Bernard R. Baum and L. Grant Bailey
Biological Resources Division
Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research
Agriculture Canada, Ottawa
Many people were helpful either in supplying information or in providing support for the computer system. We want to particularly thank Mr. Dave Clark, Ms. Kris Kasta and W.G. Royds for their help in the computer system implementation, and A.E. Stahevitch for her help with Russian publications.
Although we report approximately 1100 names, including breeding line numbers relevant to pedigrees, this register is not complete. This is due in some cases to unavailable information. Also that Triticale cultivars, as in other crops, are continuously being created, a fact that renders the register out of date immediately upon publication.
The database was designed to be available online and to many users simultaneously.
We intend to update this database and make it available online pending
on arrangements to be made. In order to help us update we call upon breeders
and others with information on Triticale to send us relevant material,
such as breeding accounts, registration in a journal, even field test reports
that contain information on cultivar names, origin, sources, translations,
breeding histories and so forth. We hope to make the online information
a reality should there be enough expressed interest in this effort.
Table of contents
I. Introduction to the Triticale Register
Desirable characteristics of a register
Description of the Triticale Register
Index to cultivar names
Index to cultivar names and pertinent line names
References for a cultivar name
Synonyms for cultivar names
Translations and transliterations of cultivar names
Cross-references of synonyms, translations and transliterations
Index of cultivar names to codes
Index to genera and species and ancillary information
Pedigrees
Reference information
Literature cited in the introduction
II. Triticale Register
Index to cultivar names listed by codeIntroduction
Index to cultivar names listed by names
Pedigree charts
Ancillary information listed by code
#
A
B-C
D-H
I-L
M-N
O-R
S
T
U-W
X-Z
References listed by reference number
References listed by authors
Crop cultivars are continually being traded nationally and internationally. They are often known locally by a particular name, which may differ from one locality to another. When this situation occurs, it makes it difficult for the sellers, buyers growers, and breeders to keep track of international movement. To avoid confusion at the national level, registration is in place in many countries. For many horticultural crops and ornamentals Registration operates by international agreement through the establishment of International Registration Authorities, for examples see Vrugtman (1984). Those agreements by which cultivar names are registered appear in the International code of nomenclature of cultivated plants (Brickell et al. 1980). The Code is being revised at the present time by the International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. Unfortunately for major crops however, International Registration Authorities (IRA) have yet to be established to monitor the international flux of their cultivars. Therefore no regulatory body exists for major crops, such as wheat and barley (see Baum et al. 1985), and certainly not for a relatively minor crop such as Triticale.
The material in this register is an attempt to provide the essential base of information needed for the establishment of an international registration authority for Triticale. Registration of cultivar names in a register is the main activity of any registration authority, being national or international. An updated register must be on hand for any registration authority to carry out its duties (cf. Brickell 1975 and Schneider 1986). The desirable characteristics of
such a register were outlined in Baum et al. (1985: 7-10) and Baum (1986) and are reproduced here with a few modifications. The system presented here fulfills a new requirement, namely that it is capable of providing up-to-date information. It is therefore also to be made available online at a computer terminal.
Desirable characteristics of a register
A registry is a necessary and important tool for registration of new cultivars. The needs of breeders, scientists and merchants who deal with a crop, such as Triticale, include various details that are normally found in an information system. An ideal information system will address the needs of regulatory bodies, genebanks, breeders, scientists, and merchants at the same time. The following information is desirable.
1) A list of cultivar names published in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (Brickell et al. 1980). Following the Code (Article 44), the valid publication of cultivar names begins with (a) a list designated by an international registration authority; (b) when no such authority exists, with a publication adopted by the International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, after consultation with appropriate organizations; or (c) in the absence of the former two, with Philip Miller's The Gardeners Dictionary (1752). The Triticale Register contains the material based on (c). Although Triticale was first bred in 1888 by Dr. W. Rimpau (Wittmack 1899), there is still no organization empowered to oversee (a) and (b) above.
2) For each name in the list of cultivar names there ought to be a record of its synonyms, including commercial synonyms, translations, and transliterations. These should be cross-referenced to assist the user in finding the correct name for a particular cultivar in the international arena. It is also desirable to document the country of origin of the cultivar.
3) A list of references for each cultivar name. In these references one will find not only the sources used in compiling the database for producing a Register, but also information regarding registration, descriptions of the cultivars in different countries, performance, test data, various traits, distribution, uses, and resistance to diseases. A chronological ordering of the publications for each cultivar may perhaps assist one in tracing the details of each cultivar. But this can be done manually for a particular cultivar without a major effort.
4) A pedigree for each cultivar, representing its breeding record or genealogy. The pedigree traces the ancestry as far back as possible. It can be effectively presented as dendrogram, a chart that enables tracing particular genes or traits to an ancestor and can be used to computate measures of relatedness between cultivar pairs, such as the coefficient of pedigree (Sampson 1985). We have chosen to present pedigrees as dendrograms (or cladograms) in order to present the ancestry accurately and clearly, thereby avoiding any chance of misinterpretation as sometime exist with other methods of pedigree representation.
5) A description of each cultivar. This is recommended by the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (Brickell et al. 1980), Appendix g, p. 26. This may not always be of use as some descriptive traits may change in different environments, and similarly genetic traits may not be fully expressed. Thus the value of descriptions in a register is open to question. See further discussion in Baum et al. (1985) p. 9. This data is beyond the scope of this work.
Regarding description and identification, a major effort is being invested into the "finger printing" of cultivars using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) methods, in a number of laboratories on different crop kinds, including our laboratory in connection with barley cultivars. A few examples in this direction are the following papers, Tinker et al. 1993, Smith et al. 1993, Kresovich et al. 1992, Mulcahy et al. 1993, Lavi et al. 1991. Similar approaches using minisatellite probes were reviewed by Nybom (1991). When unique fingerprints can be determined for each cultivar, their use will greatly aid in description and identification for legislative and regulatory, especially in connection with Plant Breeders' Rights and patenting, and trade purposes.
The plant variety protection acts in various countries require that a new cultivar be distinct, uniform, and stable. Most of the breeders in countries that have plant breeders' rights agree that a cultivar which clearly differs by at least one morphological, physiological, or other character is distinct; and a cultivar that remains unchanged in its essential distinctive characteristics after reproduction, is stable. In theory, one may transfer an identifiable DNA sequence as label to characterize a cultivar. This however may not prove distinctness in the former sense, as this "label" may seggregate out and be lost.
Furthermore, there is disagreement about the meaning of uniformity. The broadest definition comes from the United States (United States Department of Agriculture 1980), which recognizes that "uniformity" is unaffected by variation that is describable, predictable, and commercially acceptable. From France, however, comes the insistence that uniformity must be total for the characters considered (Journal Officiel 1970). Most countries practically overlook the operational problems associated with these requirements. In reality since the same cultivar can be grown in various countries and habitats, variation is to be expected. This is caused by the inherent genetic variability and by the different genetic expressions of that variability under different conditions. Variability ought to be considered a natural phenomenon, the degree being the important consideration.
These desiderata mentioned above are interrelated. If all together are present, then we can expect an International Register to play a very useful role, by itself for crop study and breeding and as a tool for registration for any International Registration authority.
Description of the Triticale Register
The computer system used to build the Triticale Register is based on the powerful relational database management package INGRES (Relational Technology Inc., 1080 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, California 94501, USA), briefly described earlier (Baum et al. 1990). The lessons we have learned from the register for oat cultivars (Baum and Thompson 1970, Baum 1972) and from the register of barley cultivars (Baum et al. 1985) were all incorporated in the present system. Furthermore, there was a necessity to incorporate an additional and fundamental change, namely the accommodation for entries from different species as well as different genera. This is because Triticale cultivars are mainly made of Triticum (Wheat) and Secale (Rye), but also other genera such as Agropyron, and reflect different species and ploidy levels within these genera. The output of the database presented here contains three sections, the index, the pedigrees and the references. Details of the three sections follow.
Index to cultivar names, codes, and pertinent line names
The index of cultivar names is as complete as was possible. Each cultivar name is referred to by a six character code of which the first three represent the first three letters of that cultivar's name. In an additional list that follows (ancillary information), the genus and species code are also provided, the former is given with a three character code and the latter with a two character code (tables of codes follow).
The index of names follows the alpha-numerical order of the six character code. Thus the cultivar names are arranged in approximate alphabetical order. Since the codes are used in the pedigree charts this index also serves the purpose of finding the names of the individual cultivars and/or lines in the pedigree charts. The same applies to the codes used in the synonyms, translations and transliterations (see later).
All names encountered in our literature search have been incorporated into the index. For the purpose of this work, one of the cultivar names has been designated the primary name with synonyms if they occur. This name is not intended to imply correctness. The responsibility for determining the correct name rests with an International Registration Authority for Triticale, when established. When it becomes obvious that a particular name is too long; that it does not conform to Article 30 of the International code of nomenclature of cultivated plants (Brickell et al. 1980); or that it is not in general use, the name is still included in the index, but as a synonym for the primary name. For example BUR1 (cultivar 'BURA') has a synonym CAB4 (cultivar 'CABORLA 79') ref. 389. This action was taken only after sufficient justification was found in the literature. References are cited as documentation for each cultivar name. Synonyms may be used in the pedigree charts since they are probably the names in most common usage in the country where they were used in the breeding programs.
The names of a number of lines and some strains appear in the index, because they represent lines that were never named in compliance with the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (Brickell et al. 1980). Many of these lines are used in pedigrees, so they are documented here in order to present the breeding history as accurately as possible. Furthermore, some lines originated from genes transferred from different species from a variety of genera, either by direct transfer or by conventional breeding, such as in cultivar 'ADDAX' involving Agropyron as an ancestor. This is especially important for a crop such as Triticale, and for other crops that obtained their genes from remote sources by genetic engineering.
An asterisk (*) between the code name and the full name in the index of names indicates that pedigree information is available, and that a chart with the full pedigree is provided in this work (see section "Pedigrees").
References for a cultivar name
These are listed by numbers following each cultivar name and indicate the articles in which information on a particular cultivar is found. For the full reference citation please refer to the section References. There must be at least one reference per cultivar name.
When known, the synonyms appear following the heading "SYNONYMS" in the index to names. If a cultivar name contains synonyms, translations or transliterations, likewise there must be at least one reference for each and likewise the full citation appears in the section "References". Each synonym is listed by its code, followed by a number indicating the key reference used in deciding that the cultivar and the synonym refer to the same taxon. In some instances, the names are given explicitly as synonyms in the literature; in others, they can be inferred to be synonyms from the literature sources; in still others, they can be inferred to be synonymous only after comparing the pertinent references. Names that we are explicit and those that are inferred were included here.
Several types of synonyms are represented in the index. In many cases, the same cultivar will be referred to by several variations of the same name - IAPAR 13-ARAUCARIA, KARL and TPOL 8432 are all known as ARABIAN. Sometimes differences in spelling lead to synonyms, for example CINNAMON is known as CYNAMON. The most difficult type of synonym to verify is the one for which the name has been completely changed. Unless the change has been documented, the possibility that the names are synonyms must remain largely conjecture. This Register accommodates the situation where different cultivars are given the same name although we did not encountered such a situation in Triticale. Should that be the case, then such names will be listed as synonyms to indicate the multiple use of the name.
Translations and transliterations of cultivar names
The Triticale register does not contain many cases of translations and transliterations. These appear under the heading "FOREIGN" for each cultivar name in the list. It is noteworthy that the distinction between synonyms, translations, and transliterations is not always clear-cut.
The codes for translation or transliteration is followed by a three-letter code in parentheses representing the language from which it was derived. These codes are as follows:
CODES FOR LANGUAGES AND TRANSLATION
| No. | Code | Language |
| 01 | AFR | AFRIKAANS |
| 02 | ALB | ALBANIAN |
| 03 | ARA | ARABIC |
| 04 | BUL | BULGARIAN |
| 05 | CHI | CHINESE |
| 06 | DAN | DANISH |
| 07 | DUT | DUTCH |
| 08 | EST | ESTONIAN |
| 09 | FIN | FINNISH |
| 10 | FRE | FRENCH |
| 11 | GAE | GAELIC |
| 12 | GER | GERMAN |
| 13 | HEB | HEBREW |
| 14 | HUN | HUNGARIAN |
| 15 | ITA | ITALIAN |
| 16 | JAP | JAPANESE |
| 17 | POL | POLISH |
| 18 | POR | POTUGUESE |
| 19 | RUM | ROMANIAN (RUMANIAN) |
| 20 | RUS | RUSSIAN |
| 21 | SLO | SLOVAK |
| 22 | SPA | SPANISH |
| 23 | SWE | SWEDISH |
| 24 | TUR | TURKISH |
| 25 | UKR | UKRAINIAN |
| 26 | WEL | WELSH |
| 27 | NOR | NORWEGIAN |
| 28 | CZE | CZECH |
| 29 | ENG | ENGLISH |
| 30 | KOR | KOREAN |
| 31 | THA | THAI |
| 32 | GRE | GREEK |
Cross-references of synonyms, translations and transliterations
These are indicated in the list subsequent to the cultivar name, for instance REAGLE (SYNONYM OF BEAGLE), and of course, under BEAGLE among its synonyms REAGLE is listed as such. The most up-to-date pedigree information has been maintained only for the primary names, as defined by Brickell et al. (1980, p. 6(1)).
Index of cultivar names to codes
This index contains an alphanumerical listing of cultivar names with their assigned codes in the register.
Index to genera and species and ancillary information
A listing of genera and species and other information can be made available
online. In the Register a separate listing of the following has been provided.
The following codes were used.
| GENUS | CODE |
| Triticum | TCM |
| Secale | SEC |
| Aegilops | AEG |
| Agropyron | AGR |
| Elymus | ELY |
| Triticale | TCL |
| Elytrigia | ELT |
| SPECIES | CODE |
| T. turgidum | TT |
| S. cereale | SC |
| S. montanum | SM |
| A. squarrosa | AS |
| T. aestivum | TA |
| T. durum | TD |
| T. sphaerococcum | TS |
| E. canadensis | EC |
| L. arenarius | LA |
| Elytrigia repens | ER |
| Ag. cristatum | AC |
| TREATMENTS | CODE |
| Gamma ray | GR |
| X-ray | XR |
| Chemical mutagen | CM |
| Colchicine doubling | CO |
| BACKCROSS PARENT | CODE |
| Male | M |
| Female | F |
In addition, the listing provides information on the country where first registered and the country of origin. In both cases the information appears in 3 digit ISO 3166-1981 code.
The pedigree charts appear in alphabetical order, unless one uses the online version in which a particular pedigree may be obtained.
In the pedigree charts, every bifurcation represents a cross, with female parent on the left and the male parent on the right, according to common pratice. In cases where the sex identity of the parents is not indicated, the order presented in the reference has been adopted. If contradictory information was found in different references, the more precise rendition has been incorporated (eg. presented by the originator rather than a secondary source). Selection alone, whether by mass or by single-plant methods, is represented by a staight line of the pound signs (#) on the pedigree charts. Derivation of a cultivar by various treatments is provided in the separate listing "Index to genera, species and ancillary information" (see above for the codes). When a composite cross, a bulk, or an undefined germplasm donor has been used, it is listed as a cultivar, with this label followed by specific details, such as its name, eg. UNK1 = UNKNOWN CIMMYT TRITICALE. We have accommodated a potential situation that may arise in the future for very large pedigree chart as follows. Where the code of a parent in one of the earliest bifurcations of a pedigree shows an arrow above, the pedigree of that parent should be consulted for additional information. This was done to economize space for those cases with very large pedigrees either on the computer screen or on hardcopies, especially when repetitive sub-pedigrees occur. In an online mode this can be obtained by the insertion of stop codes in the screen menu.
Backcrosses are indicated on the pedigree charts by a number in parentheses, such as (1) as in cultivar 'MONO "S"', placed below the stem of a cross indicating one backcross of that parent, whether named or unnamed. The number of generations of selections in breeding accounts are not indicated on the pedigree charts.
The literature is cited in alphabetic order for each one of the references provided in parenthesis following each cultivar name in the Index. The entries are arranged according in a conventional bibliographic manner. A second listing here supplied in which the references are arranged in ascending reference number, to help finding the references in the index.
These lists of citations serves as a data bank of published information for each cultivar in the register. Readers may consult the pertinent literature for a description and agronomic information of a specific cultivar on which data are not explicitly included in the register (such as disease resistance, distribution, or yield).
How to get information about a particular cultivar in the Register
Information may be had from a hard copy, CD-ROM with a search engine to be programmed instead of the INGRES based database, or online using INGRES directly on the database.
1. Hard copy or CD-ROM.
Let us assume that you are interested in the cultivars 'POLO' and in 'POLUKARLIK 10' for example. You will find the information in the following sections of the register, from which only a relevant window is illustrated.
In the Index of names you will find
BOL1 * BOLERO
SYNONYM : POL1 (309) POL1 (372)
REFERENCES : 136 194 309 334 372 380
POL1 * POLO (SYNONYM OF BOLERO)
REFERENCES : 309 372 58
POL2 POLUKARLIK 10
FOREIGN : SEMIDWARF 10 (405)
REFERENCES : 405
You will find 'POLO' under POL1 by scanning the index of cultivar names arranged in alphabetical order of codes. An asterisk (*) between the code and the name indicates that there is a pedigree for 'POLO' available in the Register. The full pedigree chart can be found in the pedigree section. Further information shows that 'POLO' is actually a synonym of 'BOLERO'. Cultivar 'BOLERO' can be found in the same list under BOL1. In both 'POLO' and 'BOLERO' the pertinent references are indicated by their code numbers. The table of reference codes need to be consulted in order to find the actual references which are presented in alphabetical and numerical order.
The other cultivar we are interested in is 'POLUKARLIK 10', which is next on the list in the index with code POL2. Since there is no asterisk (*) no pedigree chart is available. Under the name we are informed that it is translated as 'SEMIDWARF 10' and that the pertinent reference is 405, which is detected in the same manner as in the 'POLO' example.
2. Online.
The Triticale Register is an online, interactive database and data capture system. The data capture aspect will, of course, not be available for the user of the register. A user-friendly, menu driven, full-screen access system is available on Agriculture Canada's VAX/VMS system. For details on accessing the system, please make arrangements with ....
After loging in the system, the user will be prompted with a menu. Only 'R REPORTS' is available. This opens another screen with a Report Menu with options to chose from, such as pedigrees, references, index, and other components of the Register. These are available on the screen or if the user wishes as a file. Such a file can then be transmitted to the user for printing. Reports containing the entire register are also disabled for the online user.
Literature cited in the introduction
Baum, B.R. 1972. Material for an international oat register. Agriculture Canada. Ottawa.
Baum, B.R. 1986. International registration of cultivars with emphasis on barley: procedures and methods of producing a register. Acta Hort. 182: 237-250.
Baum, B.R.; Bailey, L.G.; Thompson, B.K. 1985. Barley Register. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa. Cat. No. A53-1783/1985.
Baum, B.R., L.G. Bailey, J. Nugent, W.G. Royds and R. Elvidge. 1990. The triticale cultivars international register computer system, a flexible information system suitable for international registration. Taxon 39: 9-15.
Baum, B.R. and B.K. Thompson. 1970. Registers with pedigree charts for cultivars: their importance, their contents, and their preparation by computer. Taxon 19: 762-768.
Brickell, C.D. 1975. Notes for the Guidance of International Registration Authorities for Cultivated Plants. Chronica Horticulturae 15: 5-6.
Brickell, C.D.; Voss, E.G.; Kelly, A.F.; Schneider, F.; Rickens, R.H., eds. 1980. International code of nomenclature of cultivated plants. Regnum. Veg. 104.
Journal Officiel de la R‚publique Fran‡aise. 1970. Protection des obtentions v‚g‚tales (Loi No 70.489 du 11 juin 1970). Journaux Officiels Nos 70-90, Paris.
Lavi, U., J. Hillel, A. Vainstein, E. Lahav and D. Sharon. 1991. Application of DNA fingerprints for identification and genetic analysis of Avocado. Jour. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116: 1078-1081.
Kresovich, S., J.G.K. Williams, J.R. McFerson, E.J. Routman and B.A. Schaal. 1992. Characterization of genetic identities and relationships of Brassica oleracea L. via a random polymorphic DNA assay. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85: 190-196.
Mulcahy, D.L., M. Cresti, S. Sansavini, G.C. Douglas, H.F. Linskens, G. Bergamini Mulcahy, R. Vignani and M. Pancaldi. 1993. Scientia Hort. 54: 89-96.
Nybom, H. 1991. Applications of DNA fingerprinting in plant breeding. pp 294-311 In T. Burke, G. Dolf, A.J. Jeffreys and R. Wolff (eds) DNA fingerprinting approaches and applications.
Sampson, D.R. 1985. Introduction to the coefficient of parentage. pp: 17-20 In Baum, B.R.; Bailey, L.G.; Thompson, B.K. 1985. Barley Register. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa. Cat. No. A53-1783/1985.
Schneider, F. 1986. Statutory and nonstatutory registration authorities. Acta Hort. 182: 219-224.
Smith, J.S.C., M. Zabeau and S. Wright. 1993. Associations among inbred lines as revealed by RFLPs and by a thermocycling amplification methodology, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs). Maize Gen. Cor. Newsletter 67: 62-64.
Tinker, N.A., M.G. Fortin and D.E. Mather. 1993. Random amplified polymorphic DNA and pedigree relationships in spring barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85: 976-984.
United States Department of Agriculture. 1980. United States of America. Plant Variety Protection Act, as amended by Public Law 96-574 of December 22, 1980. Plant Variety Protection Office, USDA.
Vrugtman, F. 1984. Directory of International Registration Authorities for Cultivar names. Chronica Horticulturae 24: 4-6.
Wittmack, L. 1899. Herr L. Wittmack sprach ber den von Dr. Wilhelm Rimpau in Schlandstedt beraits 1888 erzogen Bastard zwischen Weizen X Roggen. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin 1899: 59.