Agricultural Research Institute, Kromeriz,
Czech Republic
and
Introduction. The USDA-National Small Grains
Collection (NSGC) of wild barley (Hordeum
vulgare ssp. spontaneum) was
divided for our purposes into the spring and winter parts based on earlier
experience with reproduction of accessions in the USA. Results obtained during
the study of resistance to powdery mildew in the spring part of the collection
have been published (Dreiseitl and Bockelman 1997, 1998). This paper focuses on
the winter part. Experience from reproduction of accessions in the Czech
Republic, however, shows that division of the collection into the spring and
winter parts is not generally valid. In the growing season 1999/2000, a part of
winter collection was sown in the autumn. Since the winter was mild, all
accessions survived and produced a sufficient amount of seeds. Some accessions
of both spring and winter collections were sown in the spring again. The
accessions were sown on 10 April, which is a late date for spring barley sowing
at the location (Kromeriz). Under very warm and dry weather conditions, only
about 10% each of the spring and winter accessions produced seeds. It can be
concluded that grain formation in wild barley can be markedly disturbed if head
initiation occurs at high temperatures associated with a long day. Other
adverse factors are drought and intensive radiation which were observed in the
spring of 2000 (late sowing with subsequent
early beginning of summer). "Winter" accessions also seem to have a
low level of winterhardiness. For reproduction of wild barley it is, therefore,
desirable to provide conditions similar to those which are common in the place
of origin (most studied accessions originate from Israel); which means to sow
them in autumn at locations with a mild winter.
Materials and Methods. A total of 411 accessions of the wild barley collection were
studied (Table 1). The process was similar to that applied in the previous
contributions (Dreiseitl and Bockelman 1997, 1998). All accessions were tested
in the glasshouse using four two-component mixtures of powdery mildew
pathotypes (2776+5137, 4376+6040, 4776+5777 and 7377+7777) with a high
virulence complexity. Eight days after inoculation, reactions on leaves of
accessions were assessed (infection type - IT). The accessions with no susceptible
response were sown in the field in hills at 1 x 1 m spacing where their
infection was assessed 3 times during the growing season under natural field
infection by powdery mildew. A percentage of infection of the most diseased
leaf per each accession was recorded. Seed of accessions which show in tests
with four two-component mixtures susceptible reactions only (susceptibility is
represented by ITs 3, 3-4 and 4) was used for other testing in the glasshouse
with the single pathotype 0000 with an extremely low virulence complexity.
Results. Table 1 shows the lowest and
highest IT assessed for each accession (as well as for those with two ITs on
different plants in a pot) and the highest field infection. Table 2 shows
summary results. When looking for resistance (the lowest IT), 363 accessions
exhibited resistant responses (IT 2-3 or lower) to at least a pair of
pathotypes used or to single pathotype 0000. No resistant response was found in
48 accessions (12%) in the glasshouse. When looking for susceptibility (the
highest IT), 133 accessions (32%) showed resistance to all eight pathotypes (to
four pairs of pathotypes). In another 54 accessions, besides resistance to all
pathotypes presence of plants exhibiting susceptible infection type
(heterogeneous accessions) were found. Other 186 accessions possess the
resistance which is effective only to one or a few used pathotypes. Natural
infection by powdery mildew up to 2% of leaf area was recorded in 75 of 133
accessions sown in the field.
Discussion. The USDA-NSGC comprises almost 1,500
accessions of wild barley. In the present and earlier studies (Dreiseitl and
Bockelman 1997, 1998), a total of 1,383 accessions were tested using the
mentioned method. The accessions which have exhibited resistance to all pathotypes
used until now and simultaneously showed field infection up to 2% are being
studied more thoroughly. Their total number in the present and previous parts
of the collection is 300 (22%). The study of these accessions continues.
Summary. A total of 411 accessions of wild
barley were tested in the glasshouse using eight to nine chosen powdery mildew
pathotypes. Resistance to all pathotypes was found in 133 samples (32%). Other
54 accessions showed heterogeneity in the studied character. Resistance only to
some pathotypes was determined in other 186 accessions. Forty-eight accessions
did not exhibit any effective resistance at the seedling stage. Natural
infection by powdery mildew up to 2% of leaf area was recorded in 75 of 133
accessions sown in the field.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank prof. Amos Dinoor
for his contribution to discussion on effects of environmental conditions on
growth and development of wild barley. This project was supported by the grant
no. 522/98/0196 of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic.
References.
Dreiseitl, A., and
Bockelman, H. E. 1997. Barley Newsletter,
41: http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/BarleyNewsletter/41/dreiseitl.html
Dreiseitl, A., and Bockelman, H. E.
1998. Barley Newsletter, 42: http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/Barley
Newsletter/42/dreiseitl.html
Table
1. A list of accessions, results of glasshouse tests [the lowest (L.IT) and
highest (H.IT) infection type found] and powdery mildew infection in the field
(%) – the last part of the wild barley collection
|
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
|
212306 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
355445 |
1 |
1+4 |
- |
405224 |
1 |
0+4 |
- |
405393 |
1 |
1+4 |
- |
|
236386 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
355448 |
0 |
0+2 |
- |
405228 |
1-2 |
3-4 |
- |
405394 |
1 |
1+4 |
- |
|
244779 |
3 |
4 |
- |
366446 |
0 |
3 |
- |
405232 |
2 |
2-3 |
10 |
405402 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
|
249983 |
4* |
4 |
- |
391000 |
0 |
1 |
10 |
405241 |
0 |
2+4 |
- |
405409 |
0 |
0+3 |
- |
|
253933 |
2 |
4 |
- |
391004 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
405244 |
1-2 |
2+4 |
- |
406268 |
0 |
2-3 |
10 |
|
264220 |
0 |
2-3 |
10 |
391020 |
1 |
1+4 |
- |
405246 |
1 |
2+4 |
- |
406280 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
|
282614 |
0+4 |
4 |
- |
391021 |
0 |
0+2 |
- |
405247 |
1 |
3 |
- |
420912 |
1 |
1+3 |
- |
|
282630 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
391029 |
2 |
2+4 |
- |
405248 |
0 |
2+4 |
- |
465986 |
0 |
2 |
10 |
|
282643 |
1-2 |
2 |
5 |
391033 |
1 |
2+4 |
- |
405253 |
0 |
0+3 |
- |
466014 |
0 |
3 |
- |
|
282651 |
4* |
4 |
- |
391036 |
0 |
0+3 |
- |
405257 |
0 |
2+4 |
- |
466015 |
0 |
3 |
- |
|
282684 |
2+4 |
4 |
- |
391037 |
1 |
0+3 |
- |
405258 |
1 |
3 |
- |
466017 |
4* |
4 |
- |
|
284746 |
4 |
4 |
- |
391042 |
0+4 |
4 |
- |
405261 |
1 |
3 |
- |
466018 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
293394 |
4 |
4 |
- |
391043 |
0 |
4 |
- |
405263 |
1 |
2+4 |
- |
466020 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
293395 |
1+4 |
4 |
- |
391046 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
405264 |
1 |
2+4 |
- |
466021 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
|
293401 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
391050 |
1 |
0+2 |
- |
405265 |
1-2 |
2-3 |
10 |
466026 |
2 |
4 |
- |
|
293402 |
0 |
0(4) |
0 |
391052 |
0 |
2+4 |
- |
405267 |
1 |
2-3 |
10 |
466027 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
293403 |
0 |
0(4) |
0 |
391069 |
1 |
4 |
- |
405268 |
1-2 |
2 |
10 |
466029 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
293404 |
0 |
0(4) |
0 |
391071 |
0 |
4 |
- |
405293 |
1-2 |
2+4 |
- |
466030 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
|
293406 |
1 |
4 |
- |
391074 |
1-2 |
4 |
- |
405294 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466031 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
|
293408 |
3-4 |
4 |
- |
391075 |
0 |
4 |
- |
405295 |
0 |
1+4 |
- |
466033 |
4 |
4 |
- |
|
293409 |
4 |
4 |
- |
391076 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
405303 |
1 |
2-3 |
10 |
466034 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
293410 |
0 |
4 |
- |
391078 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
405309 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466035 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
|
293412 |
0+4 |
4 |
- |
391081 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
405310 |
0 |
2+4 |
- |
466036 |
1 |
4 |
- |
|
293413 |
0+4 |
4 |
- |
391082 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
405312 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466039 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
|
293414 |
0 |
1-2 |
15 |
391083 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
405316 |
0 |
2+4 |
- |
466041 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
296910 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
391089 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
405318 |
0 |
2-3 |
10 |
466043 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
296927 |
0 |
4 |
- |
391093 |
0 |
3 |
- |
405319 |
1 |
2-3 |
10 |
466045 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
|
296930 |
0 |
4 |
- |
391094 |
0 |
2-3 |
15 |
405320 |
0 |
2 |
10 |
466046 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
354923 |
0 |
0+3 |
- |
391099 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
405326 |
2 |
2-3 |
10 |
466048 |
0 |
2 |
10 |
|
354924 |
0 |
2-3 |
20 |
391100 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
405343 |
1 |
2 |
10 |
466049 |
0 |
2 |
10 |
|
354925 |
0 |
2 |
15 |
391102 |
0 |
0(3) |
0 |
405346 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
10 |
466050 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
354930 |
0+4 |
2+4 |
- |
391105 |
0 |
0(4) |
0 |
405347 |
0 |
1-2 |
5 |
466051 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
|
354936 |
0+4 |
4 |
- |
391127 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
405352 |
0 |
3-4 |
- |
466052 |
0 |
1-2 |
10 |
|
354938 |
1 |
0+4 |
- |
391130 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
405363 |
1-2 |
3 |
- |
466054 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
354941 |
0 |
1-2 |
10 |
405170 |
0 |
0+2 |
- |
405378 |
0 |
2+4 |
- |
466056 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
|
354944 |
0 |
1 |
15 |
405191 |
1-2 |
0+2 |
- |
405379 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466057 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
354948 |
0 |
1-2 |
20 |
405193 |
0 |
3 |
- |
405389 |
1 |
3 |
- |
466058 |
2 |
4 |
- |
|
354949 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
405194 |
0 |
2 |
10 |
405390 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466059 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
355439 |
2 |
0+4 |
- |
405221 |
0 |
2+4 |
- |
405391 |
1-2 |
1+3 |
- |
466062 |
0 |
2-3 |
10 |
|
355441 |
0 |
1+4 |
- |
405222 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
405392 |
0 |
2 |
10 |
466066 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
Table 1 continued
|
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
|
466067 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
466128 |
1 |
2 |
10 |
466175 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
466232 |
2 |
4 |
- |
|
466068 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466129 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
466176 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
466233 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
|
466070 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466130 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466177 |
2 |
2-3 |
10 |
466234 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
|
466071 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466131 |
0 |
3 |
- |
466178 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466236 |
0 |
1-2 |
10 |
|
466072 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466132 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466179 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466237 |
0 |
2-3 |
10 |
|
466073 |
4* |
4 |
- |
466134 |
3 |
4 |
- |
466180 |
0 |
1 |
5 |
466238 |
0 |
3 |
- |
|
466074 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466136 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466181 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
466239 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
|
466076 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466137 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466182 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466254 |
3 |
4 |
- |
|
466080 |
0 |
2-3 |
15 |
466141 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466183 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
466255 |
3 |
4 |
- |
|
466081 |
3-4 |
4 |
- |
466142 |
1-2 |
4 |
- |
466184 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466256 |
4 |
4 |
- |
|
466082 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466143 |
3 |
4 |
- |
466185 |
1-2 |
4 |
- |
466257 |
4 |
4 |
- |
|
466083 |
2 |
3 |
- |
466144 |
3 |
4 |
- |
466186 |
0 |
1-2 |
0 |
466262 |
4 |
4 |
- |
|
466084 |
1 |
0(4) |
0 |
466145 |
3-4 |
4 |
- |
466187 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466263 |
4 |
4 |
- |
|
466085 |
0+2 |
4 |
- |
466147 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466188 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466265 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
|
466087 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466149 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466189 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
466267 |
3* |
4 |
- |
|
466088 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
466150 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466190 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466269 |
4 |
4 |
- |
|
466089 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466151 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466191 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
466270 |
4 |
4 |
- |
|
466090 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466152 |
2-3 |
3 |
- |
466192 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
466287 |
1-2 |
2 |
0 |
|
466091 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466153 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466193 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466292 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
|
466092 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466154 |
3-4 |
4 |
- |
466194 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466297 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466093 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466155 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466195 |
0 |
1-2 |
0 |
466343 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466094 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466156 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466196 |
0 |
3 |
- |
466344 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466095 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
466157 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
466197 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466370 |
1-2 |
2 |
2 |
|
466096 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466158 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
466198 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466375 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
|
466097 |
0 |
1-2 |
5 |
466159 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
466199 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
466406 |
2+4 |
4 |
- |
|
466098 |
0(2) |
4 |
- |
466160 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466200 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
466427 |
2 |
4 |
- |
|
466102 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466161 |
1 |
2-3 |
1 |
466203 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466433 |
0 |
2-3 |
20 |
|
466103 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466162 |
0 |
0(4) |
0 |
466204 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
466451 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466104 |
0-1 |
4 |
- |
466163 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
466205 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466452 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466105 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466164 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466206 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466456 |
0 |
0+2 |
- |
|
466106 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466165 |
0 |
1-2 |
0 |
466209 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466457 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466107 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466166 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
466210 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466459 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466108 |
1-2 |
2 |
5 |
466167 |
1 |
3 |
- |
466211 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466460 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466110 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466168 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466212 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
466461 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466116 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466169 |
0 |
0(4) |
0 |
466214 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
466465 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466117 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
466170 |
2-3 |
2-3 |
10 |
466215 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466472 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
|
466120 |
0 |
2 |
10 |
466171 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
466217 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466492 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
466122 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466172 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466219 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466495 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1 |
0+3 |
- |
466173 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
466226 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466496 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
466126 |
1-2 |
2 |
10 |
466174 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466227 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466497 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Table 1 continued
|
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
Access. |
L.IT |
H.IT |
% |
|
466498 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466597 |
4* |
4 |
- |
466645 |
0 |
2-3 |
25 |
466668 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
466500 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466600 |
4* |
4 |
- |
466646 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466669 |
1-2 |
4 |
- |
|
466501 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466601 |
2+4 |
4 |
- |
466647 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466670 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
466502 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466602 |
1-2 |
4 |
- |
466648 |
0+4 |
4 |
- |
466672 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
466503 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466604 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466649 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466674 |
2+4 |
4 |
- |
|
466504 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
466605 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466650 |
3-4 |
4 |
- |
466675 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
|
466505 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466607 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466651 |
0+2 |
4 |
- |
466676 |
0 |
1 |
5 |
|
466506 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466608 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466652 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466677 |
0 |
0+2 |
- |
|
466507 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466610 |
1-2 |
4 |
- |
466653 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466678 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
|
466510 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466611 |
3* |
4 |
- |
466654 |
0 |
3 |
- |
466679 |
0 |
1 |
5 |
|
466511 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466616 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466655 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466681 |
0 |
1 |
5 |
|
466512 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
466617 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466656 |
0 |
3 |
- |
466682 |
0 |
1 |
10 |
|
466534 |
0 |
3 |
- |
466618 |
3* |
4 |
- |
466657 |
1 |
4 |
- |
466684 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
|
466543 |
0 |
3 |
- |
466619 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
466658 |
3-4 |
4 |
- |
466685 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
466544 |
0 |
2 |
30 |
466620 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
466659 |
3-4 |
4 |
- |
466697 |
0 |
4 |
- |
|
466552 |
0 |
1-2 |
0 |
466621 |
1 |
4 |
- |
466660 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466699 |
4 |
4 |
- |
|
466560 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
466622 |
1 |
4 |
- |
466661 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466702 |
4 |
4 |
- |
|
466574 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
466623 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466662 |
0 |
4 |
- |
531861 |
4* |
4 |
- |
|
466578 |
1-2 |
4 |
- |
466624 |
2 |
4 |
- |
466663 |
0 |
4 |
- |
554426 |
0 |
1 |
10 |
|
466580 |
0 |
1 |
20 |
466625 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466664 |
2-3 |
4 |
- |
560558 |
3 |
4 |
- |
|
466587 |
0 |
1-2 |
15 |
466629 |
0 |
0+4 |
- |
466665 |
0 |
4 |
- |
560559 |
3-4 |
4 |
- |
|
466589 |
4 |
4 |
- |
466641 |
4* |
4 |
- |
466666 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
560560 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
|
466594 |
0 |
4 |
- |
466644 |
0(4) |
4 |
- |
466667 |
0 |
1 |
10 |
|
|
|
|
* The
accession was not tested with the pathotype 0000 due to a lack of seed
Table
2. A number of accessions of wild
barley with the lowest
(nL) and
highest (nH) infection type (IT) in the glasshouse and
with a
percentage of field infection (nF)
|
IT |
nL |
nH |
Het* |
Field infection (nF), % |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
≤2 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
50 |
>50 |
|
0 |
251 |
53 |
30 |
50 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0-1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1 |
35 |
26 |
8 |
16 |
4 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
1-2 |
20 |
12 |
0 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
|
2 |
32 |
22 |
16 |
4 |
5 |
11 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
|
2-3 |
24 |
20 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
14 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
|
å R |
363 |
133 |
54 |
75 |
13 |
33 |
10 |
2 |
0 |
|
3 |
10 |
20 |
|
||||||
|
3-4 |
8 |
2 |
|
||||||
|
4 |
30 |
202 |
|
||||||
|
å S |
48 |
224 |
|
||||||
å R (S) - a sum of resistant (susceptible) accessions
*
Heterogeneous accessions which were not sown in the field