Minnesota
Barley Rusts in the United States in 2006
D.L. Long, Y.
Jin, M.E. Hughes, and
L. A. Wanschura
Cereal Disease
Laboratory, USDA-ARS
Barley Stem Rust. In mid-July, the first reports of barley stem rust in 2006
were trace severities in plots of the susceptible two-row cultivar Hypana in
east central and south central Minnesota plots.
Low levels of barley stem rust were widespread in a field in Roseau
County in northwestern Minnesota.
In early August, light to moderate levels of stem rust were observed
in spring barley plots in Aberdeen, Idaho.
The rust appeared to come in late as most infection was on late tillers
or late maturing lines.
Race
QFCS, the predominant race of Puccinia
graminis f. sp. tritici in North
America in recent years, was identified from these infections. Stem rust was conspicuously absent from
foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum) in
the northern Great Plains and Midwest, indicating that the level of stem rust
inoculum coming from the southern U.S. was very low in 2006.
Barley Leaf Rust. In late March, light amounts of barley leaf rust were found
on susceptible lines in a southeastern North Carolina plot. By mid-May, barley leaf rust was widespread
and severe in nurseries in eastern Virginia and eastern Maryland.
In mid-May, 100% severity was reported on a susceptible
cultivar in a nursery in Merced County, California. By late May, moderate to severe barley leaf
rust developed on susceptible cultivars in nurseries in the Central Valley of
California. In 2006, a 1% loss to barley
leaf rust was estimated in California (Table 1).
In early June, barley leaf rust that over wintered was
limited to the lower canopy in most cultivars, but the cultivar Barsoy had 30%
severity on the flag leaves in southeastern Pennsylvania plots.
In late June, 10% barley leaf rust severities were observed
on the upper leaves of winter barley in east central Nebraska plots at
Mead. Traces were found on lower leaves
in spring barley in southern and east central Minnesota plots. In mid-July, 10% severities of leaf rust were
found on upper leaves of susceptible
spring barley in east
central and southwestern Minnesota plots.
In 2006, losses to barley leaf rust
were light in the northern Great Plains barley growing area (Table 1).
Barley Stripe Rust. In mid-March, stripe rust was observed in
6-rowed barley plots at Yuma, Arizona.
There was one hot spot in the early generation material.
In the second week of April, barley stripe rust was found in
nurseries at Davis, California; Corvallis, Oregon; and Mt. Vernon,
Washington. Some susceptible entries had
stripe rust severities of 30-50%.
In the second week in April, stripe rust was found on wild
barley grasses growing in orchards and along roadsides in the Sacramento Valley
of California. Some of the wild barley
grasses were heavily infected (100% incidence and 100% severity). The stripe rust on wild barley grasses could
be the wheat stripe rust or barley stripe rust pathogen, or another form
specific on wild barley grass as reported in Australia.
By mid-May, barley stripe rust was found on susceptible
cultivars in nurseries throughout the Central Valley of California. Barley stripe rust was also found in a few
fields.
In
2006, a 1% loss to barley stripe rust was estimated in California (Table 1).
On June 16, 30% barley stripe rust severities were observed
on susceptible entries in the disease monitoring nurseries near Walla Walla,
Washington.
In
mid-July, low levels of stripe rust were found in barley fields in Washington
and 50% severities were reported on susceptible entries in experimental fields
near Pullman. In Mt. Vernon, Washington
severities ranged up to 100% on susceptible barley entries and 10 to 30% at
Walla Walla and Lind, Washington. Barley
stripe rust was lighter in 2006 than in 2005 in the Pacific Northwest.
In mid-July, traces of stripe rust on barley were observed
by cooperators in plots at Crookston in northwest Minnesota and Fargo in east
central North Dakota.
Barley crown rust. In early June, low
amounts of crown rust were found on barley growing near buckthorn in St. Paul,
Minnesota. In mid-July, 20% severities
of crown rust were observed in barley plots in southern Minnesota and traces in
northwestern Minnesota and east central North Dakota barley plots.
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Table 1. Estimated
losses in barley due to rusts in 2006 in U.S. |
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Losses due to: |
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1,000 |
Yields in |
Production |
Stem Rust |
|
Leaf Rust |
|
Stripe Rust |
|
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|
acres |
bushels |
in 1,000 |
|
1,000 |
|
|
1,000 |
|
|
1,000 |
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|
State |
harvest |
per acre |
of bushels |
% |
bushels |
|
% |
bushels |
|
% |
bushels |
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|
AZ |
22 |
115.0 |
2,530 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
||||
|
CA |
65 |
55.0 |
3,575 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
1.0 |
36.5 |
|
1.0 |
36.5 |
||||
|
CO |
42 |
115.0 |
4,830 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
||||
|
DE |
24 |
80.0 |
1,920 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
ID |
510 |
84.0 |
42,840 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.1 |
42.9 |
||||
|
KS |
18 |
27.0 |
486 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
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|
KY |
14 |
88.0 |
1,232 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
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|
ME |
17 |
50.0 |
850 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
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|
MD |
32 |
87.0 |
2,784 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
MI |
14 |
49.0 |
686 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
MN |
90 |
60.0 |
5,400 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
T* |
T |
|
|
|
||||
|
MT |
620 |
50.0 |
31,000 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
||||
|
NV |
2 |
100.0 |
200 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
NJ |
2 |
57.0 |
114 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0..0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
NY |
12 |
55.0 |
660 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
NC |
17 |
80.0 |
1,360 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
ND |
995 |
49.0 |
48,755 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
T |
T |
|
|
|
||||
|
OH |
4 |
68.0 |
272 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
OR |
42 |
58.0 |
2,436 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.1 |
2.4 |
||||
|
PA |
46 |
81.0 |
3,726 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
SD |
14 |
40.0 |
560 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
T |
T |
|
|
|
||||
|
UT |
30 |
76.0 |
2,280 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
||||
|
VA |
42 |
77.0 |
3,234 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
T |
T |
|
|
|
||||
|
WA |
190 |
63.0 |
11,970 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.1 |
12.0 |
||||
|
WI |
30 |
54.0 |
1,620 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
T |
T |
|
|
|
||||
|
WY |
57 |
83.0 |
4,731 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
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|
Total from above |
2,951 |
61.0 |
180,051 |
|
0.0 |
|
|
36.5 |
|
|
93.8 |
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|
U.S. % loss |
|
|
0.00 |
|
|
0.02 |
|
|
0.05 |
|
|||||
|
U.S. Total |
2,951 |
61.0 |
180,051 |
|
|
|
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*T = Trace |
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