Session
1 Germplasm and Genetic Resources
Oral Presentation
Gene
Banks and Access to Barley Genetic Resources Information
H.
KnuEpffer
Genebank Department, Institute of Plant Genetics and
Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany, E-mail:
knupffer@ipk-gatersleben.de
Plant
genetic resources (PGR) are a useful source of material for breeders and
researchers. However, besides the availability and accessibility of the PGR,
the availability of information, and the easy access to it are a necessary
prerequisite for utilisation. The present situation of barley genetic resources
in genebanks worldwide is discussed. Various information sources for barley
genetic resources are described and compared. Issues such as the Barley Core
Collection, access to pedigree information, and handling of evaluation data are
also covered. The visions for the future include information networking between
the ECP/GR European Barley Database (EBDB) and other major information systems
such as SINGER (of the CGIAR), GRIN (USDA), and the Barley Genetic Stocks
Database. Finally, emerging issues of bioinformatics in PGR information
management and analysis will be mentioned.
Global Inventory of Barley Genetic Resources
J.
Valkoun and J. Konopka
Genetic Resources Unit, International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA),
Aleppo, Syria, E-mail: j.valkoun@cgiar.org
The
FAO estimates that more than 350,000 accessions of barley genetic resources are
conserved in numerous ex
situ collections. There is no doubt that
there is significant overlap of collections but the extent of this overlap is
not known. There is no global one-stop shop for scientists wishing to find
particular germplasm although many genebanks offer Internet access to
information on their collections. Genetic Resources Unit (GRU) of ICARDA in
collaboration with European Barley Database (EBDB) and major barley collections
has compiled a Global Inventory of Barley Genetic Resources. The project was
supported by the System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources (SINGER)
and is to be published on the Internet in 2003. The Inventory lists more than
165,000 accessions from 40 institutes/genebanks. Approximately 40% of a global
collection refers to landraces, collected in the field, or selections from
landraces. The inventory identified over 280 collection missions to
57 countries during the period 19212001. Whenever the collection site data
were sufficiently detailed, the collection sites were geo-referenced to
facilitate production of distribution maps and links with GIS. As expected,
majority of conserved material is the result of breeding efforts and we
attempted to cross-reference accessions using standardized names. For large
part of breeding material the system also records pedigree, developer and date
of release.
Assessment
of Diversity within Czech Spring Barley Germplasm
as Revealed by PCR Diagnostic Marker, SSR, AFLP
and DNA Assays
J.
Ovesna1, L. Kucera1,
K. Polakova1, K. Vaculova2 and
J. Milotova2
1Research
Institute of Crop Production, 161 06 Prague 6-Ruzyne, Czech Republic, E-mail:
ovesna@vurv.cz; 2Agricultural Research Institute Kromeriz, Ltd., 767 01
Kromeriz, Czech Republic
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important crop in Czech Republic. Breeders
have been focused on high yielding cultivars production with excellent grain
end-use quality. We have tried to identify how breeding has changed the genetic
basis of cultivars, which were used over time in Czech region. Over 100 of
barley cultivars and lines used for (1) malting and (2) alternative phenotype
breeding have been investigated using AFLP and SSR markers. (1) We have proved
that malting quality breeding changed diversity within the gene pool and
genetic pool, which became narrow. However, new alleles appeared in cultivars
released in the 90ies as a consequence of the foreign germplasm use in Czech
breeding mainly for a biotic/abiotic stress tolerance improvement. (2) The
collection of barleys with grain alternative end-use quality, which become from
different countries, has higher diversity as it was expected. Higher phenotype
variability has been there for scored within the lines and in the progeny. New
type of markers and techniques such as SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism),
SNPaSHOT and expression analysis brought more precise insight into the alleles preference. Correlations between genotype and
phenotype are discussed.
Poster Presentation
Barley
in the Republic of Yemen
M.
Al-Harazi
Ministry of Technical Education, Sanaa,
Republic of Yemen,
E-mail: mohdharazi@hotmail.com
Republic
of Yemen is located in the south-west of Arab peninsula, bordered by the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the north, the Arabian sea
and Oman to the east and to the south is the Arabian sea. It can be divided
into four sections: (a) The plain area a long the Red
Sea, in these areas, the temperature is high all over the year. (b) The central
areas which is a chain of mountains, some of them rises to more than 200 m
above sea level, between these mountains lie many valleys and farmlands the
rain here falls heavily in some seasons for which the farmers can depend for
farming. (c) The eastern areas which is a separate mountains, through them
there are many valleys and fields. (d) Besides the area in the far-east, which is a part of Al Rub Alkhali desert. Barley crop is
limited because it is not used for bread, only as feed. It is not used for
malting since Islam forbids any thing leads to drunkenness. There are only four
varieties with higher yields than the local variety Sagleh and are expanding:
Arafat, Bitcher, Mabser Dhamar and Jahrani. The total area of cultivation
represents about 2528 000 ha and production 2327 000 t in the average in the
period 19992002.
Matching Soil, Water and Genotype for Barley
Cultivation
in Kuwait
H.
S. Al-Menaie1,2, P. D. S.
Caligari3 and
B. P. Forster1
1Scottish
Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK, E-mail:
bforst@scri.sari.ac.uk;
2Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, State
of Kuwait; 3The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
In
1996 a government master plan was approved for the greening and agriculture of
Kuwait. Barley is among 50 prioritised plants. A general survey of all Kuwait
soils identified potential sites for cultivation. Al-Wafra was selected and
investigated further using USDA standard soil tests. The ground water at
Al-Wafra was brackish, but had potential for irrigation of salt tolerant crops
such as barley. Large field trials, irrigated with local ground water and
imported fresh (desalinated) water, were set up over two seasons. A wide range
of genotypes (141) were tested including: (1) control recommended salt tolerant
cultivars, Gustoe and California Mariout; (2) cultivars; (3) landrace barleys;
(4) wild barleys; (5) mutant lines and (6) hybrids. Various agronomic traits
were test, the most important being plant weight (barley is used mainly for
fodder). The two control genotypes performed well in brackish water as did
semi-dwarf, ari-e. mutants. Investigations of
root traits showed that short rooted genotypes, such as the ari-e.
mutants had an advantage, possibly because they make
better use of surface irrigated water, but also because their roots do not
penetrate into saline soil zones. Sustainable barley cultivation is feasible in
Kuwait using selected soils, local ground water, soil rejuvenation, water table
control and selected genotypes
SSR-Based
Genetic Diversity Assessment among Tunisian Winter Barley and Relationship with
Morphological Traits
W.
Ben Hamida and S. Hamza
Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institut
National Agronomique de Tunisie, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
E-mail: hamza.sonia@inat.agrinet.tn
For
studying genetic diversity caused by selection for adaptation and end-use, 17
microsatellites (SSR), representative of the barley genome, were used in 26
barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.) accessions and cultivars
in Tunisia. The accessions/cultivars originate from different geographic
regions and are of different end-use. For the 15 polymorphic SSR, the mean
number of alleles per locus was 3.6 and the average polymorphism information
content was 0.45. Cluster analysis based on SSR data and on
morphological data clearly differentiate the genotypes according to their
type (local landraces vs. varieties), row-number and end-use. The correlation
between both diversity measures was highly significant (r = 0.25,
P < 10-5) and the correspondence between the clustering based
on SSR and morphological data was relatively good. Our results show the large
genetic diversity of the Tunisian barley cultivars and the association of this
diversity with adaptation traits.
Access
to Nordic Barley Genetic Resources
L.
Bondo
Nordic Gene Bank, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden,
E-mail: louise@ngb.se
The Nordic Gene Bank (NGB) is a regional Gene bank for the five Nordic
countries: Denmark, Finland, Faroe Island, Norway and Sweden. The mandate of
NGB is to preserve material from this geographical area. Furthermore, the aim
is to document, characterize and carry out research and pre-breeding projects
on the preserved material. The total Hordeum collection consists of 45 species, 471 cultons,
and 12,825 accessions. The Hordeum
vulgare subsp. vulgare collection preserved at NGB for long-term
preservation is presented in the table
below.
Number
of accepted accessions at NGB
Country of origin |
Breeding material |
Cultivars |
Landraces |
Total |
Denmark |
69 |
81 |
8 |
158 |
Finland |
38 |
34 |
46 |
118 |
Faroe Island |
|
|
1 |
1 |
Norway |
6 |
36 |
10 |
52 |
Sweden |
130 |
135 |
11 |
276 |
Total |
243 |
286 |
76 |
605 |
Further more NGB store many special Hordeum
collections: The barley
mutant collection with more than 9,000 accessions, the collection of
translocation lines with about 800 lines, the collection of wild Triticea species and landraces with about 1,200 accessions, a
collection of chlorophyll mutants, Ibergs collection, a dynamic barley gene
pool, a collection of duplication lines and James Mac Keys NIL. The barley
collection has been evaluated for malting quality and resistance to Rhynchosporium, scald, powdery mildew and many agronomic
characters. All evaluation results are searchable via Internet:
http://www.ngb.se/sesto. The NGB
distributes seeds and information to all interested researchers and breeders
free of charge.
Chances
and Problems of Using Wild Genotypes for the Improvement of Quantitative Traits
a Case Study Using Barley
S.
Budewig and J. Leon
Department of Crop Science and Plant Breeding,
University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
E-mail: j.leon@uni-bonn.de
Decreasing
genetic variability in modern cultivars may become a problem in the near
future. The utilization of exotic genotypes is a possibility of broadening the
genetic base, but presents many problems if quantitative traits are to be improved.
A large number of suitable accessions exist in the gene banks, but how can a
promising genotype be chosen without first undergoing a long and complicated
back cross procedure? To answer some of the many questions that arise when
dealing with crosses between wild genotypes and modern cultivars ten parents
were chosen from each group and 30 Hordeum vulgare × Hordeum
spontaneum crosses
were established in four back cross generations. A number of quantitative
traits of the progeny as well as the cultivars and wild barley accessions used
as parents were evaluated in field trials. Means and variances of the progeny
in different backcross generations were compared to the theoretical
expectations of various traits. The general and specific combining ability of
the modern cultivars and the wild barley were analyzed. The potential for
positive transgression for the trait yield was examined. The feasibility of
predicting which H.
spontaneum accessions
will contribute most to an improvement of traits and the consequences for the
choice of an optimal breeding methodology are discussed.
Characterization of Genetic Diversity in ICARDA Core
Collection
of Cultivated Barley (Hordeum vulgare
L.)
K.
Chabane and J. Valkoun
Genetic Resources Unit, International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, E-mail:
kamel@cgiar.org
Out
of the total accessions of barley cultivated, held at ICARDA, a subset core
collection consisting of 150 accessions originating from different countries
was established. Genetic diversity of the core collection was studied using
AFLP markers. The accessions were grouped into different geographic sub-regions
and the total genetic variation was estimated using Popgene software. Genetic
distance matrix was computed and hierarchical unrooted tree was performed using
Phylip software package. Our results demonstrate that the AFLP markers were
highly informative and were useful in generating a meaningful classification of
the cultivated barley that we determined as subset of core collection.
Spontaneous Mutants in Baronesse Barley
M.
I. Cagirgan1 and S. E. Ullrich2
1Department
of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, TR07059 Antalya,
Turkey,
E-mail: cagirgan@akdeniz.edu.tr; 2Department
of Crops and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
99164-6420, USA, E-mail: ullrich@wsu.edu
Baronesse is a popular feed barley,
developed in Germany from a
wide cross, Mentor/Minerva//Vada
mutant/4/Carlsberg/Union//Opavsky/Salle/3/Ricardo/5/Oriol/6153P40, by Nordstadt
in 1988. A local plant breeding company, Western Plant Breeders, arranged to
market this variety in Pacific Northwest, USA. It is two-rowed, rough awned
spring barley. This variety is every breeders dream with excellent yield
potential and very wide adaptation. It continues to be a remarkable success and
has spread across the Pacific Northwest, having the potential to become the
predominant regional variety. In 1997 season, we observed genetic male sterile
plants in this variety, both in the yield trials and also in the production
fields, planted by certified seed in Pullman, WA. Considering high percentage
of male sterile occurrence, we planned to isolate these male sterile variants
as spontaneous mutants to compare their natural occurrence with the reported
ones. Also, we isolated other types of variants as spontaneous mutants such as anthocyanin-less,
late-maturing, eceriferum, smooth awn, and covered peduncle. The basis of
treating these variants as spontaneous mutants instead of any kind of mixture
was due to the fact that Baronesse barley has a deficiens gene suppressing the
formation of lateral spikelets, which provides a very good morphological marker
to distinguish the other types assembling or not assembling to the original
variety. Since there was no another cultivar having deficiency gene in the
Pacific Northwest, the identification and evaluation of the spontaneous mutants
in the production field could be sound and practical. Consequently, this
approach should be considered as an efficient use of a less effective approach,
relying on spontaneous mutations. The following two years confirmation showed
that the segregants were consistent and true-bred. During the progeny testing
we further discovered that some lines are earlier and later than Baronesse in
heading. We expect that some of these spontaneous mutants isolated may be useful
to develop better lines Baronesse itself, directly or indirectly. Genetic male
sterile lines can be useful to facilitate crossing and to develop populations
to select from.
Allelic
Diversity and Genetic Gain in Midwestern
Six-Rowed Barley Germplasm
F.
Condon, K. P. Smith and E. Schiefeilbein
Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University
of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA,
E-mail: smith376@umn.edu
United
States Midwestern six-rowed malting barley varieties constitute a narrow
germplasm tracing back to approximately 40 ancestors. Varietal candidates
developed at the University of Minnesota have shown genetic improvement for
many traits despite the fact that most of the crosses leading to these lines in
the past 50 years have been among elite lines from within the breeding program.
We initiated a study to estimate genetic gain for traits that have been under
selection in Minnesota breeding germplasm. We evaluated 62 varieties and
variety candidates developed from 19581998 in three locations in 2002. Genetic
gains for yield, plump yield, and malt extract are estimated to be 9.5 kg/ha
per year, 20.5 kg/ha per year, and 0.065 % per year, respectively. Parallel to
this genetic improvement of selected traits, we have observed a decrease in
genetic diversity within this same germplasm. Allelic diversity, based on 65
SSR markers distributed throughout the genome, has decreased from a mean of 6.0
alleles per locus for lines developed from the first decade to 2.3 alleles per
locus for lines developed during the last decade. These phenotype and marker
data will be the basis for an association mapping study to identify loci for
important agronomic, disease resistance, and malting quality traits that have
been under selection during breeding.
The
Oregon Wolfe Barley Population: An International Resource for Barley
Genetics Research and Instruction
A.
E. Corey, L. Cooper, P. M. Hayes, L. Marquez-Cedillo, M. I. Vales
and the world network OWB
practitioners*
Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA,
E-mail: patrick.m.hayes@oregonstate.edu
*A complete listing is available at www.barleyworld.org
The
Oregon Wolfe Barley (OWB) population a set of doubled haploids developed at
Oregon State University from the F1 of the cross between Dr. R. Wolfes Dominant
and Recessive marker stocks is a publicly available resource for plant genomics
research and serves as a vehicle for stimulating public awareness and interest
in genetic diversity and agricultural biotechnology. The OWB population, which
displays a stunning level of morphological trait diversity and a high level of
DNA-level polymorphism, is available in both real and virtual formats. Seed of
the population can be obtained from the Oregon State University Barley Project
(www.barleyworld.org) and this site also serves as a gateway to a spectrum
of information and tools for research and instruction involving the OWBs. A
subset of the OWBs will be featured on the IBGS field tour at Brno, and the
poster will provide a descriptive catalog of the many research and teaching activities
around the world that involve this unique germplasm resource.
Tunisian Insular Barley Landraces: a Significant
Hordeins Drift
M.
El Felah1, L. Bettaieb Ben Kaab1 and
N. Chalbi2
1Laboratoire
des Grandes Cultures INRAT, 2049-Ariana, Tunisia,
E-mail: elfelah.mouldi@iresa.agrinet.tn;
2Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis,
2092-El Manar II, Tunisia
Barley genetic resources play a key
role in dry farming and poverty alleviation in dry areas in Tunisia. In
semi-arid regions, barley is mostly cultivated by sheep owners and grazed one
or two times. It is also grown for grain production in intermediate zones and
for hay making. Barley is used mainly for feed (85%) and occasionally for food
(1015%). In southern zones, barley landraces are submitted to various
constraints, essentially their substitution by improved cultivars, and are
threatened of disappearance and extinction. To safeguard these resources, 423
barley accessions were collected from diverse regions of Tunisia and specifically
from the islands of Djerba and Kerkenna. Sixty-one accessions, collected from
Djerba (Jorf, Houmet Essouk, Houmet Beni Dighet and El Khmara), were evaluated
using SDS-PAGE. Results showed high B and C hordeins segregation. 33 chemotypes
were characterized. Beni Dighet accessions showed a fatal drift for A and D
hordeins. It seems that certain important quality traits have been loosed and
dramatically influence may occur on nutritional value. Presence or absence of
some hordein groups or components also could indicate the quality of
technological traits of the barley grain.
Bridging
the Widening Chasm between Exotic Germplasm
and Elite Breeding Populations Using RIPE
(Recurrent Introgressive Population Enrichment)
D.
E. Falk
Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph,
Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada,
E-mail: dfalk@uoguelph.ca
Recurrent
Introgressive Population Enrichment (RIPE) is a method of utilizing basic
evolutionary principles in breeding. It results in accumulating desirable
alleles for specific traits in populations from which well-adapted,
high-performing lines can be selected. The limitations of the number of crosses
needed for population development and recycling, and the length of the breeding
cycle have largely been overcome in the RIPE system through the use of genetic
male sterility (linked to a xenia-expressing phenotypic marker for pre-sowing
selection) for crossing. The use of controlled environments for rapid
generation advance, offseason nurseries for seed increase, and effective
evaluation of derived lines in the target environment complete the efficient
system. Moderate levels of heritability, moderate selection intensity,
reasonable breeding population size, and reduced cycle times have resulted in a
very efficient, effective (and economical!) breeding system. The RIPE system is
useful for incorporating new genetic diversity into elite breeding populations,
while maintaining performance and adaptation. There has been more than 50%
increase in yield over the foundation parents in less than ten years. A number
of superior cultivars are in commercial production. It is quite applicable to
public breeding programs in both developed and developing countries where
resources for applied breeding are limited.
QTL
for Seedling Root Traits in Barley
B.
P. Forster, D. Allan, R. P. Ellis, R. Keith and
W. T. B. Thomas
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee,
DD2 5DA, UK,
E-mail: bforst@scri.sari.ac.uk
A 2-dimensional observation chamber was used to
measure root number, root length, root depth and rooting angle in two
contrasting mapping populations of barley. The tests were conducted in the dark
at 12°C over a 10-day period from germination. Scanned images of the chambers
were analysed using appropriate software. In the first mapping population
(Derkado × B83-12/21/5 doubled haploids) it was possible to investigate effects
of two dwarfing genes, sdw1 and ari-e.GP. Over 60 traits have been studied in
this population, which provides an opportunity to look for associations between
root traits and other characters. In previous studies the two dwarfing genes
were found to have strong pleiotropic effects on a wide range of physiological
and agronomic traits. In the 2-D seedling test both genes had expected effects
on reducing shoot length, but only ari-e.GP was associated with short roots. No effects
of sdw1 were detected for any of the root traits
investigated. QTL for root traits were found on 5 of the 7 barley chromosomes
in this population. These are currently being compared with QTL detected in a
second mapping population (Tadmor × ER/APM recombinant inbred lines) which has
been developed to investigate physiological and agronomic traits involved in
drought tolerance.
A New Barley Phenotype for North Africa
B.
P. Forster1, R. P. Ellis1,
R. Tuberosa2, D. This3, I. Ahmed4,
H. Bahri5 and M. Ben Salem6
1Scottish
Crop Research Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK, E-mail: bforst@scri.sari.ac.uk;
2University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; 3UMR,
34060 Montpellier, France;
4Field Crops Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt; 5Ecole
Nationale DAgriculture de Meknés,
PBS40 Meknés, Morocco; 6INRAT,
2049 Ariana, Tunis, Tunisia
Barley
is a traditional crop of low rainfall areas of North Africa where the
traditional phenotype is tall plants with six-row ears. In a recent EU INCO-DC
programme short, two-row barleys performed better than traditional types. Three
key major genes were identified: sgh1 on chromosome 4H, sdw1
on 3H and vrs1 on 2H, these developmental genes have direct
effects on flowering time, plant stature and two/six-row ear, respectively.
They also have strong pleiotropic effects on other important traits throughout
the crop cycle from germination to maturity date, all of which affect yield.
Semi-dwarf and two-row types performed well in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia and
selected lines have now entered breeding programmes. This would create new
barley phenotypes in sharp contrast to the traditional tall six-row types.
Major genes have the greatest effects on adaptation to low input conditions of
North Africa, therefore the desired phenology can be most efficiently developed
by selecting and combining appropriate alleles of these genes, bearing in mind
that other crucial genes (e.g. disease resistance) must be retained. Our data
challenge the dogma that tall, six-row barleys are the
best ideotype for North Africa.
Genetic
Variation of Barley Seed Lipoxygenase-1: Null Mutants
N.
Hirota1, T. Kaneko1,
H. Kuroda2, K. Ito1 and K. Takeda3
1Plant
Bioengineering Research Laboratories, Sapporo Breweries Ltd., Gunma 370-0393,
Japan,
E-mail: naohiko.hirota@sapporobeer.co.jp;
2Frontier Laboratories of Value Creation, Sapporo Breweries
Ltd., Shizuoka 425-0013, Japan;
3Research Institute of Bioresources, Okayama University,
Okayama 710-0046, Japan
Barley
lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) is considered to be involved in the formation of
beer-deteriorating substances that affect the flavor- and foam-stability of
beer. In contrast to these functional characterizations in brewing process,
little is known about genetic variation of LOX in barley. Barley lines without
LOX-1 are beneficial to consumers and brewing industry. We have screened barley
germplasms worldwide (Collection of Okayama University, Japan) for LOX-1
activity, and discovered six barley lines without significant LOX-1 activity.
Immunological analysis showed that these germplasms lacked authentic LOX-1
protein. The segregation analysis revealed that LOX-1-null phenotype was
governed by a single recessive gene. Mapping analysis showed that the
LOX-1-null gene was located at LoxA locus on chromosome 4H. The six LOX-1 null
mutants shared similar feature and the same unique polymorphism in a structural
gene region, implying that these mutants might be derived from the same
ancestral origin.
Genetic
Variation of Barley Seed Lipoxygenase-1: Thermostability
N.
Hirota1, T. Kaneko1,
K. Ito1 and
K. Takeda2
1Plant
Bioengineering Research Laboratories, Sapporo Breweries LTD., Gunma 370-0393,
Japan,
E-mail: naohiko.hirota@sapporobeer.co.jp;
2Research Institute of Bioresources, Okayama University,
2-20-1 Chuo, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
Barley lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) is
believed to affect the flavor- and foam-stability of beer. Barley lines with
heat-labile LOX-1 are beneficial to consumers and brewing industry. We have
screened more than 1,500 barley lines worldwide for LOX-1 heat-stability:
relative thermostability (LOX-RTS). The LOX-RTS values of the lines were
distributed in a bimodal manner. Based on the values, the barley lines were
categorized into 2 groups: H-type with relatively thermostable LOX-1, and
L-type with relatively thermolabile LOX-1. In the Steptoe/Morex DHL population,
the LOX-RTS values of the parents were 71.3% in Steptoe and 35.0% in Morex (n
= 4). Based on the borderline of LOX-RTS value (52.5%), Steptoe and Morex were
assigned to H-type and L-type, respectively. The QTL analysis with the DHL
population revealed major QTL of the trait at LoxA
locus on barley chromosome 4H (LOD score = 46.97, Variance explained = 81.9%).
Geographic distribution of these H- and L-type barley lines intriguingly
implied how these LOX-1 genes spread.
Isozyme,
ISSR and SSR Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Nordic
and Baltic Spring Barley
A.
Kolodinska Brantestam1, R. von Bothmer1,
I. Rashal2, C. Dayteg3,
S. Tuvesson3
and J. Weibull4
1Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Crop Science, 230 53 Alnarp,
Sweden,
E-mail: agnese.kolodinska@vv.slu.se; 2Laboratory
of Plant Genetics, Institute of Biology, University
of Latvia, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia; 3SW
Laboratory, Svalöf Weibull AB, 268 81 Svalöv, Sweden;
4Swedish Biodiversity Centre, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
Variation
of isozymes, ISSRs (inter-simple sequence repeats) and SSRs (simple sequence
repeats) were surveyed in 196 spring barley accessions from the Nordic and Baltic
countries. The investigation included landraces, varieties from the end of the
19th century, varieties from the 20th
century and breeding lines. The objective of this study was to assay putative
genetic erosion probably due to the intensive breeding during the last century.
Other aspects treated were the genetic relationship and genetic differences
between material from the Nordic and Baltic countries. The results indicated
that there are differences in changes of genetic diversity over time in two and
six-row barleys. When evaluating each countrys material separately, differences
in diversity changes over time were found. For some countries tendencies of
diversity changes varied depending on the markers used. For Nordic and Baltic
material isozyme data cluster analysis did not give clear-cut separation
according to the country of origin, but DNA markers data could clearly separate
Finnish and Norwegian spring barley from the rest of the material.
High-Density Map of Non-Brittle Rachis Genes and
Domestication Pattern of Barley
T.
Komatsuda, P. Maxim, N. Senthil and Y. Mano
National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba
305-8602, Japan,
E-mail: takao@affrc.go.jp
Wild
relatives of barley disperse their seeds at maturity by means of their brittle
rachis. Brittleness of the rachis was lost during domestication in cultivated
barley. Non-brittle rachis of occidental barley lines is controlled by a single
gene (btr1) on chromosome 3H. However, non-brittle rachis of
oriental barley lines is controlled by a major gene (btr2)
on chromosome 3H and two QTLs on chromosomes 5HL and 7H. This result suggests
additional mutations of the genes involved in the formation of brittle rachis
in oriental lines. The btr1 and btr2
loci did not recombine in the
mapping population analyzed. This result agrees with the theory of tight
linkage between the two loci. A high-density amplified fragment-length
polymorphism (AFLP) map of the btr1/btr2
region was constructed, enabling
map-based cloning of the genes. A phylogenetic tree based on the AFLPs showed
clear separation of occidental and oriental barley lines. Domestication pattern
of barley will be discussed.
Relationship
between Phenotypic and Genetic Distances
in a Set of Barley Breeding Lines
A.
Kuczynska, J. Bocianowski, M. Surma, Z. Kaczmarek and
T. Adamski
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland,
E-mail:
akuc@igr.poznan.pl
The
aim of the present study was to estimate a relationship between phenotypic (PD)
and genetic (GD) distances in a set of barley genotypes. Material for the study
covered 18 spring barley cultivars and breeding lines different in
theirmorphological characters: Apex, Grit, Havila, Krystal, Maresi, Roland,
A35, C54, RK22, RK58, RK63/1, B33, B61 (two-rowed, hulled), Klimek, Pomo
(six-rowed, hulled), IN86, POA0325, A39 (two-rowed, naked). Cultivars andlines
were examined with regard to yield-related traits a field experiment carried
out in a randomised block design with 3 replications. Grain yield per plot,
1000-grain weight, grain weight per ear, plant height and spike length were
observed. The data were processed using multivariate analysis of variance. Mahalanobis
distance (i.e., distances between genotypes evaluated for all the studied
traits treated simultaneously) was used as a measure of phenotypic distances
between studied genotypes. Besides, RAPD (random amplified
polymorphic DNA) polymorphism wasexamined in the studied genotypes.
Fifty 10-mer primers were tested in each cultivar or line, giving altogether
389 amplification products, 55% of which were polymorphic. Genetic distance for
all pairs of compared genotypes was estimated and a dendrogram was constructed
using unweighted pair group method. Correlation between PD and GD distances
appeared to be a weak but statistically significant.
A New Web Site for Barley Genetic Resources: the
Spanish Barley Core Collection
J.
M. Lasa1, B. Medina1,
A. M. Casas1, E. Igartua1,
S. Yahiaoui1, J. L. Molina-Cano2,
J. L. Montoya3 and
M. P. Gracia1
1Department
of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, 50080
Zaragoza, Spain, E-mail: lasa@eead.csic.es; 2Centre
UdL-IRTA, 25798 Lleida, Spain;
3Instituto de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria de Castilla
y Leon Crta, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
The Spanish Barley Core Collection
was created to represent the genetic variability of the over 2,000 accessions
present in the Spanish National Barley Collection. It consists of 159 inbred
lines derived from local landraces, as well as 17 cultivars with a long history
of cultivation in the country. Different sources of information, including
passport data, morphological traits, plant pictures at several growth stages,
agronomic evaluation, and molecular markers, have been compiled and presented
at a new website http://www.eead.csic.es/barleybreeding/SBCC, accessible to researchers. Currently ongoing studies
on new agronomic and genetic aspects will be incorporated in the future. This
collection represents a pool of largely underused genetic variability for
barley breeding, as revealed by previous studies, and also a potential tool to
study barley population genetics and adaptation on landrace materials.
The
International Database for Barley Genes and Barley Genetic Stocks
U.
Lundqvist1 and M. Hulden2
1Svalöf
Weibull AB, 268 81 Svalöv, Sweden and Nordic Gene Bank, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden,
E-mail: udda@ngb.se; 2Lämmelgngen
78, 270 35 Blentarp, Sweden, E-mail: morten@ngb.se
The request
of an International Database for Barley Genes and Barley Genetic Stocks was
already discussed in 1989. During several years the International Overall
Chairman for the barley linkage groups and collections performed an inventory
of existing accessions by regional databases. In 1991, Sigfus Bjarnasson
demonstrated a proposal of a constructed database for Barley Genes and Genetic
Stocks. In 1993, Dave Matthews and coworkers introduced the Triticeae Genome
Database GrainGenes, developed under the Plant Genome Research Program of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture at Cornell University, USA. Data compiled in
this database is including all information on genetics, cytogenetics, maps,
phenotypes, molecular markers, genetic stocks and other germplasms of most
small grain grass species. GrainGenes and its software, AceDB, was later to become the model for the BGS database. Since
AceDB has several important advantages over conventional db-systems in handling
biological information, and because a usable data model already existed for
wheat mutants at GrainGenes, the decision was natural. Compiling data for
barley genes and genetic stocks took a major turn in 1997 and resulted in
publications in Barley Genetics Newsletters. The overall structure of the
descriptions was made more consistent, with special paragraphs dedicated to cover
previous nomenclature, inheritance, locus location, descriptions of
physiological and morphological characters, mutational events, mutants used for
description, parent germplasm and references. Each gene is associated with a
stock number which corresponds to an accession in the Main Barley Stock Center
in Aberdeen (GSHO) in USA, and contains one of the alleles used for the
descriptions. Thanks to well formated descriptions in Barley Genetics
Newsletters, it was possible to convert the enormous amount of information into
a database system that allows field-based searches. The BGS database includes
descriptions of about 600 genes, over 3,700 alleles and over 1,700 references.
Almost 4,000 germplasm objects are referenced, many of
the germplasm accessions are hyperlinked to webpages of the holding genebanks
((ARS/GRIN/NSGC or NGB). Many of the genes are illustrated with images, both
overviews and detailed close-up character photographs. The database is easy to handle starting with
Basic and Simple Search, and it is possible to select the object you are
looking for. When using anything it searches for the entered text across the
entire database. The database
is available at http.//www.untamo.net/bgs. The
aim of this International Database for Barley Genes and Barley Genetic Stocks
is to maintain the knowledge and its distribution to the barley community, and
it will be updated continuously.
Non-Random
Distribution of Nuclear and Chloroplast Variation
in Wild Barley from Evolution Canyon
R.
C. Meyer1,4, C. A. Hackett1,
B. P. Forster1, J. R. Russell1,
P. E. Lawrence1, G. R. Young1,
A. Beharav3,
E. Nevo3 and W. Powell1
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK,
E-mail: bforst@scri.sri.ac.uk; Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Dundee,
DD2 5DA, UK; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; 4Current
address: Max-Planck-Institut of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Golm,
Germany
Nuclear and
chloroplast SSR diversity were studied in a population of wild barley from
Evolution Canyon in Israel. Over 200 alleles for 19 mapped nuclear SSRs and 12
chloroplast haplotypes were detected among 276 individuals. This level of
diversity was detected in populations separated by a distance of 400 m and is
comparable to studies that sampled material from a much wider eco-geographic
range. A phylogenetic tree of nuclear SSR variation showed clear differences
between individuals collected from opposing slopes of the canyon. Inter-slope
contrasts for chloroplast haplotype frequency were also observed. Most genetic
diversity was observed on the North Facing Slope rather than the highly
irradiated, hotter and drier South Facing Slope. Evidence for strong and
structured cyto-nuclear interactions (disequilibria) were
also detected. The SSR data are discussed with reference to adaptation and
divergence to contrasting environments colonized by wild barley in Evolution
Canyon.
In situ
Conservation of Genetic Diversity at Small-Scale Farmer
in Eritrea
J.
Orabi1,2,3, G. Backes1,
B. Tekle4, A. Wolday4,
A. Yahyaoui2 and A. Jahoor1
1Plant
Research Department, Risoe National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark,
E-mail: jihad.orabi@risoe.dk;
2International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry
Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria;
3General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research,
Douma-Damascus, Syria; 4Department
of Agricultural Research and Human Resource
Development (DARHRD), Asmara, Eritrea
In
this study, the genetic diversity of barley accessions Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare
collected from Eritrean farmer
fields was studied within and among field populations. A total of 240 single
spike lines were sampled from 24 farmer field i.e. 10
spikes per field. Forty five microsatellite covering
the whole barley genome were employed and analysed on ABI PRISM 377 DNA
sequencer and Mega Base 1000 sequencer. Analysis of Molecular Variance
(AMOVA) based on genetic distances was conducted. The level of molecular
variance among fields and regions was 5.43% and 7.08%, respectively. Interestingly,
high level of variance was observed within the field that reached up to 87.5%.
Average Gene Diversity (AGD) values in the fields ranged from 0.35 to 0.55.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity of
Hull-Less Barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.) Germplasm in the High Altitude Himalayas of Nepal
M.
P. Pandey1, C. Wagner1,
W. Friedt1 and F. Ordon2
1Institute
of Crop Science and Plant Breeding I, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392
Giessen, Germany, E-mail: madhav.pandey@agrar.uni-giessen.de;
2Institute of Epidemiology and Resistance, Federal Centre for
Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), D-06449 Aschersleben, Germany
The highlands of Nepal representing
almost one-third of the Himalayan-range are known to harbour valuable barley
genetic resources. Previous studies have shown considerable variation in
morphology, maturity and disease reaction among Nepalese hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces. However, precise and detailed
information on genetic diversity is lacking. Therefore, a set of 107 naked
barley genotypes from Nepal including 8 selected German and Canadian cultivars
were analysed using 27 SSRs covering each barley chromosome. Based on these
analyses 165 alleles were detected with an average of 6.1
allele per SSR. Taking into account only Nepalese barley on average 4.8
alleles were found. UPGMA clustering based on DICE similarity index ranging
from 0.07 to 1.0 clearly separates European and Canadian from Nepalese
hull-less barley. However, also within the Nepalese collection a large degree
of genetic variability was detected. The Nepalese collection is grouped in two
distinct clusters and several sub-clusters which in some cases are in
accordance with the collection site.
The
Conservation of Genetic Diversity in Crops:
Establishment of a Local
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Core Collection for North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW,
Germany)
T.
C. Reetz and J. Leon
Department of Crop Science, Crop Science and Plant
Breeding, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
E-mail: t.reetz@uni-bonn.de
Since centuries, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of most important crops for mankind.
In the course of industrialization of farming, old barley landraces were
replaced by modern high yielding cultivars. Limitation of elite cultivars
results in a leakage of diversity. This leakage cannot even be replaced by
advanced genetic methods. If exotic and wildforms extinguish, this will result
in an irreversible loss of genetic diversity. Therefore the federal state of
North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Germany, endeavour in increasing the genetic
diversity of cultivated crop species. Hereto a barley core-collection should be
established by the project at hand. The chosen accessions should be grown in situ and, if necessary, be crossed, so they could
participate, unlike ex
situ accessions
of genebanks, in evolution and changing environmental conditions. In situ conservation is a proper alternative for ex situ conservation by genebanks. In distinct cases a
loss of genetic diversity in genebank-accessions is observed by seed-rejuvenation-cycles.
In the present project 152 spring barley and 153 winter barley accessions were
chosen to be analyzed for their genetic diversity by different methods of
examination. The accessions were analyzed for morphological, taxonomical,
historical, geographical, qualitative and genetic differences. Field tests
where conducted in 3 blocks for 2 years and SSR-markers were used to analyze
the origin and the relationship of the different accessions.
Differentiation of UK Barley Varieties Using
Microsatellite Markers
C.
L. Southworth1, G. Saddler1,
P. C. Morris2 and A. Reid1
1 Diagnostics
and Molecular Biology, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, Edinburgh, EH12
8NJ Scotland, E-mail: cathy.southworth@sasa.gsi.gov.uk; 2School
of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland
The
accurate identification of barley cultivars is necessary to assure seed
quality, protect intellectual property rights and support plant breeders rights. Traditional techniques for identification
that involve morphological and physiological characters are increasingly being
replaced with genotypic methods, with simple sequence repeats (SSRs) being the
current marker of choice. More than 600 SSR barley markers are available but a
manageable set of quality markers has not been identified that will
differentiate large groups of UK barley varieties. This study sets out to
identify a robust set of SSR primers that would differentiate varieties on the
Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) list and the UK National list. Eighteen SSR
markers were screened using capillary gel electrophoresis. An initial set of 5
SSR primers amplified 25 alleles and differentiated the barley varieties on the
SAC list. One of these primers was found to be problematic when applied to the
entire UK list. The remaining 4 SSRs amplified 23 alleles across the 134
varieties, differentiating 60 varieties. Further primers are being screened to
resolve the remaining varieties. Results will be presented of the new SSR set,
alongside data on reproducibility, within variety heterogeneity and sampling
from different plant parts.
Molecular
Mapping: Shifting from the Structural to the Functional Level
A.
Graner, R. Kota, D. Perovic, E. Potokina, M. Prasad, U. Scholz, N. Stein, T.
Thiel,
R. K. Varshney and
H. Zhang
Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research
(IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany,
E-mail: graner@ipk-gatersleben.de
As a
resource for structural and functional barley genome analysis, up to now
110,981 ESTs (expressed sequence tags) were generated from 22 cDNA libraries
that yielded 25,224 tentative unigenes. About 50% of these belong to gene
families. The size of the complete transcriptome is estimated to comprise
between 35,000 and 75,000 genes. The barley EST collection forms a rich source
for the development of novel markers including SSRs and SNPs. Several
Bioinformatic tools have been developed facilitating the computer assisted
analysis of EST databases for the presence of either SNPs or SSRs and the
development of SNP-derived CAPS markers. In an attempt to systematically map
barley genes a high-density transcript map is under construction presently
comprising more than 1,000 markers. This map forms a gateway for comparative
genomics with particular emphasis on the rice genome. 65% of the mapped ESTs
showing a significant homology to rice ESTs were found to display a syntenic
relationship between barley and rice. Thus, the barley EST resource provides a
gateway for the rapid and systematic transfer of genetic information from rice
to barley and other Triticeae, which can be readily exploited for marker
saturation of defined chromosome regions and their detailed comparison to rice.
In the context of a functional genomics study, the complex trait "malting
quality" is being investigated using a barley cDNA array. By correlating
the phenotypic malting trait data of selected barley lines with the
corresponding expression profiles, a set of candidate genes was identified and
further verified by genetic analysis.
QTL
for Malting Quality a 25 Piece Puzzle
A.
R. Barr1, J. K. Eglinton2,
H. M. Collins2, E. J. Vassos2 and
S. Roumeliotis2
1Australian
Grain Technologies, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, E-mail:
andrew.barr@adelaide.edu.au; 2University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA
5064, Australia
Over the
past decade, great progress has been made in identifying and characterising at
least 25 QTL associated with the key malting quality parameters of malt
extract, diastatic power and cell and protein modification. Does this knowledge
greatly enhance the barley breeders efforts to breed
better malting barley varieties faster? This paper will examine marker-assisted
selection for malt quality in a general sense, but more specifically in several
current breeding projects including attempts to convert a feed barley variety
cv. Keel (with low malt extract, low diastatic power and high wort -glucan) to
a malting barley through marker assisted introgression of key QTL from 3 donor
parents with excellent malting quality. Knowledge of repulsion phase linkage
and pleiotropic effects of key QTL will be described and strategies for
overcoming these difficulties discussed. Cases to be presented include the
Harrington high diastatic power sprouting propensity locus on 5HL and the thin
husk high skinning (peeling) high malt extract locus on 2HS from Haruna nijo.