arranged
in a randomized complete block design. The limed treatment consisted of
adding dolomitic lime at a rate of 4g/kg soil to eliminate Al toxicity. The
cups were placed on trays containing moist paper towels and covered with a
plastic dome, providing a humid atmosphere to maintain the desired moisture
level. Plants were grown for three days in a climatically controlled growth
chamber set at 80% relative humidity and 20degC, with 12 h/day of 115
mmol/m(2)s light illumination. The longest root of each seedling was
measured at harvest, and the average longest root length (ALRL) calculated
for each replication and entry. An acid-soil tolerance index (Ti) was
calculated for each entry by dividing the ALRL(-L) by the ALRL(+L). The
following paragraphs describe some of the results we obtained using the root
bioassay technique.
Acid soil toxicity study. The acid soil toxicity of 55 surface and
subsurface horizons from 14 hill-land soils of the Appalachian Region was
evaluated using an acid tolerant hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.) cv. Yecorra Rojo. All of the soil horizons were acidic (pH range 3.6 to
6.7, exchangeable Al 0.0 to 8.5 cmol/kg, exchangeable Ca 0.02 to 7.7
cmol/kg). Root elongation was inhibited in a number of the soil horizons.
The ALRL was limited in B horizons relative to A horizons, suggesting that
subsoil rooting in these soil horizons would be restricted. The ALRL was
negatively correlated with soil and soil solution Al parameters, and
positively correlated with Ca parameters. The root bioassay technique holds
promise of detecting root growth constraints in various types of acid soils.
Acid soil tolerance of small-grain seedlings. Acid tolerance among
cereal species was evaluated by observing the extent of inhibition of root
elongation in an Al-toxic, acid soil (pH 4.2) relative to root elongation in
the same soil treated with lime (pH 5.1). Porters soil (coarse-loamy,
mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts) was used in this study. Extractable Al
(0.01 M CaCl2; Soil:solution=1:2) dropped from 21 to 8 mg/kg due to the
addition of lime. Six species (all together 105 genotypes, mostly
Hungarian-origin cultivars) of small grains were tested. On the average,
durum wheat entries in unlimed (-L) soil had the shortest ALRL (34 mm),
while rye entries had the longest ALRL (91 mm). The following ranking of
acid soil tolerance of cereal species was obtained using the root bioassay
method: rye (Secale cereale L.) > oat (Avena sativa L.) > millet (Panicum
miliaceum L.) > common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) > barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.) > durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.).
Triticum durum (Ti of 22 entries = 49) exhibited much lower
adaptability to soil acidity than Triticum aestivum (Ti of 60 entries = 61).
However, the range in Ti was 1.9-fold in the durum genotypes, indicating the
potential for improving acid soil tolerance within this species. The range
in Ti was 3.1-fold in the common wheat genotypes. By this classi-
fication, 19% of the screened common wheat genotypes were tolerant or
moderately tolerant to soil acidity, 32% were intermediate, and 49% were
moderately susceptible or susceptible to soil acidity, while 14% of the
durum genotypes were intermediate, and 86% showed moderately susceptible or
susceptible responses. The root bioassay method can be useful for
screening within segregating populations, since seedlings were still viable
and transferable at the end of the test. The method is rapid, simple, and
inexpensive, and it can be a useful tool for cereal breeders.
Publications
Baligar, V.C., R.R. Duncan, and N.K. Fageria. 1990. Soil-plant interaction
on nutrient use efficiency in plants: an overview. In: V.C. Baligar and
R.R. Duncan (eds.), Crops as Enhancers of Nutrient Use. Academic Press, pp.
351-373.
Baligar, V.C., R.J. Wright, K.D. Ritchey, and N.K. Fageria. 1990. Bioassay
technique to assess acid soil constraints for growth of wheat (Triticum
aestivum) roots. In M.L. van Beusichem (ed.), Plant Nutrition - Physiology
and Applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
pp. 419-424.
Baligar, V.C., R.J. Wright, K.D. Ritchey, J.L. Ahlrichs, and B.K. Woolum.
1991. Soil and soil solution property effects on root growth of Al tolerant
and intolerant wheat cultivars. In R.J. Wright, V.C. Baligar, and R.P.
Murrmann (eds.), Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 245-252.
Bona, L., R.J. Wright, and V.C. Baligar. 1991. A rapid method for screening
cereals for acid soil tolerance. Cereal Res. Commun. 19:465-468.
Bona, L., J. Matuz, and L. Purnhauser. 1991. Aluminium tolerance of Triticum
aestivum L. populations related to plant-induced pH changes of nutrient
solution. In R.J. Wright, V.C.Baligar, and R.P. Murrmann (eds.), Plant-Soil
Interactions at Low pH, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands, pp. 1057-1062.
Bona, L., R.J. Wright, and V.C. Baligar. Acid soil tolerance of Triticum
aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf. wheat genotypes. Cereal Res. Commun.
(in press).
Ritchey, K.D., V.C. Baligar, and R.J. Wright. 1988. Wheat seedling responses
to soil acidity and implications for subsoil rooting. Commun. in Soil Sci.
and Plant Analysis 19:1285-1293.
Wright, R.J. 1989. Soil aluminum toxicity and plant growth. Commun. in Soil
Sci. and Plant Analysis 20:1479-1497.
Wright, R.J., V.C. Baligar, and J.L. Ahlrichs. 1989. The influence of
extractable and soil solution aluminum on root growth of wheat seedlings.
Soil Sci. 148:293-302.
Wright, R.J., V.C. Baligar, K.D. Ritchey, and S.F. Wright. 1989. Influence
of soil solution aluminum on root elongation of wheat seedlings. Plant and
Soil 113:294-298.
Wright, R.J., V.C. Baligar, D.P. Belesky, and J.D. Snuffer. 1991. The effect
of phosphate rock dissolution on soil chemical properties and wheat
seedling root elongation. In R.J. Wright, V.C. Baligar, and R.P. Murrmann
(eds.), Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 281-290; Plant and Soil 134:21-
30.
* * * * *
WISCONSIN
Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison
R. A. Forsberg*, E. S. Oplinger*, R. D. Duerst, and J. B. Stevens
Production and Diseases The 1991 Wisconsin statewide average wheat
yield was 49 b/a, 4 b/a below that in 1990 and 9 b/a below the state record
of 58.0 set in 1985. Soft red winter wheat acreage fluctuates between
140,000 - 200,000 acres in Wisconsin with nearly all the grain moving into
cash markets. A ready market also exists for wheat straw. Hard red spring
wheat acreage ranges from 7,000 to 10,000 acres.
The decrease in grain yield per acre of 7.6% and the 40% decrease in
statewide production, compared to 1990 levels, were exactly offset by an
increase in market price from $2.09 to $3.20 per bushel, a 53% increase.
Straw prices were up 39%. Per acre values in 1990 vs. 1991 were,
respectively, $110.77 vs. $156.80 for grain and $116.60 vs. $200.27 for
straw. Total per acre values were $227.37 vs. $357.07, an increase of 57%.
A complex of diseases and extreme heat in early May contributed to the
lower grain yields in 1991. The barley yellow dwarf virus, other viruses,
and head blight were the most important diseases.
Breeding. Glacier, tested as Wisconsin selection X1625-1-1, was
released in August 1991. It has excellent winter hardiness and also
excellent milling and baking quality. Glacier ranked first for milling and
baking quality among 38 entries in the 1989 Uniform Eastern Soft Wheat
Nursery (UESWN) based on an evaluation of a composite from seven states.
Glacier is 2 to 4 days earlier, 2 to 5 inches shorter, and has stiffer straw
than Argee and Merrimac. Promising selection X1924-1 is an entry in the
1992 UESWN.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM YUGOSLAVIA
M. Jost*, S. Srecec, S. Redzepovic, D. Sertic, Milica Jost, N. Savic,
and T.S. Cox, Agricultural Institute Krizevci, Krizevci
Wheat Production: A trend of slow decrease in wheat hectarage during
the last four decades was especially steep in Croatia. Despite this, total
wheat production has shown a consistent increase averaging about 25,000 tons
per year. Total production reached its maximum last year, when, on 319,000
hectares, over 1.6 million tons of wheat were harvested. Also, the average
yield of 5.02 t/ha was the largest ever recorded.
This year, due to the war, we will know with precision only the wheat
hectarage; the average yield will be only an estimate. In spite of
tremendous grain losses, we expect this to be the second highest-yielding
year since wheat has been grown in Croatia. This is due to consistently good
climatic conditions over the past few years, the use of high-yielding
cultivars, and heavy applications of fertilizers and crop protectants. Of
the 12 cultivars with at least 1000 tons of seed planted, the most widely
grown were Zitarka, Sana, Dukat, and Marija. Although high-yielding, some
of them, especially Dukat and Sana, are not known as good breadmaking
wheats. Our future objective should be not only to improve yield, but to
make a compromise between yield and quality, while taking into account
environmental impact.
New cultivars: Since 1977, we have tried to combine high protein-high-
lysine germplasm received from Dr. Virgil Johnson (USDA/University of
Nebraska, retired) with the 1B/1R translocation. A number of high-yielding,
high-quality lines are in tests, while two cultivars from such crosses were
released this year: Gorica (NE7060 76Y335/Pitoma) and Cerera (NE7060
76Y342/VG19). Both are semidwarf, high-yielding, high-quality wheats. A
third released cultivar with similar characteristics but a different origin
was named Mila (Pitoma/Partizanka).
Germplasm improvement by recurrent selection: A joint recurrent
selection project between Croatia and USDA-Manhattan, KS, USA was concluded
this year (see 1990 Wheat Newsletters). Several lines from the first cycle
of selection outyielded the highest-yielding check, Pitoma. The experiment
has shown that extensive recombination of a large set of high-yield and
high-quality lines need not break up favorable linkage blocks to the extent
that they cannot be recovered readily. This population, with 2,3,4,and 5
rounds of random recombination, will continue to be selected in Croatia,
resources permitting. For starting a third selection cycle, the best ten
families from the population will be intercrossed and crossed with Sana (the
highest-yielding Croatian cultivar) and an F1 between Pitoma and the
germplasm KS90WRGC10. Seed of the population can be obtained from T.S. Cox,
Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Agronomy Dept., Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS, 66506.
New project: High-yielding, short-statured wheat cultivars grown today
need heavy nitrogen fertilization, increasing the cost of production. In
our climatic conditions, N loss by leaching is extremely high, making
groundwater pollution a serious problem. We are trying to counteract this
by
(1) breeding tall semidwarfs (ca 100 cm) able to take up soil N more
efficiently and yield more at a lower N-fertilization level, and
(2) looking for asymbiotic azotofixators in the wheat rhizosphere.
It is known that certain species of Azotobacteracae colonize and form
loose associations with roots of grass plants, fixing N2 in the rhizosphere
under favorable conditions. For this reason, we carried out a preliminary
investigation with two wheat genotypes - Siroka (Zlatna Dolina/Kavkaz) and a
high protein line, VG-90-HP (NE7060 76Y335//Zlatna Dolina/Kavkaz) - grown on
alluvial calcareous loamy soil with 4% organic matter, two levels of pH in
KCL (4,5,and 6), four levels of N application (0-320 kg/ha), and with
or without seed treatment with mercury fungicide. There was large variation
in soil microorganisms:
(1) Total no. of microorganisms: 12.8 - 57.5 X 10**6 / g dry soil
(2) No. amonifers: 9.3 - 28.8 X 10**6 / g dry soil
(3) Aerobic asymbiotic N-fixing bacteria:
Azotobacter spp.: 0 - 46.6% fertile grain of soil
Azospirillum spp.: +
Beijerincka spp.: +
Derxia spp. +
(4) Cellulose-decomposing bacteria
and fungi: 10.6 - 63.3% fertile grain of soil
(5) Nitrifying bacteria: 77.3 - 92.0% fertile grain of soil
For all microorganisms, except nitrifying bacteria, higher values were
determined in the rhizosphere of VG-90-HP and in the most nearly neutral
soil (pH 6). Future work will be directed toward isolating pure cultures of
the genera Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Beijerincka, and Derxia and examining
their N-fixing ability, as well as specific bacteria/cultivar relationships.
-------------------------
M. Kuburovic, M. Jankovic, M. Pavlovic, M. Milovanovic, Institute for
Small Grains, Kragujevac
New Yugoslav Winter Wheat Varieties
Takovcanka. Takovcanka was examined in the trials of Yugoslav
Commission for variety approval in comparison with checks `Partizanka' and
`Super Zlatna' during 1987-1989 and registered in 1990. Experiments were
carried out in randomized blocks on plots of 5 m(2) in 5 repetitions.
Varieties were tested for 3 years in 17 localities in Yugoslavia.
Takovcanka originates from the cross Kavkaz/X L. 5393//Partizanka.
`Kavkaz' is from SSSR, L. 5393 is from our Institute, and Partizanka is a
domestic Yugoslav variety of high productivity and high quality.
Takovcanka has white spikes, without awns with red kernels, and belongs
to T. aestivum sp. vulgare, var. Lutescens. It has high shattering
resistance. The height of plants varied from 84.6 to 94.7 cm, depending on
locality and years of investigation; average height was 89.5 cm. Lodging
resistance is high. It is medium early, and is resistant to low
temperatures. The cultivar was more resistant than check cultivars to
Puccinia gr. tr., and Erysiphe gr. tr., but with lower resistance to
Puccinia recondita tritici.
Yield of grain depends on agroecological conditions, and on many plant
progenies. Very important components of yield are: the number of spikes per
m(2), the number of kernels, and weight of kernels in the spike; besides
these, of high importance for yield are: disease resistance, lodging
resistance, resistance to low temperatures, and to shattering. Average
yield of Takovcanka varied from 6.03 to 8.08 t/ha, and was significantly
higher in different years and localities than both standard cultivars.
Average yield of Takovcanka for all localities and years of investigation
was 6.776 t/ha and that was significantly higher than both check varieties
(Table 1), genetical potential for yield of grains in variety Takovcanka is
about 11 t/ha, and its maximal yield in this period was 10.62 t/ha.
Table 1. Average yield of Takovcanka, and standard cultivars in the period
1987-1989 at all locations.
Year Takovcanka Partizanka Super Zlatna LSD 0.05
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1987 6.374 5.802++ 6.194++ 0.137
1988 7.012 5.962++ 6.611++ 0.194
1989 6.941 5.027++ 6.336++ 0.158
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Average 6.776 6.930 6.347
Because protein content depends on many ecological factors its level
resulted in some variation of quality. Our quality class depends mostly on
two components: protein content and sedimentation value. On the basis of
these parameters, Takovcanka belongs to quality class II.
Table 2. Some parameters of flour and bread wheat quality of Takovcanka and
standard cultivars.
Bread Bread Value
Crude Sedimen- yield volume number
protein tation % of g/100 ml/100 of bread
Cultivars % ml flour flour flour crumb VBS
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Takovcanka 13.2 37 76.8 135.5 485 4.1
Standards:
Partizanka 14.2 52 79.9 136.6 615 6.4
S. Zlatna 12.9 25 73.1 133.5 405 0.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bread yield and loaf volume are important parameters for determination
of baking quality. These values in Takovcanka are intermediary between
Partizanka which is in class I of quality and Super Zlatna which is a
standard for productivity, and belongs to class III of quality. Grain
glassiness in Takovcanka is 31% in Partizanka 36.3% and in S. Zlatna 3.9%.
Farinograph number in Super Zlatna is 53.8, in Takovcanka 60.7, and in
Partizanka 71.6. Takovcanka belongs to B(1) quality class, Partizanak to
A(2) quality class, and Super Zlatna to B(2) quality class. For many
components, Takovcanka is better in quality than Super Zlatna, and very
similar to Partizanka.
Studenica. The cultivar Studenica was registered in 1990 by the
Yugoslav Committee for Agriculture. The breeders were Dr. Miroslav
Kuburovic and Dr. Milanka Jankovic working at the Institute for Small Grains
at Kragujevac. It was tested in experiments of the Federal Commission for
three years in 17 different localities in comparison with standard
cultivars. The experimental design was randomized block, with plots of 5
m(2) in five replications.
The cultivar Studenica was derived from crossing Kavkaz/L. 5393//Tena.
Tena is cultivar of the Institute Osijek. Studenica has a white spike,
awnless, grain of red color, and botanically belongs to genus Triticum
aestivum ssp. vulgare, var. Lutescens. Average stem height was 92.8 cm,
ranging from 80 to 100 cm, depending on locality and year of testing.
Studenica is a medium early cultivar, with heading 0.8 days earlier than
Partizanka and Super Zlatna. Studenica is very resistant to low
temperatures. The resistance to frost in cool rooms at -14degC for 14 h was
97.8%, or on the level of the more resistant standard Partizanka.
Resistance to diseases, black rust, powdery mildew and leaf rust was tested
on adult plants in artificial conditions in Institutes at Novi Sad,
Kragujevac and Zagreb. Studenica had higher resistance to black rust and
powdery mildew from both standards, but lower to leaf rust.
Grain yield is a complex characteristic, meaning that yield includes
more components of quantitative nature, whose genetic basis is polygenic,
and it is more influenced by environmental factors (Borojevic 1981).
Therefore, lines of wheat for new cultivars registration, have to be tested
three years in different localities.
Studenica has a genetic potential for grain yield of about 11 t/ha. Its
maximum yields were 10.5 t/ha (Novi Sad), 10.3. t/ha (Zajecar) and 10.1 t/ha
(Osijek) while standards did not yield above 10 t/ha in any locality.
Studenica had showed significantly higher yield than both standards in more
years and localities and over all tests (Table 3).
Table 3. The average grain yield of Studenica and standards in 1987-
1989 at all locations. Yield, t/ha
LSD
Year Studenica Partizanka Super Zlatna 0.05
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1987 6.979 5.987++ 6.218++ 0.179
1988 7.012 6.105++ 6.411++ 0.194
1989 6.828 5.785++ 6.195++ 0.174
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Average 6.940 5.959 6.274
Table 4. Some indicators of quality of flour and bread of cultivar
Studenica and standards.
Characteristics
Bread Bread
yield volume Value
Crude Sedimen- g/100 ml/100 number
protein tation % of g of g of of bread
Cultivar % ml flour flour flour crumb VBS
------------------------------------------------------------------
Studenica 13.1 34 78.2 135.2 590 5.0
Standards:
Partizanka 14.0 53 77.4 135.1 625 5.6
S. Zlatna 13.1 25 75.6 133.2 371 0.1
------------------------------------------------------------------
On the base of protein content and sedimentation, Studenica fits in
quality class II, Super Zlatna in III, and Partizanka in I. One of the most
reliable indicators of quality value of a cultivar is baking quality, which
includes bread yield, bread volume and value number of crumb (Kovacev-
Djolai, 1977). Values for most other quality indicators of Studenica were
near or on the level of Partizanka while remarkably better than at Super
Zlatna. Studenica is a winter wheat cultivar with high potential for grain
yield and very good quality of bread.
Publications
Borojevic, S. 1981. Principi i metodi oplemjivanja bilja (Principles and
methods of plant breeding). Novi Sad.
Kovacev-Djolai, M., et al. 1987. Kvalitet zrna, brasna i hleba kod
Novosadskih sorti psenice Somborka, Duga, Kapavka i Apatinka (The quality of
grain, flour and bread of Novi Sad cultivars of wheat, Somborka, Duga,
Kapavka and Apatinka. In: Psenica, 6 miliona tona, pp. 43-51, Novi Sad.
-------------------------
III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM
PI Assignments in Triticum in 1991
Harold E. Bockelman, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen,ID
George A. White, USDA-ARS, Plant Introduction Office, Beltsville, MD
PI number Species Identifier Origin / Donor
546461 aestivum United States, Maryland AES
546462 durum GERGANA Bulgaria, Cotton Res. Inst.,
Tchirpan
546463 durum ZAGORKA Bulgaria, Cotton Res. Inst.,
Tchirpan
546464 durum PROGRES M-464 Bulgaria, Cotton Res. Inst.,
Tchirpan
546465 durum 5521-P Bulgaria, Cotton Res. Inst.,
Tchirpan
546466 durum M-1068 Bulgaria, Cotton Res. Inst.,
Tchirpan
546478 aestivum VOYAGER United States, Goertzen Seed Res.
547040 aestivum WAKEFIELD United States, Virginia AES
547041 aestivum MADISON United States, Virginia AES
547081 aestivum ADVANTAGE United States, Goertzen Seed Res.
547082 aestivum HAVEN United States, Goertzen Seed Res.
547095 durum D5317 United States, Farmers Marketing
Corp.
547096 aestivum BR5702 United States, Farmers Marketing
Corp.
547097 aestivum BR5738 United States, Farmers Marketing
Corp.
547250 aestivum United States, Hybritech Seeds
Int'l.
547262 aestivum PRESIDENT United Kingdom, ICI Seeds Ltd.
547263 aestivum COLONEL United Kingdom, ICI Seeds Ltd.
547264 aestivum ADMIRAL United Kingdom, ICI Seeds Ltd.
547265 aestivum COMMODORE United Kingdom, ICI Seeds Ltd.
547266 aestivum SOLDIER United Kingdom, ICI Seeds Ltd.
547267 aestivum FORTRESS United Kingdom, ICI Seeds Ltd.
547900 aestivum TX85C5820-5 United States, Texas AES
547901 aestivum VERNE United States, Kentucky AES
548844 aestivum COKER 9024 United States, Northrup King Co.
548845 aestivum COKER 9803 United States, Northrup King Co.
548846 aestivum COKER 9835 United States, Northrup King Co.
548847 aestivum COKER 9907 United States, Northrup King Co.
548992 durum United States, USDA-ARS, Idaho
548993 durum United States, USDA-ARS, Idaho
549275 aestivum HI-LINE United States, Montana AES
549276 aestivum HAMLET United States, Kansas AES, USDA-ARS
550696 aestivum 2510 United States, Pioneer Hi-Bred
Int'l
550697 aestivum 2545 United States, Pioneer Hi-Bred
Int'l
552427 aestivum MACVICAR United States, Oregon AES
552975 aestivum MCNAIR 1003 United States, McNair Seed Co.
552976 aestivum TX71A30 United States, Texas AES
552977 aestivum TX71A58-3 United States, Texas AES
552978 aestivum TX71A106-5 United States, Texas AES
552979 aestivum TX71A407-6 United States, Texas AES
552980 aestivum TX71A562-6 United States, Texas AES
552981 aestivum TX71A687-5 United States, Texas AES
552982 aestivum TX71A937 United States, Texas AES
552983 aestivum TX71A946 United States, Texas AES
552984 aestivum TX73A2694 United States, Texas AES
552985 aestivum TX73A2798 United States, Texas AES
552986 aestivum NB320 Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
552987 aestivum LRS-1F193 Canada, Agric. Canada, Lethbridge
552988 aestivum AZ-MSFRS-82RR United States, Arizona AES
552989 aestivum M.S. SRW United States, Maryland AES,
USDA-ARS
552990 aestivum TX71A889 United States, Texas AES
552991 aestivum TX79A2729 United States, Texas AES
552992 aestivum TX73V862 United States, Texas AES
552993 aestivum TX78V2154 United States, Texas AES
552994 aestivum 7531-V3D Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
552995 aestivum 7531-AG5A Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
552996 aestivum 7531-AG5B Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
552997 aestivum 7531-AP5A Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
552998 aestivum 7536J-116A2 Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
552999 aestivum 7536J-131C3 Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
553000 aestivum 7536K-45A1 Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
553001 aestivum 7536K-51A4 Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
553002 aestivum 7536K-70C1 Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
553003 aestivum LOSPROUT Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
554096 aestivum M83-1541 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554097 aestivum SELECTION 1102 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554098 aestivum P68-1336-7 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554099 aestivum R63-6968 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554100 aestivum SELECTION 50077 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554101 aestivum SELECTION 2092 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554102 aestivum SELECTION 1403 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554103 aestivum SELECTION 2075 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554104 aestivum United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554105 aestivum PB82-187 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554106 aestivum P78-24 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554107 aestivum BRN CHAFF ELGIN United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554108 aestivum M83-1531 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554109 aestivum M83-1621 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554110 aestivum M78-9496 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554111 aestivum M83-1601 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554112 aestivum M77-1140 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554113 aestivum M85-2124 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554114 aestivum M83-1591 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554115 aestivum M81-152 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554116 aestivum M83-1551 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554117 aestivum M83-1581 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554118 aestivum R63-6982 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554119 aestivum M82-2123 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554120 compactum M72-1250 United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554121 compactum United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554122 durum United States, USDA-ARS, Oregon
554141 aestivum SC8019R1 Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
554142 aestivum SC8021V2 Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
554438
to
554475 aestivum Turkey, R.J. Metzger
554476
to
554576 boeoticum Turkey/USSR, R.J. Metzger
554578
to
554579 compactum Turkey, R.J. Metzger
554580
to
554584 dicoccoides Turkey, R.J. Metzger
554585
to
554594 durum Turkey, R.J. Metzger
554595
to
554596 monococcum Turkey, R.J. Metzger
554597
to
554600 urartu Turkey, R.J. Metzger
554606 aestivum TAM 109 United States, Texas AES
554611 aestivum PB1-85-WW-1 United States, Plant Breeders 1
554655 aestivum WINTEX United States, Bredemeyer Brothers
554658 spelta GR 900 United States, Ohio State Univ.
Res. Fdn.
555458 aestivum PROMONTORY United States, Utah AES
555465 aestivum EXCEL United States, Ohio AES
555586 aestivum GLACIER United States, Wisconsin AES
556457 aestivum 70M-009-002-002 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556458 aestivum 70M-074-010-001 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556459 aestivum 74M-475-001-004 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556460 aestivum 74M-575-001-001 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556461 aestivum 74M-580-009-001 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556462 aestivum 75H-020-002-001 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556463 aestivum 75M-503-007-001 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556464 aestivum 75M-505-001-001 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556465 aestivum 78M-352-001-001 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556466 aestivum 77M-545-001-001 Canada, Univ. of Alberta
556981 turgidum 8261-AC2-G Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
556982 turgidum 8261-AC2-NG Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
556983 turgidum 8261-BN3-G Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
556984 turgidum 8261-BN3-NG Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
556985 turgidum 8262-AR3-G Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
556986 turgidum 8262-AR3-NG Canada, Agric. Canada, Swift
Current
557012 aestivum United States, Idaho AES
557013 aestivum United States, Idaho AES
557014 aestivum United States, Idaho AES
557015 aestivum United States, Idaho AES
557016 aestivum United States, Idaho AES
557017 aestivum FAIRVIEW United States, Idaho AES
557537 aestivum United States, Hybritech Seeds
Int'l
557538 aestivum United States, Texas AES
557539 aestivum United States, Texas AES
558510 aestivum ROD United States, Washington AES
559376 aestivum DISCOVERY United States, Goertzen Seed Res.
559378 aestivum SUNSTAR II United States, Sunderman
Breeding, Inc.
-------------------------
Triticum accessions in NSGC by country of origin
Harold E. Bockelman, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen,
ID
Country Count
---------------------------
Afghanistan 1902
Albania 5
Algeria 229
Angola 4
Argentina 484
Australia 1185
Austria 321
Belgium 227
Bhutan 24
Bolivia 25
Brazil 252
Bulgaria 163
Burundi 10
Canada 349
Chad 7
Chile 1936
China 1797
Colombia 131
Cyprus 70
Czechoslovakia 73
Denmark 157
Ecuador 83
Egypt 600
Ethiopia 2623
Europe 78
Finland 73
France 609
Germany 774
Greece 205
Guatema 22
Hondura 3
Hungary 687
India 1351
Indonesia 10
Iran 933
Iraq 748
Ireland 3
Israel 822
Italy 622
Japan 222
Jordan 94
Kenya 323
Korea 3
Korea, Dem Peoples
Rep of 43
Korea, Republic of 15
Lebanon 199
Libya 3
Mali 19
Malta 5
Mexico 846
Morocco 346
Myanmar 1
Nepal 277
Netherlands 117
Netherlands Antilles 1
New Zealand 51
Nigeria 78
North Africa 1
North America 5
Norway 16
Oman 72
Orient 1
Pakistan 794
Palestine 1
Paraguay 15
Peru 301
Philippines 6
Poland 479
Portugal 2045
Rhodesia 3
Romania 385
Saudi Arabia 20
South Africa 444
South America 2
Spain 963
St.Christopher and Nevis 1
Sudan 23
Svalbard and Jan Mayen 1
Sweden 209
Switzerland 904
Syria 176
Taiwan 13
Tanzania 3
Tunisia 381
Turkey 4297
Turkistan 3
UNCERTAIN 23
United Kingdom 322
United States 4459
UNKNOWN 15
Uruguay 228
USSR 1778
Venezuela 11
Yemen 22
Yugoslavia 2765
Zaire 1
Zambia 14
Zimbabwe 63
---------------------------
Total 43505
Aegilops Accessions in NSGC by Country of Origin
Harold E. Bockelman, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains
Collection, Aberdeen, ID
Country Count
----------------------------
Afghanistan 41
Argentina 94
Asia Minor 1
Canada 2
China 12
Cyprus 34
France 19
Germany 2
Greece 321
Iran 64
Iraq 23
Israel 9
Italy 7
Japan 16
Jordan 14
Morocco 4
Pakistan 4
Portugal 1
Romania 3
Spain 1
Syria 51
Turkey 654
United Kingdom 26
United States 8
UNKNOWN 38
USSR 44
Yugoslavia 118
----------------------------
Total 1611
-------------------------
Status of National Small Grains Collection Wheat
Germplasm Evaluations
D.M. Wesenberg, H.E. Bockelman, S. Nieto, and B.J. Goates, National
Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, Agricultural Research Service -
USDA, Cooperation University of Idaho, Aberdeen, Idaho
The systematic evaluation of accessions in the NSGC and other elite
germplasm continued to be coordinated or conducted by National Small Grains
Germplasm Research Facility (NSGGRF) staff at Aberdeen during 1991.
Cooperative evaluations continued for reaction to Russian Wheat Aphid;
Hessian fly; barley yellow dwarf virus; barley stripe mosaic virus; spot and
net blotch of barley; stripe, leaf, and stem rust of wheat; crown rust of
oats; dwarf bunt; beta-glucan, protein, and oil content of oats; beta-glucan
and protein content of barley; and ploidy analysis of Triticum species.
Recently initiated cooperative evaluations included testing of over 12,000
NSGC barley
accessions and other elite barley germplasm for reaction to stem rust race
QCC in North Dakota, Puerto Rico, and Minnesota and testing of over 8,000
NSGC barley accessions and other elite germplasm for reaction to barley
stripe rust race 24 in Bolivia under the direction of Colorado State
University staff. The Aberdeen staff has been directly involved in the
entry of NSGC evaluation data into the GRIN system; the evaluation of growth
habit of 15,000 NSGC wheat accessions; the maintenance, evaluation, and
distribution of oat germplasm donated by the Coker Pedigreed Seed Company;
and taxonomic classification of NSGC oat and barley accessions.
Under the direction of H.E. Bockelman, the NSGC staff distributed over
170,000 accessions in 1991. Maintenance and evaluation of NSGC small grains
germplasm, including quarantine entries, also continued at Maricopa, Arizona
in 1991 under the supervision of S. Nieto. In dwarf bunt screening trials
conducted in 1990-91, B.J. Goates identified 50 T. aestivum and 27 T. durum
lines from Turkey with high resistance.
The increase and cooperative evaluation of a wheat germplasm collection
derived from a series of interspecific crosses completed by W.J. Sando in
the 1930s and previously last grown in the 1960s, continued in 1991.
Location funds were also used in 1991 to partially support the evaluation of
Pioneer Seed Company developed hard red winter wheat germplasm at Manhattan,
Kansas. Specific Cooperative Agreements or within ARS Fund Transfers
involving such cooperative evaluations and related research for all small
grains typically now involve over 20 University and ARS projects in at least
16 states.
Descriptors appropriate for each of the principal small grain crop
species - wheat, barley, oats, and rice - have been established in
collaboration with the appropriate Crop Advisory Committees. Field
evaluation data are recorded on such descriptors as growth habit, number of
days from planting to anthesis (heading), plant height, spike or panicle
density, lodging, straw breakage, shattering, and awn and glume
characteristics, including color. Spikes or panicles are collected from
each evaluation or nursery plot at maturity to facilitate detailed
laboratory analysis for seed characters and for more precise spike or
panicle descriptors than can be obtained under field conditions. Yield data
are also recorded for each accession. Data on field descriptors have been
obtained on approximately 35,500 wheat accessions, 11,000 oat accessions,
and 9,000 barley accessions during the 1983-91 period. Special nurseries
were grown for that purpose at Aberdeen, Idaho and Maricopa, Arizona, with
grain being harvested from each field evaluation nursery to replenish NSGC
seed stocks.
Evaluations for disease and insect resistance were initiated in 1983
along with the agronomic evaluations. Accessions of Triticum submitted for
formal NSGC disease, insect, and other evaluations to date include the
following:
NSGC DISEASE EVALUATIONS - WHEAT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus 1983-91 Davis, CA 27,300*
1983-91 Urbana, IL 33,000+
Soilborne Mosaic Virus 1985-89 Urbana, IL 10,000
Leaf Rust 1983-89, 91 Manhattan, KS 34,900#
Stripe Rust 1984-91 Pullman, WA 25,575+
Stem Rust 1987-91 St. Paul, MN 19,692
Common Bunt 1985-86 Pendleton, OR 5,000
Dwarf Bunt 1990-91 Aberdeen, ID 1,570
Karnal Bunt 1988-90 Ludhiana, India 1,522
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Plus Iranian Wheat Collection, Triticale, and Sando Series.
+ Plus Sando Series.
# Plus Pioneer Germplasm.
NSGC INSECT EVALUATIONS - WHEAT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hessian Fly 1983-91 West Lafayette, IN 30,605
Russian Wheat Aphid 1990-91 Stillwater, OK 10,803*
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Plus Sando Series.
NSGC AGRONOMIC & TAXONOMIC EVALUATIONS - WHEAT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Growth Habit 1987-91 Aberdeen, ID 31,595
Ploidy Analysis 1988-91 Columbia, MO 625
Agronomic Descriptors 1983-91 Aberdeen, ID *
Agronomic Descriptors 1983-91 Maricopa, AZ *
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Data entered in GRIN for 14 characters, involving from 8,553 to
19,044 accessions each.
The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) is a database
containing the characteristics and availability of all genetic resources
included in the National Plant Germplasm System. The Database Manager is
J.D. Mowder, Beltsville, Maryland. Data obtained from evaluations of NSGC
germplasm are entered in the GRIN system by the NSGGRF staff in cooperation
with the ARS National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
The NSGGRF staff interacts with the GRIN system in recording NSGC orders
(seed requests), entering a variety of data, and conducting information
searches. Data for systematic evaluations for a number of descriptors, not
currently available on GRIN, are being prepared for entry into the system.
No evaluations have been conducted to date for descriptors such as drought
tolerance, salt tolerance, winterhardiness, Cephalosporium stripe, flag
smut, leaf blight, loose smut, powdery mildew, snow mold, take all, tan
spot, wheat streak mosaic, green bug, cereal leaf beetle, and protein. Data
currently available on GRIN for wheat includes the following:
NATIONAL SMALL GRAINS COLLECTION
DISEASE EVALUATION DATA ON GRIN - WHEAT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Davis, CA 2,012
Urbana, IL 4,199
Soilborne Mosaic Virus Urbana, IL 6,589
Leaf Rust Manhattan, KS 24,446
Stem Rust St. Paul, MN 10,000
Common Bunt Pendleton, OR 12,900
Dwarf Bunt Logan, UT/Aberdeen, ID 6,400
Septoria Bozeman, MT 8,095
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NATIONAL SMALL GRAINS COLLECTION
INSECT EVALUATION DATA ON GRIN - WHEAT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hessian Fly (Biotype-B) West Lafayette, IN 448
Hessian Fly (Biotype-C) West Lafayette, IN 24,226
Hessian Fly (Biotype-E) West Lafayette, IN 24,409
Russian Wheat Aphid Stillwater, OK 9,214
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NATIONAL SMALL GRAINS COLLECTION
AGRONOMIC & TAXONOMIC EVALUATION DATA ON GRIN - WHEAT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Growth Habit Aberdeen, ID 31,434
Ploidy Analysis Columbia, MO 520
Agronomic Descriptors Aberdeen, ID *
Agronomic Descriptors Maricopa, AZ *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Data entered in GRIN for 14 characters, involving from
8,553 to 19,044 accessions each.
Similar evaluations are currently underway for other major NSGC
components, including barley, oats, rice, and triticale. Other important
cooperative projects include the "Conservation of North American Genetic
Resources of Triticale" (University of California, Davis - C.O. Qualset);
"Recalcitrance in Wheat Protoplast Regeneration: Genetic and Genomic
Effects" (Alabama A&M University, Normal - G.C. Sharma); and "Evaluation of
Yugoslav Wheat Collections for Drought" (USDA-ARS, Aberdeen - H.E.
Bockelman). Related research concerned with wheat germplasm is conducted at
Aberdeen under the CRIS project entitled "Molecular Biology of Cereal Genome
and Improvement of Stress Tolerance in Wheat Germplasm" under the direction
of S. Ramagopal. B.J. Goates conducts evaluations of wheat germplasm for
bunt resistance at Aberdeen, Idaho and Logan, Utah.
The authors wish to acknowledge the important contributions of the
NSGGRF staff in this effort, with special thanks to Glenda B. Rutger, A. Lee
Urie, John F. Connett, Kathy E. Burrup, Dave E. Burrup, Kay B. Calzada,
Vicki Gamble, Evalyne McLean, Judy Bradley, Carol S. Truman, M.A. Bohning,
and L.W. Briggle.
-------------------------
R. E. Allan, USDA-ARS, Washington State University
CSSA Wheat Cultivar and Germplasm Registration 1991. Refer to Crop
Sci. 31:1740 for references to registration articles of wheat cultivars
assigned CV 754 to CV 769. Germplasm lines assigned GP 322 to GP 329 are
referenced in Crop Sci. 31:1742-1743. Wheat cultivars and germplasm lines
assigned CSSA registration numbers and plant introduction numbers since the
last report (AWN 37:198-199) are:
WHEAT CULTIVAR REGISTRATION
Reg. No./ID No. Kind Origin Type Crop Science
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CV 761 PI495013 Batum Washington, USDA-ARs HRW 31:1386
CV 762 PI527480 Karl Kansas, USDA-ARS HRW 31:1386
CV 763 PI537060 Ajantha Maharashtra, India HWS 31:1095
CV 764 PI547901 Verne Kentucky SRW 31:1385
CV 765 PI512282 Andrews Washington, USDA-ARS HRW 31:1387
CV 766 PI536994 Eltan Washington, USDA-ARS SWW 31:1704
CV 767 PI536995 Kmor Washington, USDA-ARS SWW 31:1704
CV 768 PI547040 Wakefield Virginia SRW 31:1705
CV 769 PI547041 Madison Virginia SRW 31:1705
CV 770 PI540401 Sharp S. Dakota, USDA-ARS HRS
CV 771 PI549275 Hi-Line Montana, USDA-ARS HRS
CV 772 PI543893 Rawhide Nebraska, USDA-ARS HRW
CV 773 PI509503 Survivor Idaho, USDA-ARS HRW
CV 774 PI546056 Vandal Idaho, USDA-ARS HRS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
WHEAT GERMPLASM REGISTRATION
Reg. No./ Kind Origin Type Crop Sci.
ID No.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
GP 327/
PI510665 CS/WIS 2001//CS,YSCA-1 USDA-ARS,Oklahoma Yellow 31:1394
Resistance Sugarcane
Aphid
GP 328/
PI546060 S-015/Wascana//7168,DT367 Agric. Canada High yielding 31:1394
durum
GP 329/
PI546362 Wascana/Quilafen,DT369 Agric. Canada High yielding 31:171
semidwarf durum
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Those considering registering cultivars, germplasm, parental lines, or
genetic stocks of wheat should refer to Crop Sci. 28:716-717, which explains
some of the procedures that are to be followed. North American wheat
research workers who wish to register cultivars or germplasm may also write
to any member of the wheat subcommittee of CSSA Registration Committee
(C852) for information. The members of the 1992 committee are:
J.S. Quick - Chm., Hard Red Winter Wheats, Colorado
R.H. Busch, Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheats, USDA-ARS, Minnesota
P.K. Zwer, Western USA Wheats, Oregon
D.J. Sammons, Soft Red Winter Wheats, Maryland
-------------------------
The Weed Science Society of America announces the publication of the
most comprehensive monograph ever published on wheat production practices
and methods of managing weeds in wheat in the United States. Systems of
Weed Control in Wheat in North America contains 22 chapters that total 487
hardbound pages and was prepared by 26 weed scientists who have specialized
in weed management in cereals. This monograph should be useful to wheat
researchers, weed scientists, extension agents, other agriculturists, crop
consultants, farmers, herbicide manufacturers, product distributors, and
sales personnel who are concerned with production of wheat.
SYSTEMS OF WEED CONTROL IN WHEAT IN NORTH AMERICA may be purchased at
$45.00 per copy from the Weed Science Society of America, 309 W. Clark St.,
Champaign, IL 61802.
-------------------------
IV. CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS FOR WHEAT
1992 SUPPLEMENT
R.A. McINTOSH(1) (Co-ordinator), G.E. HART(2) and M.D. GALE(3)
1. The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Cobbitty Rd,
Cobbitty, N.S.W., 2570, Australia.
2. Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A & M University, College
Station, Texas, U.S.A., 77843-2474.
3. Institute of Plant Science Research, Cambridge Laboratory, Colney Lane,
Norwich, Norfolk, England, NR4 7UJ.
The most recent edition of the Catalogue appears in the Proceedings of
the 7th International Wheat Genetics Symposium held at Cambridge, England
(pp. 1225-1323). This supplement has been offered to the editors of Annual
Wheat Newsletter, Cereal Research Communications and Wheat Information
Service for inclusion in their respective journals.
During the next year a new edition of the Catalogue will be produced.
Wheat scientists are invited to propose revision of any section of the
Catalogue, and to offer suggestions or corrections, that will result in a
more accurate document.
Additions to Symbols List.
Acl Acyl carrier protein
Bdv Reaction to barley yellow dwarf virus
Embp b-ZIP class DNA binding protein
Cxp Carboxypeptidase
Fed Ferrodoxin
Glb3 (1-3)-beta-glucanase (EC3.2.1.39)
(Glb33 and Glb35 encode isozymes III and IV, respectively.)
Lec Wheat germ agglutinin, lectin
Ltn Leaf tip necrosis
or Osmoregulation
Rbpa Rubisco binding protein, a subunit
Sbp Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase
Tlp Thiolprotease
Xcnl DNA markers of unknown function: Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York, USA
Xglk DNA markers of unknown function: Genetic Laboratory, Kyoto, Japan
Anthocyanin Pigmentation
Purple grain/pericarp
.........complementry genes (....1321). For review see 1332.
Blue Aleurone
For review see 1332.
Crossibility With Rye and Hordeum spp.
For list of wheat/rye crossibilities see ....., 1330.
DNA Markers
Place the following sentence at the beginning of the DNA Markers section:
"Other chromosomes bearing markers detected with the same probe are
indicated in parentheses after the probe designation."
Substitute each of the following for the corresponding previous entry:
Group 1L
XAdh-1A,B,D
[936]. [Adh-A,B,D2 (936), p3NTR (936).
Xadh3' (1133)].
Group 1
XksuD16-1D (1133). pTtksuD16. (Ae. squarrosa 5D).
Group 2S
Xpsr108-2A,B,D
(937,1150). PSR108. (7A,B,D).
Xpsr109-2A,B,D
(937,1150). PSR109. (5A,B,D).
XRbcs-2A,B,D
(976,956). [rbcs-2A,B,D (956)]. pW9 (979), pTS512 (957).
Xpsr130-2A,B,D
(937,1150). PSR130.
Xpsr131-2A,B,D
(937,1150). PSR131.
Delete the Xpsr122 current entry.
Group 2L
Xpsr112-2A,B,D
(937,1150). PSR112.
Xpsr102-2A,B,D
(937,1150). PSR102.
Group 2
XksuD18-2D(1)
[1133]. [XksuD18(A)-2D pTtksuD18. (Ae.squarrosa4D).
(1133)].
XksuD18-2D(2)
[1133]. [XksuD18(B)-2D pTtksuD18.
(1133)].
XksuF19-2D
(1133). pTtksuF19. (Ae. squarrosa 6D).
Group 3
XksuD7-3D
(1133). pTtksuD7. (Ae. squarrosa 7D).
Delete all previous listings for XksuF43 in Groups 4 and 5 and substitute
the following:
Group 4
XksuF43-4D(1)
[1133]. [XksuF43(A)-4D pTtksuF43 (5D,Ae. squarrosa 6D).
(1133)].
XksuF43-4D(2)
[1133]. [XksuF43(B)-4D pTtksuF43. (5D).
(1133)].
Group 5
XksuF43-5D(1)
[1133]. [XksuF43(A)-5D pTtksuF43. (4D, Ae. squarrosa 6D).
(1133)].
XksuF43-5D(2)
[1133]. [XksuF43(B)-5D pTtksuF43. (4D).
(1133)].
Group 6S
XksuG44-6D (1133). pTtksuG44. (Ae. squarrosa 5D).
Group 6
XksuF24-6D (1133). pTtksuF24. (7D).
XksuM9S-6D (1133). pTtksuM9S. (Ae. squarrosa 5D).
Group 7S
Xpsr108-7A,B,D (1150). PSR108. (2A,B,D).
Xpsr150-7A,B,D (1150). PSR150. (2A,B,D,5A,B,D).
Delete XSs2 entry.
Group 7L
Xpsr56-7A,B,D
(933,919,949). [Xpsr117(933,919)]. PSR56. (3A,B,D).
Group 7
XksuF2-7D
(1),(2),(4),(5) [XksuF2(A),(B),(D), pTtksuF2. (Ae. squarrosa 2D).
(1133). (E)-7D (1133)].
XksuF2-7D(3)
(1133). [XksuF2(C)-7D pTtksuF2.
(1133)].
XksuF24-7D(3) (1133). pTtksuF24. (6D).
New Entries
Group 1S
XGli-A,B,D1-1 (1144,1145). pTag 1436 (1147).
XIca1-1A,B,D (1145). pcI-1-4 (1146).
Xpsr168-1A,B,D (1144, 1145). PSR168.
Xpsr381-1A,B,D (1145). PSR381.
Xpsr393-1A,B,D (1144, 1145). PSR393.
Xpsr596-1A,B,D (1145). PSR596.
Xpsr688-1A,B,D (1145). PSR688.
Xpsr908-1B (1150). PSR908. (2A,D,6B).
Group 1L
XcnlCDO1312-1B [1163]. CDO1312. (4B,D,5A).
XLec-1A,B,D (1144,1145). PNVR1 (1149).
Xpsr121-A,B,D (1161). PSR121. (7A,B,D).
Xpsr158-1A,B,D (1144,1145). PSR158.
Xpsr159-1A,B,D (1144,1145). PSR159.
Xpsr325-1A,B,D (1144). PSR325.
Xpsr330-1A,B,D (1144,1145). PSR330.
Xpsr343-1A,B,D (1145). PSR343.
Xpsr361-1A,B,D (1145). PSR361.
Xpsr385-1A,B,D (1145). PSR385.
Xpsr391-1A,B,D (1144,1145). PSR391.
Xpsr549-1A (949,1150). PSR549. (2B,3A).
Xpsr586-1A,B,D (1145). PSR586.
Xpsr626-1A,B,D (1145). PSR626.
Xpsr653-1A,B,D (1145). PSR653.
Group 1
Xglk90-1B (963). pTag90.
Xglk94-1D (963). [Xglk94d (963)]. pTag94. (2,3D,6A).
Xglk136-1B (963). pTag136.
Xglk163-1B (963). pTag63.
Xglk427-1B (963). pTag427.
Xglk483-1B (963). pTag483.
Xglk520-1B (963). [Xglk520a (963)]. pTag520. (2,5A,3,6B).
Xglk549-1B (963). [Xglk549b (963)]. pTag549. (7B).
Xglk558-1D (963). pTag558.
Xglk595-1B (963). [Xglk595b (963)]. pTag595. (3A).
Xglk652-1D (963). [Xglk652a (963)]. pTag652. (3B).
Xglk710-1A (963). pTag710.
Xglk732-1A (963). pTag732.
Xglk764-1B (963). pTag764.
Group 2S
XPer-2A,B,D (1150). POX375 (1152).
Xpsr100-2A,B,D (1150). PSR100. (5A,B,D).
Xpsr107-2A,B,D (1150). PSR107.
Xpsr135-2A,B,D (1150). PSR135.
Xpsr137-2A,B,D (1150). PSR137.
Xpsr143-2A (1150). PSR143.
Xpsr146-2A,B,D (1150). PSR146.
Xpsr150-2A,B,D (1150). PSR150. (5A,B,D,7A,B,D).
Xpsr379-2A,B,D (1150). PSR379.
Xpsr549-2B (1150). PSR549. (1A,3A).
Xpsr566-2A,D (1150). PSR566.
Xpsr593-2B (1150). PSR593. (4B,7B).
Xpsr649-2A,D (1150). PSR649.
Xpsr666-2A,B,D (1150). PSR666.
Xpsr899-2B (1150). ABA7 (1153) (6A,D).
Xpsr900-2A,B,D (1150). PSR900.
Xpsr903-2D (949,1150). PSR903. (3A,B,D,5D).
Xpsr908-2A,D (1150). PSR908. (1B,6B).
Xpsr912-2A,B,D (1150). PSR912. (5A,5D).
Xpsr928-2A,D (1150). PSR928.
Xpsr933-2A,D (1150). PSR933.
Xpsr946-2D (1150). PSR946. (7A,DL,DS).
XRbpa-2A,B,D (956). pSV10 (956).
XSbp-2B(1) (1162,949). S9.2 (951). (2BL,3A,B,D,7B).
XSs2-2A,B,D (1150,1151). pST3 (914).
Group 2L
Xpsr102-2A,B,D (1150). PSR102.
Xpsr151-2A,B,D (1150). PSR151.
Xpsr304-2A,B,D (1150). PSR304.
Xpsr331-2A,B,D (1150). PSR331.
Xpsr380-2A,B,D (1150). PSR380.
Xpsr388-2A,B,D (1150). PSR388.
Xpsr390-2A,B,D (1150). PSR390.
Xpsr540-2A,B,D (1150). PSR540. (7B).
Xpsr571-2A,B,D (1150). PSR571.
Xpsr609-2A,B,D (1150). PSR609.
Xpsr630-2A,B,D (1150). PSR630.
Xpsr641-2A,B,D (1150). PSR641.
Xpsr681-2A,B,D (1150). PSR681. (6D,7B).
Xpsr687-2A,B,D (1150). PSR687. (7A,B,D).
Xpsr692-2A,B,D (1150). PSR692.
Xpsr901-2A,B,D (1150). PSR901.
Xpsr919-2A,B,D (1150). PSR919.
Xpsr932-2A,B,D (1150). PSR932.
Xpsr934-2A,B,D (1150). PSR934.
XSbp-2B(2) (1162,1150). S9.2 (951). (2BS,3A,B,D,7B).
Group 2
Xglk76-2A,B (963). [Xglk76a,b (963)]. pTag76.
Xglk94-2D (963). [Xglk94c (963)]. pTag94. (6A,1,3D).
Xglk175-2D (963). pTag175.
Xglk222-2D (963). pTag222.
Xglk293-2D (963). pTag293.
Xglk302-2B (963). [Xglk302b (963)]. pTag302. (4A).
Xglk331-2B (963). pTag331.
Xglk370-2B (963). pTag370.
Xglk398-2B(1),(2(963) [Xglk398a,b (963)]. pTag398.
Xglk400-2B (963). pTag400.
Xglk407-2B (963). pTag407.
Xglk431-2D (963). [Xglk431a (963)]. pTag431. (4B).
Xglk452-2A (963). [Xglk452b (963)]. pTag452. (4A).
Xglk460-2A (963). pTag460.
Xglk471-2B (963). [Xglk471b (963)]. pTag471.
Xglk520-2A (963). [Xglk520c (963)]. pTag520. (5A,1,3,6B).
Xglk529-2B,D (963). [Xglk529a,b (963)]. pTag529.
Xglk539-2B (963). pTag539.
Xglk546-2B(1),(2)(963) [Xglk546e,f (963)]. pTag546. (5,7A,3,6B).
Xglk554-2A,B (963). [Xglk554a,c (963)]. pTag554. (5B).
Xglk578-2B (963). [Xglk578b (963)]. pTag578. (4A,B).
Xglk592-2B (963). pTag592.
Xglk594-2B (963). pTag594.
Xglk600-2A,B (963). [Xglk600a,b (963)]. pTag600.
Xglk605-2B (963). pTag605.
Xglk609-2B,D (963). [Xglk609b,a (963)]. pTag609.
Xglk610-2A (963). [Xglk610a (963)]. pTag610.
Xglk613-2D (963). pTag613.
Xglk618-2B (963). pTag618.
Xglk632-2A,B (963). [Xglk632a,b (963)]. pTag632.
Xglk653-2A,B (963). [Xglk653a,b (963)]. pTag653.
Xglk661-2B (963). [Xglk661c (963)]. pTag661. (4A,B,D).
Xglk664-2A,B (963). [Xglk664a,b (963)]. pTag664.
Xglk684-2A (963). pTag684.
Xglk687-2B (963). pTag687.
Xglk699-2B (963). pTag699.
Xglk703-2B (963). pTag703.
Xglk734-2D (963). pTag734.
Xglk738-2A (963). pTag738.
Xglk740-2A,B (963). [Xglk740b,a (963)]. pTag740.
Group 3S
Xpsr305-3A,B,D (949). PSR305.
Xpsr383-3A,B,D (949). PSR383.
Xpsr598-3A,B,D (949). PSR598.
Xpsr689-3A,B,D (1150). PSR698.
Xpsr902-3A,B,D (949). PSR902.
Xpsr903-3A,B,D (949,1150). PSR903. (2D,5D).
Xpsr907-3B (949). PSR907.
Xpsr909-3A,B,D (1150). PSR909.
Xpsr910-3A,B,D (1150). PSR910.
Xpsr930-3A,B (1150). PSR930.
Xpsr1196-3A,B,D (1154,1150). PSR1196.
Group 3L
XCxp1-3A,B,D (949). pkc.3 (948).
XEmbp-3B (947). pGC19 (950).(5A,B,D,6A,B,7D).
XGlb33-3A,B,D (1150). p7E (1156).
XGlb35-3B,D (1150). G5 (1156).
XSbp-3A,B,D (1162,949). S9.2 (951).(2BS,BL,7B).
Xpsr56-3A,B,D (949,1150). PSR56. (7A,B,D).
Xpsr74-3A,B,D (949). PSR74.
Xpsr78-3A,B,D (949). PSR78.
Xpsr116-3A,B,D (949). PSR116.
Xpsr125-3A,B,D (949). PSR125.
Xpsr156-3A,B,D (949). PSR156.
Xpsr170-3A,B,D, (949). PSR170. (5A,B).
Xpsr347-3A,B,D (949). PSR347.
Xpsr354-3A,B,D (949). PSR354.
Xpsr394-3A,B,D (949). PSR394.
Xpsr454-3B (949). PSR454.
Xpsr543-3A,B,D (949). PSR543.
Xpsr570-3A,B,D (949). PSR570.
Xpsr578-3A,B,D (949). PSR578.
Xpsr549-3A (949,1150). PSR549. (1A,2B).
Xpsr754-3A,B,D (1150). PSR754.
Xpsr904-3A,D (949). PSR904. (6A).
Xpsr916-3A,B,D (1150). PSR916.
Xpsr923-3A,B,D (1150). PSR923.
Xpsr931-3A,B,D (1150). PSR931.
Xpsr1060-3A,B,D (1150,1154). PSR1060.
Xpsr1067-3D (1150,1154). PSR1067.
Xpsr1077-3A,B,D (1150,1154). PSR1077.
Xpsr1149-3A,B,D (1150,1154). PSR1149.
Xpsr1203-3A (1150). PSR1203.
Xpsr1205-3A,B,D (1150). PSR1205.
XTlp-3A,B,D (1150). pHv14 (1155).
Group 3
Xglk80-3B (963). pTag80.
Xglk94-3D (963). [Xglk94a (963)]. pTag94. (6A,1,2D).
Xglk118-3A (963). pTag118.
Xglk221-3A (963). pTag221.
Xglk223-3B (963). pTag223.
Xglk485-3A (963). pTag485.
Xglk520-3B (963). [Xglk520b (963)]. pTag520. (2,5A,1,6B).
Xglk538-3B,D (963). [Xglk538a,b (963)]. pTag538.
Xglk546-3B (963). [Xglk546c (963)]. pTag546. (5,7A,2,6B).
Xglk577-3A (963). pTag577.
Xglk595-3A (963). [Xglk595a (963)]. pTag595. (1B).
Xglk637-3B (963). pTag637.
Xglk645-3A (963). pTag645.
Xglk652-3B (963). [Xglk652b (963)]. pTag652. (1D).
Xglk683-3B (963). pTag683.
Xglk718-3A,B (963). [Xglk718a,b (963)]. pTag718.
Xglk724-3B (963). [Xglk724d (963)]. pTag724. (5A,6A,B,D).
Xglk747-3A (963). pTag747.
Xglk756-3B (963). [Xglk756a (963)]. pTag756. (5,6A).
Group 4S
XcnlBCD93-4A [1163]. BCD93. (7A,D).
XcnlCDO484-4A [1163]. CDO484. (5B,D).
XcnlCDO780-4A [1163]. CDO780. (7A,D).
Xpsr115-4A (944). PSR115. (5B,D).
Xpsr139-4A,B,D (944). PSR139.
Xpsr147-4A,B,D (944). PSR147. (5A,B,D).
Xpsr153-4A,B,D (944). PSR153.
Xpsr166-4A,B,D (944). PSR166.
Xpsr580-4A (944). PSR580. (5B,D).
Xpsr593-4B (1150). PSR593. (2B,7B).
Group 4L
XcnlBCD1302-4B,D [1163]. BCD1302. (5A).
XcnlCDO1312-4B,D [1163]. CDO1312. (1B,5A).
XcnlWG114-4B,D [1163]. WG114. (5A).
Xpsr164-4B,D (944). PSR164. (5A).
Group 4
Xglk128-4A (963). pTag128.
Xglk167-4A (963). pTag167.
Xglk210-4A (963). pTag210.
Xglk300-4B (963). pTag300.
Xglk302-4A (963). [Xglk302a (963)]. pTag302. (2B).
Xglk315-4A (963). pTag315.
Xglk335-4B (963). pTag335.
Xglk348-4D (963). [Xglk348a (963)]. pTag348.
Xglk354-4A (963). [Xglk354a (963)]. pTag354. (5B).
Xglk431-4B (963). [Xglk431b (963)]. pTag431. (2D).
Xglk450-4A (963). pTag450.
Xglk452-4A (963). [Xglk452a (963)]. pTag452. (2A).
Xglk512-4A (963). pTag512. (6A).
Xglk556-4B (963). pTag556.
Xglk578-4A,B (963). [Xglk578a,c (963)]. pTag578. (2B).
Xglk619-4A (963). pTag619.
Xglk650-4A (963). pTag650.
Xglk661-4A(1),(2),4B,D
(963). [Xglk661a,e,d,b (963)]. pTag661. (2B).
Xglk694-4A,B (963). [Xglk694b,a (963)]. pTag694.
Xglk708-4A (963). pTag708.
Xglk752-4A (963). [Xglk752a (963)]. pTag752. (6B).
Group 5S
XAcl1-5A,B,D (961). pACP11.
Xpsr170-5A,B (949). PSR170. (3A,B,D).
Xpsr903-5D (949,1150). PSR903. (2D,3A,B,D).
Group 5L
XAcl3-5B (961). pACP1. (7A,B,D)
XcnlBCD87-5B,D [1163]. BCD87. (7B).
XcnlBCD1302-5A [1163]. BCD1302. (4B,D).
XcnlCDO484-5B,D [1163]. CDO484. (4A).
XcnlCDO1312-5A [1163]. CDO1312. (1B,4B,D).
XcnlWG114-5A [1163]. WG114. (4B,D).
XEmbp-5A,B,D (947). pGC19 (950). (3B,6A,B,7D).
Xpsr79-5A,B,D [944]. [Xpsr81 (944)]. PSR79.
Xpsr100-5A,B,D (1150). PSR100. (2A,B,D).
Xpsr109-5A,B,D (1150). PSR109. (2A,B,D).
Xpsr115-5B,D (944). PSR115. (4A).
Xpsr120-5A,B,D(1),(2),(3) (944). PSR120.
Xpsr145-5A,B,D (944). PSR145.
Xpsr147-5A,B,D (1161). PSR147. (4A,B,D).
Xpsr150-5A,B,D (944). PSR150. (2A,B,D,7A,B,D).
Xpsr164-5A (944). PSR164. (4A,B).
Xpsr360-5A,B,D (944). PSR360.
Xpsr426-5A,B,D (944). PSR426.
Xpsr580-5B,D (944). PSR580. (4A).
Xpsr912-5A,D (1150). PSR912. (2A,B,D).
XRbcs-5A,B,D [956]. [rbcs-5A,B,D (956)]. pTS512 (957).
Group 5
Xglk83-5B (963). pTag83.
Xglk157-5D (963). pTag157.
Xglk165-5B (963). pTag165.
Xglk251-5D (963). pTag251.
Xglk278-5A,B (963). [Xglk278a,b (963)]. pTag278. (6B).
Xglk317-5A(1),(2)(963). [Xglk317a,b (963)]. pTag317. (6A).
Xglk319-5B (963). pTag319.
Xglk354-5B (963). [Xglk354b (963)]. pTag354. (4A).
Xglk424-5A (963). pTag424.
Xglk505-5A (963). pTag505.
Xglk510-5A,B (963). [Xglk510a,b (963)]. pTag520.
Xglk520-5A (963). [Xglk520e (963)]. pTag520. (2A,1,3,6B).
Xglk546-5A(1),(2)(963). [Xglk546a,g (963)]. pTag546. (7A,2,3,6B).
Xglk554-5B (963). [Xglk554b (963)]. pTag554. (2A,B).
Xglk587-5A,D (963). [Xglk587a,b (963)]. pTag587.
Xglk612-5A (963). pTag612.
Xglk614-5A (963). pTag614.
Xglk621-5D (963). pTag621.
Xglk629-5B (963). pTag629.
Xglk644-5A (963). pTag644.
Xglk695-5D (963). pTag695.
Xglk701-5A (963). pTag701.
Xglk724-5A (963). [Xglk724a (963)]. pTag724. (6A,B,D,3B).
Xglk756-5A (963). [Xglk756c (963)]. pTag756. (6A,3B).
Xpsr170-5B (949). PSR170. (5AS,3A,B).
Group 6S
XEmbp-6B (947). pGC19 (950).
(6AL,3B,5A,B,D,7D).
Xpsr681-6D (1150). PSR681. (2A,B,D,7B).
Xpsr899-6A,D (1150). ABA7 (1153). (2B).
Xpsr904-6A (949). PSR904. (3A,D).
Group 6L
XEmbp-6A (947). pGC19 (950). (6BS,3B,5A,B,D,7D).
Xpsr908-6B (1150). PSR908. (1B,2A,D).
Group 6
Xglk94-6A (963). [Xglk94b (963)]. pTag94. (1,2,3D).
Xglk172-6A (963). [Xglk172a (963)]. pTag172. (7A,B).
Xglk229-6B (963). pTag229.
Xglk259-6A (963). pTag259.
Xglk299-6A,D (963). [Xglk299a,b (963)]. pTag299.
Xglk317-6A (963). [Xglk317c (963)]. pTag317. (5A).
Xglk334-6A (963). pTag334.
Xglk479-6A (963). pTag479.
Xglk495-6D (963). pTag495.
Xglk512-6A (963). [Xglk512a (963)]. pTag512. (4A).
Xglk520-6B (963). [Xglk520d (963)]. pTag520. (2,5A,1,3B).
Xglk537-6A (963). pTag537.
Xglk546-6B (963). [Xglk546b (963)]. pTag546. (5,7A,2,3B).
Xglk547-6A(1),(2), [Xglk547a,b,d,c(963)]. pTag547.
(3),6B (963).
Xglk562-6A (963). pTag562.
Xglk582-6B (963). pTag582.
Xglk680-6B (963). pTag680.
Xglk705-6B (963). pTag705.
Xglk724-6A,B,D (963). [Xglk724e,c,b (963)]. pTag724. (5A,3B).
Xglk736-6B (963). pTag736.
Xglk744-6B (963). pTag744.
Xglk752-6B (963). [Xglk752b (963)]. pTag572. (4A).
Xglk756-6A (963). [Xglk756b (963)]. pTag756. (5A,3B).
Xglk762-6A (963). pTag762.
Group 7S
XAcl3-7A,B,D (961). pACP1 (1160). (5B).
XcnlBCD87-7B [1163]. BCD87. (5B,D).
XcnlBCD93-7A,D [1163]. BCD93. (4A).
XcnlCDO780-7A,D [1163]. CDO780. (4A).
Xpsr540-7B (1150). PSR540. (2A,B,D).
Xpsr946-7D(1) (1150). PSR946. (2D,7AL,7DL).
Group 7L
XEmbp-7D (947). pGC19 (950). (3B,5A,B,D,6A,B).
XFed-7A,B,D (960). 1.3 Kb HindIII fragment of a
wheat gene.
Xpsr121-7A,B,D (933,919). PSR121. (1A,B,D).
Xpsr593-7B (1150). PSR593. (2B,4B).
Xpsr681-7B (1150). PSR681. (2A,B,D,6D).
Xpsr687-7A,B,D (1150). PSR687. (2A,B,D).
Xpsr946-7A,7D(2) (1150). PSR946. (2A,7DS).
XSbp-7B (1162,949). S9.2 (951). (2B,3A,B,D).
Group 7
Xglk35-7A,B (963). [Xglk35b,a (963)]. pTag572.
Xglk61-7B (963). pTag61.
Xglk172-7A,B (963). [Xglk172b,c (963)]. pTag172. (6A).
Xglk184-7D(1),(2) (963). [Xglk184a,b (963)]. pTag184.
Xglk197-7B (963). pTag197.
Xglk301-7A (963). pTag301.
Xglk341-7A,D (963). [Xglk341b,a (963)]. pTag341.
Xglk349-7B (963). pTag349.
Xglk356-7B (963). pTag356.
Xglk439-7B (963). pTag439.
Xglk478-7B (963). pTag478.
Xglk536-7B (963). pTag536.
Xglk546-7A (963). [Xglk546d (963)]. pTag546. (5A,2,3,6B).
Xglk549-7B (963). [Xglk549a (963)]. pTag549. (1B).
Xglk576-7A (963). pTag576.
Xglk598-7B (963). pTag598.
Xglk642-7A (963). pTag642.
Xglk651-7A (963). pTag651.
Xglk658-7A (963). [Xglk658a (963)]. pTag658.
Xglk686-7A (963). pTag686.
Xglk702-7D (963). pTag702.
Xglk750-7B (963). pTag750.
Leaf Tip Necrosis
Ltn (1324). 7D. v: Wheats with Lr34/Yr18 (1317, 1324).
Male Sterility
ms3. v: KS87UP9 (1333).
Nucleolus organizer regions
In the sentence which ends, ". . . . restriction endonuclease-treated DNA on
Southern blots . . . .", delete "7" and "19" as references and substitute
"719."
Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation is a specific form of solute accumulation regulating turgor
pressure and hydration during periods of stress with positive effects on
growth. Wheat lines selected for higher osmoregulation in the greenhouse
have greater growth and seed yields under water limited conditions in the
field.
High osmoregulation
or (1312). 7A(1312). v: Chinese Spring, Songlen, Condor, Takari
(1312).
Low osmoregulation
Or (1312). s: CS(Red Egyptian 7A).
v: Red Egyptian, Capelle Desprez,
Condor*4/3Ag#14(1312).
Proteins
2. Enzymes
IV. alpha-Amylase
After alpha-Amy-R(m)1, insert
"It has been estimated (945) that there are two alpha-Amy-1 genes in 6A and five
or six in both 6B and 6D and three or four alpha-Amy-2 genes at each of the 7A,
7B, and 7D loci."
Add the following sentences to the last paragraph in the alpha-Amylase section:
"Only one gene copy appears to be present at each locus. In rye, evidence
has been obtained for three alpha-Amy-1 genes, two or three alpha-Amy-2 genes and
three alpha-Amy-3 genes (946)."
VI. Endopeptidase
Change the Ep-A1a entry to the following:
Ep-A1a (245,359). v: CS.
After the Ep-A1c entry, add the following:
"An EP isozyme encoded by Ep-A1a of CS is visible on zymograms following
starch gel electrophoresis (245). The product of this allele is not
observable, however, on zymograms following isoelectric focusing (359)."
Ep-D1b. v: H-93-70 (1335); 5L 219 (1335).
Ep-R1 (955). 6RL (955). ad: CS/Imperial.
VII. Esterase
Est-B5: Substitute (7) for (293) as reference for 3BL location.
Add immediately after Est-D5 entries:
"Encoding of the endosperm esterases of hexaploid wheat by 12-15 genes in
five compound loci located in 3AL, 3BL, 3DL, 3AS and 3DS has been postulated
(952)."
Add:
Est-H1 (1140). 3H (1140). ad: CS/Betzes.
XII. Malate dehydrogenase
add
Mdh-R4 (1141). 1RL (1141). v: various crosses.
XVII. Superoxide dismutase
add
Sod-H1 (1140). 2H (1140). ad: CS/Betzes.
Sod-E1 (1140). VI (1140). ad: CS/Ag. elongatum.
XXII. NADH dehydrogenase
Modify,
Ndh-R1 (1125). 4RS (1125), ad: CS/Imperial, King II (1125, 1142).
4R (1142). CS/Dakold (1142).
Add
Ndh-E1 (1142). 4E (1142). ad: CS/Ag. elongatum.
Ndh-U1 (1142). A (1142). ad: CS/Ae. umbellulata.
3. Endosperm Storage Proteins
II. Gliadins
Add:
Gli-S(l)1 (943). 1S(l) (943). ad: CS/Ae. longissima
Gli-S(l)2 (943). 6S(1) (943). ad,su: CS/Ae.longissma
Gli-V1 (953). 1V (953). ad: Creso-D. villosum.
Gli-V2 (953). 6VS (953). ad: Creso-D. villosum.
Gli-V3 (953). 4VL (953). ad: Creso-D. villosum.
Glu-V1 (953). 1V (953). ad: Creso-D. villosum.
4. Protease inhibitors
at end of section add:
'Three subunits of the wheat tetrameric inhibitor of insect alpha-amylase, CM1,
CM3 and CM16, with homology to the dimeric and monomeric alpha-amylase
inhibitors and the trypsin inhibitors, were located by Southern analysis of
cDNAs pCT1, pCT2, and pCT3 to 4A, 4B, 4D; 7A, 7B, 7D; and 4A, 4B, 4D,
respectively (1143).'
Restorers for Cytoplasmic Male Sterility
T.timopheevi cytoplasm
Rf1. v: R113 Rf4 (1318).
Rf4. v: R113 Rf1 (1318).
Ribosomal RNA
Substitute the following for the earlier listing:
5S rRNA genes
Within the Triticeae there are basically two 5S rRNA loci. One locus
identified by repetitive units 320-468 bp in length is located on group 1
chromosomes. The other locus identifed by repetitive units 469-500 bp in
length is on group 5 chromosomes. Within species the repetitive units at a
locus are extremely uniform in size and sequence. They remain stable in
foreign genetic backgrounds.
5S-Rrna-A1. [5SDna-A1 (1076)]. 1AS (1076). dv: T. monococcum
5S-Rrna-B1. [5SDna-B1 (1076)]. 1BS (29, 1076). v: CS.
5S-Rrna-D1. [5SDna-D1 (1076)]. 1D (1076,1077). v: CS (1076, 1077).
1DS (1076). dv: T. tauschii(1077).
5S-Rrna-E1. [5SDna-E1 (962)]. 1E (1097). dv: L. elongatum.
5S-Rrna-R1. [5SDna-R1 (1078)]. 1RS (29, 1078). al: S. cereale.
5S-Rrna-S(c)1. [5SDna-S(c)1 (962)]. 1S(c) (1097). al: Elymus ciliaris.
5S-Rrna-S(t)1. [5SDna-S(t)1 (962)]. 1S(t) (1097). al: E. trachycaulus.
5S-Rrna-Y1. [5SDna-Y1 (962)]. 1Y (1097). al: E. ciliaris.
5S-Rrna-A2. [5SDna-A2 (1076)]. 5AS (1076). v: CS.
al: T. monococcum.
5S-Rrna-B2. [5SDna-B2 (1076)]. 5BS (1076). v: CS.
5S-Rrna-D2. [5SDna-D2 (1076)]. 5D (1076,1077). v: CS (1076, 1077).
5DS (1077). dv: T. tauschii(1077).
5S-Rrna-R2. [5SDna-R2 (1078)]. 5RS (1078). al: S. cereale.
5S-Rrna-H(t)2. [5SDna-H(t)2 (962)]. 5H(t)(1097). al: E. trachycaulus.
5S-Rrna-U2. [5SDna-U2 (1076)]. 5U (1076). al: T. umbellulatum.
5S-Rrna-V2. [5SDna-V2 (962)]. 5V (1097). al: D. villosa.
A single 5S rRNA hybridization site was observed in barley. The chromosome
involved was not one of those identified by the presence of secondary
constrictions (29), but Kolchinsky et al. (1084) located a predominant short
repetitive sequence (320 bp) to 2H.
Pathogenic Disease/Pest Reaction
Reaction to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
Bdv1 (1325). v:
Reaction to Diuraphis noxia
Dn3 (recessive)(1311). v: T. tauschii SQ24/T. turgidum TD65(1311).
tv: T. tauschii SQ24 (1311).
Reaction to Erysiphe graminis
Pm1. v: Anfield Pm9, Pompe Pm9(1331), Ring Pm9.
Pm9. v: Anfield Pm1 (1331), Pompe Pm1 (1331), Ring
Pm1 (1331).
Complex genotypes: Drabent* Pm2 Pm4b Pm9/Pm1 Pm2 Pm4b Pm9 (1331); Nemares
Pm1 Pm2 Pm4b Pm6 Pm9 (1331); Sappo Pm1 Pm2 Pm4b Pm9 (1331).
Reaction to Mayetiola destructor
H7. 5D (1309).
H21. 2B (1328) v: Hamlet = KS89WGRC8 (1336); KSWR 69-2-4-3 (1328);
(2BS.2RL). KS85HF 011-5 (1328).
ad: KSWR 297-1-1-9 (1328).
al: Chaupon rye (1328).
H22. 1D (1329). v: KS86WGRC1 (1329).
H23. 6D (1334). v: KS89WGRC3 (1334).
H24. 3D (1334). v: KS89WGRC6 (1334).
H25. 6B (1337) v: 88HF16 (1337).
(T 6BS.6BL-6RL).
4B (1337) v: 88HF79, 88HF80, 88HF81, 88HF117 (1337).
(T 4BS.4BL-6RL).
4A (1337) v: 89HF17, 89HF18, 89HF25, 88HF32, 88HF51, 88HF89
(1337).
(Ti 4AS.4AL-6RL-4AL).
6R (1337). al: Balbo rye (1337).
Reaction to Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
Pch. v: H-93-70 (1335); 5L 219 (1335).
Reaction to Puccinia graminis
Sr39 (1319). 2B (1071). v: RL5711 (1319, 1071). Amphiploid RL5347
(Ae.speltoides / T.monococcum) (1071).
Although Sr39 produces similar responses to Sr32, also derived from Aegilops
speltoides, recombination studies based on three crosses showed independent
inheritance (1319). Sr39 segregated independently of Lr13 (1071).
Sr40 (1322). 2BS (1322). v: RL6087 = RL6071*7/PGR 6126;
RL6088 = RL6071*7/PGR 6195.
tv: T. araraticum PGR 6126; PGR 6195.
Reaction to Puccinia recondita
Lr12. v: Chinese Spring Lr34 (1317); Sturdy
Lr13 (1317).
Lr34. v: Chinese Spring Lr12 (1317), Sturdy Lr12
(1317).
Lr38 (1313). 2A. v: W49.
(2AS.2AL-7Ai#2). su: W44 (7Ai #2 [7D]); W52 (7Ai #2 [7A]).
ad: T2.
Lr38 is derived from Agr. intermedium.
Lr39 (1320). Proposal still under discussion.
Lr40 (1320). Proposal still under discussion.
Lr41 (1326). 1D (1326). v: KS90WGRC10 = TAM107*3/T. tauschii TA
2460 (1327).
dv: TA 2460 (1327).
Reaction to P. striiformis
Yr2. v: HD2329 (1314); Kalyansona (1314); PBW54
(1314); PBW120 (1314); WG377 (1314);
WH147 (1314); WL711 (1314); WL1562
(1314). Sonalika YrA (1314).
Yr7. v: PBW12 (1314); WL2265 (1314).
Yr18 (1323). 7D (1323). v: Jupateco 73R, Wheats with Lr34 (See
Lr34).
Lr34/Yr18 is also closely associated with Ltn, a gene for leaf tip necrosis
(1324).
Reaction to Shizaphis graminum
Gb5. 7S (1315). s: CI17882, CI17884, CI17885 (798).
In all these wheats chromosome 7S substitutes for
7A (1315).
Genetic Linkages
Chromosome 1DS
Gli-D1 - Rg2 1.4 +/- 1.4 cM (1316).
- Lr21 5.6 +/- 2.7 cM (1316).
- Glu-D1 I (1316).
Rg2 - Lr21 4.2 +/- 2.4 cM (1316).
- Glu-D1 I (1316).
Lr21 - Glu-D1 I (1316).
Gene order Gli-D1 - Rg2 - Lr21 (1316).
Chromosome 2B
Sr39 - Lr35 3.0 +/- 1.1% (1071).
Chromosome 4B
Adh-B1 - centromere 20.0 +/- 3.5% (1310).
Chromosome 6BS
telomere - Lr36 <9.9% (1072).
centromere- Lr36 46.3 +/- 4.0 cM (1072).
26.0 +/- 7.9 cM (1072).
Lr36 is distal to Gli-B2 (1072).
Chromosome 6D
H13 - H23 25 cM (1329).
Chromosome 7AL
Pm1 - Pm9 8.5 cM
Chromosome 7D
Ltn - Lr34/Yr18 <0.013 (1324).
Chromosome 6D
H13 - H23 25 cM (1329).
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1310. Rao MVP, Suseelan KN & Bhatia CR 1990 Telocentric mapping of the
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1319. Kerber ER 1991 Personal communication.
1320. Raupp WJ, Gill BS, Wilson DL, Cox TS & Browder LE 1991 Draft
manuscript.
1321. Gilchrist JA & Sorrells ME 1983 Inheritance of kernel colour in
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1322. Dyck PL 1991 Transfer of a gene for stem rust resistance from
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1323. Singh RP 1991 Genetic association of leaf rust resistance gene Lr34
with adult plant resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat. Manuscript.
1324. Singh RP 1991 Genetic association between gene Lr34 for leaf rust
resistance and leaf tip necrosis in bread wheats. Manuscript.
1325. Singh RP 1991 Personal communication.
1326. Cox TS 1991 Personal communication.
1327. Cox TS, Sears RG & Gill BS 1992 Registration of KS90WGRC10 leaf
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1328. Freibe B, Hatchett JH, Sears RG & Gill BS 1990 Transfer of hessian
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1329. Raupp J 1991 Personal communication.
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1331. Schneider DM, Heun M & Fischbeek G 1991 Inheritance of the powdery
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1332. Zeven AC 1991 Wheats with purple and blue grains: a review.
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1333. Cox TS, Sears RG & Gill BS 1991 Registration of KS87UP9, a winter
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1334. Gill BS, Wilson DL, Raupp JH, Cox TS, Amri A & Sears RG 1991
Registration of KS89WGRC3 and KS89WGRC6 hession fly-resistant hard red
winter wheat germplasm. Crop Sci 31: 245.
1335. Vahl U & Muller G 1991 Endopeptidase EP-1 as a marker for the
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'H-93-70'. Plant Breeding 107: 77-79.
1336. Sears RG, Hatchett JM, Cox TS & Gill BS 1992 Registration of
KS89WGRC8 hessian fly resistant hard red winter wheat germplasm. Crop
Sci 32: (in press).
1337. Friebe B, Hatchett JM, Gill BS, Mukai Y & Sebesta EE 1991 Transfer
of hessian fly resistance from rye to wheat via radiation-induced
terminal and intercalary chromosomal translocations. Theor Appl Genet
83: 33-40.
-------------------------
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND
Financial Statement
Account Number 52-732-7, Brenton Bank & Trust Company
Johnston, Iowa
Ian B. Edwards, Treasurer: Annual Wheat Newsletter
The level of financial support for the Annual Wheat Newsletter
increased slightly during 91-92, and the current fund balance (as of April
15, 1992) is at $5,484.53 (compared with $4,065.65 in 1990-91 and
$3,963.24 in 1989-90. However, we have only been able to meet our financial
obligations as a result of a substantial grant from the U.S.D.A.-A.R.S. in
Albany, California.
We are pleased to welcome the following new corporate or institutional
contributors:
- NORDSAAT SAATZUCHTGES.mbH, Boehnshausen, Germany
- Pioneer Seed Company, Natal, South Africa
- U.S.D.A. - Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA
- Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Dyfed, United Kingdom
A total of 151 individual contributors made donations to Volume 38.
All those whose donations were received on or before April 15 are
acknowledged in the pages that follow. Those who contributed between April
15 and June 1 may still expect to receive a copy of the AWN, and their
financial support is also appreciated. However, owing to the high costs of
printing the AWN, we are only able to print a certain number of copies, and
requests received from new contributors after June 1 will likely not be
filled. We apologize for this and ask for your under- standing. Printing
is limited by available funding, and we try to meet all requests received on
time.
A special thanks is extended to Dr. J. S. Noll (Canada), Dr. R. A.
McIntosh (Australia), and Dr. Ricardo H. Maich (Argentina), for coordinating
individual contributions. We would encourage individuals in other overseas
countries to volunteer and coordinate local contributions; the use of a
single bank draft represents a substantial savings in time and bank charges
and is much appreciated by your treasurer. Certain institutions have
indicated that they are only able to pay by invoice. In such instances,
please notify your treasurer as to the amount that you are willing to
donate, and we will gladly send you an invoice.
It has been a pleasure to serve as your treasurer this past year, and I
would again like to extend my thanks to all of those who so graciously
support our Newsletter.
Current Year Previous Year
Balance as of October 30, 1991 $ <247.22> $ <70.25>
Contributions (Oct. 30, 1991 to
April 15, 1992, plus interest
on checking): 5,731.75 4,135.90
Total Fund Balance (Previous
balance, plus 1991-92): $ 5,484.53 $ 4,065.65
=========== ============
1992 (VOLUME 38) AWN CONTRIBUTORS
(Contributions over $1,000)
USDA - Agricultural Research Service, Olin Anderson, 800 Buchanan
Street, Albany, CA, 94710
(Contributions $200 to $999)
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Ian Edwards, 6800 Pioneer
Parkway, Johnston, IA 50131; Gregory C. Marshall, R.R. 1,
Windfall, IN, 46076
(Contributions $100 to $200)
AgriPro, Rob Bruns, 806 North 2nd Street, P.O. Box 30, Berthoud, CO, 80513
HybriTech Seed International, Inc., John Erickson, 5912 N. Meridian,
Wichita, KS, 67204
John Innes Centre for Plant Science Research, Mike Gale, Colney Lane,
Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K.
Louisiana State University Ag. Center, Stephen A. Harrison, Dept. of
Agronomy, 104 Madison B. Sturgiss Hall, Baton Rouge, La, 70803-2110
National Association of Wheat Growers Foundation, Dick Stuckey, 415 Second
Street NE, Suite 300, Washington, DC, 20002
National Wheat Improvement Committee, Ian B. Edwards, Chairman, 6800 Pioneer
Parkway, Johnston, IA, 50131
Warren K. Pope, Camas Wheat Breeding, Orchard & F, 1206 E F Street, Moscow,
ID, 83843
Small Grain Center, H. Van Niekerk, Private Bag X 29, Bethlehem 9700, South
Africa
Western Plant Breeders, Dan Biggerstaff, P.O. Box 1409, Bozeman, MT, 59715
(Contributions $50 to $99)
Robert K. Bequette, Dept. of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State
University, Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506
F. Du Toit, Pioneer Seed Company, P.O. Box / POSBUS 19, Greytown 3500,
Natal, South Africa
Nordsaat Saatzuchtges.mbH, Zuchtstation Langenstein, Boehnshausen 0-3721
Germany
Procosem S.A., Domaine du Chaumoy, Le Subdray, 18570 La Chapelle St. Ursin,
France
Rex K. Thompson, Farmers Marketing Corporation, P.O. Box 60578, Phoenix, AZ,
85082
Gary Smelser, MGS, Inc., P.O. Box 308, Ames, IA, 50010
Ed Smith, Department of Agronomy, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK,
74078
Robert S. Zemetra, University of Idaho, Plant Breeding & Genetics, Plant,
Soil, & Entomological Sciences, Moscow,
ID, 83843
(Contributions $2 to $49)
Robert E. Allan
Richard E. Atkins
T. Aung
Robert K. Bacon
P. Stephen Baenziger
Augusto Carlos Baier
B. Ballantyne
P. Bartos
Sergio Eudoro Beas
Gary C. Bergstrom
William Berzonsky
Harold E. Bockelman
Diego Ricardo Bonelli
Myron Brakke
P. Brennan
Robert H. Busch
David H. Casper
Cebeco-Handelstraad
Fred A. Cholick
Okkyung Kim Chung
Allan J. Ciha
D. B. Cooper
Harold Corke
Thomas S. Cox
Christine Curtis
Byrd C. Curtis
E. Czarnecki
N. Darvey
E. Deambrogio
Dennis J. Delaney
R. M. DePauw
H. Jesse Dubin
P. L. Dyck
Ian B. Edwards
F. Ellison
Everett H. Everson
George Fedak
J. P. Gustafson
S. Haber
Elmer G. Heyne
David Hole
N. K. Howes
Robert Hunger
Reinhard Tiburzy
Jerry W. Johnson
E. R. Kerber
A. Khan
W. Kim
G. Kimber
M.B. Kirkham
Richard Kiyomoto
D.R. Knott
Takato Koba
Frederic L. Kolb
Mathias F. Kolding
J. Kolmer
Calvin F. Konzak
M.I.P. Kovacs
E. Lagudah
M.D. Lazar
J. Dudley Leaphart
D. Leisle
George H. Liang
Walter H. Londero
Adams Lukaszewski
O. Lukow
M. Mackey
Richard H. Maich
Gabriel A. Manera
G.F. Marais
D. Mares
D.R. Marshall
David Marshall
David J. Martin
Bob Matchett
Paul J. Mattern
C. May
R.A. McIntosh
Anne L. McKendry
R.I.H. McKenzie
Donald V. McVey
Robert Metzger
Jerry F. Miller
Gene Milus
S. Moore
A. Morgunov
Craig F. Morris
Rosalind Morris
D.K. Mulitze
Charles F. Murphy
Lloyd R. Nelson
J.J. Nielsen
J.S. Noll
L. O'Brien
A.A. pagnutti
Juan Carlos Pavoni
S. Payne
Wayne L. Pedersen
C. James Peterson
Gary L. Peterson
R. de V. Pienaar
Bartos Prague
J.M. Prescott
Z.A. Pretorius
Calvin O. Qualset
Bob Reese
H.J. Reisener
David J. Sammons
J. Martin Sanchez
John F. Schafer
W.L. Seaman
Rollin G. Sears
Gregory Shaner
P. Sharp
John L. Sherwood
M. Walker Simmons
Marks E. Sorrells
Edward Souza
Debra K. Steiger
Bruce Stewart
Donald Sunderman
D. The
J. Thomas
P. Thomas
F. Townley-Smith
Trio Research, Inc.
Maxine Trottet
Wayne E. Vian
David Van Sanford
H. Wallwork
Richard Ward
Sarl W. Weibull
C. Wellings
Welsh Plant Breeding
G.B. Wildermuth
Norman Williams
P. Wilson
C. Wrigley
Robert M. Young
-------------------------
FAX/TELEPHONE LIST
Name Loc. Tel. FAX
Qualset, C.O. CA, USA 9167578921 9167578755
Souza, E. ID, USA 2083974162 2083974311
Gustafson, P. MO, USA 3148824734 3148755359
Sammons, D. NY, USA 3014543715 3014545680
Edwards, I.B. IL, USA 5152257507 5152703156
McIntosh, R. SYD, AUS 046512600 046512578
Quick, J.S. CO, USA 3034916483 3034910564
Ward, Rick MI, USA 5173552231 5173535174
Goertzens, K. KS, USA 3164657744 3164652693
Fisher, J.A. WAG, AUS 069230999 069230809
Maich, R.H. COR, ARG 051602684 545137841
Fischer, R.A. CIM, MEX 59542100 59541069
Elias, E.M. ND, USA 7012377971 7012377973
Cox, T.S. KS, USA 9135327260 9135325692
Bockelman, H. ID, USA 2083974162 2083974165
Nelson, L.R. TX, USA 9038346191 9038347146
Shaner, G. IN, USA 3174944651 3174940363
This partial telephone and FAX list will be updated if you return a
photocopy of it with changes clearly marked.